Article(id=1241719005585658347, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, issueId=1241718870671675569, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2022.04.006, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1666713600000, receivedDateStr=2022-10-26, revisedDate=1667491200000, revisedDateStr=2022-11-04, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1673884800000, onlineDateStr=2023-01-17, pubDate=1671465600000, pubDateStr=2022-12-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1673884800000, onlineIssueDateStr=2023-01-17, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773978480951, creator=sys-migrate, updateTime=1773978480951, updator=sys-migrate, issue=Issue{id=1241718870671675569, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, year='2022', volume='1', issue='4', pageStart='113', pageEnd='150', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1671465600000', pubDateStr='2022-12-20', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=1, createTime=1773978448786, creator='sys-migrate', updateTime=1776075219003, updator='13041195026', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1250513362480742955, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, issueId=1241718870671675569, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=Science and Technology Foresight, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=null, specialIssueAbout=null), CN=IssueExt(id=1250513362480742956, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, issueId=1241718870671675569, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=智能化弹药技术专刊, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=null, specialIssueAbout=null)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=81, endPage=98, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241719008966267375, articleId=1241719005585658347, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, language=EN, title=Technology Status and Application Outlook of Micro-Opto-Electro-Mechanical System Accelerometers, columnId=1149656489310208610, journalTitle=Science and Technology Foresight, columnName=Review and Commentary, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

A micro-opto-electro-mechanical system (MOEMS) accelerometer features high precision, electromagnetic interference resistance, good adaptability to the environment, high reliability, and easy miniaturization, which is the major development trend of inertial instruments. According to the optical measurement principle, this paper divides MOEMS accelerometers into three categories, which are based on the direct intensity modulation (IM), the undulatory property of light, and the light-matter interaction separately. Following a brief introduction to the measurement principles and typical cases, we systematically analyze the merits and demerits of the three accelerometers, as well as their potential application scenarios. Given the research progress in MOEMS accelerometers, we also present their development tendencies.

, authors=null, authorsList=Qiju ZHU, Xiaoxu WANG, Chunbo MEI, Pengxiang YANG, Qianbo LU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1241719008819466733, articleId=1241719005585658347, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, language=CN, title=微光机电系统加速度计技术现状与应用展望, columnId=1148708266483446458, journalTitle=前瞻科技, columnName=综述与述评, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

微光机电系统(MOEMS)加速度计具有精度高、抗电磁干扰、环境适应性好、可靠性高及易小型化的特点,是未来惯性仪表的重要发展方向。根据光学检测原理对现有微光机电系统加速度计进行了分类:基于直接光强调制、基于光的波动性、基于光与物质相互作用的微光机电系统加速度计;基于测量原理和典型案例,分析了这3类微光机电系统加速度计的优缺点和适用场景;结合微光机电系统加速度计的研究进展,提出了其未来发展的趋势和重点方向。

, authors=

朱启举,研究员,西安现代控制技术研究所副总工程师,惯导事业部主任。中国兵器科技带头人。主要研究方向为智能化弹药惯性导航及组合导航技术。获国家科学技术进步奖二等奖1项,国防科学技术进步奖二等奖1项。发表论文10余篇,获授权国防专利20余项。电子信箱:

, authorsList=朱启举, 王小旭, 梅春波, 杨鹏翔, 卢乾波, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=vkq0pDYls3Rwh0F3H3dppA==, magXml=ea5gcsjCU9bq/cfvuLpzQw==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=MTU4YMwVTJvr8wrgMEaKPQ==, pdfFileSize=2974993, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=C10tTOGC8iPRcaqhd4D9Cg==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=HF8fgnzONcEY9NYJcW3wTw==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1241719103187120509, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1241719005585658347, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=zhuqiju971071@sina.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1241719103258423679, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1241719005585658347, authorId=1241719103187120509, language=EN, stringName=Qiju ZHU, firstName=Qiju, middleName=null, lastName=ZHU, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1. Xi’an Modern Control Technology Research Institute, Xi’an 710065, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1241719103325532544, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1241719005585658347, authorId=1241719103187120509, language=CN, stringName=朱启举, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1.西安现代控制技术研究所,西安 710065, bio={"img":"h1AW2krx6yEvvINgJXt29w==","content":"

朱启举,研究员,西安现代控制技术研究所副总工程师,惯导事业部主任。中国兵器科技带头人。主要研究方向为智能化弹药惯性导航及组合导航技术。获国家科学技术进步奖二等奖1项,国防科学技术进步奖二等奖1项。发表论文10余篇,获授权国防专利20余项。电子信箱:

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朱启举,研究员,西安现代控制技术研究所副总工程师,惯导事业部主任。中国兵器科技带头人。主要研究方向为智能化弹药惯性导航及组合导航技术。获国家科学技术进步奖二等奖1项,国防科学技术进步奖二等奖1项。发表论文10余篇,获授权国防专利20余项。电子信箱:

