Article(id=1241718890519122199, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, issueId=1241718870671675569, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2022.04.002, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1666540800000, receivedDateStr=2022-10-24, revisedDate=1668528000000, revisedDateStr=2022-11-16, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1673884800000, onlineDateStr=2023-01-17, pubDate=1671465600000, pubDateStr=2022-12-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1673884800000, onlineIssueDateStr=2023-01-17, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773978453517, creator=sys-migrate, updateTime=1773978453517, updator=sys-migrate, issue=Issue{id=1241718870671675569, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, year='2022', volume='1', issue='4', pageStart='113', pageEnd='150', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1671465600000', pubDateStr='2022-12-20', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=1, createTime=1773978448786, creator='sys-migrate', updateTime=1776075219003, updator='13041195026', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1250513362480742955, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, issueId=1241718870671675569, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=Science and Technology Foresight, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=null, specialIssueAbout=null), CN=IssueExt(id=1250513362480742956, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, issueId=1241718870671675569, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=智能化弹药技术专刊, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=null, specialIssueAbout=null)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=18, endPage=39, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241718896672174881, articleId=1241718890519122199, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, language=EN, title=Review and Prospect on Cooperative Mission Planning Technology of Intelligent Munition Swarms, columnId=1149656489310208610, journalTitle=Science and Technology Foresight, columnName=Review and Commentary, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Mission planning technology provides a vital technical support for intelligent munition swarms to successfully perform operational missions, accomplish cooperative operations, and promote the autonomy and intelligence of munition swarms. This paper summarizes the technical connotation and characteristics of cooperative mission planning technology of intelligent munition swarms and systematically reviews the development history and status of the technology from several perspectives, such as technology generation, project verification, theoretical methods, software/hardware environments, and verification methods. Then, according to task requirements of intelligent munition swarms for actual combat, the current technical challenges and the future research directions concerning the cooperative mission planning technology of munition swarms are discussed in terms of theoretical algorithms, autonomous and controllable software/hardware, and test platforms. Finally, some development suggestions on cooperative mission planning technology of intelligent munition swarms in China are given.

, authors=null, authorsList=Teng LONG, Guangtong XU, Yan CAO, Jian ZHOU, Zhu WANG, Jingliang SUN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1241718896537957152, articleId=1241718890519122199, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, language=CN, title=智能弹群协同任务规划技术进展与展望, columnId=1148708266483446458, journalTitle=前瞻科技, columnName=综述与述评, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

