Article(id=1241742252079370240, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, issueId=1241742235478323426, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2023.04.011, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1699027200000, receivedDateStr=2023-11-04, revisedDate=1699632000000, revisedDateStr=2023-11-11, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1704556800000, onlineDateStr=2024-01-07, pubDate=1703001600000, pubDateStr=2023-12-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1704556800000, onlineIssueDateStr=2024-01-07, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773984023349, creator=sys-migrate, updateTime=1773984023350, updator=sys-migrate, issue=Issue{id=1241742235478323426, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, year='2023', volume='2', issue='4', pageStart='4', pageEnd='116', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1703001600000', pubDateStr='2023-12-20', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=1, createTime=1773984019388, creator='sys-migrate', updateTime=1774001921268, updator='13041195026', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241817321451357165, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, issueId=1241742235478323426, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=Special Issue on High-speed Magnetic Levitation Transportation, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=null, specialIssueAbout=null), CN=IssueExt(id=1241817321451357166, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, issueId=1241742235478323426, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=高速磁浮交通专刊, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=null, specialIssueAbout=null)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=105, endPage=114, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241742257351618804, articleId=1241742252079370240, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, language=EN, title=Innovative Exploration of Normal Conductor-based AC Electromagnetic Suspension Technology for High-speed Maglev Transportation, columnId=1149656489310208610, journalTitle=Science and