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The asymmetrical anti-spring structure is used and the device is microfabricated using SOI technology. Two capacitive readout methods, namely, capacitance-to-voltage-converter (CVC) and a commercial sigma-delta modulator, are introduced for comparison in the device characterization. For both methods, the accelerometer has a frequency dynamic range of 0-158 Hz. The sensitivity and non-linearity of the sensor is 53 fF/g (21.3 mV/g), 0.03% by the sigma-delta modulator, while the CVC method is 3.78 mV/g with the non-linearity 0.04%. As for the resolution, both methods have detected the lab's background noise of 11.5 mu g/root Hz at 0.03 Hz and have exhibited the resolution of the sensor is better than 10 mu g/root Hz. Regardless of the difference in parameter selection for the circuits, the CVC method has a much lower noise floor (51.8 ng/root Hz at 1 Hz) than sigma-delta readout configuration (10 mu g/root Hz at 1 Hz). The proposed MEMS accelerometer based on anti-spring structures shows its high sensitivity and low noise performance, demonstrating its potential in seismic applications. (C) 2019 Published by Elsevier B.V.), Reference(id=1241719112745939432, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1241719005585658347, doi=10.1038/nature17397, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2016, volume=531, issue=7596, pageStart=614, pageEnd=617, url=https://doi.org/10.1038/nature17397, language=null, rfNumber=[12], rfOrder=11, authorNames=Middlemiss R P, Samarelli A, Paul D J, journalName=Nature, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Middlemiss R P, Samarelli A, Paul D J, et al. Measurement of the earth tides with a MEMS gravimeter[J]. 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This enables several useful features such as dynamic self-characterization and a variety of force-feedback modalities, including alteration of device dynamics in situ. These features are experimentally demonstrated with sensors that have been optoelectronically integrated into sub-cubic-millimeter volumes using an entirely surface-normal, rigid, and robust embodiment incorporating vertical cavity surface emitting lasers and integrated photodetector arrays. In addition to small form factor and high acceleration resolution, the ability to self-characterize and alter device dynamics in situ may be advantageous. 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0TH为0级衍射光;1ST为1级衍射光;-1ST为-1级衍射光;2ND为2级衍射光;-2ND为-2级衍射光。

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dgap为腔长;ha为第1次刻蚀深度;hb为第2次刻蚀深度;U1为区域一等效相位;U2为区域二等效相位;U3为区域三等效相位;U4为区域四等效相位。

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xs为横向位移;lm为腔长;L为腔长;x为位移量;θ为倾角;ϕ为相对相位; a ^+ a ^-为两个相向传播的腔体模式; ψ ^x)为运动轨迹;η0为横向泵浦激光。

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PD为探测相机;PBS为偏振光滤波器。

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性能指标 MEMS加速度计 MOEMS加速度计
电容式 压阻式 压电式 谐振式
测量原理 板间电容变化 压阻效应 压电效应 改变二阶系统固有频率 加速度→位移→光学读出位移
位移测量精度 亚纳米级 微米至纳米级 亚纳米级 亚纳米级 纳米至飞米级
噪声等效加速度 ~10-6 gHz-1/2 10-3~10-6 gHz-1/2 10-6~10-7 gHz-1/2 10-6~10-7 gHz-1/2 10-3~10-7gHz-1/2(取决于不同光学原理和机械结构设计)
优点 工艺成熟,易集成,精度适中 结构和读出电路简单 较高的灵敏度和大带宽 灵敏度较高,数字输出,易集成 超高灵敏度潜力,抗电磁干扰,响应快
缺点 电磁干扰,量程较小 灵敏度低,温度系数大 低频特性差,材料不易集成 带宽有限,直流测量困难 较低技术成熟度,异构集成难度大
), ArticleFig(id=1241719110401323482, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1241719005585658347, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

MEMS加速度计与MOEMS加速度计典型性能指标对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
性能指标 MEMS加速度计 MOEMS加速度计
电容式 压阻式 压电式 谐振式
测量原理 板间电容变化 压阻效应 压电效应 改变二阶系统固有频率 加速度→位移→光学读出位移
位移测量精度 亚纳米级 微米至纳米级 亚纳米级 亚纳米级 纳米至飞米级
噪声等效加速度 ~10-6 gHz-1/2 10-3~10-6 gHz-1/2 10-6~10-7 gHz-1/2 10-6~10-7 gHz-1/2 10-3~10-7gHz-1/2(取决于不同光学原理和机械结构设计)
优点 工艺成熟,易集成,精度适中 结构和读出电路简单 较高的灵敏度和大带宽 灵敏度较高,数字输出,易集成 超高灵敏度潜力,抗电磁干扰,响应快
缺点 电磁干扰,量程较小 灵敏度低,温度系数大 低频特性差,材料不易集成 带宽有限,直流测量困难 较低技术成熟度,异构集成难度大
), ArticleFig(id=1241719110455849435, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1241719005585658347, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
性能指标与潜在应用场景 基于直接光强调制 基于光的波动性 基于光与物质相互作用
干涉腔式 FBG式 光子晶体式
光学位移
测量精度
微米至纳米级 亚纳米级 纳米级 亚纳米级 高至飞米级
噪声等效
加速度
10-3~10-9 gHz-1/2(取决于机械结构设计) 10-6~10-9 gHz-1/2 亚10-6 gHz-1/2 亚10-6 gHz-1/2 高至亚10-9 gHz-1/2
特点 结构简单,成本低廉,灵敏度适中 高集成度,高灵敏度 多点复用,多功能,灵敏度适中 高集成度,高灵敏度 较低技术成熟度,超高灵敏度
潜在应用
场景
从日常应用到地球物理应用 惯性导航,地球物理应用 日常应用,装备
健康监测
惯性导航 惯性导航,地球物理应用
), ArticleFig(id=1241719110527152604, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1241719005585658347, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同类别MOEMS加速度计的典型性能指标和潜在应用场景