任务规划技术是智能弹群遂行作战任务,实现协同作战,提升弹群自主化、智能化水平的重要技术保障。文章总结了智能弹群协同任务规划技术内涵与特点;从技术划代、项目验证、理论方法、软硬件环境及验证方法等方面,系统梳理弹群协同任务规划技术发展历程与现状。面向智能弹群实战化任务需求,重点从理论算法、自主可控软硬件、验证平台等方面,分析总结了弹群协同任务规划技术当前面临的挑战与未来研究方向。最后,提出了中国智能弹群协同任务规划技术的发展建议。

, authors=

龙腾,北京理工大学长聘教授,博士研究生导师,国家“万人计划”青年拔尖人才。北京理工大学宇航学院党委书记兼常务副院长;中国宇航学会副秘书长、中国航空教育学会常务理事、“飞行器动力学与控制”教育部重点实验室主任、中央军委科学技术委员会某飞行器主题专家组成员、某集群装备项目副总设计师;中国兵工学会火箭导弹专业委员会委员、中国宇航学会飞行器任务规划专业委员会委员、中国指挥与控制学会集群智能与协同控制专业委员会委员;《北京理工大学学报》《战术导弹技术》《指挥与控制学报》、Space: Science & Technology等期刊编委。长期从事飞行器多学科设计优化、集群协同规划控制、跨域智能飞行器等领域的理论研究与技术攻关。获中国兵工学会青年科技奖、国防技术发明奖二等奖、航空科学基金优秀成果奖、中国机械工程学会优秀论文奖、CJA高影响力论文奖等。发表论文100余篇,获授权发明专利25项。电子信箱:

, authorsList=龙腾, 徐广通, 曹严, 周健, 王祝, 孙景亮, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=7yuw/Qf2ThVPhPp9v5xwwQ==, magXml=AYkBnriND5TQUHaWh4AesA==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=y2VztsMkQw0oAMOtc0BtTg==, pdfFileSize=2202738, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=QTXEfIfpWJ6oZ6yTWGnbpg==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=PXVxOYyNYN5+hHDjcGgE0w==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1241718928179786587, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1241718890519122199, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=tenglong@bit.edu.cn, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1241718928259478366, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1241718890519122199, authorId=1241718928179786587, language=EN, stringName=Teng LONG, firstName=Teng, middleName=null, lastName=LONG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1. School of Aerospace Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
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龙腾,北京理工大学长聘教授,博士研究生导师,国家“万人计划”青年拔尖人才。北京理工大学宇航学院党委书记兼常务副院长;中国宇航学会副秘书长、中国航空教育学会常务理事、“飞行器动力学与控制”教育部重点实验室主任、中央军委科学技术委员会某飞行器主题专家组成员、某集群装备项目副总设计师;中国兵工学会火箭导弹专业委员会委员、中国宇航学会飞行器任务规划专业委员会委员、中国指挥与控制学会集群智能与协同控制专业委员会委员;《北京理工大学学报》《战术导弹技术》《指挥与控制学报》、Space: Science & Technology等期刊编委。长期从事飞行器多学科设计优化、集群协同规划控制、跨域智能飞行器等领域的理论研究与技术攻关。获中国兵工学会青年科技奖、国防技术发明奖二等奖、航空科学基金优秀成果奖、中国机械工程学会优秀论文奖、CJA高影响力论文奖等。发表论文100余篇,获授权发明专利25项。电子信箱:

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龙腾,北京理工大学长聘教授,博士研究生导师,国家“万人计划”青年拔尖人才。北京理工大学宇航学院党委书记兼常务副院长;中国宇航学会副秘书长、中国航空教育学会常务理事、“飞行器动力学与控制”教育部重点实验室主任、中央军委科学技术委员会某飞行器主题专家组成员、某集群装备项目副总设计师;中国兵工学会火箭导弹专业委员会委员、中国宇航学会飞行器任务规划专业委员会委员、中国指挥与控制学会集群智能与协同控制专业委员会委员;《北京理工大学学报》《战术导弹技术》《指挥与控制学报》、Space: Science & Technology等期刊编委。长期从事飞行器多学科设计优化、集群协同规划控制、跨域智能飞行器等领域的理论研究与技术攻关。获中国兵工学会青年科技奖、国防技术发明奖二等奖、航空科学基金优秀成果奖、中国机械工程学会优秀论文奖、CJA高影响力论文奖等。发表论文100余篇,获授权发明专利25项。电子信箱:

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机载规划端机 性能参数 机载规划端机 性能参数
英伟达 Jetson TX1 GPU: 256 CUDA Cores
CPU: 4-core
RAM:4 GB
英特尔 Aero CPU: Atom
RAM: 4 GB
英伟达 Jetson TX2 GPU: 256 CUDA Cores
CPU: 2-core, 4-core
RAM: 4 GB
英特尔 Edison CPU: Atom 2-core
RAM: 1 GB
大疆妙算 CPU: 4-core
RAM: 2 GB
哈德凯尔 ODROID-XU4 CPU: 4-core
RAM: 2 GB
大疆妙算2 Processor: NVIDIA Jetson TX2
RAM: 8 GB
高通 Flight Pro CPU: 4-core
RAM: 2 GB
英特尔 NUC CPU: Core i3~i7
RAM: 8 GB, 16 GB
树莓派 4B CPU: 4-core
RAM: 4 GB, 8 GB
), ArticleFig(id=1241718933116482460, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1241718890519122199, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

当前用于科研试验的主流机载规划端机性能参数情况

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机载规划端机 性能参数 机载规划端机 性能参数
英伟达 Jetson TX1 GPU: 256 CUDA Cores
CPU: 4-core
RAM:4 GB
英特尔 Aero CPU: Atom
RAM: 4 GB
英伟达 Jetson TX2 GPU: 256 CUDA Cores
CPU: 2-core, 4-core
RAM: 4 GB
英特尔 Edison CPU: Atom 2-core
RAM: 1 GB
大疆妙算 CPU: 4-core
RAM: 2 GB
哈德凯尔 ODROID-XU4 CPU: 4-core
RAM: 2 GB
大疆妙算2 Processor: NVIDIA Jetson TX2
RAM: 8 GB
高通 Flight Pro CPU: 4-core
RAM: 2 GB
英特尔 NUC CPU: Core i3~i7
RAM: 8 GB, 16 GB
树莓派 4B CPU: 4-core
RAM: 4 GB, 8 GB
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龙腾 1, 2 , 徐广通 3 , 曹严 1, 2 , 周健 4 , 王祝 5 , 孙景亮 1, 2