Technology Foresight, columnName=Review and Commentary, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The suspension electromagnets on current normal conductor-based high-speed maglev vehicles adopt direct current (DC) excitation, which belongs to DC electromagnetic suspension. The suspension electromagnets on maglev vehicles also can adopt alternating current (AC) excitation, and AC electromagnetic suspension has comparative advantages in contactless power transfer and field-oriented control. Therefore, it has the technical potential to enhance the performance and reduce the cost of the normal conductor-based high-speed maglev transportation system. However, AC electromagnetic suspension faces technical challenges including the spatiotemporal imbalance of the electromagnetic forces and the capacity of the mover motor controller. This article analyzes the principle and technical characteristics of AC electromagnetic suspension and introduces the development status in this field, the practical exploration process, and the phased achievements. Then, the article discusses the potential technical advantages and challenges of applying AC electromagnetic suspension to high-speed maglev transportation and provides follow-up research and development suggestions.

, authors=null, authorsList=Zaimin ZHONG, Yeqin WANG, Wen JI, Xiaohong CHEN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Zaimin ZHONG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
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现有常导高速磁浮列车的车端悬浮电磁铁采用直流励磁,属直流电磁悬浮。车端悬浮电磁铁也可采用交流励磁,交流电磁悬浮在非接触电能传输、磁场定向控制等方面具有比较优势,具备提升常导高速磁浮交通系统性能并降低其成本的技术潜力;但其在电磁力时空不平衡、动子控制器容量等方面存在技术挑战。文章分析了交流电磁悬浮的原理与技术特点,介绍了该领域的发展态势、实践探索历程与阶段性成果;阐述了交流电磁悬浮用于高速磁浮交通的潜在技术优势和技术挑战,并在此基础上给出后续发展建议。

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钟再敏,教授,博士研究生导师。主要从事高速磁浮用直线电机及其控制、车用电驱动系统技术研究。获国家科学技术进步奖二等奖(排名第7)、上海市科技进步奖一等奖(排名第2)和上海市技术发明奖二等奖(排名第2)各1项。电子信箱:。

, authorsList=钟再敏, 王业勤, 吉文, 陈小鸿, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=钟再敏, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
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钟再敏,教授,博士研究生导师。主要从事高速磁浮用直线电机及其控制、车用电驱动系统技术研究。获国家科学技术进步奖二等奖(排名第7)、上海市科技进步奖一等奖(排名第2)和上海市技术发明奖二等奖(排名第2)各1项。电子信箱:。

