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苏青,研究员,享受国务院政府特殊津贴专家,全国新闻出版行业领军人才。曾任北京理工大学出版社社长、科学普及出版社暨中国科学技术出版社社长、科技导报社社长、中国科学技术馆党委书记等职。现任中国青少年科技教育工作者协会副理事长。

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苏青,研究员,享受国务院政府特殊津贴专家,全国新闻出版行业领军人才。曾任北京理工大学出版社社长、科学普及出版社暨中国科学技术出版社社长、科技导报社社长、中国科学技术馆党委书记等职。现任中国青少年科技教育工作者协会副理事长。

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苏青,研究员,享受国务院政府特殊津贴专家,全国新闻出版行业领军人才。曾任北京理工大学出版社社长、科学普及出版社暨中国科学技术出版社社长、科技导报社社长、中国科学技术馆党委书记等职。现任中国青少年科技教育工作者协会副理事长。

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椽笔话交通 阡陌绘葱茏——简评《交通天下:中国交通简史》
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前瞻科技 | 书阅科苑 2023,2(3): 118-119
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前瞻科技 | 书阅科苑 2023, 2(3): 118-119
椽笔话交通 阡陌绘葱茏——简评《交通天下:中国交通简史》
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    苏青,研究员,享受国务院政府特殊津贴专家,全国新闻出版行业领军人才。曾任北京理工大学出版社社长、科学普及出版社暨中国科学技术出版社社长、科技导报社社长、中国科学技术馆党委书记等职。现任中国青少年科技教育工作者协会副理事长。

