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High-speed maglev trains are contactless with the track during operation, getting rid of the constraints of wheel-rail adhesion and current collection of pantograph and catenary. Therefore, they are safe, comfortable, highly reliable, and environmentally adaptable and have irreplaceable advantages. Based on the three core technologies of suspension, guidance, and driving of high-speed maglev transportation systems, this paper systematically summarizes the characteristics and properties of different types of high-speed maglev transportation systems, such as normal-conducting electromagnetic suction, low temperature superconducting electrodynamic repulsion, permanent magnetic electrodynamic repulsion, and high temperature superconducting permanent magnetic nailing. In addition, it analyzes the technical difficulties, application constraints, and adaptability of different types of high-speed maglev transportation systems. Combined with the general goal of building China into a strong transport country and the research and development of China’s maglev transportation technology, it is concluded that the high-speed maglev transportation system with normal-conducting electromagnetic suction is the best choice for China to break through the operating speed constraints of wheeled transport.

, authors=null, authorsList=Ying WANG, Kunlun ZHANG, Huixian ZHANG, Cheng LUO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Kunlun ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
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高速磁浮交通车轨无接触运行,摆脱了轮轨黏着和弓网受流的约束,安全舒适、可靠性高、环境适应性强,具有不可替代的优势。文章基于高速磁浮交通系统的悬浮、导向和驱动三大核心技术,对常导电磁吸力型、低温超导电动斥力型、永磁电动斥力型和高温超导永磁钉扎型不同制式的高速磁浮交通系统特征与性能进行系统梳理,分析不同制式高速磁浮交通系统的技术难点、应用制约和适应性。结合建设交通强国的总目标及中国磁浮交通技术的研究与发展状况,提出常导电磁吸力型高速磁浮交通系统是目前中国突破轮轨交通运行速度制约的最佳选择。

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王滢,副教授。西南交通大学磁浮技术与磁浮列车教育部重点实验室副主任。主要从事电磁吸力悬浮理论与控制技术、测速定位与直线电机驱动系统研究。电子信箱:。

张昆仑,教授,博士研究生导师。西南交通大学磁浮列车与磁浮技术研究所所长。铁道部突出贡献专家。主要从事磁浮技术与磁浮列车系统研究。获铁道部科学技术进步奖二等奖、国家科学技术进步奖三等奖。出版专著1部。电子信箱:。

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王滢,副教授。西南交通大学磁浮技术与磁浮列车教育部重点实验室副主任。主要从事电磁吸力悬浮理论与控制技术、测速定位与直线电机驱动系统研究。电子信箱:。

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王滢,副教授。西南交通大学磁浮技术与磁浮列车教育部重点实验室副主任。主要从事电磁吸力悬浮理论与控制技术、测速定位与直线电机驱动系统研究。电子信箱:。

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张昆仑,教授,博士研究生导师。西南交通大学磁浮列车与磁浮技术研究所所长。铁道部突出贡献专家。主要从事磁浮技术与磁浮列车系统研究。获铁道部科学技术进步奖二等奖、国家科学技术进步奖三等奖。出版专著1部。电子信箱:。

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张昆仑,教授,博士研究生导师。西南交通大学磁浮列车与磁浮技术研究所所长。铁道部突出贡献专家。主要从事磁浮技术与磁浮列车系统研究。获铁道部科学技术进步奖二等奖、国家科学技术进步奖三等奖。出版专著1部。电子信箱:。

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高速磁浮交通系统制式特征与适应性
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王滢 1, 2 , 张昆仑 1, 2, † , 张慧娴 1, 2 , 罗成 1, 2
前瞻科技 | 综述与述评 2023,2(4): 19-30
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前瞻科技 | 综述与述评 2023, 2(4): 19-30
高速磁浮交通系统制式特征与适应性
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王滢1, 2 , 张昆仑1, 2, † , 张慧娴1, 2, 罗成1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.西南交通大学电气工程学院,成都 611756
  • 2.西南交通大学磁浮技术与磁浮列车教育部重点实验室,成都 611756
  • 王滢,副教授。西南交通大学磁浮技术与磁浮列车教育部重点实验室副主任。主要从事电磁吸力悬浮理论与控制技术、测速定位与直线电机驱动系统研究。电子信箱:。

    张昆仑,教授,博士研究生导师。西南交通大学磁浮列车与磁浮技术研究所所长。铁道部突出贡献专家。主要从事磁浮技术与磁浮列车系统研究。获铁道部科学技术进步奖二等奖、国家科学技术进步奖三等奖。出版专著1部。电子信箱:。

通信作者:

†
†
Characteristics and Adaptability of Different Types of High-speed Maglev Transportation Systems
Ying WANG1, 2 , Kunlun ZHANG1, 2, † , Huixian ZHANG1, 2, Cheng LUO1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1. School of Electrical Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 611756, China
  • 2. Key Laboratory of Magnetic Suspension Technology and Maglev Vehicle of Ministry of Education, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 611756, China
出版时间: 2023-12-20 doi: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2023.04.002
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高速磁浮交通车轨无接触运行,摆脱了轮轨黏着和弓网受流的约束,安全舒适、可靠性高、环境适应性强,具有不可替代的优势。文章基于高速磁浮交通系统的悬浮、导向和驱动三大核心技术,对常导电磁吸力型、低温超导电动斥力型、永磁电动斥力型和高温超导永磁钉扎型不同制式的高速磁浮交通系统特征与性能进行系统梳理,分析不同制式高速磁浮交通系统的技术难点、应用制约和适应性。结合建设交通强国的总目标及中国磁浮交通技术的研究与发展状况,提出常导电磁吸力型高速磁浮交通系统是目前中国突破轮轨交通运行速度制约的最佳选择。

高速磁浮交通  /  电磁吸力  /  电动斥力  /  永磁钉扎  /  适应性

High-speed maglev trains are contactless with the track during operation, getting rid of the constraints of wheel-rail adhesion and current collection of pantograph and catenary. Therefore, they are safe, comfortable, highly reliable, and environmentally adaptable and have irreplaceable advantages. Based on the three core technologies of suspension, guidance, and driving of high-speed maglev transportation systems, this paper systematically summarizes the characteristics and properties of different types of high-speed maglev transportation systems, such as normal-conducting electromagnetic suction, low temperature superconducting electrodynamic repulsion, permanent magnetic electrodynamic repulsion, and high temperature superconducting permanent magnetic nailing. In addition, it analyzes the technical difficulties, application constraints, and adaptability of different types of high-speed maglev transportation systems. Combined with the general goal of building China into a strong transport country and the research and development of China’s maglev transportation technology, it is concluded that the high-speed maglev transportation system with normal-conducting electromagnetic suction is the best choice for China to break through the operating speed constraints of wheeled transport.