"}, bioImg=z2l8dL7OFDsz8TE5BCfyMg==, bioContent=

钟再敏,教授,博士研究生导师。主要从事高速磁浮用直线电机及其控制、车用电驱动系统技术研究。获国家科学技术进步奖二等奖(排名第7)、上海市科技进步奖一等奖(排名第2)和上海市技术发明奖二等奖(排名第2)各1项。电子信箱:。

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空间分布特性

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MOSFET:Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor,金属-氧化物-半导体场效应晶体管;IGBT:Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor,绝缘栅双极型晶体管。

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制式 直流电磁悬浮 交流电磁悬浮
电机类型 电励磁同步电机 (准同步运行)双馈直线电机
悬浮电磁铁励磁方式 直流 交流
车辆供电 低速:接触式供电轨
高速:专用直线发电机
依靠单一行波磁场实现一体化牵引、悬浮与车辆供电
牵引力控制 地面牵引力控制(地控车) 车端牵引力控制
车端磁场定向,对热伸缩等引起的牵引力衰减耐受性好
电机控制对车地通信的要求 相位同步,要求低延时 频率同步,车地通信要求一般
磁场定向所需位置信息 低速:高精度位置检测系统
高速:估算
磁场定向控制不依赖车辆的绝对位置信息
运行调度 一区一车模式 理论上可实现一区多车
可实现短距离定子无源牵引(次级为反应板,退化为直线感应电机)
定子控制方式 矢量控制(电流幅值、频率、相位) 标量控制(电流幅值、频率)
动子控制器 直流DC/DC,功率容量小 多相直流/交流变流器,矢量控制(幅值、相位、频率),功率容量需求更大,是难点问题之一
悬浮控制 直流悬浮 交流电磁悬浮控制相对更难,是难点问题之二
), ArticleFig(id=1241742301941264733, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1241742252079370240, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

直、交流电磁悬浮用于高速磁浮交通的技术特点对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
制式 直流电磁悬浮 交流电磁悬浮
电机类型 电励磁同步电机 (准同步运行)双馈直线电机
悬浮电磁铁励磁方式 直流 交流
车辆供电 低速:接触式供电轨
高速:专用直线发电机
依靠单一行波磁场实现一体化牵引、悬浮与车辆供电
牵引力控制 地面牵引力控制(地控车) 车端牵引力控制
车端磁场定向,对热伸缩等引起的牵引力衰减耐受性好
电机控制对车地通信的要求 相位同步,要求低延时 频率同步,车地通信要求一般
磁场定向所需位置信息 低速:高精度位置检测系统
高速:估算
磁场定向控制不依赖车辆的绝对位置信息
运行调度 一区一车模式 理论上可实现一区多车
可实现短距离定子无源牵引(次级为反应板,退化为直线感应电机)
定子控制方式 矢量控制(电流幅值、频率、相位) 标量控制(电流幅值、频率)
动子控制器 直流DC/DC,功率容量小 多相直流/交流变流器,矢量控制(幅值、相位、频率),功率容量需求更大,是难点问题之一
悬浮控制 直流悬浮 交流电磁悬浮控制相对更难,是难点问题之二
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常导交流电磁悬浮高速磁浮运载技术创新探索
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钟再敏 1, † , 王业勤 1 , 吉文 2 , 陈小鸿 2
前瞻科技 | 综述与述评 2023,2(4): 105-114
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前瞻科技 | 综述与述评 2023, 2(4): 105-114
常导交流电磁悬浮高速磁浮运载技术创新探索
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钟再敏1, † , 王业勤1, 吉文2, 陈小鸿2
作者信息
  • 1.同济大学汽车学院,上海 201804
  • 2.高速磁浮运载技术全国重点实验室,上海 201804
