Article(id=1241718966175977782, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, issueId=1241718870671675569, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2022.04.003, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1666540800000, receivedDateStr=2022-10-24, revisedDate=1667059200000, revisedDateStr=2022-10-30, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1673884800000, onlineDateStr=2023-01-17, pubDate=1671465600000, pubDateStr=2022-12-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1673884800000, onlineIssueDateStr=2023-01-17, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773978471555, creator=sys-migrate, updateTime=1773978471555, updator=sys-migrate, issue=Issue{id=1241718870671675569, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, year='2022', volume='1', issue='4', pageStart='113', pageEnd='150', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1671465600000', pubDateStr='2022-12-20', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=1, createTime=1773978448786, creator='sys-migrate', updateTime=1776075219003, updator='13041195026', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1250513362480742955, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, issueId=1241718870671675569, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=Science and Technology Foresight, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=null, specialIssueAbout=null), CN=IssueExt(id=1250513362480742956, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, issueId=1241718870671675569, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=智能化弹药技术专刊, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=null, specialIssueAbout=null)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=40, endPage=54, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241718970324152327, articleId=1241718966175977782, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, language=EN, title=Research Status and Prospects of Cooperative Guidance and Control Technology, columnId=1149656489310208610, journalTitle=Science and Technology Foresight, columnName=Review and Commentary, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The cooperative guidance and control technology is the underlying technical foundation for achieving behavior