Article(id=1241718234509005131, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, issueId=1241716739256406826, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2022.02.001, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1653062400000, receivedDateStr=2022-05-21, revisedDate=1654358400000, revisedDateStr=2022-06-05, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1660752000000, onlineDateStr=2022-08-18, pubDate=1655654400000, pubDateStr=2022-06-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1660752000000, onlineIssueDateStr=2022-08-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773978297112, creator=sys-migrate, updateTime=1773978297112, updator=sys-migrate, issue=Issue{id=1241716739256406826, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, year='2022', volume='1', issue='2', pageStart='103', pageEnd='214', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1655654400000', pubDateStr='2022-06-20', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=null, issueType=-1, specialIssue=1, createTime=1773977940615, creator='sys-migrate', updateTime=1773977940615, updator='sys-migrate', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241716740053332394, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, issueId=1241716739256406826, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=Science and Technology Foresight, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=null, specialIssueAbout=null), CN=IssueExt(id=1241716739961057705, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, issueId=1241716739256406826, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=深潜科学与技术专刊, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=null, specialIssueAbout=null)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=9, endPage=19, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241718249600110931, articleId=1241718234509005131, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, language=EN, title=Decadal Survey in the South China Sea: Prospects of Deep-sea Technologies, columnId=1149656489310208610, journalTitle=Science and Technology Foresight, columnName=Review and Commentary, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The South China Sea (SCS) has been the international deep-sea research highlight for nearly a decade. Most prominently, the major research program, “Deep Sea Processes and Evolution of the SCS (2011-2018)” supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China, has made remarkable scientific breakthroughs with the efforts of Chinese scientists. These scientific achievements are closely related to the introduction of “three deep technologies” for deep-sea exploration, namely, deep-sea drilling ships, long-term seafloor observation systems, and submersible vehicles. Since the research activities up to now mainly focus on the northern part of the SCS, China can motivate new large-scale programs to cover the southern SCS basin, the efforts of which are expected to make the SCS a natural laboratory for the global ocean science.

, authors=null, authorsList=Pinxian WANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1241718249457504594, articleId=1241718234509005131, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, language=CN, title=从南海10年展望深海科技前景, columnId=1148708266483446458, journalTitle=前瞻科技, columnName=综述与述评, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

近10年来南海成为世界深海研究的热点。最为突出的是国家自然科学基金委员会支持的“南海深海过程演变(2011—2018年)”重大研究计划,我国科学家从中作出了突破性的贡献。这些科学成就的取得,很大程度是依靠引入“三深”技术探索深海,包括深潜、深钻和深网。迄今为止,我国深海探索的重心局限于南海北部,有待发起新的大型计划探索南部海盆,进而使南海成为全球海洋科学的天然实验室。

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汪品先,教授,中国科学院院士。主要研究气候演变和南海地质。1999年主持中国海首次大洋钻探,2011—2018年主持国家自然科学基金重大研究计划“南海深海过程演变”。长期致力于推进我国深海科学和地球系统科学的发展,促进海洋的科普活动。电子信箱:

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汪品先,教授,中国科学院院士。主要研究气候演变和南海地质。1999年主持中国海首次大洋钻探,2011—2018年主持国家自然科学基金重大研究计划“南海深海过程演变”。长期致力于推进我国深海科学和地球系统科学的发展,促进海洋的科普活动。电子信箱:

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汪品先,教授,中国科学院院士。主要研究气候演变和南海地质。1999年主持中国海首次大洋钻探,2011—2018年主持国家自然科学基金重大研究计划“南海深海过程演变”。长期致力于推进我国深海科学和地球系统科学的发展,促进海洋的科普活动。电子信箱:

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No claim to original U.S. Government Works.), Reference(id=1241718604132045460, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1241718234509005131, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[20], rfOrder=19, authorNames=中国大洋发展计划办公室, 海洋地质国家重点实验室(同济大学), journalName=大洋钻探五十年, refType=null, unstructuredReference=中国大洋发展计划办公室, 海洋地质国家重点实验室(同济大学). 大洋钻探五十年[M]. 上海: 同济大学出版社, 2018., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241718604194960021, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1241718234509005131, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=63, issue=36, pageStart=3866, pageEnd=3867, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[21], rfOrder=20, authorNames=丁仲礼, journalName=科学通报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=丁仲礼. 中国大洋钻探二十年[J]. 科学通报, 2018, 63(36): 3866-3867., articleTitle=中国大洋钻探二十年, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241718604266263190, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1241718234509005131, doi=10.1093/nsr/nwz135, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=6, issue=5, pageStart=902, pageEnd=913, url=https://academic.oup.com/nsr/article/6/5/902/5567450, language=null, rfNumber=[22], rfOrder=21, authorNames=Wang P X, Huang C Y, Lin J, journalName=National Science Review, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Wang P X, Huang C Y, Lin J, et al. 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National Science Review, 2019, 6(5): 902-913., articleTitle=The South China Sea is not a mini-Atlantic-plate-edge rifting vs intraplate rifting, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241718604337566359, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1241718234509005131, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=49, issue=10, pageStart=1590, pageEnd=1606, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[23], rfOrder=22, authorNames=汪品先, 翦知湣, journalName=中国科学: 地球科学, refType=null, unstructuredReference=汪品先, 翦知湣. 探索南海深部的回顾与展望[J]. 中国科学: 地球科学, 2019, 49(10): 1590-1606., articleTitle=探索南海深部的回顾与展望, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241718604396286616, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1241718234509005131, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=63, issue=36, pageStart=3868, pageEnd=3876, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[24], rfOrder=23, authorNames=汪品先, journalName=科学通报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=汪品先. 大洋钻探五十年: 回顾与前瞻[J]. 科学通报, 2018, 63(36): 3868-3876., articleTitle=大洋钻探五十年: 回顾与前瞻, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241718604463395481, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1241718234509005131, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2008, volume=null, issue=6, pageStart=48, pageEnd=51, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[25], rfOrder=24, authorNames=Myers G, journalName=Scientific Drilling, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Myers G. 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Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews, 2011, 75: 361-422., articleTitle=Microbial ecology of the dark ocean above, at, and below the seafloor, refAbstract=The majority of life on Earth--notably, microbial life--occurs in places that do not receive sunlight, with the habitats of the oceans being the largest of these reservoirs. Sunlight penetrates only a few tens to hundreds of meters into the ocean, resulting in large-scale microbial ecosystems that function in the dark. Our knowledge of microbial processes in the dark ocean-the aphotic pelagic ocean, sediments, oceanic crust, hydrothermal vents, etc.-has increased substantially in recent decades. Studies that try to decipher the activity of microorganisms in the dark ocean, where we cannot easily observe them, are yielding paradigm-shifting discoveries that are fundamentally changing our understanding of the role of the dark ocean in the global Earth system and its biogeochemical cycles. New generations of researchers and experimental tools have emerged, in the last decade in particular, owing to dedicated research programs to explore the dark ocean biosphere. This review focuses on our current understanding of microbiology in the dark ocean, outlining salient features of various habitats and discussing known and still unexplored types of microbial metabolism and their consequences in global biogeochemical cycling. We also focus on patterns of microbial diversity in the dark ocean and on processes and communities that are characteristic of the different habitats.), Reference(id=1241718604622779035, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1241718234509005131, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2012, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[27], rfOrder=26, authorNames=Kopf A, Camerlenghi A, Canals M, journalName=Germany, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Kopf A, Camerlenghi A, Canals M, et al. The deep sea and sub-seafloor frontier[R]. Germany: European Commission, 2012., articleTitle=The deep sea and sub-seafloor frontier, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241718604694082204, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1241718234509005131, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=null, issue=18, pageStart=6, pageEnd=11, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[28], rfOrder=27, authorNames=汪品先, journalName=人民论坛·学术前沿, refType=null, unstructuredReference=汪品先. 深海的机遇与中国的选择[J]. 人民论坛·学术前沿, 2017(18): 6-11., articleTitle=深海的机遇与中国的选择, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1241718601242169984, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1241718234509005131, awardId=91128000, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金重大研究计划(91128000), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1241718599233098335, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1241718234509005131, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241718599241486944, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1241718234509005131, companyId=1241718599233098335, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=School of Ocean and Earth Science, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1241718599254069857, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1241718234509005131, companyId=1241718599233098335, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=同济大学海洋与地球科学学院,上海 200092)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1241718600059376238, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1241718234509005131, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=9Xxl3xYHNzlWv9WBdEtEeA==, figureFileBig=L5GjA8ApoFusFC/1ljgZAg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241718600109707887, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1241718234509005131, language=CN, label=图1, caption=南海深海潜标观测系统