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
性能指标与潜在应用场景 基于直接光强调制 基于光的波动性 基于光与物质相互作用
干涉腔式 FBG式 光子晶体式
光学位移
测量精度
微米至纳米级 亚纳米级 纳米级 亚纳米级 高至飞米级
噪声等效
加速度
10-3~10-9 gHz-1/2(取决于机械结构设计) 10-6~10-9 gHz-1/2 亚10-6 gHz-1/2 亚10-6 gHz-1/2 高至亚10-9 gHz-1/2
特点 结构简单,成本低廉,灵敏度适中 高集成度,高灵敏度 多点复用,多功能,灵敏度适中 高集成度,高灵敏度 较低技术成熟度,超高灵敏度
潜在应用
场景
从日常应用到地球物理应用 惯性导航,地球物理应用 日常应用,装备
健康监测
惯性导航 惯性导航,地球物理应用
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微光机电系统加速度计技术现状与应用展望
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朱启举 1 , 王小旭 2 , 梅春波 1 , 杨鹏翔 1 , 卢乾波 3
前瞻科技 | 综述与述评 2022,1(4): 81-98
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前瞻科技 | 综述与述评 2022, 1(4): 81-98
微光机电系统加速度计技术现状与应用展望
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朱启举1 , 王小旭2, 梅春波1, 杨鹏翔1, 卢乾波3
作者信息
  • 1.西安现代控制技术研究所,西安 710065
  • 2.西北工业大学自动化学院,西安 710072
  • 3.西北工业大学柔性电子研究院,西安 710072
  • 朱启举,研究员,西安现代控制技术研究所副总工程师,惯导事业部主任。中国兵器科技带头人。主要研究方向为智能化弹药惯性导航及组合导航技术。获国家科学技术进步奖二等奖1项,国防科学技术进步奖二等奖1项。发表论文10余篇,获授权国防专利20余项。电子信箱:

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Technology Status and Application Outlook of Micro-Opto-Electro-Mechanical System Accelerometers
Qiju ZHU1 , Xiaoxu WANG2, Chunbo MEI1, Pengxiang YANG1, Qianbo LU3
Affiliations
  • 1. Xi’an Modern Control Technology Research Institute, Xi’an 710065, China
  • 2. School of Automation, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
  • 3. Institute of Flexible Electronics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
出版时间: 2022-12-20 doi: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2022.04.006
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微光机电系统(MOEMS)加速度计具有精度高、抗电磁干扰、环境适应性好、可靠性高及易小型化的特点,是未来惯性仪表的重要发展方向。根据光学检测原理对现有微光机电系统加速度计进行了分类:基于直接光强调制、基于光的波动性、基于光与物质相互作用的微光机电系统加速度计;基于测量原理和典型案例,分析了这3类微光机电系统加速度计的优缺点和适用场景;结合微光机电系统加速度计的研究进展,提出了其未来发展的趋势和重点方向。

加速度计  /  微光学  /  微光机电系统  /  高精度加速度测量

A micro-opto-electro-mechanical system (MOEMS) accelerometer features high precision, electromagnetic interference resistance, good adaptability to the environment, high reliability, and easy miniaturization, which is the major development trend of inertial instruments. According to the optical measurement principle, this paper divides MOEMS accelerometers into three categories, which are based on the direct intensity modulation (IM), the undulatory property of light, and the light-matter interaction separately. Following a brief introduction to the measurement principles and typical cases, we systematically analyze the merits and demerits of the three accelerometers, as well as their potential application scenarios. Given the research progress in MOEMS accelerometers, we also present their development tendencies.