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智能弹群协同任务规划技术进展与展望
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龙腾1, 2 , 徐广通3, 曹严1, 2, 周健4, 王祝5, 孙景亮1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.北京理工大学宇航学院,北京 100081
  • 2.飞行器动力学与控制教育部重点实验室,北京 100081
  • 3.清华大学精密仪器系,北京 100084
  • 4.西安现代控制技术研究所,西安 710065
  • 5.华北电力大学自动化系,保定 071003
  • 龙腾,北京理工大学长聘教授,博士研究生导师,国家“万人计划”青年拔尖人才。北京理工大学宇航学院党委书记兼常务副院长;中国宇航学会副秘书长、中国航空教育学会常务理事、“飞行器动力学与控制”教育部重点实验室主任、中央军委科学技术委员会某飞行器主题专家组成员、某集群装备项目副总设计师;中国兵工学会火箭导弹专业委员会委员、中国宇航学会飞行器任务规划专业委员会委员、中国指挥与控制学会集群智能与协同控制专业委员会委员;《北京理工大学学报》《战术导弹技术》《指挥与控制学报》、Space: Science & Technology等期刊编委。长期从事飞行器多学科设计优化、集群协同规划控制、跨域智能飞行器等领域的理论研究与技术攻关。获中国兵工学会青年科技奖、国防技术发明奖二等奖、航空科学基金优秀成果奖、中国机械工程学会优秀论文奖、CJA高影响力论文奖等。发表论文100余篇,获授权发明专利25项。电子信箱:

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Review and Prospect on Cooperative Mission Planning Technology of Intelligent Munition Swarms
Teng LONG1, 2 , Guangtong XU3, Yan CAO1, 2, Jian ZHOU4, Zhu WANG5, Jingliang SUN1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1. School of Aerospace Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
  • 2. Key Laboratory of Dynamics and Control of Flight Vehicle, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100081, China
  • 3. Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
  • 4. Xi’an Modern Control Technology Research Institute, Xi’an 710065, China
  • 5. Department of Automation, North China Electric Power University, Baoding 071003, China
出版时间: 2022-12-20 doi: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2022.04.002
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任务规划技术是智能弹群遂行作战任务,实现协同作战,提升弹群自主化、智能化水平的重要技术保障。文章总结了智能弹群协同任务规划技术内涵与特点;从技术划代、项目验证、理论方法、软硬件环境及验证方法等方面,系统梳理弹群协同任务规划技术发展历程与现状。面向智能弹群实战化任务需求,重点从理论算法、自主可控软硬件、验证平台等方面,分析总结了弹群协同任务规划技术当前面临的挑战与未来研究方向。最后,提出了中国智能弹群协同任务规划技术的发展建议。

智能弹群  /  任务分配  /  航迹/轨迹规划  /  试验验证  /  协同作战

Mission planning technology provides a vital technical support for intelligent munition swarms to successfully perform operational missions, accomplish cooperative operations, and promote the autonomy and intelligence of munition swarms. This paper summarizes the technical connotation and characteristics of cooperative mission planning technology of intelligent munition swarms and systematically reviews the development history and status of the technology from several perspectives, such as technology generation, project verification, theoretical methods, software/hardware environments, and verification methods. Then, according to task requirements of intelligent munition swarms for actual combat, the current technical challenges and the future research directions concerning the cooperative mission planning technology of munition swarms are discussed in terms of theoretical algorithms, autonomous and controllable software/hardware, and test platforms. Finally, some development suggestions on cooperative mission planning technology of intelligent munition swarms in China are given.

intelligent munition swarms  /  task allocation  /  path/trajectory planning  /  experimental verification  /  cooperative operation
龙腾, 徐广通, 曹严, 周健, 王祝, 孙景亮. 智能弹群协同任务规划技术进展与展望. 前瞻科技, 2022 , 1 (4) : 18 -39 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2022.04.002
Teng LONG, Guangtong XU, Yan CAO, Jian ZHOU, Zhu WANG, Jingliang SUN. Review and Prospect on Cooperative Mission Planning Technology of Intelligent Munition Swarms[J]. Science and Technology Foresight, 2022 , 1 (4) : 18 -39 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2022.04.002
随着战争形态由机械化、信息化向智能化方向复合演进,常规弹药已难以满足高精度、高动态、强对抗的作战需求,智能弹药逐步发展为现代战争的主体[1]。智能弹药具备战场感知、态势推理、任务规划等智能化能力,能够自主搜索、探测、识别和选择攻击目标,在现代战争中将发挥难以替代的作用。21世纪以来,集群作战作为智能化战争的一种重要作战样式而受到广泛关注,智能弹药也由部件智能、单体智能向群体智能发展[2]。智能弹群通过智能化协同作战,不仅可以提高体系突防能力、探测感知能力和打击毁伤能力,而且可以降低作战成本,提高作战效能[3]。文章讨论的智能弹群是由巡飞弹、制导弹药、导弹等制导武器所组成的装备集群。