  • 钟再敏,教授,博士研究生导师。主要从事高速磁浮用直线电机及其控制、车用电驱动系统技术研究。获国家科学技术进步奖二等奖(排名第7)、上海市科技进步奖一等奖(排名第2)和上海市技术发明奖二等奖(排名第2)各1项。电子信箱:。

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Innovative Exploration of Normal Conductor-based AC Electromagnetic Suspension Technology for High-speed Maglev Transportation
Zaimin ZHONG1, † , Yeqin WANG1, Wen JI2, Xiaohong CHEN2
Affiliations
  • 1. School of Automotive Studies,Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China
  • 2. State Key Laboratory of High-speed Maglev Transportation Technology, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China
出版时间: 2023-12-20 doi: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2023.04.011
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现有常导高速磁浮列车的车端悬浮电磁铁采用直流励磁,属直流电磁悬浮。车端悬浮电磁铁也可采用交流励磁,交流电磁悬浮在非接触电能传输、磁场定向控制等方面具有比较优势,具备提升常导高速磁浮交通系统性能并降低其成本的技术潜力;但其在电磁力时空不平衡、动子控制器容量等方面存在技术挑战。文章分析了交流电磁悬浮的原理与技术特点,介绍了该领域的发展态势、实践探索历程与阶段性成果;阐述了交流电磁悬浮用于高速磁浮交通的潜在技术优势和技术挑战,并在此基础上给出后续发展建议。

牵引/悬浮/非接触供电一体化  /  交流电磁悬浮  /  准同步运行双馈直线电机

The suspension electromagnets on current normal conductor-based high-speed maglev vehicles adopt direct current (DC) excitation, which belongs to DC electromagnetic suspension. The suspension electromagnets on maglev vehicles also can adopt alternating current (AC) excitation, and AC electromagnetic suspension has comparative advantages in contactless power transfer and field-oriented control. Therefore, it has the technical potential to enhance the performance and reduce the cost of the normal conductor-based high-speed maglev transportation system. However, AC electromagnetic suspension faces technical challenges including the spatiotemporal imbalance of the electromagnetic forces and the capacity of the mover motor controller. This article analyzes the principle and technical characteristics of AC electromagnetic suspension and introduces the development status in this field, the practical exploration process, and the phased achievements. Then, the article discusses the potential technical advantages and challenges of applying AC electromagnetic suspension to high-speed maglev transportation and provides follow-up research and development suggestions.