high-speed maglev transportation  /  electromagnetic suction  /  electrodynamic repulsion  /  permanent magnetic nailing  /  adaptability
王滢, 张昆仑, 张慧娴, 罗成. 高速磁浮交通系统制式特征与适应性. 前瞻科技, 2023 , 2 (4) : 19 -30 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2023.04.002
Ying WANG, Kunlun ZHANG, Huixian ZHANG, Cheng LUO. Characteristics and Adaptability of Different Types of High-speed Maglev Transportation Systems[J]. Science and Technology Foresight, 2023 , 2 (4) : 19 -30 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2023.04.002
磁浮交通系统利用电磁力实现列车与轨道之间的无接触悬浮与导向,采用直线电机产生的电磁力实现列车驱动[1-2]。悬浮模式主要有常导电磁吸力型、低温超导电动斥力型、永磁电动斥力型和高温超导永磁钉扎型等。导向模式与悬浮模式类似,构成形式有独立主动导向、磁极错位被动导向、与悬浮合一导向等。驱动模式主要包括有铁芯的长定子直线同步电机驱动、无铁芯的长定子直线同步电机驱动和有铁芯的短定子直线感应电机驱动,构成形式有独立直线电机驱动、与悬浮二合一驱动、与悬浮导向三合一驱动。不同的悬浮、导向和驱动模式及其不同组合方式构成不同制式的磁浮交通系统[3-4]。
理论上,上述所有悬浮模式都可以用于高速磁浮交通系统,但目前只有源于德国的常导电磁吸力型高速磁浮交通制式投入商业运营,日本长期研发的低温超导电动斥力型高速磁浮交通制式接近商业运营。其他高速磁浮交通制式都还不够成熟,有待进一步开发。在常导电磁吸力型高速磁浮交通系统中,车载悬浮电磁铁同时用作长定子直线同步电机的动子(也称励磁磁极),另采用独立导向电磁铁实现车辆与轨道的横向无接触控制。该系统的设计最高运营速度为500 km/h,最高试验速度为501 km/h。在低温超导电动斥力型高速磁浮交通系统中,利用车载低温超导线圈大电流产生强磁场,在列车运行时于轨道线圈中感生的电流与超导线圈磁场相互作用产生所需的悬浮力和导向力,该系统的最高试验速度达到603 km/h。
高速磁浮交通系统车轨无接触运行,不受轮轨黏着和弓网受流制约,且采用车抱轨或轨抱车的结构,在运行速度和安全性方面的优势是轮轨交通系统无法达到的[5-6];该系统最高运行速度可超过600 km/h,在高速度和安全性两方面具有不可替代性,是更高运行速度轨道交通发展的方向。
国内外对高速磁浮交通系统的研究路线各不相同。德国主要研发常导电磁吸力型高速磁浮交通系统;日本主要研发低温超导电动斥力型高速磁浮交通系统;美国主要研究永磁电动斥力型高速磁浮交通系统。中国对电磁吸力型磁浮交通系统进行了比较深入的研究,对低温超导电动斥力型、永磁电动斥力型和高温超导永磁钉扎型等磁浮交通系统也进行了初步研究。
不同制式高速磁浮交通系统的技术特征完全不同,性能优劣也不尽相同,主要取决于其悬浮系统、导向系统和驱动系统的差异。
1)技术特征
悬浮系统由悬浮电磁铁、悬浮间隙测量单元和悬浮控制单元组成[7-8]。根据悬浮间隙大小调节悬浮电磁铁线圈电流大小实现悬浮稳定控制。悬浮电磁铁沿着列车长度方向连续布置,每节车辆有4台悬浮架,每台悬浮架有4个悬浮框,每节车辆两侧各有8个悬浮框,悬浮电磁铁布置在相邻2个悬浮框之间。头车有12个标准悬浮电磁铁和2个端部悬浮电磁铁,中车有14个标准悬浮电磁铁,2节车辆间还搭接1个标准悬浮电磁铁。一个标准悬浮电磁铁按长度和悬浮线圈个数均分为2个部分悬浮电磁铁,端部悬浮电磁铁分为3个部分悬浮电磁铁,每个悬浮框搭装2个部分悬浮电磁铁,保证该悬浮框在其中1个部分悬浮电磁铁失效的情况下仍能悬浮。为了实现通过轨缝时的悬浮稳定控制,每个部分悬浮电磁铁对应2个悬浮间隙测量单元和1套悬浮控制单元。