任务规划作为智能弹群系统的大脑,是装备智能化水平在任务层的高度体现。相比于单枚弹的任务规划,智能弹群协同任务规划考虑的因素更加复杂,对于作战效能的影响也更为重要。协同任务规划技术通过协调不同个体的任务和动作以避免弹间冲突,通过优化任务方案和飞行航迹/轨迹使智能弹群效应倍增,是提高智能弹群生存能力和作战效能的重要保障[4],具有重要的研究意义。
智能弹群协同任务规划,根据目标精确打击、区域封控、区域拒止等任务,基于敌我双方的态势信息,进行作战任务分解与分配,以及各弹或子群的航迹规划,引导弹群高效完成作战任务。根据规划时机不同,弹群任务规划包括预先规划和动态规划;根据协同架构不同,弹群任务规划分为集中式规划和分布式规划;根据规划计算平台不同,弹群任务规划分为离线规划和在线规划。
智能弹群协同任务规划内容主要包括任务分配、航迹规划和轨迹规划。弹群任务分配是面向弹群能力和任务需求,协调任务、目标和弹之间的匹配关系,实现对弹群多任务编队的合理调配,在完成既定任务的条件下使效能最大化。弹群航迹规划根据任务分配结果,考虑运动学、威胁规避、碰撞规避等约束,为各弹或子群生成一系列离散的飞行航迹点,引导智能弹群抵近和执行作战任务。弹群轨迹规划相比航迹规划,还需要考虑包含时间信息的运动约束,生成安全可行的光滑运动轨迹,为弹群飞行提供更准确的状态跟踪指令。智能弹群协同任务规划涉及的理论方法主要包括整数优化和非线性优化等优化决策方法以及图搜索和机器学习等人工智能方法。
由于智能弹群的作战任务和飞行特性,智能弹群协同任务规划具有如下特点。
(1)计算复杂性。智能弹群可由巡飞弹、制导弹药等多样化弹药构成,需完成侦察、指示、打击、评估、干扰等多类型任务,且任务目标呈现点、线、面等异构化的几何形式,使得协同任务规划需要考虑的匹配关系、性能指标、约束条件等因素更加复杂,导致任务规划问题求解具有很高的计算复杂性。
(2)时间敏感性。智能弹群的打击目标包括发射车、指控车等可转移或隐藏的高价值目标,战场态势也具有快速动态变化的特点,为了确保任务完成度,要求弹群任务规划系统能够即时完成规划求解。弹群飞行速度越快,对任务规划求解的时效性要求越高。
(3)分布自主性。战场敌我双方具有强对抗性,弹群损耗难以避免,为了提高系统抗毁能力和生存能力,智能弹群需要具备分布式协同作战规划能力,弹药个体需要具备自主作战规划能力,以提高智能弹群在对抗条件下的整体作战能力。
(4)信息不确定性。战场环境存在大量灰色区域,任务环境、敌方部署等信息难以准确获取,而且敌方干扰会引起通信中断或丢包、定位失效等,协同任务规划需要综合考虑战场中的众多不确定因素,提高智能弹群的适应能力和生存能力。
当前,任务规划技术已广泛应用于无人机、智能弹药等飞行器,并在军事、民用等领域展现出较大的发展潜力和广泛的应用前景。通过在飞行器上配备任务规划系统能够实现飞行器的自主、智能赋能,确保飞行器“人在环外”的自主高效任务执行能力,对提升飞行器的任务效能和生存能力具有重要的意义。
任务规划系统的发展至今已历时40余年。最早出现在美军有人机如F-15、F-16战斗机等装备研制中,并逐渐拓展到如B-2轰炸机、“全球鹰”等无人飞行器,以及“小精灵”“郊狼”、小直径制导炸弹等智能弹药装备研制过程[5],智能弹药任务规划系统的发展大致可分为4代。
第1代任务规划系统主要以20世纪90年代美军“战斧”巡航导弹配备的任务分配及航迹规划系统、“斯拉姆”(SLAM)任务规划系统为典型代表。该系统主要通过单弹手动绘制方式提供飞行航迹,执行既定任务。系统的自动化程度较低、规划过程复杂、规划效率低。特别是在高动态战场环境中,手动绘制飞行航迹方式难以满足弹药高效快速打击需求。
第2代任务规划系统主要从20世纪90年代末开始研发,并逐步开始应用于海陆空军装备,主要表现形式为单弹预先自动航迹规划形式。在飞行器任务规划领域的典型代表有海军飞行器战术任务规划系统、陆军航空任务规划系统、空军任务支持系统等[6]。在弹药领域的典型代表主要包括“宝石路”系列激光制导炸弹、联合直接攻击弹药(Joint Direct Attack Munition, JDAM)、小直径炸弹(Small Diameter Bomb, SDB)等弹药配备的任务规划系统。通过小型化和通用化升级改造,保证了任务规划系统在异构弹药平台的灵活使用。同时,该系统由于增加了全球定位系统(Global Positioning System, GPS)导航制导方式,极大提升了弹药的自动化水平和精确打击能力。相比于第1代任务规划系统,第2代任务规划系统的自动化程度大幅提升,具备了弹药飞行航迹自动规划能力,可实现异构弹药之间的任务协同航路自动规划。但该系统主要集成在地面控制站中,属于预先航迹规划,根据预先获取的战场态势信息及作战任务要求,通过地面站自动计算弹药飞行航迹,并将航迹点装载到弹药控制系统。一旦装订完成,弹药的飞行航迹将不会改变。该任务规划系统虽然能够实现弹药航迹自动规划能力,可提升导弹的巡航、打击能力,但依旧难以满足高动态环境中弹药实时航迹规划需求。
进入21世纪以来,围绕高动态复杂战场环境任务执行自主化、智能化能力需求,凭借着机载计算机及人工智能技术的迅速发展,第3代任务规划系统逐渐开始研制,主要表现形式为单弹在线自主航迹规划形式。典型代表有应用于B-2轰炸机、“全球鹰”无人机的机载实时任务规划器[7]以及美国研制的“快看”侦察巡飞弹、“网火”巡飞攻击导弹(Loitering Attack Missile, LAM)、低成本自主攻击弹药(Low Cost Automonous Attack System, LOCAAS)等巡飞弹配备的任务规划系统。相比于第2代任务规划系统,第3代任务规划系统强调任务执行的自主性与机载计算实时性,通过集成可靠的任务规划技术,使弹药具备了在线任务重规划能力,能够实现弹药突防威胁动态规避、飞行任务在线变更等能力,大幅提升了复杂战场环境中弹药的自主性与可靠性。但第3代任务规划系统主要应用于单个弹药系统中,尚不具备多弹协同任务规划能力,这在一定程度上制约了弹药的任务执行能力。
2010年以来,面向智能弹群作战任务需求,美国开始研制第4代任务规划系统。该系统主要针对弹群博弈对抗、区域拒止、环境未知、弹损消耗等问题导致的弹群任务规划系统计算时效性差、规划可靠性低等难题,通过智能赋能,实现弹群任务规划自主化与智能化,提升高动态战场环境中智能弹群自主协同作战水平。典型代表主要有美国国防部高级研究计划局(Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, DARPA)的“小精灵”(Gremlins)项目协同任务规划系统,“拒止环境协同作战”(Collaborative Operations in Denied Environment, CODE)项目的通用任务计算机系统,“进攻性蜂群使能战术”(Offensive Swarm Enabled Tactics, OFFSET)项目的蜂群任务规划系统、“金帐汗国”项目的任务规划系统等。相比于第3代任务规划系统,第4代任务规划系统主要强调个体内部的自主性和个体之间的协同性,旨在通过智能弹群任务协同与功能协同,克服单弹能力局限,拓展弹药作战能力边界,提升弹群作战效能。由于第4代任务规划系统的研制尚未完成,相关技术正处于技术攻关与验证阶段。近年来,以美国为代表的各军事大国均布局了大量无人机集群、智能弹群等相关的集群类技术攻关项目,旨在通过技术攻关与集成验证,突破智能弹群体系架构、指挥调度、协同组网、协同规划、协同控制等关键技术,加速形成智能弹群战斗力,提升集群装备的自主化、智能化水平。
面向集群作战网络化、自主化、智能化任务需求,以美国为代表的军事大国之间均开展了大量集群类项目研究。本节重点从国外、国内两个维度梳理集群作战中协同任务规划技术的研究进展情况。
美国DARPA发布“小精灵”项目公告,旨在通过载机在防区外发射配备不同载荷的无人机集群,凭借组网协同与任务协同功能,实现对特定目标的侦察、干扰、定位等作战任务。并在任务完成后对无人机进行高效回收,从而降低无人机集群作战成本,提升整体作战效费比[8]。美军计划通过启动该项目寻求能够实现小型无人机集群空中发射、协同作战、高效回收等任务,以低成本、高效能的无人机集群代替集多功能于一体的价格昂贵的单机装备,从而在“反介入/区域拒止”作战环境中高效完成作战任务,提升整体作战效费比。由“小精灵”项目的作战能力可知,无人集群需具备集群编队、协同侦察、协同干扰、协同定位、自主回收等功能,这就要求任务规划系统能够实现集结航迹规划、侦察航迹规划、干扰航迹规划、回收航迹规划等能力,对无人机集群航迹规划的实时性与可靠性提出了挑战。