integrated traction/suspension/contactless power transfer  /  AC electromagnetic suspension  /  quasi-synchronous operation of doubly-fed linear motor
钟再敏, 王业勤, 吉文, 陈小鸿. 常导交流电磁悬浮高速磁浮运载技术创新探索. 前瞻科技, 2023 , 2 (4) : 105 -114 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2023.04.011
Zaimin ZHONG, Yeqin WANG, Wen JI, Xiaohong CHEN. Innovative Exploration of Normal Conductor-based AC Electromagnetic Suspension Technology for High-speed Maglev Transportation[J]. Science and Technology Foresight, 2023 , 2 (4) : 105 -114 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2023.04.011
高速磁浮交通的各制式中,常导电磁悬浮技术在中国发展最为成熟,上海磁浮列车示范运营线即采用该制式,也称Transrapid(简称TR)制式。电磁悬浮的基本原理是通过控制车端悬浮电磁铁的电磁吸力实现稳定悬浮,并通过控制长定子与悬浮电磁铁之间的切向电磁力实现车辆牵引运行,如图1[1]所示。悬浮电磁铁是电磁悬浮磁浮列车的基本技术特征和核心部件,是磁浮列车牵引、悬浮与车辆供电功能的实现载体[2]。
TR制式采用直流电磁铁,属直流电磁悬浮。理论上,也可采用交流电磁铁实现悬浮,即本文所讨论的“交流电磁悬浮”技术路线。如图2所示,直流电磁悬浮是直流励磁,所以悬浮磁场是与列车相对静止的“静磁场”,不同的 t 1、 t 2时刻,动子励磁磁场保持基本恒定。交流电磁悬浮采用交流励磁,悬浮磁场与列车存在相对运动,是“异步行波磁场”,也就是说,悬浮磁场具有频率和相位两个附加自由度,不同的 t 1、 t 2时刻,悬浮磁场空间相位周期交变。可以预见,相较于静磁场,异步行波磁场的控制必定更具挑战。
磁浮列车需要具备车辆供电功能,以维持车载用电设备运行。
如图2所示,对于直流电磁悬浮,悬浮磁场与列车相对静止,悬浮磁场的主磁通近似恒定,无法直接实现定子到动子的非接触电能传输。如图3[3]所示,TR制式在动子表面嵌入独立的“直线发电机”线圈,依靠定子齿槽效应引起的高次谐波磁场诱导的“感应电动势”为车辆供电;低速时(小于100 km/h)直线发电机发电功率受限,设置接触式供电轨辅助供电[3]。
对于双边交流励磁的交流电磁悬浮,气隙行波磁场与动子线圈存在相对运动,即存在滑差,故可依靠滑差诱导的“运动电动势”非接触传递“滑差功率”,且该相对运动的速率可独立于车辆运行速率进行调节。原理上,交流电磁悬浮具备了全速率工况通过滑差功率实现非接触供电的技术条件,如图4所示,可实现一体化牵引、悬浮和非接触供电。
车辆用电负荷和车载储能容量是有限的,所以高速磁浮交通应用场景下,交流励磁的供电功率/频率必须受限受控,需工作于接近同步运行的小滑差状态,即“准同步运行”模式,这是交流电磁悬浮用于高速磁浮交通的技术前提和理论基础[4-5]。
现代交流电机普遍采用矢量控制,其基本原理是控制定、动子电枢磁场保持确定的空间相位,以实现持续稳定的牵引力控制。
直流电磁悬浮动子侧直流励磁不具备相位调节自由度,矢量控制由定子侧实现,也就是采用“地控车”的牵引力控制架构。而定子侧矢量控制的重要前提是需要(检测或者估算)动子的准确位置信息。TR制式利用位置检测、车地通信等工程技术手段为定子侧提供动子的位置信息。
与之相反,交流励磁具有动子电流相位调节自由度,因此具备动子侧矢量控制的条件,即控制动子磁场去追踪和对齐定子磁场。此时,定子侧电流控制可退化为“标量控制”,即只需要控制电流幅值和频率。
如图2所示,交流电磁悬浮的动子为交流供电,其产生的是一个与动子(列车)存在相对运动的异步行波磁场,由此带来了两个主要技术难点。
(1)运动的异步行波磁场导致悬浮力空间分布(即悬浮力密度)也是一个行波。在任一时刻,交流电流励磁产生的磁场和悬浮力密度的空间分布特性如图5所示。因为悬浮力密度与磁场强度的平方成正比,因此行波悬浮力密度的移动速率为行波磁场的移动速率的2倍。虽然悬浮力在整个动子上的法向合力是恒定的,但悬浮力密度的周期变化表现为时间上的不平衡,呈现为动子上的一个附加交变电磁力矩。如何有效补偿这一附加交变电磁力矩是交流电磁悬浮必须面对的技术难点之一。
(2)动子行波磁场随时间交变,伴随着动子绕组的磁场储能在各相之间周期性交换,储能的变化率表现为动子的无功功率,这是交流电磁系统的固有属性。研究表明,交流励磁的无功功率大小近似与磁场的变化频率、悬浮间隙、悬浮力三者成正比。而交流电磁悬浮需要维持一定的行波磁场变化频率保证动子的非接触供电。因此,相较于直流电磁悬浮,交流电磁悬浮需提供较大的附加励磁无功功率,动子控制器容量更大,这是交流电磁悬浮需要克服的另一技术难点。