(来源:田纪伟提供)

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(来源:周怀阳提供)

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(来源:刘志飞提供)

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(来源:http://iodp.tamu.edu/scienceops/maps/iodp_odp_dsdp.jpg)

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(a)为无隔水管的钻探平台(如美国“决心”号);(b)为无隔水管进行泥浆回收的新型钻探平台;(c)为隔水管钻探平台(如日本“地球”号)。

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从南海10年展望深海科技前景
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汪品先
前瞻科技 | 综述与述评 2022,1(2): 9-19
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从南海10年展望深海科技前景
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汪品先
作者信息
  • 同济大学海洋与地球科学学院,上海 200092
  • 汪品先,教授,中国科学院院士。主要研究气候演变和南海地质。1999年主持中国海首次大洋钻探,2011—2018年主持国家自然科学基金重大研究计划“南海深海过程演变”。长期致力于推进我国深海科学和地球系统科学的发展,促进海洋的科普活动。电子信箱:

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Decadal Survey in the South China Sea: Prospects of Deep-sea Technologies
Pinxian WANG
Affiliations
  • School of Ocean and Earth Science, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
出版时间: 2022-06-20 doi: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2022.02.001
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近10年来南海成为世界深海研究的热点。最为突出的是国家自然科学基金委员会支持的“南海深海过程演变(2011—2018年)”重大研究计划,我国科学家从中作出了突破性的贡献。这些科学成就的取得,很大程度是依靠引入“三深”技术探索深海,包括深潜、深钻和深网。迄今为止,我国深海探索的重心局限于南海北部,有待发起新的大型计划探索南部海盆,进而使南海成为全球海洋科学的天然实验室。

南海  /  深海探索  /  “三深”技术  /  边缘海盆地

The South China Sea (SCS) has been the international deep-sea research highlight for nearly a decade. Most prominently, the major research program, “Deep Sea Processes and Evolution of the SCS (2011-2018)” supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China, has made remarkable scientific breakthroughs with the efforts of Chinese scientists. These scientific achievements are closely related to the introduction of “three deep technologies” for deep-sea exploration, namely, deep-sea drilling ships, long-term seafloor observation systems, and submersible vehicles. Since the research activities up to now mainly focus on the northern part of the SCS, China can motivate new large-scale programs to cover the southern SCS basin, the efforts of which are expected to make the SCS a natural laboratory for the global ocean science.