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出版时间: 2023-09-20
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文/苏青. 椽笔话交通 阡陌绘葱茏——简评《交通天下:中国交通简史》. 前瞻科技, 2023 , 2 (3) : 118 -119 .
. Science and Technology Foresight, 2023 , 2 (3) : 118 -119 .
“《交通天下:中国交通简史》(简称《交通天下》)是一部佳作,脉络清晰、图文并茂、通俗易懂。这一著作的付梓,不但有利于读者全面了解中国交通发展的主要脉络,也有助于弘扬交通人的自强精神,为交通强国建设增添力量。”《交通天下》一书于2023年5月由人民交通出版社股份有限公司出版,中国工程院院士、原铁道部部长傅志寰欣然作序并写下上述评语。诚哉斯言!在我看来,这部恢弘的交通简史不仅概述了中国交通发展全貌,彰显了交通科技人文情怀,还探研了交通行业发展规律,展示了古今交通建设成就。
交通,随着人类文明的诞生而出现,其内涵随着人类对自然界认识的不断深化和社会的不断发展而不断扩大、拓展。交通在国民经济建设、国家安全和社会发展中具有基础性、先导性、战略性地位,发挥着服务性、支撑性、牵引性作用,是人类社会发展史的一个缩影。中国第一部综合性交通史著作,可追溯到1937年时年28岁的历史学家白寿彝先生撰写的《中国交通史》。但是受时代的局限,该书关于现代交通的内容显得单薄。自那之后的半个多世纪,国内虽然出版了不少有关交通史的著作,但往往是公路、水路、铁路、航空等行业“各自为战”编纂,其碎片化问题十分突出,使得读者难以准确、完整、全面地把握中国交通综合发展的历史脉络和全局面貌。
《交通天下》分上、下册,共23章。全书以交通发展为主线,按照中国各个朝代演进的时间顺序,重点论述交通发展史实、重大事件、建设成就及其演化特点,勾勒了交通从起源、形成,到发展、瞻望的全景画面。在古代,交通通常只包括陆路、水路和邮路,现代交通则扩充至公路、水路、铁路、空路、管道5种方式,邮路则拓展至邮政和电信两个方面。“交通”一词也由古时的“感通”“通达”“往来”等含义,演变至现代的“各种交通运输和邮电事业的总称”这一专业名词。今天,专家学者将“交通”定义为“人和物的空间位移”,意蕴着通过基础设施、运输工具和运营服务使得两地互相连通。
正是基于对交通认识的不断深化,以及交通行业领域的不断拓展,《交通天下》不但在纵向综述了古代辕车马道、驿道邮递、人工运河、茶马古道、传统营城、航海宣威、丝绸之路等颇具中国特色交通运输业发展简史,而且也在横向总结了现代高速公路、高铁、航空、航天、城市交通发展历程,还专门描述了桥隧、管道、港口、物流、绿色出行等新型交通形式发展景象,更是在第十九章中专门介绍了中国台湾省的交通历史沿革和发展现状。品读《交通天下》,不由地叹赞中国交通历史波澜壮阔、华夏交通图卷气势恢宏、神州交通事业蓬勃兴旺。
《交通天下》虽然探讨的是交通领域的科技、历史问题,但作者注重从政治、经济、文化、军事、社会及对外交往等角度,探究交通事业发展与这些因素之间的互动、交融、共促关系,揭示交通发展的内外因条件和基本规律。秦始皇扫六合后,制定“车同轨”法令,降低了人货运输成本,军队物质得以从全国各地快速调度。沟通海河、淮河、黄河、长江和珠江水系的大运河,不仅方便了南北数千里水上往来和人货运输,还造就了运河沿岸的繁荣昌盛。古老的丝绸之路促进了东西方贸易往来、文化交流、宗教传播和文明互鉴,成为中国对外开放的滥觞。从明朝郑和七下西洋宣示皇权帝威,到清朝施行“封锁禁运”的闭关锁国政策,事实证明,不能顺应时代潮流的落后交通理念将极大地影响国运。
正因为交通与政治、经济、文化、历史、军事、社会等紧密相连,该书的编著者写作视野宏阔、充满人文情怀,在交通主线中融入中国的传统文化、思想精华、艺术特质和创造能力,以饱满的激情褒赞“入川水道:逆流而上的纤夫行船”“明修栈道,暗度陈仓:古代交通的神奇之作”“挂壁公路:巍巍太行绝壁上的工程奇迹”“沙漠奇景:塔克拉玛干沙漠公路”“进藏天路:青川滇新入藏通道”……展现了中国人改善生存处境、营造“阡陌交通”、创造美好生活的不屈不挠、艰苦卓绝和过人智慧。通过反思与交通发展休戚相关的国家战略、政治制度、军事思想、商贸政策、城建规划、文化交流、科技发展、文明演进等,《交通天下》予以读者启示:交通是开路先锋、兴国之要、强国之基,必将为中华民族伟大复兴发挥重要支撑作用。
《交通天下》对新中国尤其是改革开放以来的交通发展历史轨迹和建设成就做了全面深入的论述,这方面的内容主要体现在第十一章至第二十三章里。其中,第十七章“管道运输”拓展了读者对交通的认知,让人们对中国油气管道运输的未来充满期待;第二十章“文明跃迁”深化了读者对交通的理解,有助于强化人们对城市交通绿色发展的责任和担当;第二十二章“辉煌十年”更是讴歌了新时代填补空白、创造奇迹,交通发展走向新高度的丰功伟绩,作为中国名片的“和谐号”动车和“复兴号”高铁、创造世界奇迹的盾构机,以及沟通世界的“一带一路”等,无不彰显出中华民族不竭的创新精神、创造动力和博大情怀,读来令人精神振奋,倍感骄傲自豪;第二十三章“继往开来”预示综合交通进入一体化新时代,人工智能、云计算、大数据等高新技术日新月异,给交通事业发展带来机遇和挑战,展示了构建现代综合交通运输体系、全面建成交通强国的动人前景,令人欢欣鼓舞、激情澎湃。
《交通天下》一书的主要作者陆化普教授为清华大学交通研究所所长、博士研究生导师。他汇聚了研究各种交通运输方式历史的学者智慧,使得图书更具科学性、权威性、综合性和准确性。全书每一章的标题均为4个字,每一章的副标题精准概括本章内容,文字、语句可谓高度凝练、生动传神、文气十足,足见作者的历史文化底蕴和文学素养。全书图文并茂、通俗易懂,不仅是一部高水平的学术著作,也是一部优秀的科普图书。
略感遗憾的是,第十五章“城市交通”甚至介绍了近些年才出现的电动车、共享单车,却没有给出已开始试运行、前景可期的“无人驾驶”;第十七章“管道交通”只是单纯介绍油气管道运输,却没有关注已突破概念设计的“真空管道列车”等未来交通运输形式。或许正是这些遗憾,给后继者续写《中国交通史》留下了更大的发挥空间。
品读《交通天下》,受益颇丰,感慨良多,特填《浪淘沙令》词一首,以表情怀:“椽笔话交通,着墨情浓。千年演化内容丰。沥血呕心书简史,气势恢宏。//阡陌绘葱茏,巧匠勤聪。创新创造贯始终。文化科学融汇进,华夏昌隆。”
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表12种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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