“小精灵”项目开始于2015年9月,计划分3个阶段实施。第1阶段和第2阶段分别于2017年和2018年顺利完成,主要实现了对无人机空中发射与回收可行性方案的设计与研究、系统全尺寸技术验证系统的设计与地面验证。第3阶段研制过程中,2019年11月首次由一架C-130运输机空中投放X-61A无人机进行飞行演示验证,无人机集群在飞行大约100 min后开始回收,但在回收阶段,无人机由于降落伞发生故障导致回收失败。随后,在2020年10月“小精灵”开展了第3次飞行试验,试图在空中回收3架X-61A无人机。本次飞行试验成功验证了无人机集群自主编队飞行与保障飞行安全方面的技术,如图1所示,验证了集群协同航迹规划技术的可靠性。但由于空中回收技术的复杂性,X-61A无人机最终进行了地面回收。
为提升强对抗环境中无人系统自主协同作战能力,美军在2014年开展研究“拒止环境协同作战”项目[9],旨在通过研发先进的自主协同算法和监督控制技术,增强无人机在拒止环境中的自主作战能力(图2)。该项目涉及的关键技术主要包括分布式体系架构技术、自主编队协同技术、飞行器自主控制技术、态势实时监控技术。
项目研制分为3个阶段。第1阶段于2016年初完成,主要完成了系统的初步设计与需求分析,初步验证了无人系统自主协同的应用潜力。第2阶段于2017年底顺利完成,通过在RQ-23“虎鲨”无人机上配备相关软硬件,开展了多轮次的协同飞行试验,进一步验证了系统分布式体系架构、自主协同等技术指标。第3阶段于2018年底顺利结束,实现了真实无人机与模拟飞行器之间的协同飞行试验,验证了拒止环境下无人集群协同编队、协同搜索、目标识别及协同打击等能力,提升了“反介入/区域拒止”环境中无人集群自主协同能力。
美军通过3个阶段的研制,已经完成了无人集群在拒止环境中单机自主飞行、集群编队协同、态势实时监控等关键技术的飞行验证,初步形成了集群战斗力并已交付美国海军航空系统司令部。在任务规划方面,已具备了无人集群多约束航迹在线生成、突发威胁动态规避、集群编队动态重构及无人集群协同打击等能力,表明美军已掌握了拒止环境中无人集群协同任务规划技术,并已为无人集群装备的研制提供了技术支撑。
美国DARPA在2017年提出“进攻性蜂群使能战术”项目(图3),主要针对未来复杂城市环境作战中由小型无人机与小型地面车辆组成的蜂群系统的自主性与人机协同问题,通过蜂群系统体系架构的设计与开发、虚拟环境编程模拟与物理蜂群平台试验验证,重点聚焦集群战术、自主协同、人机编队、虚实结合等方面的关键技术,促进蜂群系统的集群创新、集群互动和集群整合。
“进攻性蜂群使能战术”项目主要分为3个阶段[10]:第1阶段旨在通过利用50架无人机蜂群实现单个目标的精准定位;第2阶段计划采用不少于100架无人机开展一次城市攻击;第3阶段计划使用不少于250个由无人机、无人车组成的无人系统实现对区域的抢夺与控制。为实现上述3个阶段的目标,DARPA先后发起了5次冲刺。第1次冲刺开始于2017年2月,主要聚焦在城市作战环境中进攻性集群系统架构的设计、研发与验证;第2次冲刺开始于2017年11月,旨在利用软硬件模块提升无人机与无人车之间的自主协同性;第3次冲刺开始于2018年10月,聚焦人与蜂群交互协同以及蜂群战术的研究与设计;第4次冲刺开始于2019年3月,重点突破虚拟环境开发及人工智能蜂群战术学习等关键技术;第5次冲刺开始于2019年9月,主要针对城市作战环境中的集群物理试验平台测试及无人集群系统集成与试验。随后,DARPA分别在2019年12月和2020年9月开展了第3轮和第4轮实地试验,进一步验证了由无人机和无人车组成的蜂群系统在遂行城市突袭与控制方面的系统自主性与协同性,实现了城市作战环境中人机协同作战。从DARPA对进攻性蜂群使能战术项目的研制与试验可以分析得出,美军已具备了在复杂城市作战环境中异构无人集群协同任务分配、在线航迹规划、协同侦察定位、人与蜂群交互协同等能力,对美军无人集群装备研制具有重要的应用价值。
“金帐汗国”自主协同攻击项目(图4)是美国空军在2019年确定的3个“先锋计划”技术开发项目之一[11]。该项目主要以小直径炸弹和微型空射诱饵(Miniature Air Launched Decoy, MALD)为开发平台,通过利用组网协同与自主协同技术,实现弹群的目标协同侦察、任务在线变更、威胁主动规避、多目标同时攻击等作战任务,从而提升智能弹群的自主性与协同性。该项目迄今为止已开展了3次飞行试验。2020年12月,开展了第1次多弹协同飞行试验,试验中使用一架F-16战斗机投掷了两枚小直径炸弹,小直径炸弹通过协同组网方式,按照预先航迹规划进行协同飞行,在抵近攻击目标的过程中,小直径炸弹通过攻击目标优先级确定机制,自主选择了优先级较高的目标进行攻击,但由于武器系统软件加载问题,两枚小直径炸弹未能击中目标。2021年2月,美空军研究实验室开展了第2次协同飞行试验。此次飞行试验中使用一架F-16战斗机投掷了4枚小直径炸弹。4枚小直径炸弹通过协同组网,实现了突发目标快速识别、目标优先级评估、多目标打击分配、目标同步攻击等作战任务。第3次飞行试验于2021年5月完成,通过两架F-16空投6枚小直径炸弹。随后,6枚小直径炸弹通过协同组网方式,实现协同自主飞行,并与地面站建立实时通信,接受地面站发送的最新指令,从而确定攻击目标优先级,最后完成两枚炸弹同时攻击不同目标和同一目标的协同攻击飞行试验。
“金帐汗国”项目3次飞行试验的顺利完成,标志着美军在智能弹群组网通信、自主航迹规划、目标在线识别、目标优先级确定及多目标打击分配等方面的技术已经成熟,对推动美军智能化弹群装备的发展具有重要的意义。
此外,国外无人集群类项目还包括“忠诚僚机”项目、“低成本无人机集群技术”(Low Cost UAV Swarming Technology, LOCUST)项目、“山鹑”项目、“蝗虫”项目等,在体系设计、技术攻关、飞行验证等方面均取得了长足发展。
从公开资料分析可知,国内集群项目研制主要聚焦于无人机集群领域。2017年,中国电子科学研究院完成119架固定翼无人机集群飞行试验[12],实现密集弹射起飞、空中自主集结、多目标动态分组、编队合围控制、协同编队飞行等任务,标志着中国无人机集群协同技术的发展已取得新的突破。随后,在2020年通过轻型战术车辆发射[13],完成200架固定翼无人机集群飞行试验,并于2021年亮相珠海航展,但其集群协同自主化水平未见报道。此外,2017年,国防科技大学成功完成21架固定翼无人机的协同飞行试验,实现无人机集群协同航迹规划、协同编队保持、集群编队重构、机间可靠避撞等功能,验证了固定翼无人机集群自主协同作战能力(图5)。在智能弹药领域,中国兵器工业集团有限公司等相关单位先后开展了智能弹群协同飞行试验,验证了智能弹群协同任务分配、协同航迹规划、编队重构控制、协同引导打击等作战能力。
总之,中国集群类项目正在布局与研制中,并开展了部分飞行试验,初步验证了无人机集群自主协同技术。
智能弹群任务分配是指以益损比最大化(分配收益最大、损耗最小)为目标,综合考虑任务要求、弹药性能及作战环境,为各枚弹药指派一定数量及类型的作战任务,避免弹药资源冲突,确保智能弹群多任务的高效执行,体现集群协同的作战优势。其数学模型可表述为多旅行商问题模型、车辆路径问题模型、动态网络流优化模型、混合整数线性规划模型、协同多任务分配问题组合优化模型等[14,15]。前两种主要适用于单一类型任务分配问题,而后3种在处理多类型任务问题时更为适用。其中,动态网络流优化模型最早应用于广域搜索弹药问题,其将“侦察—打击—评估”等典型作战任务作为网络中的物流,通过最小化网络流总代价实现多类型任务分配。
任务分配方法大致可分为优化类、市场类、博弈类及学习类方法(图6[16]。从协同规划架构上,又可划分为集中式任务分配和分布式任务分配。集中式任务分配方法依靠中心节点完成整个系统的任务指派与协调,使用经典整数规划[17]或现代智能优化算法[18]对分配问题进行求解。经过长期研究和发展,集中式任务分配方法已取得大量研究成果。然而,任务分配问题的多项式复杂程度的非确定性(Non-deterministic Polynomial Hard, NP-hard)特性导致集中式算法处理大规模弹群任务分配问题耗时迅速增加,难以满足战场实时性的需求。
近年来,在智能弹群规模与自主能力不断提高的趋势下,分布式任务分配方法逐渐成为集群协同任务分配的一个重要发展方向和研究热点。当前相关研究主要集中于市场类方法,包括拍卖算法[19,20]、基于一致性的捆绑算法(Consensus-based Bundle Algorithm, CBBA)[21,22]及合同网算法[23]。首个分布式任务分配策略由Bertsekas等提出,是一种基于共享内存模型的拍卖算法[20],用于处理单对单任务分配问题。个体在最优任务收益与次优任务收益差值的基础上增加小量来抬升任务价格,可保证当前分配方案为最优分配结果。然而在真实战场环境中,智能弹群时变通信网络拓扑结构难以满足共享内存需求。为解决该问题,Zavlanos等[19]提出了完全分布式拍卖算法,个体仅需与其邻居节点进行交互,而无须在群体间共享任务数据。在网络连通条件下,完全分布式拍卖算法具备与文献[20]相近的全局最优收敛特征。其适用的网络拓扑结构如图7所示。