accelerometers  /  micro-optics  /  micro-opto-electro-mechanical system  /  high-precision acceleration measurement
朱启举, 王小旭, 梅春波, 杨鹏翔, 卢乾波. 微光机电系统加速度计技术现状与应用展望. 前瞻科技, 2022 , 1 (4) : 81 -98 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2022.04.006
Qiju ZHU, Xiaoxu WANG, Chunbo MEI, Pengxiang YANG, Qianbo LU. Technology Status and Application Outlook of Micro-Opto-Electro-Mechanical System Accelerometers[J]. Science and Technology Foresight, 2022 , 1 (4) : 81 -98 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2022.04.006
惯性导航系统建立在惯性原理基础之上,在导航过程中不需要任何外来信息,也不向外辐射任何信息,具备在全天候条件下、全球范围内自主、隐蔽地进行连续三维定位和定向的能力,是陆战武器装备重要的导航手段之一。在现代战争的复杂战场环境下,卫星导航极易被干扰和欺骗,惯性导航系统作为拒止环境下自主可靠的导航系统,仍是目前各式战术/战略打击武器中使用最广泛的一种自主导航方式。随着陆战火力打击装备射程和打击精度的提升,其惯性导航系统对包括加速度计在内的惯性器件提出了越来越高的需求。加速度计作为测量运动载体线加速度的仪表,是惯性导航系统的核心传感器之一,与陀螺仪共同决定着纯惯性导航系统90%以上的精度,其成本、尺寸、质量和功率(Cost, Size, Weight and Power, C-SWaP)等特性对惯性导航系统的应用领域有较大影响。武器装备体系对加速度计的使用精度要求如图1所示。
陆战火力装备对加速度计零偏和精度的要求正朝着战略级的10-6 g级乃至更高量级发展,同时,陆战火力装备相对批量大和载具小的特点也要求加速度计在保证精度的前提下实现低成本、小体积和大批量制造。微光机电系统(Micro-Opto-Electro-Mechanical System, MOEMS)加速度计是融合了微机电系统(Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems, MEMS)技术和光学检测技术的一种新型加速度计,不仅具有MEMS体积小、质量轻和易大批量生产的优势,更兼具光学检测精度高、响应快和抗电磁干扰的优势,是极具应用潜力的下一代加速度计,可匹配陆战火力打击装备需求。
表1对比了MEMS加速度计与MOEMS加速度计的典型性能指标,可以看出MOEMS加速度计的位移测量精度比MEMS加速度计高出几个数量级,在理论噪声水平和灵敏度上拥有巨大优势。
回顾总结国内外MOEMS加速度计的发展过程,重点基于MOEMS加速度计的测量原理,对现有MOEMS加速度计进行分类归纳[1],并系统梳理各类MOEMS加速度计的技术特点、发展现状和适用领域,展望MOEMS加速度计在光学检测技术和机械加速度敏感结构方面的未来发展趋势。
与其他种类加速度计一样,MOEMS加速度计拥有两大单元:将外界加速度转换为位移量的加速度敏感单元和读出位移的光学位移检测单元。两者的性能共同决定了MOEMS加速度计的性能。MOEMS加速度计的加速度敏感单元通常为采用MEMS技术制作的携带敏感质量的微机械结构。MOEMS加速度计的光学测量单元是其不同于MEMS加速度计[2-5]的根本之处,因此主要从光学测量单元测量原理的视角,对MOEMS加速度计进行分类。
自第1种光学加速度计[6]诞生以来,不同形式的光学测量单元不断涌现,如图2所示,其测量原理主要历经了3代演变:从基于直接光强调制,到基于光的波动性,再到基于光与物质相互作用的光腔力/光量子方案。
第1类MOEMS加速度计通过直接测量光的振幅或强度来测量加速度敏感单元中敏感质量的位移,这类加速度计拥有相对简单的结构和大动态范围,但精度有限。第2类MOEMS加速度计以光的波长或频率作为标尺,通过光学元件的干涉/衍射将波长和频率转换为可观量,这类加速度计的光学测量单元精度通常要高于第1类加速度计。第3类MOEMS加速度计利用光与物质的相互作用,通过腔光力/量子增强实现超越标准量子极限的位移测量精度,这类加速度计大部分仍处于预研阶段。
基于直接光强调制的MOEMS加速度计在受到加速度作用时,敏感质量块产生位移,进而直接调制光学测量单元的光强,通过测量光强即可获取位移和加速度大小。
第1种直接光强调制式加速度计——“百叶窗”式加速度计出现在20世纪90年代[6],如图3所示。
图3中发光二极管(Light Emitting Diode, LED)光源垂直照射可动质量块,由于可动质量块及底部的光电探测器上均刻有栅线,当质量块受加速度作用发生位移时,通过质量块的光通量会随之发生变化。该加速度计还设有另一个温度补偿光电探测器来提升信噪比,最终能实现大于80 g的量程和3.2 kHz的固有频率,但是标度因数仅为0.1 V/g
除了光栅“百叶窗”,光波导也可以作为直接光强调制元件。Plaza等[7]在2004年设计了一种基于光波导的直接光强调制式加速度计,如图4所示。
初始状态的质量块与外框架处在同一平面内,放置于质量块上的光波导和框架上的外波导自对准,当有沿z轴向的加速度输入时,质量块产生z向位移,带动光波导发生失调,引起直接光强变化。除此之外,光学狭缝等设置同样可以作为直接光强调制元件的测量结构。
无论是“百叶窗”式、光波导式还是狭缝式,直接光强调制加速度计都拥有简单的光学结构、相对低廉的成本和有限的灵敏度。不过,因为加速度计的性能同样取决于机械加速度敏感结构,因此这类加速度计可以通过设计超高灵敏度的机械加速度敏感结构[8-11]实现不错的性能。例如,Middlemiss等[12]设计的几何反弹簧光学加速度计,如图5所示。
