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苏青,研究员。享受国务院政府特殊津贴专家,全国新闻出版行业领军人才。曾任北京理工大学出版社社长、科学普及出版社暨中国科学技术出版社社长、科技导报社社长、中国科学技术馆党委书记等职。现任中国青少年科技教育工作者协会副理事长。

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苏青,研究员。享受国务院政府特殊津贴专家,全国新闻出版行业领军人才。曾任北京理工大学出版社社长、科学普及出版社暨中国科学技术出版社社长、科技导报社社长、中国科学技术馆党委书记等职。现任中国青少年科技教育工作者协会副理事长。

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苏青,研究员。享受国务院政府特殊津贴专家,全国新闻出版行业领军人才。曾任北京理工大学出版社社长、科学普及出版社暨中国科学技术出版社社长、科技导报社社长、中国科学技术馆党委书记等职。现任中国青少年科技教育工作者协会副理事长。

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前瞻科技 | 书阅科苑 2023,2(4): 115-116
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高速磁浮简史妍,知识原理普及宣
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    苏青,研究员。享受国务院政府特殊津贴专家,全国新闻出版行业领军人才。曾任北京理工大学出版社社长、科学普及出版社暨中国科学技术出版社社长、科技导报社社长、中国科学技术馆党委书记等职。现任中国青少年科技教育工作者协会副理事长。