cooperation and complementary capabilities of all members in a swarm system and the boundary expansion of the overall system capability. This study focuses on unmanned system swarms such as the unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) swarm and loitering munition swarm and describes the technical roles of the cooperative guidance and control technology in formation control, formation reconfiguration, robustness enhancement, cooperative attack, and route planning. In addition, we introduce the typical algorithms and research status of the above key technologies. Finally, we forecast the development trends of cooperative guidance and control in invulnerability, universality, denial adaptation, and multi-disciplinary optimization.

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协同制导控制技术是集群系统落实各成员行为配合与能力互补,并实现系统整体能力边界扩展的底层技术保障。以无人机、巡飞弹等无人系统集群为对象,描述协同制导控制在队形保持、编队重构、鲁棒性增强、协同打击、航路规划等方面的主要技术分工,着重介绍了上述关键技术的典型实现算法与发展现状,展望了协同制导控制在抗毁性、通用性、拒止适应、多学科优化等方面的发展趋势。

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苗昊春,研究员,西安现代控制技术研究所技术部主任。中国兵器青年科技带头人。主要研究方向为飞行器制导控制,主持和参与了多项重点国防科研项目。入选第三届中国科协青年人才托举工程。获2019年度陕西省青年科技新星,第15届陕西省国防科技工业十大杰出青年等荣誉。出版专著1部,发表论文10余篇,获授权国防专利30余项。电子信箱:

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苗昊春,研究员,西安现代控制技术研究所技术部主任。中国兵器青年科技带头人。主要研究方向为飞行器制导控制,主持和参与了多项重点国防科研项目。入选第三届中国科协青年人才托举工程。获2019年度陕西省青年科技新星,第15届陕西省国防科技工业十大杰出青年等荣誉。出版专著1部,发表论文10余篇,获授权国防专利30余项。电子信箱:

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苗昊春,研究员,西安现代控制技术研究所技术部主任。中国兵器青年科技带头人。主要研究方向为飞行器制导控制,主持和参与了多项重点国防科研项目。入选第三届中国科协青年人才托举工程。获2019年度陕西省青年科技新星,第15届陕西省国防科技工业十大杰出青年等荣誉。出版专著1部,发表论文10余篇,获授权国防专利30余项。电子信箱:

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协同制导控制技术发展现状及展望
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苗昊春 , 刘重 , 王根
前瞻科技 | 综述与述评 2022,1(4): 40-54
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前瞻科技 | 综述与述评 2022, 1(4): 40-54
协同制导控制技术发展现状及展望
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苗昊春 , 刘重, 王根
作者信息
  • 西安现代控制技术研究所,西安 710065
  • 苗昊春,研究员,西安现代控制技术研究所技术部主任。中国兵器青年科技带头人。主要研究方向为飞行器制导控制,主持和参与了多项重点国防科研项目。入选第三届中国科协青年人才托举工程。获2019年度陕西省青年科技新星,第15届陕西省国防科技工业十大杰出青年等荣誉。出版专著1部,发表论文10余篇,获授权国防专利30余项。电子信箱:

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Research Status and Prospects of Cooperative Guidance and Control Technology