South China Sea  /  deep-sea exploration  /  “three deep” technologies  /  marginal sea basin
汪品先. 从南海10年展望深海科技前景. 前瞻科技, 2022 , 1 (2) : 9 -19 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2022.02.001
Pinxian WANG. Decadal Survey in the South China Sea: Prospects of Deep-sea Technologies[J]. Science and Technology Foresight, 2022 , 1 (2) : 9 -19 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2022.02.001
1970年代晚期,美国深海考察船“魏玛”号(R/V Vema)到南海进行地质、地球物理调查,从南到北在海底采样,测量重磁场[1]。对于这类深海远洋的探测活动,我国当时全然没有察觉,但这正是南海深海探索的开始。深海大洋的探索需要高科技,历来被发达国家所垄断,南海也不能例外。但是近年来这种情况已经发生变化:中国科技界经过10年的努力,赢得了南海深海科学探索的主导权,同时使得南海在世界边缘海的研究中脱颖而出。
2011年,国家自然科学基金委员会(简称自然基金委)启动了专攻深海基础科学问题的重大研究计划——“南海深海过程演变”(简称“南海深部计划”),下设50多个重点项目,全国有32个单位共计700多人次参加研究,为期8年[2]。结束后为了研究成果的集成提升而延长1年,到2020年底最终结题验收,累计正好10年,是中国海洋科学迄今规模最大的基础研究项目。
“南海深部计划”的顶层设计是从现代过程和地质记录入手,构建边缘海的生命史。把南海当作麻雀来解剖,深海盆地的构造演变相当于骨架,深海沉积及古海洋学演变相当于肉,海水的生物地球化学相当于血,该计划的科学目标就是在三者连接的高度上探索南海的生命史[3]
在该计划启动后的第2年,国家制定了“建设海洋强国”战略,提升了各部委、各地区对海洋,尤其是深海科技的投入,而南海正是我国深海研究共同关注的热点。于是自然基金委的“南海深部计划”就像已经点旺的火炬,吸引着四面八方的科技力量,汇聚到同一个科学目标。执行8年的结果,来自其他部委的经费投入实际上超过了自然基金委,尤其是探索深海的高科技手段,立项之初条件尚不具备,启动之后才得以逐一实现,从而使“南海深部计划”的最后成果超越了立项时制定的目标,超额完成任务。
深海探索最重要的手段可以归结为深潜、深钻和深网。载人或无人深潜器(又称为潜水器),在深水海底打钻的钻探船,以不同程度联网的海底观测系统,合起来简称为“三深”。我国通过发展自己的技术或者参与国际合作,成功地将“三深”应用于南海的探索。在这10年里,“蛟龙”号和“深海勇士”号深潜器投产使用,国际大洋钻探完成了多个南海航次,国家海底观测大科学工程也开始建设,使得南海成为当今世界上应用深海高新技术最为活跃的边缘海。
南海深部探索的10年进展正是在“建设海洋强国”决策的背景下取得的。在此期间,我国的海洋事业无论是深海油气、大洋矿产的勘探开发,还是极地和深渊的探索,都在阔步前进,为“南海深部计划”的超额完成提供了背景。2009年以来,中国海洋大学等在南海布放系列深海潜标(图1),构建了国际上规模最大的区域潜标观测系统,实现了南海深层环流等多尺度过程长期连续观测[4]。2014—2018年在我国科学家的建议、设计和主导下,国际大洋钻探计划在南海完成了3个半钻探航次(图2),专门探索深海盆的扩张和大陆岩石圈的破裂,成为世界上构造演变探索力度最强的大型边缘海盆[5]
正因为乘着“建设海洋强国”的东风,10年来南海的深部探索成绩卓然。依靠群策群力,利用“三深”技术,“南海深部计划”拓宽视野,将目标指向地球科学的一些基本问题。例如,海洋盆地是如何产生的?什么驱动着气候的长期演变?大陆和大洋之间的海水如何进行物质和能量交流?地球科学起源于欧洲,海洋科学的源头在北大西洋,因而流行的传统认识带有严重的“欧洲中心论”胎记,有些规律并不符合西太平洋中、低纬区的实际。10年里,我国学者们立足于南海的新发现,挑战了源自西欧、北大西洋的传统观念,提出了边缘海盆地的“板缘张裂”、气候演变的“低纬驱动”新假说,在深海盆的洋陆相互作用等方面也都取得了突破性进展,为将来形成中国自己的学派准备了条件[2]