导向系统由导向电磁铁、导向间隙测量单元和导向控制单元组成[9-10]。根据左右导向间隙大小调节左右导向磁铁线圈电流的增减,实现左右导向间隙的均等而达到车辆横向稳定并跟随轨道。与悬浮电磁铁相同,导向电磁铁也安装在相邻2个悬浮框之间,但在每节车辆中间2个悬浮框搭装导向电磁铁的位置搭装了涡流制动电磁铁,在2节车辆间不搭装导向电磁铁。导向电磁铁为2个U形电磁铁并列结构,每个U形电磁铁设计为3个控制线圈结构,每个导向电磁铁的6个控制线圈根据位置不同分为2个或3个部分导向电磁铁,保证每个悬浮框搭装有2个部分导向电磁铁,在其中1个部分导向电磁铁失效的情况下,该悬浮框还可以导向。
驱动系统采用带铁芯的长定子直线同步电机。长定子铁芯同时用作悬浮轨,电机绕组为单匝波绕组,直线电机的励磁磁极与悬浮电磁铁磁极为同一磁极,每一完整磁极上设置有直线发电机绕组,为悬浮系统与导向系统等车载设备提供电能[11-12]。为尽可能地降低损耗、提高电机效率,长定子直线同步电机采用分段供电方式,牵引变电站输出三相变频变压交流电通过轨旁开关站为列车所在位置的定子段绕组供电。综合考虑列车运行速度、加速能力、绕组阻抗压降、轨旁设备配置及线路坡度等外部条件,确定每一定子段的长度。图1为常导电磁吸力型磁浮列车系统示意图。
2)性能优劣
常导电磁吸力型高速磁浮交通系统车辆悬浮系统采用线圈绕制的悬浮电磁铁,通过控制线圈电流直接控制悬浮力,可实现列车的静态和动态稳定悬浮,悬浮系统维护较简单[13-14]。系统采用主动导向方案,通过控制导向电磁铁的线圈电流,可实现横向无接触主动导向,列车高速运行时横向稳定性高。驱动系统采用带铁芯的长定子直线同步电机,端部效应更小,驱动效率高,驱动力大,驱动性能好。
常导电磁吸力型高速磁浮交通系统具有速度高、噪声小、振动小和稳定舒适等优点。但是,由于悬浮气隙较小,系统对轨道的精度要求较高。
1)技术特征
低温超导电动斥力型磁浮列车由悬浮架和车体构成[15]。悬浮架两侧按磁极方向正反交错各布置4块超导线圈,超导线圈通电流形成超导磁体。由于超导线圈电流大,所产生的磁场强度大,单位面积悬浮力大,在车体底部两侧不需要连续布置悬浮架以获得大的悬浮力和导向力,除头尾车端部设置1台悬浮架外,仅在相邻车体连接处设置一台悬浮架即可承担相邻车体重量。系统采用U形结构轨道,轨道两侧内壁布置“8”字形闭合线圈,紧贴“8”字形闭合线圈外侧是空芯长定子直线同步电机绕组。
列车静止或低速运行时不能起浮,此时车载低温超导磁体的中心线与轨道侧内壁“8”字形闭合线圈中心线在同一高度,“8”字形闭合线圈的总磁通为0,无感生电流,对超导磁体不产生悬浮力和导向力,列车靠支撑轮和导向轮运行。
当列车运行速度达到足够高时,收起支撑轮和收回导向轮,列车下沉,超导磁体中心线低于 “8”字形线圈中心线,“8”字形线圈总磁通不再为0,并随着列车运行位置变化而变化,由此在“8”字形线圈中产生感应电动势进而产生电流。因“8”字形线圈上环和下环绕组的绕向相反,电流方向也相反,上环绕组对超导磁体产生斜向上的电磁吸力,下环绕组对超导磁体产生斜向上的电磁斥力,两个环产生的电磁力的垂直向上分力合成为悬浮力,如图2所示。
导向力的产生与悬浮力类似。“8”字形线圈上环对超导磁体产生水平吸力分量,线圈的下环对超导磁体产生水平斥力分量,因超导磁体与“8”字形线圈的上环和线圈的下环的位置不对称,线圈的上环对超导磁体产生水平吸力分量小于线圈的下环对超导磁体产生水平斥力分量,总体表现为对超导磁体的水平斥力。轨道两侧相对的“8”字形线圈对超导磁体产生向轨道中心的水平斥力,列车横向偏离轨道中心时均会产生回复力使列车回到轨道中心。在这种“8”字形线圈悬浮方式中,超导磁体垂向中心线与“8”字形线圈中心线高度偏离越多,列车运行速度越快,则“8”字形线圈中感应电势越大,产生的电流和悬浮力越大。
U形轨道侧墙上安装的空芯长定子直线同步电机绕组与车载超导磁体构成长定子直线同步电机。直线同步电机绕组中心线与“8”字形线圈中心线为同一高度,当两侧直线同步电机绕组接入可控三相交流电后,“8”字形线圈中不会产生感应电流,实现牵引与悬浮解耦,直线同步电机绕组电流与超导磁体相互作用产生向前的牵引力推动列车运行。
2)性能优劣
在低温超导电动斥力悬浮系统中,车载超导磁体可以同时用于列车的悬浮、导向和驱动,列车以600 km/h及以上速度运行时悬浮与导向系统都具有自稳定性[16],不需要额外的悬浮导向控制系统,只要速度足够高就能实现稳定悬浮与导向。
低温超导电动斥力型磁浮列车的悬浮力和导向力的大小与行车速度相关,列车运行速度足够高才能产生足够大的悬浮力和导向力,实现列车的无接触运行。静止或低速运行时列车不能悬浮,需要依靠轮子支撑和导向[17⇓-19]。