对交流电磁悬浮技术的早期研究可以追溯到20世纪70年代[6]。美国麻省理工学院的White等[7]基于电磁场理论首次研究了交流励磁的直线感应电机的法向力特性,探讨了将该法向力用于电磁悬浮的可能性。日本横滨国立大学的Tsukamoto团队[8]基于法向力反馈控制原理,实验验证了单相交流励磁的电磁悬浮原理的可行性。此后,Tsukamoto通过建模和实验再次验证了三相交流电磁悬浮的可行性,但是,相关研究未涉及悬浮状态下的牵引控制。日本关西大学的Hirane等于20世纪90年代对长定子直线感应电机的牵引力和悬浮力解耦控制展开研究[9],探讨了悬浮与牵引联合控制的技术难点。之后,日本九州大学的Yoshida团队[10]探索通过滑差频率和定子励磁电流分别对牵引力和悬浮力进行控制,仍然难以实现直线感应电机电磁力的完全解耦控制。日本大阪工业大学的Morizane等[11]通过引入双频控制真正实现了直线感应电机悬浮与牵引的解耦控制,但该方法在定子侧采用双频控制,工程应用上局限性极大。
上述研究表明,基于单边控制的交流电磁悬浮无法满足高速磁浮牵引、悬浮、馈电一体化需求。在2000年左右,德国帕德博恩大学的Grotstollen团队[12]开展了名为NBP(Neue Bahntechnik Paderborn)的项目研究,系统探讨了采用双边可控交流励磁的双馈直线电机驱动的新型轮轨交通系统,因为是基于轮轨制式,NBP项目主要关注牵引和馈电功能,未涉及悬浮控制[13]。
国内方面,中国科学院电工研究所史黎明等[14]研究了直线感应电机悬浮、牵引联合控制,并通过实验验证了直线感应电机实现电磁悬浮条件下牵引运行的可行性。西南交通大学蒋启龙团队[15]研究了单点交流电磁悬浮稳定控制方法。
在双边可控交流励磁的双馈直线电机领域,西南交通大学的王滢团队针对长定子双馈直线电机在轮轨交通上的牵引和馈电问题开展研究,包括数学建模[16]、磁场定向控制[17]等。湖南磁浮交通发展股份有限公司的李拥军[18]也对双馈直线电机的磁场定向控制进行了研究。与NBP项目类似,相关研究均聚焦于轮轨领域,未涉及交流励磁的悬浮控制,也未深入研究双边交流励磁的一体化非接触供电问题。
上述分析表明,相关领域的先期研究呈现零散探索状态,初步揭示了交流电磁悬浮的技术难点和在非接触供电等方面的技术特点。从已发表成果可以看出,相较于直流电磁悬浮,交流电磁悬浮的技术特点只有与特定应用场景结合才能发挥其比较优势。
聚焦交流电磁悬浮应用于高速磁浮交通的技术路线,自2020年开始,同济大学开展了系统深入的预可研工作,旨在探究交流电磁悬浮技术对于高速磁浮达速运行的技术支撑潜力,并识别技术难点和风险点,探明其机理和可行解决路径。整个探索实践过程可总结为两个阶段。
第一阶段是原理探索阶段。搭建了如图6所示的直径2 m交流电磁悬浮平面气隙台架,在此基础上创新提出了“双馈直线电机准同步运行”原理,从原理层面描述了悬浮力、牵引力和供电功率之间的耦合机理和解耦控制原理,揭示了交流电磁悬浮应用于磁浮列车所面临的电磁力与供电功率耦合和动子功率反馈控制机理[4-5]。进一步提出如图7所示的双馈直线电机准同步运行控制架构[19-20],基于此实现了牵引、悬浮和动子非接触供电一体化功能的台架验证。
此阶段最主要的理论成果是:面向高速磁浮交通的应用,提出基于“双馈直线电机准同步运行”原理的交流电磁悬浮技术路线。在满足磁浮列车恒供电功率、恒悬浮力约束条件下,该技术路线可通过单一基波磁场一体化实现悬浮、牵引和非接触供电。获得“一种长定子双馈直线电机准同步供电控制方法”[4]、“长定子双馈直线电机恒电功率准同步运行控制方法及系统”[19]等授权发明专利。
第二阶段是原理验证和初步的工程设计。参照TR制式磁浮列车悬浮架的约束条件和关键性能指标,进行了高速磁浮列车用交流电磁悬浮动子单元电磁设计,提出5相20槽的电磁设计方案[5],并研制了原理样机。2023年10月,原理样机搭载TR制式悬浮架,进行了磁浮标准轨道测试验证,如图8所示,实现了基于单一基波磁场的一体化悬浮、牵引和车辆供电功能。低速自主牵引运行状态下的交流电磁悬浮闭环控制效果达到TR制式直流悬浮相近水平。
此阶段最主要的理论成果是初步探明交流电磁悬浮时空不平衡等关键技术问题的机理和可行解决路径;工程设计上,提出定子3相、动子5相20槽的电磁设计方案,初步解决了双馈直线电机双凸极效应引起的电磁力空间不平衡问题[5]。
结合理论分析和前期研究工作,以高速磁浮交通应用为背景,交流电磁悬浮的潜在技术优势总结如下。当然,部分技术优势是通过原理分析得出,尚需工程实践检验与证实。
交流电磁悬浮定子侧与现有TR制式长定子轨道硬件兼容。基于TR制式定子侧电磁技术条件的交流悬浮电磁铁电磁设计和测试结果表明,交流电磁悬浮在电磁力等关键性能指标上与TR制式相当[5]。