同时,“南海深部计划”也是培养深海基础研究人才的平台。10年里涌现出多位院士和杰出青年,28人次获得国家级优秀中青年人才称号,并培养了博士和硕士450余名,初步形成了富有国际竞争力的深海科研队伍。
人类几千年来讲究“渔盐之利,舟楫之便”,都是从船上或者岸上开发海洋,即便用现在的“水肺潜水”,也只能进入上层海水。想要顶住海水压力潜入几千米的深海,必须借助于金属外壳,这就是20世纪发展起来的深潜器。其中,做出最为重大发现的是美国的“阿尔文”号(Alvin)载人深潜器。
从1964年启用到2011—2013年大修升级,“阿尔文”号在46年里完成了将近4700次下潜,为深海探索作出了全方位的贡献,其中最大的功勋是深海热液的发现[6]。1977年和1979年在东太平洋先后发现了奇特的热液生物和“冒烟”的黑烟囱,而热液生物群的发现,颠覆了生命只能依靠太阳能的基本概念。
深海热液及其生物群是20世纪最伟大的科学发现之一。现在要问:热液生物群历来都有,为什么要等到发明了深潜器才能发现?原因在于热液喷口规模太小,坐船根本找不到。全大洋发现的热液口已经不下千处,但是面积都很小,全部加在一起也只有50 km2,相当于4个舟山的普陀岛,还不到世界大洋面积的0.00001%。
这个道理适用于所有的深海生物。隔了几千米的海水,想从船上观察深海水底生物,那真是“大海捞针”。我们熟悉的是浅海暖水的珊瑚,其实大西洋早就发现深海底也有冷水珊瑚,却不见于西太平洋。2018年,国产载人深潜器“深海勇士”号潜入1400 m的西沙海底,首次发现岩石上长着数米高的竹珊瑚和半米高的扇珊瑚以及海绵等,它们一起组成“深水珊瑚林”[7]。同年“南海深部计划”还用加拿大的“ROPOS”号遥控深潜器,在南海的海山上发现了大量的“冷水珊瑚林”(图3(a))。南海的发现回答了为什么冷水珊瑚在大西洋和地中海大量发现[8],而不见于西太平洋的道理:深潜技术在欧美发展,西太平洋海域没有深潜就看不到深水珊瑚。
深潜的发现远不只是冷水珊瑚。2013—2019年期间,“南海深部计划”先后运用“蛟龙”号、“深海勇士”号载人深潜器和无人的“ROPOS”遥控深潜器,在深海盆的海山上首次发现了大面积、高丰度的铁锰结核富集区(图3(b))和古热液金属硫化物矿(图3(c))[9],并且反复探测了可燃冰甲烷溢出口的冷泉生物群(图3(d)),极大地丰富了人们对南海深海生物和矿物资源的了解。
南海的发现证明,深潜技术在海洋科学上具有不可替代的作用。回顾历史,人类潜入海洋长期的挑战在于深度,但是地球上最深也就是11000多米的马里亚纳海沟,其深潜纪录早在1960年已被打破;我国使用新建造的“奋斗者”号载人深潜器,已经在马里亚纳海沟取得了重要发现[10]。从科学应用看,当前深潜技术面临的挑战在于深水下的运作功能,尤其是高精度的采样和观测能力,例如需要有像人类手指头那样灵活的机械手进行操作。既然潜入海底的科学家不能出舱,面前的深海奇观只能“似月云中见”,亟需有灵活且高精度的设备作为替身在舱外执行科学观测和采样任务。
另一个问题是载人深潜的成本太高。随着遥控技术和人工智能的发展,无人遥控潜水器(ROV)能以低得多的代价在深海执行长时间的观测任务。无论是通过缆线(“脐带”)连接的无人遥控潜水器,还是不用缆线的自主潜水器(AUV),都可以代替科学家在海底进行为时更长、效率更高、能量更大的探索动作,目前已经成为深海科学探索和工程服务的主力[11]。当然科学家亲历其境的探索,有着不可替代的价值。然而从成本和效率出发,非载人深潜才是大范围推广的发展方向。
“三深”技术起步最晚的是“深网”,从1996年美国罗格斯大学建成LEO-15生态海底观测站算起,总共只有20多年的历史。LEO-15很小,在新泽西州岸外9 km,水深只有15 m,但是代表了新一代的海洋科学观测技术:把传感器放入海底,通过光电缆连接实验室,相当于将“气象站”甚至“实验室”安置在海洋内部,进行长期、连续的原位实时观测。2009年加拿大建成了第1个大型深海海底观测网(Neptune-Canada),缆线长800 km;2016年美国建成海洋观测系统(OOI),包括3部分,其中最大的是俄勒冈岸外的深海区域网;2015年日本建成面对太平洋的海沟海底地震海啸观测网(S-net),缆线总长5700 km,长度世界第一[12,13]