轨道侧“8”字形线圈沿轨道纵向连续布置,但分离安装,具有非连续性。车载超导磁体与“8”字形线圈相对位置的变化会造成线圈中感应电流的变化,从而改变悬浮力和导向力,因而悬浮力和导向力随车辆位置变化而波动,引起车体振动。特别是列车由低速橡胶轮支撑从低速接触运行向高速悬浮运行过渡时,将产生强烈的振动与噪声,乘坐舒适度较差,类似飞机起飞的过程。这是系统固有的、难以克服的缺点[20-21]。超导磁体和“8”字形悬浮线圈之间磁力作用的电磁阻尼很小,因安装误差、线路不平顺和横风等激扰作用,列车极易发生振动,影响运行平稳性和乘坐舒适性。
1)技术特征
永磁电动斥力型磁浮列车的悬浮和导向功能均由车载永磁铁阵列和弧形非磁性导体板轨道实现,如图3所示,其基本原理是利用运动磁场与导体板中感应的电涡流相互作用实现悬浮[22-23]。当磁浮列车底部的永磁铁阵列与弧形反应板发生相对运动时,穿透弧形反应板的永磁铁磁场将在弧形反应板中产生电涡流。电涡流与永磁铁阵列的水平磁场作用产生向上的悬浮力,与永磁铁阵列的垂直磁场作用产生向后的磁阻力。因此,永磁电动斥力型磁浮列车在运行过程中,除产生悬浮力使列车浮起外,还会受到与运行方向相反的磁阻力作用。
由于左右两侧反应板所产生悬浮斥力的水平分力均指向车辆中线,两者大小相等方向相反,相互抵消。当车体向一侧导体板偏移时,该侧水平方向斥力增大,另一侧水平方向斥力减小,总的水平合力将车辆推回至轨道的中间位置[24-25]。
为避免直线电机法向力对悬浮与导向的影响,永磁电动斥力型磁浮列车采用空芯长定子永磁直线同步电机实现驱动。在车体底部正下方的轨道上部位置安装空芯长定子直线同步电机绕组,车载动子磁极采用永磁铁阵列[26-27],安装在车体底部中央位置,推力由直线同步电机绕组电流与永磁铁阵列磁场相互作用产生。
2)性能优劣
永磁电动斥力型磁浮列车的轨道结构简单,只需弧形铝板,无需闭合线圈,轨道精度要求与造价相对较低。只需在车体底部安装永磁铁,利用永磁体磁场与轨道的相对运动就能实现车辆悬浮,既不需要电磁吸力悬浮系统的复杂悬浮控制系统,也不需要超导磁浮交通系统的低温超导励磁系统,没有超导磁体失超故障风险。
但是,这种永磁板式电动悬浮的电磁阻力较大,尤其是在低速运行时更大。当列车运行速度为150 km/h时,这种悬浮模式的悬浮力与磁阻力之比仅为3~5,即磁阻力相当于列车总重量的30%。即使运行速度达到500 km/h时,磁阻力也达到列车总重量的5%以上。磁阻力大意味着用于悬浮的能耗大,阻碍了永磁电动斥力型磁浮交通技术在轨道交通系统中的应用。此外,车辆在静止或低速时不能悬浮,要到足够高的速度时才能实现悬浮。因此,需设置辅助轮支撑,防止车上永磁铁阵列与轨道触碰。
1)技术特征
超导永磁钉扎悬浮系统包含两个基本子系统:永磁轨道(用于产生非均匀磁场)和车载高温超导体(一般为高温超导块材),用于俘获一定的磁通并与永磁轨道相互作用产生悬浮导向力。该系统基本原理是利用第二类非理想高温超导体的磁通钉扎特性和无电阻特性在具有梯度的磁场中实现自稳定的悬浮[28-29]。所谓第二类非理想高温超导体,是指其除了具有超导态和正常态之外还具有混合态。在高温超导永磁钉扎型磁浮交通系统中的高温超导体正是工作在混合态,处于混合态的超导体不再具有完全抗磁性,而是将磁场以磁通量子的形式冻结在钉扎中心中。超导体在非均匀的外场中冷却后,如果没有与磁场源(永磁轨道)发生位移则不会受到磁力作用,但实际上由于重力作用,超导体将向永磁体靠近,内部将产生宏观感应电流进而与外磁场作用产生排斥力(悬浮力)。本质上来说,该种磁浮制式是利用排斥力来抵抗重力以实现悬浮。反之,如果超导体远离永磁体则产生反方向感应电流,又将产生吸引力,另外超导体内部的俘获磁通将保证超导体的侧向稳定性,因此这是一种悬浮和导向一体化方案,通过超导块材与永磁轨道磁场间的“钉扎”力实现列车的悬浮与导向。
高温超导永磁钉扎型磁浮列车采用无铁芯反应板直线异步电机驱动或无铁芯长定子永磁直线同步电机驱动[30⇓-32],其结构如图4所示。
超导永磁钉扎电磁力可以是吸力,也可以是斥力。永磁铁与超导块材的相对位置变化时,磁场增强就是斥力,磁场减弱就是吸力,磁场不变就没有力。永磁轨道任何横向截面的磁场分布是相同的,磁浮列车运行时在超导材料中的磁场没有变化,磁浮列车可以沿轨道纵向无阻力地自由运行。
2)性能优劣
高温超导永磁钉扎型磁浮列车同时具有电磁吸力悬浮的可静浮特性和电动斥力悬浮的可自稳定特性。相较于常导电磁吸力型磁浮列车,高温超导永磁钉扎型磁浮列车不需要复杂的悬浮及导向装置[33],结构简单,且悬浮导向无需耗电;而相较于低温超导电动斥力型磁浮列车,高温超导永磁钉扎型磁浮列车的车载超导体为块材,没有超导电动斥力悬浮系统中的超导线圈磁体那么复杂[34]。但是,高温超导永磁钉扎型磁浮交通系统采用永磁轨道,永磁轨道造价高,施工和维护难度大且有一定安全风险。永磁轨道的磁场强度随着悬浮间隙增大呈指数衰减,气隙越大磁场强度越小,单位面积悬浮力较越小;若要增大悬浮气隙,就必须增加永磁铁的厚度和用量,提高轨道造价。由于轨道磁场存在不均匀性,悬浮力在气隙变化时存在一定的不可逆性,列车高速运行时对超导材料和悬浮力的影响具有不确定的风险。另外,车辆必须设置升降支撑装置,以满足退出悬浮时支撑车辆和进入悬浮时降下车辆的要求。