Haochun MIAO , Zhong LIU, Gen WANG
Affiliations
  • Xi’an Modern Control Technology Research Institute, Xi’an 710065, China
出版时间: 2022-12-20 doi: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2022.04.003
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协同制导控制技术是集群系统落实各成员行为配合与能力互补,并实现系统整体能力边界扩展的底层技术保障。以无人机、巡飞弹等无人系统集群为对象,描述协同制导控制在队形保持、编队重构、鲁棒性增强、协同打击、航路规划等方面的主要技术分工,着重介绍了上述关键技术的典型实现算法与发展现状,展望了协同制导控制在抗毁性、通用性、拒止适应、多学科优化等方面的发展趋势。

集群系统  /  多智能体协同  /  制导控制  /  协同攻击  /  自主规划

The cooperative guidance and control technology is the underlying technical foundation for achieving behavior cooperation and complementary capabilities of all members in a swarm system and the boundary expansion of the overall system capability. This study focuses on unmanned system swarms such as the unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) swarm and loitering munition swarm and describes the technical roles of the cooperative guidance and control technology in formation control, formation reconfiguration, robustness enhancement, cooperative attack, and route planning. In addition, we introduce the typical algorithms and research status of the above key technologies. Finally, we forecast the development trends of cooperative guidance and control in invulnerability, universality, denial adaptation, and multi-disciplinary optimization.

swarm system  /  multi-agent cooperation  /  guidance and control  /  cooperative attack  /  automatic planning
苗昊春, 刘重, 王根. 协同制导控制技术发展现状及展望. 前瞻科技, 2022 , 1 (4) : 40 -54 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2022.04.003
Haochun MIAO, Zhong LIU, Gen WANG. Research Status and Prospects of Cooperative Guidance and Control Technology[J]. Science and Technology Foresight, 2022 , 1 (4) : 40 -54 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2022.04.003
类比于单无人系统模拟人类或其他生物个体的目的化行为,自然界中的蜜蜂协作、候鸟迁徙、鱼类群游、蚂蚁聚集等生物行为,通过群体行为规律涌现完成生物个体无法实现的复杂任务[1],这种基于局部信息交互实现一致化群体任务目标的模式,催生了多智能体组网协同概念的出现[2]。此新兴概念将单无人系统平台能力作为基础,以节点间的协同交互能力为支持,以群体智能涌现为核心,以期弥补由于基础学科发展现状造成的单智能体能力短板,实现无人系统整体任务执行效能与自主能力等级的显著提升,如图1所示。
自2000年起,美国国防部战略能力办公室(Strategic Capabilities Office, SCO)、美国海军研究局(Office of Naval Research, ONR)、欧盟委员会等先后开展了“无人机蜂群”“低成本无人机集群技术”(Low Cost UAV Swarming Technology, LOCUST)异构航空器平台实时协调与控制研究等项目,旨在实现小型多无人机平台的能力互补与提升,对标“全自主协同”的无人机系统最高自主能力等级[3];美国空军、国防部发布的《小型无人机系统飞行规划(2016—2036)》《无人系统综合路线图(2017—2042)》,也同样强调了“忠诚僚机”“班组”等协同作战的重要理念,以及各种无人系统进行协同的必要性。可见,多智能体集群化作战已成为未来战场的一大趋势,无人机集群则是其中的关键组成与核心战力。