“深网”技术标志着海洋科学发展到深入海洋内部的新阶段。深潜固然重要,但是即便无人的深潜器也不能总在海里,海底观测网的优点在于可以进行长期连续的实时原位观测,无论连续测量深部洋流的流速、流量,还是台风来袭或者火山爆发时监测海洋反应,将传感器放在海洋内部都是最好的选择。由于观测目标和海洋条件的不同,使用的观测装置极其多样,有联网的也有不联网的,有固定的也有活动的,从海底爬行车到水下滑翔机都可以使用,类型繁多,不一而足[12,13]
我国的“深网”已经立项,作为国家大科学工程在东海和南海建设海底观测系统。海底观测网建设是一个多年的工程,在此之前,“南海深部计划”已经开展了大量非联网的深海长期观测,包括水文观测的潜标观测(图1)和深海沉积作用长期观测系统(图4),既为南海深部过程采集科学数据,也为国家大科学工程建成后的应用进行准备。
南海10年在深海科学上的突破,长期观测是个重要的源头。正是依靠最大的区域潜标观测系统,对深海环流进行多尺度的长期观测(图1),方才认识到南海深部海流整体格局。太平洋约2000 m深处的海水翻过巴士海峡,以“深海瀑布”的势头进入南海深海盆,流量相当于50条长江。大洋水和陆地水在南海深海盆交汇后,再回到大洋影响太平洋的中层水。整个南海的水流形成“三明治”结构:上层逆时针方向旋转,中层顺时针,深层是又逆时针方向的环流[14]
另一项进展是对深海沉积物搬运长期原位观测,相似的观测只是40年前在大西洋做过:自1978年起由英国和美国领衔的“高能底部边界层试验”(HEBBLE)计划,其结果为深海沉积学奠定了实测基础[15]。“南海深部计划”自2011年起在南海东北部投放了12套深海锚系(图4(a))和2套深海海底三脚架(图4(b)),组成深海沉积动力过程综合观测系统。通过10年的原位观测发现了平均流速可达2 cm/s的等深流,沿着陆坡每年向西南搬运8600万t沉积物 [16]
十分有趣的观测成果来自我国台湾南部高屏溪外的深水海底峡谷。通过4年的锚系原位观测,发现每次路经台湾的台风降雨,都会引发深海峡谷的浊流事件(图5),估计浊流沿高屏海底峡谷搬运入海的沉积物量高达每年2500万t,说明浊流是陆源沉积物进入深海最重要的搬运机制[17,18]图5(b)[18]为“深海风暴”的原位观测记录。
建设“深网”有着实践应用和基础研究两方面的目标。实践应用的目标比较明确,如日本建设的S-net,只要能提前几分钟发出预警,就能够挽救大量生命。复杂的是“深网”在基础研究中的应用,作为海洋科学研究方式的升级版,科学家们并不习惯。因此,当加拿大建成世界第1个深海观测网时,一开始就陷入用户太少的困境。对于观测网好不容易采集来的海量数据,海洋科学家们并不热心,因为科学家们并不熟悉这种新方式,对如何使用这种大量涌现的海量数据,不知道如何入手。
其实,“深网”关键在于海底原位的长期观测,而不在于联网的程度。2016年美国建成的OOI包括三大海底观测系统,只有其中规模最大的深海区域网才是全部联网[13]。“深网”的实质是为海洋科学开拓了海洋内部观测的新方式,重要的是使海洋科学界意识到研究方式的转变,从传统的研究方式向新阶段迈进。从这个意义上说,“南海深部计划”推进的深水长期观测,正是为这种转变作出的努力,为将来的联网观测进行科学准备。
现在看来,“深网”在基础研究中应用的成功,并不局限于观测数据本身的处理、解释,而是要在学科交叉上下功夫。上述南海东北部深海沉积作用的长期观测,就是成功的实例。如果将沉积物捕集器长期采集的样品和深海表层沉积乃至陆地样品的分析相结合,就可以发现陆地上土壤成因和岩石成因黏土矿物的有机质,到了海水中就有不同的命运:前者会被海洋成因的有机质所替代,后者却能保持不变[19]。虽然“深网”为海洋科学开拓了新阶段,但是其诞生至今只有20多年,无论本身建设还是科学应用,都是有待发展的新事物。
“三深”中影响最远和规模最大的是“深钻”。从深海海底钻探地壳,是难度最高、耗费最大的深海技术。自从1968年美国启动大洋钻探后不久,大洋钻探就发展为国际计划,由若干发达国家共同提供资金,将各国的科技精华集中到同一条钻探船上,向地球深部进军。在深海科技中,这是唯一全球抱团执行的研究计划,先后经历了深海钻探计划(DSDP,1968—1983)、大洋钻探计划(ODP,1985—2003)、综合大洋钻探计划(IODP,2003—2013)和国际大洋发现计划(IODP,2013—2023)4大阶段,在世界各大洋深水底下钻井4000余口(图6),取芯40多万米,其成果从根本上改变了人类对地球的认识,扭转了地球科学发展的轨迹[20]。从组织的角度看,大洋钻探计划也是国际科学史上的奇迹:一项由各国政府出资的基础研究国际计划,居然历经50年而不衰,从而成了为时最久、效果最好的大型国际科学合作项目。