交流电磁悬浮主要设计更改集中于列车动子相关的悬浮电磁铁和支撑箱梁部分,动子的机械和电气接口可以设计成与现有TR制式车辆兼容。既有悬浮架结构保持不变,如图9[3]所示,可完全保留原有的导向电磁铁、悬浮架(含托臂)及车辆上装部分。
交流电磁悬浮利用滑差功率实现定、动子间的非接触供电,供电功率相对列车运行速度可独立调节。
如图4所示,交流电磁悬浮可利用基波的滑差功率直接从定子侧向动子侧非接触供电,其供电、悬浮和牵引能够共用定子、动子变流设备,无需额外的直线发电机和接触式供电轨,可简化车辆供电系统,有望降低车端与轨道侧车辆供电系统的建设和运维成本。
交流绕组励磁所需功率可从气隙磁场直接获得;且滑差功率扣除动子交流绕组励磁功率即为车辆供电功率。因此交流电磁悬浮动子非接触供电传递路径短,理论上供电效率相对更高。
TR制式车辆在运行过程中若需站外临时停车,需要依靠列车的惯性和车载安全制动器停到指定区段,即安装有接触式供电轨的所谓“辅助停车区”,以此维持车辆用电并保证重新起浮能力。而交流电磁悬浮采用基波的滑差功率为动子供电,可经由定子绕组维持驻车条件下车辆非接触供电,理论上具备随时随地启停的能力,不受辅助停车区的设置约束,故而可降低系统建设成本与运行控制系统复杂度。
交流电磁悬浮牵引力由动子侧(车端)矢量控制,定子侧退化成标量控制,如图7所示,该控制架构具备以下潜在技术优势。
1)提高特定工况牵引效率
TR制式在列车高速运行时,位置估算误差对牵引力控制产生影响[21-22]。此外,磁浮列车各个单元电机之间存在参数的不一致性,车辆热胀冷缩效应导致单元电机间距变化,由定子轨道架设不一致导致的空间相位误差,这些非理想特性均对TR制式的牵引效率有一定影响。TR制式在动子上内嵌直线发电机,增加了气隙磁阻,在一定程度上也会影响直线电机的牵引性能。
交流电磁悬浮在动子(车端)上实现对定子(轨道)磁场的定向控制,每个单元电机均能够实现自身对局部定子电枢磁场的精确定向,可计及不同单元电机动子状态的个体差异,理论上可提高磁场定向精度和牵引效率。
2)降低位置检测系统的复杂度
TR制式采用动子磁场定向的控制策略,需要相对精密的位置检测系统。TR制式首先需要在定子轨道上安装如图3所示的定位标志板,通过车载绝对定位传感器和相对位置检测传感器,实时检测动子位置信息并通过专用低延时无线信道发送到地面站和定子控制器。
交流电磁悬浮直接在动子上实现对定子磁场的精确定位,牵引力控制本身可不依赖于定位标志板等位置检测手段,无需高带宽低延时的无线通信网络进行位置信息传输,可显著降低位置检测系统的复杂程度,提高系统鲁棒性。
3)具备车端紧急牵引力干预能力
交流电磁悬浮在动子侧实现牵引电流矢量控制,在维持悬浮状态的前提下,可以在动子侧直接干预牵引力输出,具有更好的牵引力干预性能。
4)运营和调度与现有轮轨制式更相容
交流电磁悬浮采用车端控制牵引、悬浮和供电。车端牵引力控制与现有轮轨制式原理更类似,因此其运营和调度有望兼容目前的轮轨制式,有利于未来高速磁浮交通的组网运行调度。
交流电磁悬浮车端的磁场调节具有一定范围内的频率适应性,并且动子侧的矢量控制可以通过牵引电流和悬浮电流比例调节牵引力,这为一区多车运行模式提供了技术前提。即在定子控制器容量允许的情况下,在同一供电区间上,多辆磁浮列车同时运行。特别地,一区多车运行模式在支线中低速运行区段,可充分利用定子供电容量,缩小车辆追踪间隔时间,提高高速磁浮线路运输能力。当然,一区多车运行涉及牵引、运行控制等多方面技术,还有待工程验证。
交流电磁悬浮动子侧电流幅值、频率均可调,如将现有的三相长定子轨道替换成金属“感应轨”,双馈直线电机将退化成直线感应电机运行模式。此时,交流电磁悬浮仍然可以利用电流幅值控制车辆的悬浮、利用电流频率调节反应轨的感应电流实现牵引力的调节。利用反应轨实现自主牵引运行,将方便高速磁浮交通系统的运营和调度。
需要说明的是,退化成直线感应电机运行模式,交流电磁悬浮只维持悬浮与牵引功能,不再具备非接触供电能力,主要应用于低速特定应用场景,如在库内短距离移动或者编组调度操作。
交流电磁悬浮提供了附加的频率和相位自由度,可实质性改进车辆非接触供电实现机制和电磁力动态控制效果。然而,目前采用交流励磁技术路线实现磁浮控制相关研究处于起步阶段,研究不够系统。相较于直流励磁的静止悬浮磁场,交流励磁的悬浮磁场为异步行波磁场的特点也使其控制难度显著提高。
交流电磁悬浮表现出的电磁力时间不平衡特性对悬浮控制提出了直接挑战。伴随悬浮磁场的相对运动,不同时刻动子悬浮磁场的空间分布呈现周期性变化。换言之,动子同一位置的电磁力密度随时间呈周期性变化。因此,交流电磁悬浮表现出显著的时变特性。宏观上,对于一个悬浮单元,在多相对称交流电流激励条件下,多相交流绕组产生的电磁力合力时间上是均衡的,也就是说电磁力的合力不随时间波动。其法向电磁力分布的变化主要体现为悬浮力作用点的周期性变化,而悬浮力作用点的变化表现为动子侧附加的交变电磁力矩。
交流电磁悬浮的交变电磁力矩产生机理明确,其相位角与励磁电流相位角强相关,理论上可以基于模型进行补偿控制。交变电磁力矩补偿基本原理是通过空间基底上的交变来补偿时间基底上的不平衡[23]。需要说明的是,对同一动子单元的前、后半段的电流调节互补,不影响牵引力合力的大小。