通过构造拥有极低频响应和极高加速度-位移灵敏度的机械反弹簧结构,在采用狭缝式直接光强调制光学位移检测单元的前提下,该加速度计实现了41×10-9 gHz-1/2的高加速度测量灵敏度。Tang等[13]同样通过设计曲梁和折叠梁组合的机械加速度敏感结构,配合狭缝式直接光强调制元件,实现了超灵敏加速度测量,其灵敏度可达8.16×10-9 gHz-1/2。但是对于机械加速度敏感单元而言,加速度-位移灵敏度(取决于弹性系数和敏感质量大小)与带宽及动态范围是矛盾量,通过牺牲带宽和动态范围来提升加速度测量灵敏度势必存在技术瓶颈,这也是直接光强调制式加速度计性能提升的限制所在。
总体而言,基于直接光强调制的MOEMS加速度计结构简单,对光源和探测器没有苛刻要求,可以应用于低成本、较高精度的加速度测量。但是受限于直接光强调制光学位移检测单元的性能,这类加速度计在面对高精度加速度测量应用时,往往需要在机械加速度敏感单元上进行精巧的设计,通常需要牺牲带宽(通常小至1 Hz甚至0.1 Hz)、动态范围(10-3 g级)等其他性能指标。
基于光的波动性的MOEMS加速度计的光学测量单元利用的是光的波动性,将敏感质量块的位移以光波长(或频率、相位)为标尺转换为可观量(通常为光强),通过测量对应改变量即可获得位移和输入加速度大小。将光波长作为长度标尺可以大大提升光学测量单元的精度,进而提升加速度计的精度。基于光的波动性的MOEMS加速度计形式多样,按照光学测量单元形式又可细分为干涉腔式、光纤布拉格光栅式、光子晶体式等小类。
干涉腔式加速度计的核心元件是一个由干涉光腔构成的光学测量单元。干涉腔中往往存在一个与敏感质量相连的可动部分,当敏感质量受惯性力作用发生位移时,可动部分引起腔长和光学相位的变化,进而通过干涉/衍射改变干涉腔的输出光强。借由光波长作为标尺,干涉光腔的位移测量精度可以达亚纳米至皮米、飞米量级,为实现10-9 g级加速度测量提供了可能。
常见的干涉光腔形式有光栅干涉腔和法布里珀罗(Fabry-Perot, FP)干涉腔两种。这两种腔体均拥有紧凑的设置,可与微机械加速度敏感结构集成,实现小型化。
光栅干涉腔式加速度计采用光栅作为产生干涉/衍射的光学元件,最早由Cooper等[14]受原子力显微镜针尖位移测量机构启发研制而成,其设计的加速度计如图6所示。敏感质量上分布有动梳齿,这些动梳齿与外框架上的固定梳齿构成了一个小型光栅干涉腔(光栅光阀),干涉腔的不同级次反射光强会随动梳齿的面外位移发生变化,通过检测光强变化即可获取面外加速度大小。这种加速度计拥有906 Hz的固有频率和低至2×10-6 gHz-1/2的噪声等效加速度。
麻省理工学院的Loh等[15]引入了蟹脚梁机械加速度敏感结构设计,如图7所示,将噪声等效加速度进一步提升至40×10-9 gHz-1/2,不过这种机械结构的交叉串扰较大。
佐治亚理工学院的Hall等[16]在2008年将光栅光阀改为由一个振幅型光栅和质量块表面反射膜构成的紧凑型光栅干涉腔,如图8所示,提升了光学测量单元的稳定性和可重复性,又通过静电力反馈控制使其工作在灵敏度最大位置,并赋予了静电调品质因数(Q)的能力。该加速度计能实现43.7×10-9 gHz-1/2的噪声等效加速度,且能够较好地抑制交叉串扰。
在此基础上,Williams等[17]又通过如图9所示的相位调制光栅压制了0级反射光的强度,提升了加速度计的能量利用率和灵敏度。2016年后,该团队成立了Silicon Audio公司,研发的相关光栅干涉腔式加速度计能够在±2 g的动态范围下实现低于1×10-9 gHz-1/2的噪声等效加速度,如图10[17]所示。
FP干涉腔是另一种常见的干涉腔式加速度计的光学测量单元形式。当有加速度输入FP干涉腔式加速度计时,敏感质量块带动FP干涉腔的可动镜,腔长变化会改变FP干涉腔的多光束干涉边界条件,进而改变反射/透射光谱。
早期的FP干涉腔式加速度计的腔体多由传统机械加工制作的金属镜构成。图11所示的加速度计,是1989年由Gerges等[18]研制的双FP干涉腔式加速度计。该加速度计通过两个FP干涉腔输出信号的差分处理进行共模抑制,得益于FP干涉腔光谱对位移的超灵敏性,该加速度计在450 Hz的固有频率下即可实现220×10-9 gHz-1/2的噪声等效加速度。早期的FP干涉腔式加速度计在牺牲带宽性能的前提下,结合锁相等技术即可达到10-9 g级灵敏度。
随着微加工工艺的成熟和光学元件的发展,FP干涉腔式加速度计更多地采用了光纤作为构建紧凑FP干涉腔体的光学元件,因为光纤的端面天然就是一个构成FP干涉腔的理想镜面。众多新式结构和技术的加入,也使得光纤FP干涉腔式加速度计的各项性能不断提升。如图12所示,Davies等[19]在光纤FP干涉腔式加速度计中引入V形梁设计,在牺牲部分动态范围性能的前提下,放大了FP干涉腔的腔长变化量,进而提升了加速度计的灵敏度,也实现了敏感轴向的变换。
Zhao等[20]通过结合白光FP干涉腔的方式,提出了一种快速全频段的解调方案,能够同时实现大动态范围、高精度和高速的加速度测量,如图13所示。Lin等[21]通过正交放置3个FP干涉腔构建了多轴的光纤FP干涉腔式加速度计,3个轴向的噪声等效加速度和带宽可达48×10-9 gHz-1/2和160 Hz。也有研究者将光纤FP干涉腔式加速度计与其他物理量(如应变、温度、压力等)测量结合,形成多功能的传感器。
干涉腔式加速度计,无论是光栅干涉腔式还是FP干涉腔式,都具有灵敏度高、结构紧凑和光路简洁的优势,也因此受到越来越多的关注。干涉腔式的光学测量单元拥有极高的位移测量性能,可以实现fm/Hz1/2级的位移测量精度,理论位移测量不确定度可以超10-18量级(典型案例,如激光干涉引力波观测仪)。在高精度的微加工工艺配合下,这类加速度计非常适应于亚10-6 g级至10-9 g级加速度的测量需求。