不同制式的高速磁浮交通系统有各自突出的优点和特有的问题,这决定了不同制式的高速磁浮交通系统的适应性差异。由于相关各方对不同制式高速磁浮交通系统的认知和熟悉程度不同,导致不同观点和争议。下面就不同制式高速磁浮交通系统的技术难点、应用制约和适应性等进行梳理,概要总结不同高速磁浮制式的特点和局限。
1)技术难点
常导电磁吸力型高速磁浮交通中的悬浮轨垂向平顺度对悬浮系统影响较突出。当垂向平顺度指标一定时,提高车速所需要的动态平衡电磁力将与车速呈平方关系增加。如速度从500 km/h提高到600 km/h时,动态平衡电磁力将增加44%,悬浮电磁铁就需提供更大的动态电磁力,动态控制电流也将增加20%。因此,想要实现悬浮系统的稳定,就需要提高悬浮控制能力。如果悬浮控制能力受到限制,不能适应提速的要求,那就需要提高轨道平顺度指标要求,而这两者的实现都是有难度的,需要均衡考虑代价与效果。
因导向轨为实心电磁钢轨,列车运行速度进一步提高后,前端导向电磁铁的电磁力因电涡流效应会明显减小,影响导向性能。如果改变导向轨的结构或材料,又难以兼顾车辆应急涡流制动的需要。所以,导向功能与涡流制动的平衡也是其中的难点。
2)应用制约
常导电磁吸力型高速磁浮交通车辆的控制回路多、系统复杂,尽管采用冗余设计,但系统可靠性也有所限制。悬浮与导向均采用带铁芯电磁铁,列车自重相对较大,承载能力也相对较小。悬浮间隙较小,仅10 mm左右,速度提高时对线路要求也会有所增加。独立导向系统也是车辆自重较大的一个因素,限制了有效载重。当列车运行速度从500 km/h提高到600 km/h时,同样励磁条件下,导向系统的导向力变弱,因此为满足车辆高速运行时的导向要求,需要强化导向系统。
3)适应性
常导电磁吸力型磁浮制式既不需要车载低温保持装置和超导材料,也不需要造价很高的永磁轨道,在轨道的建造和维护方面花费较少,在全运行速度范围内可实现悬浮与导向,可适用于高、中、低速磁浮交通系统。中国已拥有一套较完整的常导电磁吸力型高速磁浮列车工程应用技术,包括车辆、轨道及直线牵引供电系统等,都有标准的模板。但这个标准模板是针对最高运行速度 500 km/h设计的。这套系统直接按600 km/h甚至660 km/h速度运行显然是非常困难且不合理的。若要把最高运行速度提升到660 km/h,必须对系统结构与参数进行优化。从提高牵引系统总体容量和牵引力着手,修正长定子直线同步电机关键参数和悬浮电磁铁结构参数,提高轨道的平顺性和重新定义导向轨结构等,保障最高660 km/h的速度运行的系统协同优化。
1)技术难点
车载超导磁体作为低温低温超导电动斥力型磁浮列车系统的核心部件,承担着整个列车系统的悬浮、导向和牵引功能。超导磁体系统由超导线圈、内杜瓦、支撑系统、冷屏、外杜瓦、液氮罐、液氦罐等设备组成。超导磁体结构复杂,重量和体积较大。此外,运行中列车的振动和交变磁场使超导磁体存在失超和损毁风险,所以车载超导磁体的运行安全和低温保持技术是低温低温超导电动斥力型磁浮列车系统的难点。
2)应用制约
超导电动斥力悬浮系统作为磁浮列车稳定运行的核心系统,具有复杂的动态电磁关系。目前,大多数研究主要对车辆运行时车载超导磁体与导轨上的“8”字形线圈之间的电磁力进行简化计算或等效计算,要想给出全速度域运行时多个超导磁体与多个导轨悬浮线圈之间电磁力的精确解还有难度,系统悬浮力、导向力和阻尼参数等也都未被完整地推导描述。长期以来,低温低温超导电动斥力型磁浮列车的车轨动力学研究总是将超导电动悬浮简化为线性弹簧来分析,对于反映实际运行时超导电动悬浮系统的特性存在明显的局限性。超导电动悬浮系统中的电、磁、热、力和超导性等的多场复杂耦合给系统的应用带来了难以预计的风险,若要获得准确的应用数据,将不得不投入巨资,建立1∶1的试验线,经过长期工程化试验获得。
3)适应性
日本的低温低温超导电动斥力型磁浮列车经多年的改进已经接近实用程度,最高运行速度已达603 km/h,进一步运行达660 km/h应该是可以实现的。但系统存在着一些固有的不足和隐患使其应用步伐放缓。
第一,超导体的失超问题。如果在高速运行时超导体失超,除使车辆撞壁外,巨大的超导线圈电流可能导致火灾。引起失超的因素较多,是否能够真正从理论和应用中彻底解决失超问题目前还没有定论。
第二,列车低速运行时采用橡胶轮支撑和导向,在加速运行实现悬浮的过程中会产生较强的振动与噪声,影响乘坐舒适度。