半个多世纪以来,大洋钻探船成为海洋科学的“航母”,接二连三的重大发现引起了20世纪地球科学的革命:证实了海底扩张,揭示出大陆山系的由来;解读了海底沉积,找到了气候演变的根源。大洋钻井犹如一枚枚神针,穿越深水插入到地球,捅破了深海之谜。50年来,深海始终是地球科学创新的源泉,“深钻”也始终是深海探索的旗手。
国际大洋钻探的成员国原来只有发达国家,是个“富国俱乐部”,后来才有所变化。中国在1998年加入国际大洋钻探计划,是个“新兵”,但是20多年来在中国科学家的建议和主持下,实现了南海4个半钻探航次,在17个站位取回近万米的岩芯(图2),为认识南海深部作出了不可估量的贡献[21]。南海大洋钻探的成果来之不易,因为这是一个全球计划,只有通过国际投票认为是世界学术前沿的题目,才会前来钻探。
为此,“南海深部计划”瞄准“大陆岩石圈如何破裂成为海洋”的前沿问题,多次组织国内和国际研讨,反复提升钻探建议书的学术水平,终于在5年里实现了3个半钻探航次:2014年的349航次钻探大洋地壳,2017年和2018年的367、368和368X航次钻探洋陆过渡带,其中10个站位水深超过3000 m,6个站位钻进了岩浆岩基底[6]。大陆如何张裂变成海盆是地球科学顶级的大题目,半世纪以来大洋钻探曾经用了22个航次在大西洋进行钻探,建立起大陆变海洋的大西洋模式。依照国际的主流观点,南海就是按照大西洋模式张裂的,南海大洋钻探的科学目标就是来检验大西洋模式的普适性。
然而钻探的结果是否定的:南海不是小大西洋。两个海盆有其相似之处,但是形成时的大陆岩石圈大不相同,因此破裂的过程、机制也不相同,大西洋是大陆板块内部破裂,南海是板块边缘破裂。据此,我们指出“南海不是小大西洋”,提出了南海成因的“板缘张裂”新假说,有别于大西洋的“板内张裂”[22]。前面说过,创立于欧洲的地球科学往往带有“欧洲中心论”的偏见,将欧洲或者大西洋发现的规律加诸全球。同样的现象发生在气候演变机制的研究上,人们习惯于将全球气候演变的驱动力归结于北半球高纬区,认为北极冰盖和北大西洋深层水的变化带动了全球。同样是基于南海大洋钻探的研究结果,我国学术界提出了气候演变“低纬驱动”的假说,认为热带、亚热带太阳辐射量的变化驱动着全球气候的长周期变化[23]
半世纪的大洋钻探,在地球科学界可以说是功高盖世,但是实际上并没有实现其最初立项时的目标:打穿莫霍面。深海底下7 km的深处是地壳和地幔的分界面,称为“莫霍面”。20世纪60年代大洋钻探立项的初衷是打穿地壳进入莫霍面,让人类一睹原位地幔的真面目。这就意味着要顶住高温高压,从5000多米的深海底向下钻进7000 m,但是直到今天,打穿莫霍面在技术上并不成熟。人类拓宽活动空间可以归纳为“上天,入地,下海”,其中“入地”的成绩最差:相对于地球半径,最深的矿井不及其1‰,最深的钻井不及其2‰。
当前的大洋钻探船在钻探沉积岩方面成绩辉煌,但是钻探深海底下的岩浆岩却困难重重。2018年南海大洋钻探368X航次只算半个航次,这是因为南海最深的一口井在前两个航次中都因技术原因钻探失败,最后又花了两周时间重新补打,终于从3868 m海底进尺800多米胜利完成。原因在于大洋钻探的主力、美国的“决心”号钻探船,属于无隔水管的裸眼钻探,缺乏泥浆循环,不能适应深井的要求(图7)。提高一步就是采用隔水管钻探,2007年日本“地球”号钻探船投入大洋钻探计划,这是个排水量57000 t、配备隔水管、使用泥浆循环的超大型设备(图7),出航时号称要去打穿地壳,但是结果因为运行费太高,每年平均打不了一个钻探航次,遑论打穿莫霍面[24]
人类应对“入地”的挑战,只能算是刚刚起步,大洋钻探真要完成其历史使命,有待从钻头到船只进行整体技术的提升。就钻探船而言,比较现实的思路是将泥浆泵放到海底,采用双梯度钻孔配置(DGD)的新型钻探平台(图7[25]。不过这类技术发展不但要求科技上的创新,而且必须有大量经费投入。大洋钻探历来依靠各国政府的投入,而政府对基础研究的大量投入,只有在经济繁荣的年代才会发生,很难想象会在当今“时运不济”的国际形势下实现。