光纤布拉格光栅(Fiber Bragg Grating, FBG)式加速度计的光学测量敏感元件为FBG,FBG对应变敏感。当有外界加速度输入时,敏感质量块的惯性位移使FBG产生应变,进而改变FBG输出光信号的波长,通过探测波长改变量即可获取加速度大小。这类加速度计具有高延展性和多点分布测量的特点,在一些特殊应用中占有优势。
1996年,由Berkoff等[22]设计的第1个FBG式加速度计如图14所示。FBG敏感单元嵌于弹性结构中,当外界加速度使弹性结构发生形变时,FBG的反射波长发生改变,波长变化量可通过外接马赫-曾德尔(Mach-Zehnder)干涉仪读出,进而获取加速度信息。尽管这种早期的FBG式加速度计灵敏度较低(仅为1×10-9 gHz-1/2),也易受环境扰动的影响,但简单的结构、相对低廉的成本和多点测量的潜力也使该类加速度计得到了持续的关注和发展。
不断有研究者从光纤设计和外部机械结构设计两方面出发,尝试提升FBG式加速度计的性能指标。例如,倾斜光纤布拉格光栅(Tilted Fiber Bragg Grating, TFBG)通过引入楔形结构,耦合纤芯和包层的光场模式,可以提取由外界加速度引起的低阶包层模式的扰动,从而提升灵敏度并实现自标定功能。如图15所示,Weng等[23]和Helan等[24]都通过设计TFBG式加速度计,免去了普通FBG式加速度计需要被拉伸的问题,能够在较大的动态范围下实现优异的长期稳定性和小型化。Linze等[25]则是通过一根光纤上布置多个布拉格光栅区域,实现了多通道复用的FBG式加速度计,这种分布式测量也是FBG式加速度计的独特优势,后来被广泛采用。
还有一些研究者尝试从机械结构设计上改进FBG式加速度计。如图16所示,缓冲层的引入可以增加布拉格光栅和悬臂梁中性轴的距离,从而提升加速度计的灵敏度。适当的缓冲层设计结构简单,能够在不损失带宽的同时提升灵敏度。另外,还通过无光纤设置来规避由光纤横向应变带来的FBG反射峰双折射劈裂及多峰问题。
Basumallick等[26]和Mita等[27]通过引入L形梁和方形钢弹簧来实现灵敏度、交叉串扰和动态范围的良好平衡,如图17[27]所示。
总质量是FBG式加速度计的另一个考量。Gu-tiérrez等[28]通过增材制造工艺实现了轻质结构的FBG式加速度计,如图18所示,由3D打印制作的顺变柱体与敏感质量一起构成了加速度敏感单元,可实现16.95 pm/g的加速度位移灵敏度和500 Hz的带宽。
FBG式加速度计拥有亚微米级的位移测量精度、优异的加速度测量灵敏度和多点测量能力,在建筑和基础设施的健康监测中发挥着重要作用。同时,因为可小型化、自标定、抗电磁干扰和多路复用能力,这类加速度计在航空工业和装备检测上也逐渐受到关注。总体来说,FBG式加速度计在过去30年里获得了长足的发展,应用范围从基本的单点加速度测量扩展至更复杂多样的应用场景,噪声等效加速度测量性能也从10-3 gHz-1/2级提升至10-6 gHz-1/2级。FBG式加速度计本身独特的可复用特性使其有别于其他MOEMS加速度计,尤其适用于对分布式、多点测量有需求的大型设备和基础设施检测。不过,由于采用光纤作为光学测量单元敏感元件,FBG式加速度计易受环境温度影响,且对于FBG输出波长的测量通常需要较为复杂的读出单元,这也为集成应用带来了一定挑战。
光子晶体式加速度计的光学测量敏感元件为一维或二维的光子晶体波导。光子晶体拥有光子带隙,对在其中传播的光波具有选择性。当有外界加速度作用时,光子晶体会发生形变从而改变带隙以及对波长的选择性,通过对波长改变量的测量即可完成加速度的测量。光子晶体拥有很高的Q值,这类加速度计通常也因此拥有大带宽和小体积的优势。
典型的光子晶体式MOEMS加速度计如图19所示,带有两个缺陷的光子晶体波导覆盖在会随敏感质量块发生形变的薄膜上,一个位于质量块上方,另一个则位于基底上方[29]。两个缺陷的局部模式在无加速度时互相匹配,当有外界加速度作用时会产生模式失配从而调制输出光强。这种早期的一维光子晶体式加速度计与FBG式加速度计类似,拥有简单的制作工艺和较高的芯片集成度,但是性能并不是很高,且易受环境影响。
光子晶体式加速度计有一维和二维之分,常见的一维光子晶体式MOEMS加速度计如图20所示,其中光子晶体由间错排布的硅和空气组成[30]。当有外界加速度输入时,中间的硅梳齿沿着敏感轴向发生运动,改变一维光子晶体的周期性条件,从而改变输出模式的中心波长。
二维光子晶体式MOEMS加速度计如图21所示,硅微柱与空气构成了环形谐振器,当有加速度输入时,可动部分的位移改变环形谐振器的半径,从而改变输出模式的波长[31]。这种加速度计通过波长的红蓝移动可以分辨加速度的幅值和方向,这也是二维光子晶体的优势之一。
目前光子晶体式MOEMS加速度计研究方兴未艾,它的优势主要体现在高Q值、出色的灵敏度和带宽方面。未来随着微纳光子学的发展和尺度的不断缩小,光子晶体式MOEMS加速度计会逐渐脱离光的波动性范畴。不过,如何提升环境适应性,以及工艺和性能的重复性,仍是这类加速度计走向实际应用需要解决的问题。
相比于基于直接光强调制的加速度计,基于光的波动性的MOEMS加速度计总体上有较大的性能提升。其中,各小类各有特点,适用于不同的应用领域。例如,干涉腔式加速度计的噪声等效加速度可以突破10-9 gHz-1/2量级,适合相对高精度的应用;FBG式加速度计拥有延展性和分布式测量能力,在建筑和装备监测应用中有特殊的优势;光子晶体式加速度计在逐渐朝接近标准量子极限的方向演进。尽管光的波动性方案并非MOEMS加速度计的终点,但目前这个大类的加速度计仍拥有相当的技术先进性和场景适应性,正处于快速上升发展阶段。
基于直接光强调制和光的波动性方案在描述光场响应时均做了一定程度的近似,这导致部分高频和近场信息丢失,也造成基于直接光强调制和光的波动性的加速度计存在测量灵敏度极限。基于光与物质相互作用的MOEMS加速度计通过光与物质的作用和反作用,在亚波长尺度进行精细光场调控,从而突破标准量子极限(Standard Quantum Limit, SQL),可以将加速度计的性能推进至新的水平。