第三,U形轨道的两侧连续安装“8”字形悬浮线圈,以及无铁芯长定子直线同步电机线圈绕组,使线路造价相对较高。
第四,磁浮列车的超导线圈产生的磁场较强,须采取严格的磁屏蔽措施,有效地将车厢内的磁场强度降至健康防护允许范围。
第五,列车低速运行时靠车轮支撑,不能实现全速度范围内的悬浮与导向。这种磁浮制式只适用于高速磁浮交通。
1)技术难点
永磁电动斥力型磁浮制式首先要解决磁阻力过大问题,即悬浮力与磁阻力之比(浮阻比)较小的问题。在列车运行过程中,浮阻比整体都小于超导电动悬浮。随着列车运行速度的进一步提高,轨道导体板的趋肤效应使得轨道的等效电阻变大,浮阻比随速度提高而增大。由于永磁铁磁场强度随悬浮气隙的增加呈指数衰减,若希望在一定浮重条件下增大悬浮间隙,就要增加永磁体厚度及用量,悬浮力与磁铁自重之比(悬重比)将会变小,承载能力也将变小,所以永磁电动悬浮的悬浮间隙不能很大。
为解决磁阻力过大问题,美国通用原子公司提出Inductrack悬浮方案。这种方案最显著的特征在于轨道采用并排式独立短路线圈结构。由于线圈电感较大,悬阻比增大,虽然能有效减小磁阻力,但由于轨道采用独立线圈结构,系统过于复杂,不利于工程制造,建造成本很高。目前还没有一种很好的永磁电动悬浮方案解决上述问题,这些问题都阻碍了该技术的进一步发展。
2)应用制约
永磁电动斥力型磁浮列车的轨道采用整体感应铝板,悬浮过程中铝板涡流使轨道发热,轨道电阻变大,损耗加剧。冷却装置又会使结构变得复杂,不利于工程应用。永磁电动斥力型磁浮列车运行时的磁阻力大,用于悬浮的功率大,考虑到气动阻力损耗、供变电系统的效率及漏磁损耗等问题,能耗相对于其他制式的磁浮交通系统都高出很多。同时,车载大块永磁体安装困难,露天放置时可能会吸附其他铁磁物质,一旦吸附将难以清理,后期车辆维保也存在问题。这种制式的磁浮交通系统仍在开发中,商业版本或全功能系统尚未形成。
3)适应性
从提出永磁电动斥力型磁浮方案到现在已经有半个世纪,且通过理论计算从原理上说明了系统的可行性,但是到目前为止还没有进行1∶1系统的实际测试,也没有实际的工程试验和应用线。
永磁电动斥力型磁浮交通系统的悬浮是自稳的,但垂向运动不可控。悬浮系统能否满足载客量变化、乘坐舒适度和轨道平顺性等要求仍有待试验验证。由于没有实际的试验系统,永磁电动斥力型磁浮交通系统在地面供电、运行控制及安全救援等方面还没有可信的工程基础。更为重要的是,永磁电动斥力型磁浮交通系统的磁阻力非常大,需要特别大的牵引功率才能实现磁浮列车的运行,这是限制其推广应用是最大障碍。
可见,永磁电动斥力型磁浮制式不是高速磁浮交通系统的合理选择,其更适应于驱动力远远大于磁阻力短程运行的电磁发射和电磁弹射系统。
1)技术难点
高温超导永磁钉扎型磁浮列车的超导体只有在液氮环境下才能进入超导态。目前,液氮的储存技术还不够完善,长时间运行十分困难,车载小功率低噪声制冷机还需继续研发。在高速运行时,悬浮的动态特性和可靠性有待进一步验证。虽然高温超导永磁钉扎型磁浮列车的理论运行速度可高达1000 km/h,但能适应的驱动模式和实际能达到的速度还有待进一步的选择和验证。
2)应用制约
高温超导永磁钉扎型磁浮列车的载重能力与超导体的钉扎性能密切相关。就目前研究情况,因悬浮能力受限,还不适合大运量的交通运输。因液氮容器工作时间一般在10 h以内,高温超导永磁钉扎型磁浮列车无法用于长时间长距离运输。无论是超导块材、液氮容器还是永磁体轨道,成本都很高。相比于其他磁浮制式,高温超导永磁钉扎型磁浮交通系统的造价更高。永磁轨道的安装、保护、维护和清理等过程的安全风险也使系统应用受到诸多质疑。
3)适应性
高温超导永磁钉扎型磁浮交通系统的悬浮和导向可自稳、可静浮、无能耗,理论上可应用于高、中、低磁浮交通系统。但永磁轨道和车载超导块材的成本高,永磁轨道施工与运维难度大,高速运行时悬浮与导向特性存在一些不确定因素,驱动模式还需进一步选择与验证。该制式是否适用于高速磁浮交通系统,尚存在较多质疑。
上海磁浮列车示范运营线(简称上海磁浮线)是目前世界上唯一实现商业运营的高速磁浮项目,采用常导电磁吸力型高速磁浮交通制式,最高试验速度为501 km/h,最高运营速度为430 km/h。自2003年初开通运营以来,截至2023年11月30日,上海磁浮线已运输乘客6667万人次,安全运行2747万km。上海磁浮线的成功运营证明了常导电磁吸力型高速磁浮交通制式长期服役的稳定性。