任务间不存在任何依赖关系的单对单任务分配问题可在多项式时间内完成求解。然而,在智能弹群的典型应用场景中,任务间通常存在耦合关系。例如,弹药针对多个目标抵近执行“侦察—打击—评估”任务,此时单个任务效能计算依赖于弹药执行的其他任务[14],需将弹药所执行任务作为整体进行评价,无法独立考虑单个任务。针对单对多复杂任务分配问题[14],需进一步提升分布式任务分配方法的求解能力。代表工作为Choi等[21]提出的CBBA,包含任务包构建和冲突消解两阶段。在任务包构建阶段,每个个体贪婪增加任务直至当前任务没有剩余或投标过高。在冲突消解阶段,个体之间基于一系列通信交互规则交换竞标价格,出价最高的个体将分配对应的任务。为保证贪婪启发机制的有效性,该方法在个体投标中增加了边际收益递减(Diminishing Marginal Gains, DMG)条件,并通过限制任务包投标的空间确保算法收敛性与无中心分布式计算,若任务收益函数满足DMG条件且网络连通,CBBA的收敛结果至少保证达到最优解的50%。在此基础上,围绕动态任务分配需求,近年来发展了混合信息一致性规划[24]方法。该方法通过结合个体间态势感知一致性及局部规划一致性特点,在时变通信拓扑下完成动态任务分配。基于性能影响的拍卖算法[25]则通过高效优化问题目标函数提供满足冲突消减约束的可行分配方案。
考虑分布式任务分配方法依赖弹间通信完成分配过程,当集群数量庞大时,通信负载过大。为克服上述问题,文献[22]将CBBA一致性协调阶段改进为异步通信方式,在保留CBBA算法收敛特性的同时最大限度地减少通信体量。Mazdin等[26]提出了时间触发与事件触发机制的信息传输机制,可以有效补偿通信丢失的信息,降低系统通信量。符小卫等[27]基于运动状态估计消解通信延迟下的多机任务指派冲突,当局部位置状态误差大于给定阈值时,引发间歇通信纠偏机制。文献[28]在滚动时域框架下根据机间通信距离实时切换信息交互策略,实现通信距离受限下的多机协同探测任务。Otte等[29]对比了多种典型框架拍卖方法的求解性能,给出了不同通信条件下适用的拍卖分配架构。该工作首次探寻了非理想通信条件下各典型拍卖分配架构的求解特征与规律,对后续研究工作开展具有指导意义。尽管当前针对非理想通信条件下的任务分配方法开展了一定研究,但大多数文献采用简易模型描述非理想通信条件,未能综合考虑通信时延、丢包、误码等因素影响,对强/弱干扰下合理分配机制设计与算法框架定制的相关研究仍处在探索阶段。
智能弹药集群航迹/轨迹规划是实现无人集群之间高效的任务协作,自主完成复杂任务的关键。其涉及建模、耦合处理、单机规划算法3项关键技术,如图8所示。
集群航迹规划旨在根据各枚弹药的作战任务,在满足碰撞规避和机动性能约束的条件下,为弹群规划出起止点间离散的飞行航迹点,引导弹群快速安全抵近目标区域,高效遂行既定任务。弹群航迹规划可建模为最短路径问题。相较于弹群航迹规划,弹群轨迹规划结果的颗粒度更为精细,可作为跟踪控制的有效输入。其本质上是具有非线性动力学与非凸路径约束的最优控制问题,其输出结果为随时间连续变化的状态曲线。
集群航迹规划的常见底层求解算法包括图搜索算法、势场法和智能优化算法等。图搜索算法将规划空间划分为离散节点,从起点开始不断探索节点之间的路径,直至到达目标节点为止。其中,A*算法是一种经典的图搜索算法,通过在代价函数中引入启发式信息,使得搜索更快地向目标位置前进,提高了搜索效率,并能在一定条件下,保证算法的最优性和完备性,在航迹规划领域得到了广泛研究[30-32]。势场法[33-36]将目标位置视为吸引子,威胁视为排斥子,在规划空间内建立势能函数,弹药根据自身在势场内的受力情况,沿势能函数的负梯度方向飞行,最终到达目标位置,其计算量小、结构简单、实时性好,但极易陷入局部极小值或振荡中导致规划死锁[34-36]。智能优化算法将航迹规划问题视为数值优化问题,通过建立航迹规划的约束优化模型,使用遗传算法[37]、蚁群算法[38]、粒子群算法[39,40]等智能优化算法搜索最优航迹,其全局寻优强,不容易陷入局部极小值,但通常计算量大、搜索耗时长,难以应用于弹药航迹的实时规划。
目前集群轨迹规划方法主要包括智能优化方法(如遗传算法[41]、粒子群优化方法[42])、基于采样的规划方法(如概率路径图[43]、快速扩展随机树[44])、基于势场的规划方法[45]、混合分层规划方法[46,47]、最优控制方法(如混合整数规划[48]、伪谱法[49])等。上述方法能够有效求解单枚弹药轨迹规划问题,但是智能优化方法与基于采样的规划方法计算耗时随弹药规模增加呈指数级增加,基于势场的规划方法在复杂环境中易于陷入局部搜索,混合分层规划方法难以有效权衡规划耗时与结果最优性[50]。相比于其他方法,最优控制方法[51]将轨迹规划问题转化为两点边值问题或参数优化问题进行求解,在有限时间内获取最优/次优的平滑轨迹,能够较好地平衡计算时间与轨迹性能,是当前发展的主流趋势。伪谱法是当前应用最广泛的轨迹优化数值求解方法。根据插值基函数、配点和节点位置的不同,伪谱法包括Legendre伪谱法、Gauss伪谱法、Radau伪谱法和Chebyshev伪谱法等[49]。其中,Gauss伪谱法具有精度高、初值敏感度低、收敛性强等优势,在无人机、智能弹药轨迹规划领域得到了广泛应用[52,53]。但伪谱法只是将连续最优控制问题转化为可供非线性规划算法求解的离散形式,并未改变问题非凸性,因此只适用于预先轨迹生成,无法满足在线集群规划的时效性需求[54]。近年来,凸优化方法由于具有多项式时间复杂度、计算速度快及在可行域中必然收敛的理论优势,广泛应用于航空航天领域[55],主要包括航天器编队重构[56]、行星精确着陆制导[57]、高超声速飞行器再入飞行[58]、多智能体编队[59]、无人机避障[60]等轨迹规划问题。但是,由于不同对象涉及的过程约束与动力学模型差异较大,因此如何实现高精度的近似凸化,使得凸化问题的最优/次优解至少是原问题的可行解,仍是当前面临的主要挑战。
近年来,深度学习、模仿学习、强化学习等学习类算法在集群协同航迹/轨迹规划领域备受关注[61-63]。学习类方法将高耗时的在线规划运算转移到离线训练中,具备鲁棒性高与实时性强等优势[64,65],但目前大多数方法仅能处理中低维度问题[62,63],针对高维连续的集群规划问题仍面临扩展性不足、收敛性不强等技术挑战。
智能弹群协同航迹/轨迹规划需在单弹规划算法的基础上,进一步考虑弹间的时空协同约束,其高维、强耦合特征导致其难以快速求解。因此,如何有效协调弹间耦合关系是提升规划求解效率的关键。从计算复杂性角度来看,协调机制可划分为耦合规划机制和解耦规划机制两大类。相比耦合规划,解耦规划将集群轨迹规划问题分解为一组单体规划问题进行求解,具有规划效率高、可扩展性好的优势,可应用于智能弹群快速规划。
解耦规划主要包括反应式规划、优先级规划和完全分布式规划。在大规模集群规划场景下,反应式规划方法容易陷入局部死锁,其轨迹结果最优性差[66]。完全分布式的解耦规划机制[67,68]指智能体间不存在优先级次序,而采用相同的预设规则消解集群耦合冲突,以平等的身份进行规划求解,其计算效率高、灵活性好,适合超大规模的集群规划场景[69,70],但对集群间的通信可靠性和单弹的算力水平提出较高要求,因此尚未完全实现在弹群上工程化应用。优先级规划中弹药按照优先级次序依次进行规划,低优先级弹药需要将高优先级弹药的轨迹作为威胁处理。优先级规划主要分为串行优先级和并行优先级,通过降低集群轨迹规划耦合度提升求解效率,典型的集群解耦规划机制如图9所示。
串行解耦规划可以采用集中式或分布式的计算架构,但任意时刻仅对单枚弹药轨迹进行计算,相邻弹药间均存在顺序等待时间,整体规划耗时为所有个体轨迹求解时间的累加。麻省理工学院航空航天控制实验室提出解耦的序列凸优化方法[71],将串行优先级与序列凸优化结合,对集群轨迹优化问题进行解耦求解,实现了多机轨迹规划,相较于耦合式序列凸优化,其求解效率提高14%。串行优先级解耦规划在处理小规模集群规划问题时具有较高的效率,但由于任意相邻优先级均存在等待时间,随集群规模增加,其规划耗时呈二次方级增长,效率逐渐降低,无法有效应用于求解大规模智能弹药在线规划问题[72]