多智能体系统(Multi-Agent System, MAS)也称为群体系统或集群系统,通过组网通信开展信息交互与资源共享,并以各成员节点的协同性行为进行平台能力的扩展与互补,其能力范围基本可涵盖“观察—判断—决策—行动”(Observation-Orientation-Decision-Action, O-O-D-A)循环的各个环节[4]。而作为多平台能力互补的行为基础和协同效能实现的基础保障,集群系统的协同制导控制技术,在单无人系统自主控制问题的基础上,进一步引入了合作智能体的任务状态约束,其具有更为突出的多学科交叉特点,且设计复杂性也明显高于单无人系统制导控制算法。基于必要的任务场景限定与被控对象简化,国内外大量的科研技术人员致力于协同制导控制技术体系的创新与完善[5-7],在协同编队控制、动态队形重构、协同制导打击、任务航路规划等方面已取得了可观的研究成果。
文章主要从无人机、巡飞弹等典型军事任务无人系统的角度出发,简述协同制导控制领域所包含的关键性技术及其发展现状,并进一步总结相关技术的未来演化趋势。
由无人机、巡飞弹等构成的作战系统,主要作用于环境监视、干扰对抗、巡弋压制、区域封控、定点打击等多种任务场景,其需要相应的动态可调编队构型。协同制导控制技术的最基本功能是保持一定数量的集群成员节点以预设几何构型沿期望航路稳定运行,即协同编队控制功能。此功能保持多集群成员的相对位置关系:一方面,为了通过空间上的多平台配合体现节点间的信息交互与行为协同;另一方面,预设编队队形实为多成员节点能力互补的实现形式,也是上层任务决策保证集群系统整体能力的控制层要求。
考虑集群系统在实际应用中的动态任务调整,以及编队融合、拆分、战损等原因造成的成员数量增减,协同制导控制技术还需具有编队队形的动态调整能力,以及对集群成员数量的灵活适应特点。而面对密集编队各集群成员间有限空间距离的常规设定,上述编队重构过程中各成员间以及成员、障碍物间的有效避碰也是协同制导控制技术的关键功能。以具有较强抗干扰能力与扰动输入适应化补偿的控制理论进行协同控制性能增强,是保证编队重构性能的基本手段,也是优化协同编队鲁棒性的重要方法。
此外,面对兼具末制导打击能力的无人系统集群,多成员节点通过打击角度、时刻等维度的配合实现较高的协同攻击效能,是武器系统集群特有的制导控制应用。由于部分巡飞类武器系统平台的有限落角约束能力,集群协同末制导往往需要配合各成员节点不同的打击行为引导航路。这进一步对协同制导控制技术提出了多成员节点一致性任务航路规划的功能需求,以开展多无人系统节点的任务化行为引导,实现任务化的集群成员协同配合。
基于前述协同制导控制的标志性任务功能描述,主要介绍协同编队控制、动态编队重构避碰、抗不确定性增强控制、任务化航路规划、攻击性节点协同末制导等关键技术的发展现状,并针对不同技术所常用的典型理论与算法手段展开详细论述。
协同编队控制技术作为实现集群系统队形保持与动态重构的基础性支撑,一直都是制导控制领域的研究热点。根据集群中各节点信息交互方式的不同,集中式[8]、分布式[9]、分散式[10]是较为常见的协同组织形式。相比较而言,基于局部信息交互的分布式协同编队控制,更贴近于生物集群的个体信息传递形式;同时,由于兼顾了制导控制精度与信息交互负担等多方面性能,分布式策略具有更为突出的应用优势与探索价值。而在局部信息交互下,实现多独立个体的状态统一收敛,就成为分布式协同编队控制的核心功能。
根据基础理论支撑的不同,常见的协同编队控制方法包括一致性方法[11]、生物群行为机制法[12]、人工势场法[13]、基于行为法[14]等,而随着算法功能的演化推进,上述各方法之间的明确界限也日益模糊。
一致性问题是指系统在任意初始状态下,智能体之间通过局部的信息交互进行相互协调,最终使得所有智能体的特定状态能够达成一致。通过状态期望的平移与扩展,分布式协同编队控制即可转化为多无人系统的一致性问题。一致性问题最早于20世纪70年代出现,其概念来自于分布式计算系统和管理科学。21世纪初,一致性问题得到了进一步规范[15,16]:一方面,通过引入图论相关概念和拉普拉斯矩阵作为表征信息交互拓扑与描述一致性问题的核心手段,典型的一致性理论架构逐渐建立;另一方面,将拓扑图中的最小生成树理论与一致性框架联系起来[17],提出了时变拓扑下一致性的最小充要条件,进一步奠定了时变拓扑的研究基础。早期关于一致性的研究主要集中于一阶多智能体系统,其本身结构比较简单。然而,在实际应用中,只用一阶信息来描述多智能体系统是不够全面的,往往需要位置和速度等多阶状态来同时刻画。因此,二阶积分系统模型被提出,相应的一致性控制协议也得以设计[18,19]。无人机系统作为典型的二阶系统,一致性方法成为其十分常用的编队控制手段[20],且得益于一致性问题的完备理论基础,其面向复杂编队控制场景具有良好的理论扩展性[21,22]