中国一直在高速磁浮交通系统关键技术攻关研究方面持续投入,并致力于磁浮交通技术创新和磁浮列车速度提升研究。从中国大运量和长距离客运的需求、中国末来经济发展的需求以及满足1 h经济圈的需求出发,不久的将来运营速度为600 km/h速度级高速磁浮交通系统将是一种必然选择。上海正在运营的高速磁浮交通系统因设计速度上限和运量限制,不能完全满足中国日益增长的客运需求。选定符合中国国情的具有中国自主知识产权的高速磁浮交通系统制式必然提上日程。
近30年来,中国在磁浮交通技术研究方面已取得丰硕成果。研究工作以常导电磁吸力型磁浮为主,建设了许多电磁吸力悬浮技术与系统的研究平台,并培养了体系完整的产学研用团队。从常导高速磁浮交通制式的适应性、中国常导高速磁浮交通技术储备和常导磁浮交通技术人才队伍建设等方面来考虑,优先发展常导电磁吸力型高速磁浮交通制式是中国高速磁浮交通发展的必然选择。
对于按运营速度430 km/h设计的现有常导电磁吸力型高速磁浮交通系统,若不改变悬浮、导向和驱动系统的基本参数则难以满足运营速度 600 km/h、最高运行速度660 km/h的需求,即使通过一些特殊措施达到速度目标,其代价也是很大的。为满足速度和运量要求,需要对常导电磁吸力型高速磁浮交通系统车辆宽度和长度,列车编组、悬浮轨距与轨宽、导向轨宽与结构、电机极距与槽宽、直线电机定子分段长度等进行优化设计,形成符合中国国情的高速磁浮交通制式。
高速磁浮交通系统能够实现高速运行的前提条件是列车悬浮与导向系统的全速度域稳定性,这也是高速磁浮交通系统的核心。制定符合中国国情的高速磁浮交通制式必须紧紧围绕这个核心。为此,建议开展以下3方面的研究工作。
(1)悬浮导向系统及其控制的优化与设计。满足磁浮列车高速运行时悬浮力与导向力需求,解决悬浮系统与导向系统的稳定性问题。优化磁浮列车悬浮电磁铁的结构与参数,给出与牵引直线电机相匹配的悬浮电磁铁结构与参数;解决既有列车高速运行时导向力衰减而不能满足要求的问题,给出满足速度要求的导向电磁铁和导向轨的结构与参数或导向系统新方案,给出满足高速运行时悬浮和导向稳定性要求的合理轨距和轨宽,研究高速运行时悬浮与导向系统对轨道的适应性需求,给出悬浮控制的适应算法。
(2)直线牵引系统及其控制的优化与设计。解决磁浮列车高速运行时牵引力需求问题,对电机定子铁芯与悬浮电磁铁的匹配结构和参数进行优化设计,给出与悬浮电磁铁结构参数相匹配的定子铁芯齿槽结构与参数、定子铁芯高度与宽度;解决满足高速运行要求的牵引变流系统的电压与容量、电机分段、供电模式、切换开关与切换模式等匹配问题,给出牵引系统优化控制策略与实现方法。
(3)多源扰动对悬浮与导向稳定性的影响研究。建立包括磁浮列车结构、轨道结构、悬浮与导向控制算法、空气动力作用和轨道不平顺特征等的高速磁浮交通系统全要素仿真研究平台,在保证磁浮列车高速运行时悬浮导向系统稳定且建造成本低的情况下,给出轨道梁的结构参数和动力学参数、线路的平顺性指标和不均匀沉降控制指标;开展高速磁浮列车气动力特性与气动外形优化研究,寻求小气动阻力且适应列车高速运行时悬浮与导向稳定的头车外形。
高速磁浮交通是中国轨道交通进入更高速时代的关键。面对日益严峻的大国竞争,加快研发市场竞争力强且适应中国国情的高速磁浮交通系统新制式,形成规模化商业推广应用,对中国轨道交通和综合运输体系等战略性新兴产业的发展具有重要支撑作用,对实现中国交通系统高速化、现代化和智能化等具有重要战略意义。凝聚共识,集中精力,优化开展常导电磁吸力型高速磁浮交通系统研究,形成符合中国国情的高速磁浮交通制式。
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doi: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2023.04.002
  • 接收时间:2023-10-10
  • 出版时间:2023-12-20
  • 发布时间:2024-01-07
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  • 收稿日期:2023-10-10
  • 修回日期:2023-11-17
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    1.西南交通大学电气工程学院,成都 611756
    2.西南交通大学磁浮技术与磁浮列车教育部重点实验室,成都 611756

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表12种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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