并行优先级规划方法则采用分散式或分布式计算框架对所有弹药轨迹同时求解,能够充分利用集群计算资源,消除串行解耦带来的规划等待缺陷。卡耐基梅隆大学Sycara团队基于分布式架构提出了同步并行优先级解耦机制[73],同时规划所有智能体轨迹,仿真结果表明,240个智能体的分散式并行迭代耗时十几秒。但是,同步并行优先级规划仍然存在个体等待问题,集群规划耗时取决于群体中个体最大规划耗时,存在计算资源浪费问题。为更加充分地利用集群计算资源,代尔夫特大学Novák团队基于分散式架构提出异步并行优先级解耦机制,相比于同步规划方法,25个智能体轨迹规划效率提升了1倍。另外,为了缓解优先级规划方法的非完备性,Yu等[74]和Liu等[75]分别提出了动态优先级规划方法,对陷入死锁的轨迹规划问题进行协调,通过调整智能体之间的优先级次序,消除死锁问题。
优先级规划方法已经得到了广泛研究,其收敛性和有效性得到了诸多试验验证,但是大部分研究是基于线性模型开展的,针对非线性动力学模型的集群轨迹规划研究较少。优先级规划方法支持分布式计算,具备良好的可扩展性,但该方法的求解效率优势有待进一步开发。
为进一步缓解集群规模增大所带来的规划耗时呈指数级增长问题,滚动时域控制方法(Receding Horizon Control, RHC)[76,77]得到了学术界的广泛研究[78],其将全时域航迹/轨迹规划问题分解为若干短时域低维度规划问题,通过滚动求解提升规划效率[32,67,79]。然而,滚动时域规划方法难以处理航迹/轨迹规划在规划终点的时间一致性问题。因此,探索滚动规划框架在智能弹群航迹/轨迹规划的适应性,提升滚动时域框架下规划结果的时间一致性,是滚动规划机制在集群规划领域实用化的关键。
此外,真实战场环境中弹间的信息非可靠传输严重制约了弹群的作战效能,学习类方法为非理想环境中弹群实时航迹规划提供了新的技术途径[80]。但上述方法目前大多应用于地面机器人、小型无人机等对象,而学界尚未针对非理想条件的弹药集群航迹/轨迹规划开展系统性研究。
任务规划系统大致可分为两类:部署在地面指挥中心的任务规划系统和弹/机载任务规划终端。美国作为世界上发展任务规划系统最早、最全面的国家[81],其根据不同军种有着不同类别的战役级规划集成软件系统,如空军的应急战区自动化规划系统(Contingency Theatre Automated Planning System, CTAPS)、海军的远征部队联合任务规划系统(Joint Mission Planning System Expeditionary, JMPS-E),以及近年来新开发的陆军任务规划工具(Army Mission Planning Tool, AMPT)等。以CTAPS[82]为例,其软件架构是开放式系统、商用软件、政府软件和专用任务规划程序的组合。底层可移植操作系统基于UNIX系统开发,上层软件主要用于系统管理、系统配置、应用执行、系统通信及数据存储,顶层则是若干任务应用模块的集合。该任务规划系统硬件架构具有开放式标准定义接口,其硬件系统的一部分作为服务器来存储和处理任务规划过程中大量使用的数据库,另一部分被用以在CTAPS的局域网中充当客户端。为应对现代战场需求,CTAPS任务规划系统的规模仍不断扩张,融入了动态态势评估与预测、兵力管理与执行、空域管理与冲突消解等诸多子系统。
在弹/机载任务规划终端方面,由于平台负载能力与运行环境受限,规划终端软硬件性能通常有限。国内外学者开展飞行器集群任务规划技术研究时,普遍选择英特尔NUC、英伟达Jetson TX2和大疆妙算等微型计算平台作为机载规划终端。路易斯安那大学Sarkar等[83]使用带有i5-7100U处理器的英特尔NUC机载计算机实现了无人机智能路线规划和监测,其机载规划程序是在树莓派(Raspbian)操作系统环境中采用Python 3语言编写的。香港科技大学Xu等[84]使用大疆妙算机载计算机开展无人机蜂群飞行试验,验证了其无人机相对状态估计方法的有效性。得克萨斯大学阿灵顿研究所Lundberg等[85]在无人机集群的快速三维建模框架研究中,采用搭载英伟达Jetson TX2机载计算模块的无人机开展相关试验验证。当前用于科研试验的主流机载规划端机性能参数见表1[83]图10为主流商用开发板。
然而,上述机载规划端机均为商用产品,其抗冲击过载、高低温极限与抗干扰能力均无法达到军品级需求。如何在有效控制弹药系统冗余的基础上加装任务规划终端,赋予弹药智能规划能力,仍是当前亟待解决的难题。目前,国内相关集群项目已初步探索了智能规划终端集成的相关技术路线,并开展了集群飞行试验,为后续装备发展提供了新思路。
智能弹群协同验证系统为协同任务规划关键技术验证提供了有力保障,是集群装备由技术验证向实装定型快速转化的关键技术。智能集群协同试验验证主要包括虚拟仿真试验[86]、半实物仿真试验[87]、实物飞行试验[88,89]及虚实结合仿真试验。
虚拟仿真试验与半实物仿真试验通常利用高性能仿真计算机,采用数学仿真或硬件在环的方式完成试验验证。加州理工学院[90]借助虚拟仿真试验,验证了千架级超大规模飞行器集群任务规划的可行性。美陆军红石兵工厂的高级仿真中心[91]开发了多个半实物仿真平台,为武器装备系统性能分析提供高准确度的半实物仿真验证。2017年底,美军借助于半实物仿真平台模拟了导弹防御系统实时反应能力的评估结果,为地面拦截弹药由30枚增加至44枚的决策部署提供了有力数据支撑[87]。国内方面,相晓嘉等[92]构建了包括地面控制站、飞行仿真器、Pixhawk飞控等组件的高保真半实物仿真系统,验证了飞行器集群编队协调控制方法的实用性。虚拟仿真与半实物仿真均存在试验环境理想化的特点,难以真实模拟智能弹群动力学特征及存在干扰的飞行环境。
实物飞行试验是集群装备定型的重要验证手段。针对集群室内飞行试验,麻省理工学院航空航天控制实验室[93]构建了室内实时自主飞行器测试环境平台,依托试验测试环境,对其开发的协同任务规划算法进行了有效性验证。南加利福尼亚大学[94]机器人自主系统中心使用Crazyflie飞行平台搭建了室内飞行试验系统,开展了50架飞行器集群飞行试验,验证了所开发的轨迹规划方法的有效性。针对集群外场飞行试验,美国“山鹑”无人集群[95]、LOCUST[96]等项目进行的多次飞行验证,可以有效验证其开发的弹群协同任务规划算法。近年来,国内有关研究机构也在加速推进无人集群飞行试验验证,中国电子科技集团、西安现代控制技术研究所、国防科技大学、北京理工大学等单位开展了多次无人集群飞行试验,有力推动了集群协同任务规划技术的发展。
实物飞行试验可以有效验证协同任务规划算法的工程实用性,但其存在试验成本高昂与空间受限等缺点。因此,发展虚实结合的无人集群飞行试验系统已成为当前新兴的研究方向。2016年,美空军开发了基于平行推演思想的装备性能试验验证框架[97],实现了平行推演技术在集群武器开发中的初步应用,为后续发展虚实结合的试验系统提供了思路。俄军为加快集群装备设计周期,在集群武器打击速度方面引入虚实结合平行仿真思想,依托真实战场的数据进行态势推演,有效提升了集群武器打击效果[98]。近年来,国内有关研究机构也在大力开发有关虚实结合的平行推演系统,但国内有关智能弹群的虚实结合仿真系统研发处于初步阶段,尚无完整成熟的虚实结合仿真系统。虚实结合的平行推演系统能将已有试验的真实条件和虚拟仿真相结合,充分利用实物飞行的真实特征与半实物仿真的低成本代价,为智能弹群协同技术的试验验证提供可靠的支撑平台。
拒止环境存在电磁干扰强、敌我对抗高、通信稳定性差等特征,导致弹群面临通信时延、数据丢包、通信带宽受限、网络拓扑跳变、网络间歇中断、全球定位系统导航信号弱等非理想条件,致使现有指控系统难以引导弹群高效执行广域搜索、联合干扰、协同打击等任务。因此,有必要开展拒止对抗环境中智能弹群协同任务规划研究,突破弹群分布式任务分配、协同航迹/轨迹规划等关键技术,为实现弹群智能化作战提供任务规划理论与方法支撑。
1)拒止对抗环境中智能弹群分布式任务分配技术
拒止对抗环境中信息传输时延、数据丢包、信息误码等非理想通信,导致弹群分布式任务分配难以实现任务冲突消解,加剧了分布式任务分配算法收敛时间长、分配方案冲突等难题。如何在非理想通信条件下快速可靠求解弹群任务分配问题,是本领域面临的技术挑战。因此,有必要考虑通信干扰与通信时延、数据丢包、误码的关系,引入一致性组合拍卖机制、势博弈理论等,构建分布式任务分配架构、设计强/弱通信干扰任务分配方法,揭示不同通信干扰条件对任务分配方法求解性能影响的一般规律,缓解传输时延、数据丢包、信息误码等非理想通信条件导致的分配方案冲突、计算收敛时间长等难题。
2)拒止对抗环境中智能弹群协同航迹/轨迹规划技术
拒止对抗环境中,弹群定位及威胁位置误差导致弹群的碰撞风险急剧增加,时延与丢包的非理想通信致使弹群时空协同严重衰减。现有弹群航迹/轨迹规划理论与方法,如图搜索、伪谱法、势场法等,难以在考虑位置误差、非理想通信等条件下获得可行解。针对弹群及威胁位置误差,可构建非高斯分布的位置模型,设计考虑位置误差的机会约束,确保弹群规划安全性。针对非理想通信条件,可引入粒子滤波、模仿学习等技术,通过轨迹预测补偿丢失的数据,提升规划成功率。