以鸽群、雁群等为启发的生物群行为机制法,是编队控制对生物群体智慧的有机借鉴。此类方法的集群编队策略,多使用Vicsek模型及其改进模型对群体智能开展建模描述[23,24]。之后,建立生物群体运动演化的基本原则,诸如:鸽群中头鸽的绝对领导地位与跟随鸽下层服从上层,雁群中各节点寻找头雁与飞行方向保持一致,狼群中态势共享与任务分工等。以此运动演化规则为约束,建立复杂的分布式通信拓扑结构并结合个体的性能代价函数,循环优化即可输出各集群成员的协同编队控制输入。基于Vicsek模型的生物集群运动规则分析,其本质目的也是实现集群个体行为的一致性收敛[25],并为层级复杂的通信拓扑与主从式架构[14,25]提供更为具体化的解释手段。
人工势场法主要通过构建势场函数,实现集群成员节点间的吸引与排斥,进而保持期望的编队几何构型[26,27]。利用集群成员之间的距离信息设计人工势场函数,可得到保证节点之间相对位置关系的分布式编队制导率,且通过引入对于障碍物位置或威胁区域的考虑,人工势场函数可进一步赋予编队控制良好的障碍物规避特性[28]。人工势场法的明确物理背景,使得相关方法十分适用于质点模型的编队化协同。但是,受人工势场法局部最小值问题的影响,其编队势场函数往往需要定制化设计,很容易导致队形不收敛的情况出现,且复杂动力学特性往往难以直接引入势场函数开展,因而虚拟势场法一般伴随着模型简化以及其他协同编队策略[25,29]
基于行为法预先规定了集群中各节点的几种基本行为,诸如碰撞避免、目标获取、加速/减速等,在集群协同过程中,当前节点根据其他节点的状态信息和环境信息,通过某种算法决定其应该执行的具体行为。该方法的最大特点是借助于行为响应控制的平均权重来确定编队中每个节点的响应方式。基于上述基本思想,最近邻算法、遗传算法等可用于直接决定控制权重[30];零空间行为方法的提出进一步将多智能体系统看作一个过约束系统[31],并定义每个基本行为,保证高优先级的动作得到完全执行。该方法充分利用了多智能体系统的冗余特性,适用于多样化的无人系统集群[32]。但是,对于集群中各成员节点的状态一致性收敛速度等诸多特性,此编队控制方法较难给出数学上的定量描述与分析。
动态编队重构旨在实现编队层面的性能化队形变换,处理由于战损、扰动诱发的集群成员增减,并保证重构过程中各成员的安全区域,降低成员间、成员与障碍物间的碰撞风险。动态编队重构一般伴随着通信拓扑结构的调整与优化,最优化方法[33]、模型预测方法[34]、拟态物理法[35]、重构图方法[36]等提供了重构与避碰的常用技术手段。作为实际工程应用所提出的协同制导控制功能需求,动态编队重构往往在协同编队控制的基础上进行算法扩展与功能延伸,部分协同编队控制本身就具备开展动态编队重构的能力[28,32],或将多种典型编队控制方法结合以实现编队重构目标[29,37]
编队重构的开展一般出于任务目标调整与集群配置优化等直接原因。以此为驱动进行数学表征并抽象出最优化问题予以求解,是实现编队重构最直接的处理手段。通过优化问题实时求解或调用结果,将编队重构过程中的集群成员状态调整转化为在线航路或期望规划问题[33,38],可在实现重构性动作引导的同时,有效兼顾成员间、成员与障碍物间的避碰需求[39]。类似于传统控制对单平台性能指标的优化,最优化编队重构策略可进一步引入多平台飞行油耗[40]、重构时间[41]、最短路径[42]等集群控制性能目标函数,以提升协同制导控制的编队动态特性。毫无疑问,最优化问题求解是比较消耗计算资源的,在线的优化求解对于小型无人机、巡飞弹等无人平台往往比较困难,部分编队重构优化求解问题一般很难迭代获得最优解,或受初始条件的影响十分明显。
相比于上述全局最优化求解,模型预测控制通过滚动时域优化寻找次优解,有效集成了稳定控制与在线规划功能,具备处理集群编队重构的基本能力。将功能需求转化为飞行状态或控制输入约束,避碰[34,43]、成员调整[44]、性能优化[45]等典型编队重构动作可基于模型预测思想有效实现。通过进行算法本身的改进[46]与控制架构的调整[47],模型预测控制对集群突发意外事件具有适应性与调整能力,这都建立在其滚动时域优化的寻优机制上。
拟态物理法作为一种人工物理学方法,将集群中的多智能体建模为自然界中的固体、液体、气体等常规状态,并通过定义虚拟力作用于各成员节点,以期望队形或状态实现编队的整体能量稳定[48]。通过模拟固体分子间的较强万有引力、液体或气体的容器填充性与缝隙通过性等特点,集群系统的编队覆盖[49]、队形缩放[50]、成员增减[51]等典型重构问题得以具象化处理。相比于概念较为近似的虚拟势场法,拟态物理法是一种相对小众的成员相对状态处理策略,传统的拟态物理法可以视为人工势场的最速梯度下降法[52],其同样面临着局部最小值问题。不过,通过随机扰动力的引入,类似局部最小状态可被有效跳出,且通过模拟不同的物理力规则,拟态物理法具有更优的重构灵活性与算法扩展性。
作为一种具有遍历性特点的调整策略,重构图法基于图论表示节点间的信息交互,并针对编队重构前后的集群成员变化情况,设置信息交互关系调整的启发式规则集[36]。基于重构图建立的成员信息交互关系,可进一步引导协同编队队形的变化与集群成员数量的调整[53,54]。而随着图论式信息交互表征与一致性等协同编队控制方法的密切联系,根据变化后的队形与编队规模自适应地调整通信拓扑结构[55,56],是更能保证协同编队任务能力的重构调整策略。