近场光学加速度计通过激发表面等离激元提取近场信息[32,33]的方案,是突破灵敏度极限的有效手段。表面等离激元可以通过棱镜耦合倏逝波、微纳制造的超结构[34]或纳米尺度的光学系统激发。2003年初,美国Sandia国家实验室的Carr等[35]设计了一种基于表面等离激元的亚波长位移传感结构,该结构包括一对亚波长硅光栅和一层氮化硅吸收层。在此位移传感器的基础上,Keeler等[36]和Krishnamoorthy等[37]结合蛇形梁和静电驱动机构实现了如图22所示的近场光学加速度计,其分辨率达到17×10-9 gHz-1/2,机械热噪声可达8×10-9 gHz-1/2。极高的灵敏度和较小的尺寸使其在分子力检测、摩擦动力学和精密重力测量、微变形检测等领域具有广阔应用前景,然而这种MOEMS加速度计的大规模应用受到相对复杂的结构和微加工工艺的阻碍。
2012年,加州理工学院的Krause等[38]设计了另一种基于表面等离激元的加速度计,如图23所示。纳米光拉链[39,40]允许加速度计使用高Q值的机械设计和热光机械反作用来冷却质量块[41]的热噪声,从而突破标准量子极限。该系统的质量和弹簧结构尺寸均为微米级,可实现高度集成和高性能动态测量的功能,分辨率可达8×10-9 gHz-1/2,能够保持20 kHz以上的带宽和40 dB以上的动态范围。然而,由于敏感质量相对较小,且机械加速度敏感结构缺乏特定的优化,该加速度计的性能仍有提升空间。
其他形式的近场光学加速度计也被证明拥有超灵敏光学位移测量的潜力,如Armata等[42]、Zobenica等[43]和Huang等[44]都报告了类似的位移测量单元和加速度计,如图24~图26所示,部分等效噪声位移可达fm/Hz1/2级别,噪声等效加速度测量灵敏度可达10×10-9 gHz-1/2。不过这些传感器对工作环境(低温或真空)及微机械设计工艺要求较高,工程应用尚存在阻碍。
值得一提的是,并不是激发了表面等离激元就一定能提升测量灵敏度,有些方案尽管采用了亚波长结构[44,45],但仅将其作为衍射单元,这样的加速度计测量原理更接近激光的波动性方案。
腔光力系统是突破加速度灵敏度极限的另一有效手段,该方法也被认为是最有效的重力估算方法之一[46-48]。将腔光力的高精密测量方案运用到加速度计上已形成了几种典型的紧凑型光机械腔形式结构,如图27[42,46,49,50]所示。
2013年,Purdy等[51]设计了基于氮化硅膜光腔谐振器,如图28所示,其分辨率可达亚10-9 gHz-1/2,噪声等效加速度水平可达亚10-9 gHz-1/2级。
2016年,Abend等[52]基于布洛赫振荡和双布拉格衍射设计了一种腔光力系统加速度计,其测量精度可达亚10-9 g级,该结构通过芯片级集成实现了紧凑体积和更高精度的兼顾,如图29所示。美国Bao等[53]设计了一种基于半球形空腔的腔光力系统加速度计,该设计包括一个高精细度半球形光学腔和一个由光束约束的氮化硅敏感质量块。通过干涉测量法和光机械模式耦合,可以使噪声等效加速度低于1×10-6 gHz-1/2量级。
2018年,Li等[54]设计了基于回音壁式谐振器与波导的色散和耗散耦合原理的加速度计。该加速度计原理如图30所示,其中二氧化硅微球悬臂同时充当光学腔和惯性敏感质量,加速度的存在会使悬臂发生偏转,改变微球和波导之间的倏逝耦合,从而导致可测量的频移和回音壁式谐振增宽。该加速度计噪声等效加速度可达4.5×10-6 gHz-1/2,偏置不稳定性为31.8×10-6 g。可以看到原理的先进性并不等效于加速度计的性能指标领先,该量子增强型等离子激元传感器受其他大于标准量子极限的经典噪声的限制,偏置不稳定性和零漂仍有很大提升空间。
量子增强精密测量方案是另一种突破加速度灵敏度极限的有效手段。其中,量子基态冷却、机械振子压缩和压缩光场是实现量子增强的常见手段。量子基态冷却的典型案例是冷原子干涉重力仪,目前也有将冷却对象从微观尺度的原子团扩展至介观乃至宏观尺度敏感质量的趋势。例如,Wei等[55]通过光力冷却,将高应力氮化硅薄膜这种宏观机械谐振子从室温直接冷却至量子基态,实现了超fm/Hz1/2的位移测量灵敏度。使用压缩光场实现量子增强传感的应用也十分普遍,压缩光场可以抑制传统激光源中存在的散粒噪声等噪声源,从而获得接近标准量子极限的探测精度。
总体而言,近20年,基于光与物质相互作用的新型加速度计不断涌现并快速发展。这类加速度计从原理上超越了标量衍射近似,通过表面等离激元、腔光力、量子增强型等多种方案来提取近场高频信息或达到标准量子极限。目前这类加速度计大多停留在原理验证阶段,距离实际工程应用尚有一段距离。未来基于光与物质相互作用的新型加速度计将在原理创新和设计方案迭代的基础上,提升技术可行性和成熟度,以满足日益苛刻的实际应用需求。
随着微光机电技术的发展,出现了各式各样的加速度计。现阶段,MOEMS加速度计存在较多基于不同原理的设计方案,但是多数方案不能同时兼顾高精度、大动态范围、小型化的要求。MOEMS加速度计的优点集中在位移检测灵敏度很高,抗电磁干扰能力强,稳定性不受静电刚度、传感与反馈耦合效应影响,有潜力实现高稳定性。微光机电的缺点集中在光学结构难以加工,例如光栅结构、干涉腔反射镜面等光学结构,或者说即使能加工出来也有一定的误差。在MOEMS加速度计系统中,光学结构往往承担着检测位移变化的任务,是加速度计的核心部件。同时,MOEMS加速度计在硅基结构集成上存在障碍,集成工艺要求比较高,对MOEMS加速度计成熟化应用造成影响。上述两方面的缺点就是现阶段MOEMS加速度计的主要瓶颈所在。