对于由上千枚弹药组成的超大规模弹群,由于传统任务规划方法结构拓扑固化、受损容错有限、求解耗时长等缺陷,导致存在突发威胁下动态响应迟缓、行为协调紊乱等问题,难以满足动态环境中超大规模弹群可靠避撞、快速构型变换、灵活受损自愈等需求,无法高效执行诱骗突袭、目标跟踪、精准打击等任务。因此,开展超大规模弹群在线任务规划研究,融合群智仿生、智能学习等技术,对提升弹群动态响应和行为协调能力,实现动态环境下超大规模弹群作战智能化、自主化具有重要的现实意义。
1)群智仿生涌现的超大规模智能弹群在线任务规划技术
生物群体能够通过有限个体感知与行动能力,凭借简单行为规则实现超大规模复杂有序的群集行为,表现出强大的自组织性、协作性、稳定性及对环境的适应性。针对动态环境中超大规模弹群协同问题,可借鉴鸟群拓扑交互、层级引领、速度极化及捕食策略等协同机制,融合李雅普诺夫导航向量场理论,设计仿鸟群的分层级时变拓扑优化的自适应速度一致集结方法,发展局部响应的集群容错编队重构控制方法,实现超大规模弹群在线任务调整与机动变换。
2)学习驱动的超大规模智能弹群在线任务规划技术
超大规模弹群任务规划的高维强耦合特性导致难以承受的在线计算复杂度,限制了弹群在包含动态威胁、移动目标的复杂多变态势中的应用。现有研究以“离线求解—在线执行”框架为主,难以根据实时态势进行及时的任务调整。为缓解超大规模弹群任务规划的高计算复杂度,可引入深度学习、模仿学习、强化学习等理论方法在高维表征、鲁棒抗干扰、实时计算等方面的技术优势,将复杂的在线计算转移到离线训练中,充分降低规划耗时,实现大规模弹群轨迹的在线生成。
面临日益严峻的国外软硬件封锁,考虑弹群装备软硬件安全性与可控性,亟需开发具有完全自主知识产权的智能弹群任务规划软硬件环境,摆脱对国外软硬件产品的依赖。
1)自主可控智能弹群任务规划软件
定制开发模块化的弹群任务规划软件,将协同任务分配、航迹/轨迹规划、协同控制等算法封装为独立的功能模块,并梳理标准的模块调用接口。自主编写任务规划软件,根据任务规划问题的特点,定制高效简洁的代数运算库、几何运算库等,避免冗余计算开销,消除对商用、开源算法工具包的依赖,如Mosek、Gurobi等。另外,需自研数据驱动的神经网络训练环境,替代Torch、TensorFlow等国外软件,实现智能弹群任务规划软件完全自主可控。
2)自主可控智能弹群任务规划硬件
开发高性能、低成本的弹载任务规划端机,根据功能需求定制端机结构,使用国产中央处理器、内存、驱动等硬件,去除对国外英伟达Jetson TX2、Jetson Xavier NX、英特尔NUC等硬件产品的使用,实现智能弹群任务规划硬件的完全自主可控。
随着现代化战争由单一武器装备对抗向体系之间对抗转变的发展,体系化武器系统成为了历史发展的必然产物。当前弹群体系设计主要面临任务效能建模匮乏、真实试验数据利用不充分、体系试验成本高等难题。因此,有必要开展虚实结合的智能弹群任务平行推演与体系设计研究,突破弹药建模“虚”“实”数据融合与体系作战“虚”“实”平台推演设计两个维度的关键技术,实现大规模弹群体系作战效能深度挖潜与快速验证,从而为智能弹群等先进武器装备系统体系设计提供有效的技术支撑。
1)虚实结合智能弹群平行推演
受限于高昂的实弹成本与有限的试验空间,难以有效组织开展大规模弹群实物飞行试验,而虚拟推演仿真无法完全模拟真实弹药的动力学与飞行环境,导致弹群体系效能的低成本验证与科学化评估成为制约弹群实战化发展的重要瓶颈。因此,有必要构建一套智能弹群效能体系平行推演系统,通过时空映射确保虚实弹群时空一致性,设计多属性决策驱动的体系效能评估方法,充分探索飞行试验真实数据与仿真虚拟数据等信息,有效结合实弹飞行真实性与虚拟仿真低成本优势,为弹群体系化设计提供低成本、高精度数据支撑。
2)虚实结合的智能弹群体系设计
传统研发模式主要追求弹药的单体性能最优,未能充分考虑弹药设计方案与体系化作战要求的协同耦合关系,导致弹药整体作战效能低下、装备长远发展潜力不足等问题。弹群体系设计能够综合考虑弹药本体性能(气动、结构、推进等)与作战体系效能(突防、搜索、打击等),进而追求整个武器装备体系效能最优,已成为热点研究方向。因此,面向弹群体系作战效能最大化的设计需求,可引入多学科优化设计理论与方法,根据弹群效能体系仿真推演,构建面向体系作战的弹群优化设计结构矩阵,设计近似优化方法与多目标智能优化算法,实现弹群体系设计方案的高效探索,为弹群研制提供高效的体系化设计技术支撑(图11)。
经过近20年的发展,中国已经突破了智能弹群协同任务规划的关键技术,完成了智能弹群协同作战演示试验验证,相关技术水平已达到世界前列。在加快推进世界一流军队建设的背景下,立足国内装备技术研究特点,结合研发过程中的经验教训,对智能弹群协同任务规划技术的未来发展提出几点建议。
1)立足实战环境,探索智能赋能的集群任务规划技术
集群作战作为一种新型作战概念,尚缺乏在真实战场的广泛运用和有效检验。中国人工智能领域的发展已走在世界前列,但主要体现在互联网和消费级、工业级产品,人工智能在装备领域的深入研究仍亟待开展。在相关理论和方法已获得突破之后,需要立足真实作战环境,面向实际作战任务,研究基于人工智能的弹群协同任务规划技术,使得弹群智能水平向高级智能不断迈进。
2)避免安全隐患,研制自主可控的任务规划软硬件平台
协同任务规划技术主要涉及运筹优化理论和人工智能方法,其求解过程包含大量的迭代计算或训练,且需要算法运行环境、底层运算软件和高性能计算平台的支持。国外商业软件和国内外开源软件在相关科研领域占据了很大份额,而装备研制为了保证软硬件安全,必须构建全部国产化的弹载硬件计算平台,搭建纯自主研发的操作系统和计算软件,为智能弹群协同任务规划算法提供自主可控的软硬件条件。
3)缩短迭代周期,建设任务规划技术的快速验证平台
智能弹群协同作战由于包含弹药规模大、任务复杂,导致开展协同作战试验验证的周期长,依托纯物理试验难以对协同任务规划技术进行快速迭代。为了缩短技术迭代周期,需要建设能够快速验证智能弹群协同任务规划的验证平台,例如构建协同作战仿真平台、虚实结合的弹群协同作战系统等。
4)瞄准体系效能,推动智能集群装备研制和改型
现代战争是体系化的战争,智能弹群协同任务规划系统一方面根据现有装备优化我方的作战方案和行动计划,另一方面作为整个体系作战系统的一个环节,可以发现我方装备功能和性能的不足。瞄准最大化体系作战效能的目标,依托协同任务规划的协同作战效能评估结果,可以为推动新型装备研制和已有装备改型提供支撑。
强国必须强军,军强才能国安。当前,我国已进入中国特色社会主义新时代,中华民族处于走向现代化强国的历史新时期,国家富强需要一流的国防和军队作为坚强后盾,伟大梦想需要强大的军事实力作为坚实基础。智能弹药作为现代战争的重要武器,智能弹群协同任务规划技术研究必须瞄准世界强军作战新模式,继续突破协同作战规划的新技术、新方法,不断提升智能弹药的智能化与实战化水平,为国防现代化建设提供有力支撑。
  • 国家自然科学基金(61903033)
  • 国家自然科学基金(62003036)
  • 国家自然科学基金(52272360)
  • 国家自然科学基金(52005288)
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2022年第1卷第4期
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doi: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2022.04.002
  • 接收时间:2022-10-24
  • 出版时间:2022-12-20
  • 发布时间:2023-01-17
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  • 收稿日期:2022-10-24
  • 修回日期:2022-11-16
基金
国家自然科学基金(61903033)
国家自然科学基金(62003036)
国家自然科学基金(52272360)
国家自然科学基金(52005288)
作者信息
    1.北京理工大学宇航学院,北京 100081
    2.飞行器动力学与控制教育部重点实验室,北京 100081
    3.清华大学精密仪器系,北京 100084
    4.西安现代控制技术研究所,西安 710065
    5.华北电力大学自动化系,保定 071003

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表12种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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