在状态稳定的基础上,考虑不确定性因素对系统的影响,建立闭环系统可靠性分析的理论方法,促使鲁棒控制成为现代控制理论的一个重要分支。将传统鲁棒控制思想[57]、容错控制策略[58]与协同编队控制技术相融合,引入多成员集群系统面向扰动输入与故障场景的鲁棒控制问题与理论分析方法,是编队协同功能可靠实现与健全协同制导控制技术体系的重要一环。
传统鲁棒控制算法起源于20世纪20年代末的回路增益反馈控制,将被控对象视为由精确标称模型与不确定性判别模式所组成的系统族,发展出H控制[59,60]、无源性(等价于L2稳定)[61]、滑膜控制[62,63]等典型鲁棒控制理论。此类控制手段以HL2范数作为鲁棒性能的优化指标,或以高控制增益提升闭环系统的扰动容忍能力,结合主从式架构、一致性编队控制方法等,可在保持集群期望编队几何构型的同时,有效处理外部扰动输入、模型非线性项等不确定性。然而,考虑上述被动式鲁棒控制显著的高增益或折中性特点,其不确定性处理保守性较强,这促使一类基于系统不确定、干扰估计与补偿的鲁棒控制方法的兴起,发展出自抗扰控制[64]、未知输入观测器[65]、扰动观测器[66]、不确定性扰动估计器[57,67]等典型方法。使用上述时域或频域滤波器的实时估计结果增强协同编队控制输入的性能,在改善协同制导控制精度的同时,对于大数值、慢变化的结构性扰动输入抑制效果明显,这与后续的主动式容错控制思想十分相似。
容错控制(Fault-Tolerant Control, FTC)的出现伴随着现代系统大规模、复杂化的演化发展,而对于多智能体系统而言,随着成员节点数量的增加,其系统整体故障率呈现指数性增长趋势。多成员设置仅使集群系统基础性地具备故障容忍的必要冗余量,容错协同控制则在于充分调用此冗余配置,保证各成员节点的协同编队控制能力。
一方面,容错协同控制算法可以作用在集群成员个体上,这与单平台容错控制基本相同,发挥平台自身的控制冗余。以被动式或主动式容错控制算法强化传统协同编队控制,当准确故障大小未知时,被动容错控制旨在设计对一定范围内的故障值具有足够容忍能力的控制增益[68,69],利用定制化的控制器稳定裕度处理故障不确定性,其控制器结构简洁,但是也具有明显的处理保守性;当准确故障大小已知时,主动容错控制通过输入补偿[60,70]或控制重构[56,71],进行集群成员个体传感器、执行器等部件故障与扰动输入的集中式处理,这建立在故障检测与诊断(Fault Detection and Diagnosis, FDD)功能实现故障值实时辨识与估计的前提下。另一方面,容错协同算法还可以分布式作用于不同集群成员上,发挥集群系统的平台冗余优势。对于主从式信息交互架构,从机的故障信息可传递至领机节点[72,73],用于开展期望指令设计,以兼顾故障平台的退化任务能力;而基于更通用性的分布式信息交互架构,使用包含故障影响的邻居节点状态开展编队协同,在保证故障下整体编队控制性能的同时[74,75],还可分布式判断同编队成员的分离[65]与通信拓扑的改变[76]等调整,进行集群层面的容错重构。
对于一般制导武器或无人机而言,航路规划工作往往由地面任务管控平台离线开展,上传至控制器予以执行与跟踪。然而,巡飞弹或无人机集群这类多智能体系统的编队重构、飞行避障的功能需求,以及面向复杂动态任务的作战使命,使得针对任务特征的航路在线规划或调整成为集群系统的一项基本能力。
21世纪初,航路规划方法多以随机抽样搜索算法为主,如快速搜索随机树[77]、冯罗诺图(Voronoi Diagram)方法[78]等,这些方法几乎能够给出预期航路的最优解。但是,在一些复杂的环境中,例如存在不可预测的障碍物时,类似算法通常无法为智能体规划出可行的路径。这一问题推动传统随机抽样搜索算法,如A*(A-Star)算法[79]、D*(Dynamic A-Star)算法[80]等,应用于目标航路生成与优化。考虑多无人机平台的协同航路规划一般处于三维环境中,面向任务需求约束、载荷物理约束、多维环境约束等条件,基于传统随机抽样搜索的航路规划方法往往结果计算效率偏低,易陷入局部区域,无法快速、准确地给出最优或次优解。因而,基于智能算法的航路规划方法逐渐受到广泛认可,这类算法多受自然规律的启发,包括粒子群算法[81]、遗传算法[82]、人工蜂群算法[83]、神经网络算法[84]等,可在三维复杂环境中以较快的速度收敛至近乎最优的路径。为了进一步改善此类方法的寻优性能,解决局部最优解陷入问题,针对粒子群算法、遗传算法、人工蜂群算法等,可以分别采用Metropolis准则优化[85]、改进的染色体编码策略[86]、回调机制设计[87]等提升手段。
多智能体的航路规划问题,还需要定制化考虑避碰与协同的功能需求。一般最为直接的做法是将成员间避碰、成员与障碍物间避碰作为约束条件进行优化处理,人工势场法[28]、滚动时域优化法[34,88]、遗传算法[82]等均可提供有效的优化路径。而对于协同化任务的路径引导需求,则需要将其抽象为数学化的目标函数,例如,多节点集结任务可描述为等长路径的在线优化问题。对此,快速搜索随机树[89]、线性二次优化[90]等方法可有效实现快速集结的协同目标。
使用导引头等侦察载荷输出目标相对于自身的方位信息,控制载机平台调整视线角速率实现准平行接近,以精确撞击形式实施目标打击,是巡飞弹、察打一体式无人机基于单机末制导技术的特有功能。扩展至巡飞弹或无人机集群系统,在协同末制导打击过程中,各成员节点需兼顾自身制导精度与节点间信息交互。一般而言,协同末制导包含多成员节点多任务目标的三体协同制导问题,以及多成员节点单任务目标的“定时”或“同时”协同末制导问题[91],其中针对后者的研究成果相对丰富[92]