依靠我国科学界的努力,借助于“三深”的技术力量,“南海深部计划”超越了原定目标,在南海实现了深海研究的突破性进展。然而这10年的研究工作,偏重在12oN以北的海域,接下来亟待乘胜追击,向南海南部拓展,联合周边国家,在我国主持下掌握整个南海深部过程及其演变。研究越深入,发现新的科学问题也越多。南海10年提出的科学假说,已经跳出区域范围,挑战地球科学的一些基本问题;获取到的深海认识,也已经使南海在世界边缘海研究中赢得领先地位,有望成为世界深海研究的天然实验室。
当前世界上深海研究程度最高的边缘海有3个:墨西哥湾、日本海和南海。三者相比,南海不仅面积最大、海水最深,而且深部过程的研究,尤其是大洋钻探的研究程度也最高(图8[2])。在这三大边缘海中,只有南海在深海盆的底部钻探了大洋地壳和洋陆过渡带,是唯一从裂谷到扩张过程系统获取了地质证据的海盆。再者,墨西哥湾、日本海的钻探主要在20世纪70—80年代,属于大洋钻探计划的初期,而南海的钻探主要在21世纪,无论钻探能力和岩芯质量都不可同日而语。再说墨西哥湾沉积层厚逾万米,根本不可能钻穿盖层进入基底;日本海封闭性太强、底层水温太低,限制了深海沉积的信息量。天然条件加上人为努力,深信南海终将成为世界边缘海深海研究的标兵[2]
近年来,中国深海科技的高速度发展不仅在国内空前,在国际上也是科技史上的奇迹,南海10年就是例证。如能保持现在的发展势头,就有希望在未来的10年中进入世界深海探索的前列,为世界科学作出历史贡献。同时,中国的科技界也面临着转型,从以仿效追赶为主转向发展自身特色的研究。真理只有一条,通向真理的道路却不止一条。我们面对西太平洋,地处世界最大大洋和最大大陆之间,有责任摆脱“大西洋中心论”的束缚,从科学理论和技术手段两方面进行自己的探索。
环顾世界,以大洋钻探为“航母”也正在演变为“三深”技术联用的新时期。依靠钻探单一手段解决科学问题的时代正在消逝,而与深网观测、深潜探索相结合的“三深”技术,正在成为未来大洋钻探的新形式。例如,在钻井中设置“海底井塞”(CORK),对海底下的流体运动进行长期实时监测,甚至进行微生物培养实验,就是大洋钻探成功的案例(图9[20,26]。欧洲提出了“深海与海底科学前沿计划”(DS3F),体现了“三深”结合的新思路,很值得我们在向深海进军中密切关注[27]
国际深海探索是一部科学和技术携手发展的历史。前述海底观测网先驱LEO-15的建设,就是1986年一位海洋生态学家和一位海洋工程师讨论产生的新思想。这就是西方传说的所谓“餐巾纸设计”(napkin design),科学家和工程师在餐桌上越谈越投机,抓来一张餐巾纸绘图,后来就成了新发明的第一份草图。而中国走的却是科学家追赶国外论文,工程师仿造国外设备,“科”和“技”分头发展的道路,等到新设备验收后再来征求“用户”。现在经过多年的努力,中国的深海“科”和“技”都已经具备转型的条件,两者可以结合起来共创新路。深海为地球上的生命提供了最大的栖居场所,但是其永恒的黑暗和极端的环境,使得深海开发面临巨大的科技挑战。正因为如此,深海也是炎黄子孙发挥创造性、为华夏振兴展现身手的科技战场[28]
  • 国家自然科学基金重大研究计划(91128000)
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2022年第1卷第2期
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doi: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2022.02.001
  • 接收时间:2022-05-21
  • 出版时间:2022-06-20
  • 发布时间:2022-08-18
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  • 收稿日期:2022-05-21
  • 修回日期:2022-06-05
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国家自然科学基金重大研究计划(91128000)
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    同济大学海洋与地球科学学院,上海 200092

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表12种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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