直流电磁悬浮的功耗主要是维持悬浮磁场的励磁电阻损耗。交流电磁悬浮动子磁场为行波磁场,励磁过程同样也伴随励磁电阻损耗。此外,交流电磁悬浮动子还要提供交流励磁所需无功功率。
分析表明,动子侧无功功率的大小正比于悬浮磁场强度与滑差频率的乘积,近似表示为 Q r ≈ 2 ω f δ F z。这个公式意味着,动子无功功率 Q r与悬浮间隙 δ、动子供电角频率 ω f、法向悬浮力 F z成正比。近似估算,3 m标准动子单元,额定工况无功功率 Q r约为100 kVar。交流电磁悬浮动子控制器容量需同时满足无功功率与有功功率需求,因此其容量远较直流电磁悬浮更大,这是交流电磁悬浮的难点和必须克服的技术挑战。
TR制式锁定直流电磁悬浮技术路线产生于1977年。当时功率半导体技术仍处于晶闸管的时代,如图10所示。按照当时的器件水平,每套单元电机配100 kV⋅A功率等级的变频器工程上显然是难以实现和不合理的。但现已进入第三代宽禁带功率半导体时代,车规级碳化硅电机控制器功率密度超过45 kV⋅A/L。这显然为目前技术背景下发展常导交流电磁悬浮提供了先决条件。
交流电磁悬浮控制始终存在着动子供电频率与动子运动频率之和等于定子供电频率的控制约束条件。极端或失效场景下,如动子侧与定子侧通信中断、动子侧向定子侧发送频率指令无法被接收、或频率高动态摄动等情况下,要保证正常车辆运行,需要动子侧供电频率能够在大范围内变动。此时,若受母线电压制约,动子侧不能提供更高的供电频率输出,交流电磁悬浮将工作在失步状态[23]。如何有效处理类似失步状态,实现容错控制也是一个必须面对的技术挑战。
可以说,本节讨论的技术难点一定程度上是学术界和产业界此前鲜有开展交流电磁悬浮及其高速磁浮交通应用相关研发的重要原因。但是,相关领域的技术进步也提供了突破既有瓶颈的技术条件。从目前的研究看,交流电磁悬浮还是具有很好的技术潜力,而且在高速磁浮运载技术之外也有非常广阔的适用前景,值得进一步实践论证。通过科研攻关,上述技术难点若能攻克,即构成交流电磁悬浮技术领域的核心关键技术。
综上,已有研究工作初步证明交流电磁悬浮用于高速磁浮交通的原理可行性。前文直流电磁悬浮与交流电磁悬浮的技术特点对比归纳如表1所示。
基于既有原理验证基础,建议开展交流电磁悬浮相关基础研究和技术验证专题攻关,以高速磁浮交通应用需求引领,攻克核心关键科学问题,突破技术瓶颈,致力于形成创新技术体系并产出原创性科技成果。
(1)深入探究交流电磁悬浮电磁力时空不平衡机理,探究高速磁浮交通应用下的电磁力空间不平衡电磁设计与时间不平衡补偿控制方法;分析交流电磁悬浮的电流/电磁力闭环控制特性,探究电流带宽提升制约机理和宽频控制方法;探究牵引力与悬浮力动态解耦控制方法;探究交流电磁悬浮高速磁浮不同频段内/外部激扰产生规律和主动抑制方法;双馈直线电机准同步运行高速磁浮应用工况适应性等。
(2)凝聚行业共识,加大专项示范支持力度和产学研联合攻关,充分利用既有常导电磁悬浮装备和人力资源储备,持续推进交流电磁悬浮的工程技术验证,识别技术盲区和技术难点。研制高浮重比的高性能动子总成样机;研制交流电磁悬浮专用性能测试设备,进行稳态和动态性能测试验证,逐步提升技术验证的深度与广度;适时推进样车高速运行状态下的牵引、悬浮和非接触供电一体化测试与验证。
高速磁浮交通技术是国之重器,深入而广博的基础研究是行业可持续发展的不竭动力来源和保持战略主动的必要条件。面向高速磁浮交通应用的交流电磁悬浮是在原理层面对既有常导电磁悬浮技术路线的继承和再创新,为中国自主原创。该技术路线与既有电磁悬浮技术并行不悖,宜作为储备技术开展深入全面的科学研究和技术验证。
  • 国家自然科学基金(52202448)
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doi: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2023.04.011
  • 接收时间:2023-11-04
  • 出版时间:2023-12-20
  • 发布时间:2024-01-07
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  • 收稿日期:2023-11-04
  • 修回日期:2023-11-11
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国家自然科学基金(52202448)
作者信息
    1.同济大学汽车学院,上海 201804
    2.高速磁浮运载技术全国重点实验室,上海 201804

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表12种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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