“定时”协同末制导问题通常指定各成员节点的命中时刻,按照此时刻要求进行平台自身的状态引导,并不过度依赖节点间的信息交互。尤其在多成员对单目标的制导攻击过程中,该问题可直接转化为一对一的时间约束攻击问题。对此,可在传统比例导引的基础上,直接引入命中时间误差修正量[93],并结合观测器实现剩余飞行时间的有效估计[94]。在此基础上,落角约束与时间约束往往需要进行统一性的考虑[93,95],结合积分二次型指标等数学描述,可进行协同制导率设计问题的转化与优化求解[96],或采用滑膜导引律等强跟踪思想保证制导打击的末端时间特性[97]
“同时”协同末制导功能一般建立在各成员节点信息交互的基础上,当然也存在不依赖于信息交互的制导策略,即基于节点初始位置开展飞行弹道规划[98],这类方法往往难以闭环保证其末制导时空一致特性。在信息交互协同的基本架构下,各集群成员节点将剩余飞行时间或距离作为关键性协同变量,转化同时命中问题为剩余变量一致性问题[99,100],可有效设计分布式协同导引律,且能进一步考虑执行器或通信故障的特殊场景[101];进一步地,在此时空一致性协同末制导的基础上引入有限时间约束、落角约束等条件,基于积分滑膜控制[102,103]、零化视线角速率[104]等技术手段,将多约束协同末制导分解为有限时间收敛、视线角跟踪等具体问题予以解决,固定时间收敛与一致性协同控制为此提供了良好的理论支撑。
结合此集群攻击能力,巡飞弹与无人机等武器系统配合上层作战决策技术,进行近实时性的平台资源分配以及战略、战术选择,正是实现无人集群博弈对抗的关键[105]。基于离散马尔可夫决策过程对于无人集群对抗系统模型的数学描述[106],专家系统、群体智能、强化学习等是产生自适应群体博弈决策结果的常用技术手段。其中,专家系统法是对于人类指挥与控制专家知识的归纳与描述,其决策结果具有良好的可解释性与可分析性[107],神经网络等工具也常用于专家知识的学习与拓展,以进一步强化其决策场景适应能力[108];群体智能法类似于生物群行为机制编队控制,其模拟蚁群、狼群等生物集群的目标分配、行为调整规律[12,109],启发式引导决策优化问题的求解;强化学习法基于试错与环境交互,通过奖惩机制反馈建立群体行为的优化规律,适用于目标行为模型未知的作战对抗任务场景[110],与博弈决策这一多维复杂优化问题具有较好的应用适配性[111,112]。而面向真实作战任务中的强博弈对抗场景,上述理论方法在集群规模、信息缺失、动态约束等不确定性因素方面的考虑仍有欠缺[106],集群博弈对抗能力的整体提升受到了协同感知、人机交互、效能评估等多学科技术发展的约束。
随着多智能体系统,尤其是无人机集群朝着规模不断变大、异构特征日益明显、平台复杂性逐渐增强、集群复杂性显著提升等方向不断演化,如图2[113]所示。当下协同制导控制在分布式抗毁协同、多功能协调兼容、交互信息过度依赖等方面的不足也日渐突出,亟待新技术、新学科予以弥补与引导。
相比于研究成果丰富、理论支撑完备的协同编队控制技术,鲁棒-容错编队控制的发展进程相对滞后。对比单体鲁棒控制与一般状态反馈控制间的发展关系,鲁棒编队控制暂未发展出与一致性理论、生物群行为机制等理想条件编队控制策略兼容适配的鲁棒性理论体系。当下,较为常见的鲁棒编队控制实现策略为主从式的跟踪控制问题转化[59,64]、多成员节点“慢变状态协同+快变状态鲁棒”的解耦处理[61,65],鲁棒性能指标并未被引入一致性理论、生物群行为机制等协同策略中开展整体的闭环稳定分析。在容错协同编队控制方面,集群层面容错重构已逐渐融入分布式信息交互的架构中,以充分发挥系统层面的控制冗余;成员层面的容错协同则主要受到单机容错控制技术发展瓶颈的制约[114],如故障检测与诊断技术发展滞后于控制器重构方法,快时变故障辨识缺乏可靠技术手段,容错控制系统通用化性能较差等。
基于闭环鲁棒性与群体容错能力的强抗毁编队控制,是协同制导控制技术应用于实际任务场景,保证巡飞弹或无人机集群完成真实作战使命的能力基础。这需要面向集群系统的分布式抗毁协同理论体系的支撑,开发兼容分布式编队控制的鲁棒性理论,融合集群任务决策算法优化容错重构方案,发展具有工程适用性的单机容错控制策略,提升容错协同的异构故障适用效果。
面向巡飞弹或无人机集群针对复杂动态任务的应用需求,协同制导控制的功能范畴已超出了传统制导武器的基本功能边界,多协同功能之间存在明显的耦合,如编队重构与最优规划[33]、容错协同与编队重构[56,65],连续性的协同编队控制与相对离散的编队重构、规划功能使得协同制导控制具有一定的混杂系统特点,美国国防部2018年发布的《无人系统综合路线图(2017—2042)》进一步表明,“模块化和零件互换性”是保证无人系统互用协作的关键特性[115],这强化了具有显著多功能耦合机制、多学科交叉特点的协同制导控制技术建立模块化功能架构的迫切需求。此外,为了在协同能力提升的基础上进一步扩展群体能力范围,异构集群系统[116]、有人-无人协同[117]等亦是未来的重要发展趋势,这在上述模块化协同制导控制的基础上,进一步引入了“通用/开放架构”的附加需求,以强化平台适应能力与功能扩展属性。