基于直接光强调制的MOEMS加速度计通过检测光强变化来反映加速度的大小,光束在传播过程中都会存在本身的传输损耗,会极大地影响加速度计的测量精度。在面对高精度加速度测量应用时,往往需要在机械加速度敏感单元上进行精巧的设计,通过结构设计来降低输入输出光束之间的耦合效果,减小该环节的光强损耗,但是这通常需要牺牲带宽(通常小至1 Hz甚至0.1 Hz)、动态范围(10-3 g级)等其他性能指标。以2004年Plaza等[7]设计的直接光强调制加速度计为例,当加速度作用到该结构的传感结构上时,质量块会带动传感的光波导沿z轴方向移动,从而使传感光波导和输入输出波导端面之间产生位移和光强变化。通过探测输出光纤的光强就能反映出传感质量块所受的z轴方向上加速度的大小。但是在实用化的过程中,输入和输出端的光纤和基底光波导之间的插入损耗,以及光波导本身的传输损耗都会影响传感器的测量精度。基于直接光强调制的MOEMS加速度计结构简单,对光源和探测器没有苛刻要求,可应用于低成本、较高精度的加速度测量,但是受限于直接光强调制光学位移检测单元的性能,不太适用于高精密的加速度测量。
无论是基于干涉腔式加速度计、光纤布拉格光栅式加速度计,还是光子晶体式加速度计,在理论上都可以达到很高的灵敏度,但往往无法满足大动态范围的要求,同时对制备的要求很高,普通设备难以满足。以2002年麻省理工学院的Loh等[15]设计的基于干涉腔式加速度计为例,当加速度作用于质量块时,质量块会带动可动光栅上下移动,形成明暗相间的衍射条纹。当可动光栅与固定光栅的高度差发生变化时,衍射条纹的各级衍射光强将发生变化,这样探测器上所探测的光强就会发生变化,从而达到测量加速度大小的目的。但是该装置中折叠悬臂梁的制备、可动光栅与固定光栅的制备、光栅之间的初始位置固定都需要较高的制备工艺。相比于基于直接光强调制的加速度计,基于光的波动性的MOEMS加速度计总体上有较大的性能提升。但是在制备过程中,对加工工艺提出了更高的要求,由于质量块相对于光学结构较厚且质量较大,在最后进行结构释放时,很容易因保护层残余应力的作用,对光学结构造成破坏。因此,基于光的波动性的MOEMS加速度计往往制作难度非常大,成品率很低,普通的设备和工艺很难满足结构的加工要求。
基于光与物质相互作用的MOEMS加速度计虽然具有高精度、小型化的应用前景,但是在大动态范围测量等方面存在很大的障碍。同时,MOEMS加速度计需要严苛的工作环境和高成熟度的工艺。目前这类加速度计大多停留在原理验证阶段,距离实际工程应用尚有一段距离。以2003年初美国Sandia国家实验室的Carr等[35]设计的基于表面等离激元的亚波长位移传感结构为例,当加速度作用于可动光栅时,固定光栅与可动光栅之间的间距发生变化,光位移相应发生变化,从而反映出加速度的大小。由于涉及近场耦合,该结构很难实现大动态范围的测量。总体来说,该类加速度计不断涌现并快速发展,但大多处于实验室验证阶段,距离实际应用还有很长的一段路要走。
融合了光学测量与MEMS两者优势的MOEMS加速度计自20世纪80年代诞生后发展迅速,目前已经涌现了多种方案,实现了多样的性能指标。文章首先分析了MOEMS加速度计的实际和潜在应用需求,并从其光学测量单元的测量原理出发,将MOEMS加速度计分为基于直接光强调制、基于光的波动性和基于光与物质相互作用的3大类,如表2所示,不同类别MOEMS加速度计有着各自的特点以及潜在应用场景。其中,基于直接光强调制的加速度计通常拥有相对简单的结构和低成本,适应于10-3 g级的日常应用;基于光的波动性的加速度计有很多小类,大多能实现10-6g级加速度测量,更适应于惯性导航需求,某些小类也可以满足多点和多轴的加速度测量需求;基于光与物质相互作用的加速度计拥有超越标准量子极限,实现超灵敏加速度测量的可能。不过由于加速度计的性能由位移测量单元和加速度敏感单元两者共同决定,因此光学位移测量单元原理的先进性并不一定能带来更优异的性能。即便基于直接光强调制的MOEMS加速度计,也可以通过特殊设计的加速度敏感单元获得10-9 gHz-1/2级加速度测量灵敏度。
未来MOEMS加速度计将从光学测量单元和加速度敏感单元两方面,在原理创新、可行性提升、材料体系更新、加工工艺成熟上持续发展,以应对包括惯性导航[56,57]、微重力测量等实际或未来应用的严峻挑战,可以将自由几何设计引入加速度设计,使敏感结构拥有准零刚度和微位移放大功能,从而实现更高的灵敏度和性能空间。未来MOEMS加速度计可以与片上光学陀螺异构集成乃至片上集成,形成全光惯性导航芯片/仪表,支撑惯性导航技术的长远发展。
加速度计作为测量加速度这一基本物理量的关键传感器,应用领域横跨消费电子和高端军事装备。新战争形态和应用场景的涌现对加速度计提出了小型化、高精度、高可靠等多层次、高层级的要求。MOEMS加速度计作为下一代微小型加速度计方兴未艾,目前国内外均面临不同程度的技术瓶颈和真空区,这也为国内在新形态加速度计研发方面实现换道超车提供了历史机遇。通过系统研究MOEMS敏感结构、光学测量单元的设计范式和灵敏控制模式,MOEMS加速度计有望在惯性导航、重力测量相关应用中取得突破,占据高端生态位,也可以为新型军事装备的迭代更新提供关键元件储备,为科技自立自强和创新驱动引领军队建设贡献“传感”力量。
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doi: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2022.04.006
  • 接收时间:2022-10-26
  • 出版时间:2022-12-20
  • 发布时间:2023-01-17
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  • 收稿日期:2022-10-26
  • 修回日期:2022-11-04
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    1.西安现代控制技术研究所,西安 710065
    2.西北工业大学自动化学院,西安 710072
    3.西北工业大学柔性电子研究院,西安 710072

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表12种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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