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文/苏青. 高速磁浮简史妍,知识原理普及宣. 前瞻科技, 2023 , 2 (4) : 115 -116 .
. Science and Technology Foresight, 2023 , 2 (4) : 115 -116 .
2023年12月4日,科技部发布《对十四届全国人大一次会议第2199号建议的答复》。第2199号建议由第十四届全国人大代表、山东天瑞重工有限公司董事长兼总工程师李永胜教授提出,该建议名称为《关于加强磁悬浮技术研发的建议》。他希望国家进一步加强磁浮动力技术研发,在中国打造世界一流磁浮产业基地,建成世界一流产业集群。此时此刻,阅读《磁浮高铁简史》,别有一番感慨。
2021年11月,《磁浮高铁简史》由西南交通大学出版社出版。作者胡启洲教授为南京理工大学高速铁路科学研究所所长,主要从事高速铁路、交通运输工程和不确定性数学理论研究。该书是作者团队编撰的“高铁三部曲”之一,另外两部分别为《筑梦超级高铁》和《高铁知识趣谈》。丛书构成了普及最新高铁科技的完整知识体系。西南交通大学轨道交通学科群实力位居全国前列,建有轨道交通国家实验室(筹)、轨道交通运载系统全国重点实验室、国家轨道交通电气化与自动化工程技术研究中心等国家级科研平台,是中国磁浮交通技术与磁浮交通领域的重要基础研究、技术开发和人才培养基地。磁浮高铁科技权威作者和权威出版社强强联手,《磁浮高铁简史》自然值得一读。
磁浮高铁,即磁悬浮高速铁路,不同于常见的轮轨铁路,它是借助于无接触的磁浮交通技术,使整个车体悬浮在轨道导轨上运行的交通系统。由于行驶中不存在列车与轨道之间的机械摩擦力,磁浮列车可以达到比轮轨列车高得多的行驶速度,理论上最高运行速度可达800 km/h,因而具有更加广阔的应用前景。读《磁浮高铁简史》,不仅可以学习磁浮高铁理论知识,知晓现阶段国内外磁浮高铁的主要科技成果,还可以了解磁浮高铁的过去,把握磁浮高铁的发展趋势。
交通技术的发展与人类文明发展同步。从农耕文明到工业文明,再到现代文明,交通动力经历了由人力、畜力升级到蒸汽动力、内燃动力,再跃升到电力的衍变过程。人类出行和货物运输的时速,也由几千米提升到几十千米,现已攀升到几百千米。今天,奔驰在华夏大地、时速为数百千米的列车,绝大多数是我们司空见惯的和谐号、复兴号高铁。这是一种运行在轨道上的高铁,速度通常大于200 km/h而小于400 km/h。在中国,轮轨高铁的商业运行速度通常控制在300 km/h,部分线路放宽至350 km/h。《磁浮高铁简史》第一章专门用一节篇幅介绍轮轨高铁的发展历程,为全书讲授磁浮高铁做了必要的知识铺垫。
该书介绍磁浮高铁理论和技术知识时采取了循序渐进的方法。第一章绪论,主要讲述高铁方面的知识,使读者建立了对“高铁”的初步印象。第二章磁浮高铁的概念原理,着重普及与磁浮高铁相关的基本概念、常用术语和磁浮原理,为后续介绍磁浮交通技术做铺垫。第三章磁浮高铁的基本原理,为本书要点,除讲解磁浮高铁的相关原理外,还介绍了磁浮高铁的主要类型。阅读第四章磁浮高铁的属性特征,使读者对磁浮高铁的种种优势就有了全面、准确的了解。“相较于传统的轮轨列车,磁浮列车有很大的优势,其中包括更高的安全水平、更好的环保水平、更低的运营能耗、更高的运行可靠性、更低的运营成本等。”
20世纪80年代初期,中国开始研制磁浮列车。目前技术研发主要集中在中低速常导磁浮交通技术上,较少涉及高速和超高速磁浮列车的技术研究。1989年,国防科技大学成功研制出中国第一台磁浮列车试验样车;2002年,上海市与德国合作建成全程30 km的上海磁浮列车示范运营线(简称上海磁浮线);2016年,长沙市成为中国第一个开通中低速磁浮列车城市,建成中国首条具有完全自主知识产权投入商业运营的中低速磁浮铁路;2017年,北京开通国内第二条中低速磁浮铁路线——S1线;2021年,预期运行速度目标值大于600 km/h的高温超导高速磁浮工程化样车及试验线在成都启用;同年,中国具有完全自主知识产权、速度600 km/h的高速磁浮交通系统在青岛下线。
据悉,德国、日本、中国、美国、韩国、加拿大和瑞士等国家目前都进行了磁浮交通系统的开发研究。《磁浮高铁简史》第五章磁浮高铁的发展历史,重点介绍了美国、德国、日本尤其是中国在磁浮高铁建设方面取得的主要成果。1978年10月26日,时任国务院副总理邓小平在日本乘坐新干线高速列车前往京都访问,高铁由此进入中国民众视野。中国高铁建设虽然起步较晚,但发展神速。截至2022年底,中国高铁运营总里程已达4.2万 km,居世界首位,约占全球高铁总里程的70%。《磁浮高铁简史》第六章展望了磁浮高铁发展的美好愿景。由于磁浮高铁系统的运行速度介于高速轮轨铁路系统和民用航空系统之间,既具有自身的目标服务客户群,又可吸引民航和高速轮轨的目标客户,并与之互为补充,因而应用前景广阔。
进入新时代,人们对跨区域、长距离、大流量、高密度交通提出了更高的速度要求。由于轮轨高铁存在由轮轨黏着特性、列车机械接触受电、机械噪声污染等带来的一系列难题,以高铁为代表的轮轨铁路系统发展开始步入瓶颈期,发展并完善磁浮高铁成为时代需要。为此,《磁浮高铁简史》作者专门指出:“磁浮高铁以直径1000 km左右,实现两小时都市圈。中国幅员辽阔,陆地面积约960万km2,其中北京、上海、广州等核心大城市之间的距离在1000 km左右,适合高铁系统发展,特别是磁浮高铁的运营。因此,研究并发展速度600 km/h的磁浮高铁,有助于将中国各个大都市群相互联系起来,同时也能够在通行时间上发挥出较大的效益优势。”
在前言中,编著者将《磁浮高铁简史》归为“适合作为高铁爱好者的科普读物”,自认为本书语言通俗、图文并茂、简单易懂。在笔者看来,该书并非严格意义上的科普读物,写作体例比照学术专著,更适合作为科研工作者、工程技术人员、管理工作者和大专院校师生的读物。全书章节分明,图表严谨,但版面不活泼、不生动、不吸引人;虽然语言通俗,图文并茂,专业术语却比比皆是,非专业人士阅读并不轻松。提出这些意见是希望作者和出版社在修订再版时能予以改进。
还是回到文章开头,科技部在答复李永胜教授《关于加强磁悬浮技术研发的建议》提案时表示,“十三五”期间,中国已攻克时速600 km高速磁浮列车核心技术。事实上,“十三五”期间,中国开发了按时速600 km设计的高速磁浮列车、牵引供电和运行控制设备,但集成试验的最高速度约60 km/h。计划在“十四五”国家专项支持下,利用上海磁浮线,开展自主高速磁浮交通设备系统集成技术攻关,研究形成时速600 km高速磁浮试验线和商业运营成套解决方案,完善设计理论、方法、检验和运维体系。
社会发展,突飞猛进;科学进步,造福人类;技术创新,惠及民众;展望未来,前景绚丽;磁浮高铁,宏图已展。掩卷沉思,颇多感慨,特填《浣溪沙》词一首,以表情怀:“高速磁浮简史妍,知识原理普及宣,丛书三部内容全。//技术创新福社会,科学进步利坤乾。风驰电掣谱新篇。”
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表12种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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