兼具“模块化和零件互换性”与“通用/开放”特点的通用模块化协同制导控制架构,是适应异构集群发展趋势、集成混杂协同功能算法、灵活实现能力升级与版本迭代的技术轮廓。这需要在开展基本协同功能细化与解耦模块能力界定的基础上,标准化定义功能模块的信息交互接口,并在模块化功能算法实现的过程中,充分考虑平台适应性、协同任务范围、交互信息类型等关键性影响因素,或进行典型特征参数的接口开放式设计等。
通过组网通信开展信息交互与资源共享,是集群中多成员节点实现协同性行为的基础条件,在传统协同制导控制策略中,组网通信往往被定位为一种默认配置,这使得大规模阻断节点间协同信息传输成为限制集群系统协同能力的低成本、高效能手段;此外,卫星信号是提供集群平台位置信息的重要传感输入,若予以压制或诱骗,不仅会影响协同制导控制性能,还会干扰闭环控制的系统镇定效果,特别是对于巡飞弹或无人机这类广泛依赖组合导航技术感知飞行状态的平台,其负面作用更为明显。针对拒止环境协同问题,美国国防部高级研究计划局(Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, DARPA)早在2014年便开始了“拒止环境协同作战”(Collaborative Operations in Denied Environment, CODE)项目,目前已完成了第2阶段的技术研究。该项目以先进水平的模块化软件体系,适应不同的带宽限制及通信干扰,一定程度上扩展了美国军方现有无人机系统在对抗/拒止作战空间与地、海机动目标的动态远程交战能力[118]。此外,卫星拒止下的位置信息感知仍是一个比较开放性的问题,基于视觉或雷达信息实现场景特征匹配或同步定位与建图(Simultaneous Localization and Mapping, SLAM)[119,120],是十分热门的研究方向,但是其在真实战场环境下的应用场景匹配度,以及对于巡飞弹或固定翼无人机这类高航速平台的载机系统适应性,仍有待进一步探索。
基于模块化开放式协同制导控制架构实现拒止环境多成员节点协同功能,是决定巡飞弹或无人机集群在复杂电磁环境中由“能用”到“够用”,甚至到“好用”的技术支撑,更是集群系统能否在现代战场的对抗任务中真实遂行作战使命的关键保障。协同制导控制技术的多学科交叉特点,使得拒止化协同不仅仅是组网通信端机或组合导航装置等某一部件的功能强化与能力提升,更需要发挥整体架构的开放性兼容优势,通过多异构感知信息融合、人机交互应急决策、拒止条件重构机制设计等多维手段,共同形成拒止环境协同制导控制能力。
协同制导控制技术的功能耦合机制与学科交叉特点,使其整体性能提升需要多学科能力共同作用,且各学科发展进程应与总体性能指标匹配,否则,某一学科的技术短板将成为限制集群系统整体能力的关键因素。以拒止化协同问题为例,组网通信端机多波段或卫星天线多阵元的抗电磁干扰手段,仅是使集群系统具备信息层的扰动屏蔽能力,其能否在行为层甚至任务层实现拒止化协同,不仅取决于单学科技术与整体架构的兼容效果,还取决于其与规划、控制、重构等功能模块的能力匹配度。
此外,若进一步将“拒止”概念扩展为广义的强对抗环境,集群博弈能力的实现与增强,无疑更需要传统制导控制领域外多学科的技术匹配与支撑。尤其面向真实作战场景中的多样化博弈对抗任务,战场环境的弱可测性、高动态性、强随机性,不仅需要发挥跨域异构无人集群的多角度侦察优势,提供全局且连续的协同感知信息,作为博弈对抗决策实现多异构平台协同能力最大化的外部输入,而且还需要引入人类智慧实现决策输出的人机交互优化,作为避免理论算法局限性的可行手段,还要在协同制导控制技术完成任务化行为实施后,构建完备的毁伤评估与协同效能评价体系以实现任务流程优化的关键性反馈回路。
多智能体协同制导控制技术作为实现集群成员行为配合与能力互补的底层保障,其在协同编队控制、动态编队重构、抗不确定性协同、多成员末制导打击、任务化航路规划等方面已有十分可观的研究成果。而面向巡飞弹或无人机集群针对复杂动态任务的分布式、自主化、自治化作战使命,协同制导控制技术在分布式抗毁协同、多功能协调兼容、交互信息过度依赖等方面的不足也十分突出,仍需进一步开展深入研究与探索。相关技术突破与能力提升,不仅有利于推进新一代战争模式的颠覆性变革,也将拓展无人系统集群在农业植保、地形测绘、林火监测、物流运输等领域的应用前景。
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doi: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2022.04.003
  • 接收时间:2022-10-24
  • 出版时间:2022-12-20
  • 发布时间:2023-01-17
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  • 收稿日期:2022-10-24
  • 修回日期:2022-10-30
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    西安现代控制技术研究所,西安 710065

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表12种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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