Article(id=1241718216448332098, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, issueId=1241716739256406826, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2022.02.006, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1652889600000, receivedDateStr=2022-05-19, revisedDate=1654099200000, revisedDateStr=2022-06-02, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1660752000000, onlineDateStr=2022-08-18, pubDate=1655654400000, pubDateStr=2022-06-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1660752000000, onlineIssueDateStr=2022-08-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773978292807, creator=sys-migrate, updateTime=1773978292807, updator=sys-migrate, issue=Issue{id=1241716739256406826, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, year='2022', volume='1', issue='2', pageStart='103', pageEnd='214', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1655654400000', pubDateStr='2022-06-20', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=null, issueType=-1, specialIssue=1, createTime=1773977940615, creator='sys-migrate', updateTime=1773977940615, updator='sys-migrate', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241716740053332394, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, issueId=1241716739256406826, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=Science and Technology Foresight, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=null, specialIssueAbout=null), CN=IssueExt(id=1241716739961057705, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, issueId=1241716739256406826, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=深潜科学与技术专刊, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=null, specialIssueAbout=null)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=79, endPage=91, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241718230012711239, articleId=1241718216448332098, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, language=EN, title=Technology Research and Application Progress of Seafloor Observation Network, columnId=1149656489310208610, journalTitle=Science and Technology Foresight, columnName=Review and Commentary, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Seafloor observation network has been a critical approach for oceanography research in the 21st century, and it plays a strategic role in building a maritime power. Therefore, this paper introduces the system architecture of a seafloor observation network and reviews the research progress of key technologies in the network. In addition, the paper summarizes the application status of the network both in China and abroad and points out its technological development directions.

, authors=null, authorsList=Feng LÜ, Zhimin JIAN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Feng LÜ, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
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海底观测网已成为21世纪海洋研究的重要途径之一,在建设海洋强国进程中具有重要的战略地位。文章概述了海底观测网的系统结构,综述了海底观测网中若干关键技术的研究进展,简介了国内外海底观测网的重要应用进展,并展望了海底观测网的技术发展方向。

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吕枫,副教授,博士研究生导师。现任同济大学海洋与地球科学学院海洋观测与智能系统实验室负责人,国家重大科技基础设施“国家海底科学观测网”技术研发团队负责人。中国海洋学会深海技术分会理事、海洋技术装备专业委员会委员,上海海洋环境监测装备工程中心学术委员会副主任。主要从事海底广域观测网和海洋自主智能系统研究。曾作为总工程师带领跨学科团队完成产学研重大科技成果转化项目和国家海洋经济创新示范项目。主持完成自主可控的海底观测网关键技术研发和组网装备研制。电子信箱:

, authorsList=吕枫, 翦知湣, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=吕枫, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
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吕枫,副教授,博士研究生导师。现任同济大学海洋与地球科学学院海洋观测与智能系统实验室负责人,国家重大科技基础设施“国家海底科学观测网”技术研发团队负责人。中国海洋学会深海技术分会理事、海洋技术装备专业委员会委员,上海海洋环境监测装备工程中心学术委员会副主任。主要从事海底广域观测网和海洋自主智能系统研究。曾作为总工程师带领跨学科团队完成产学研重大科技成果转化项目和国家海洋经济创新示范项目。主持完成自主可控的海底观测网关键技术研发和组网装备研制。电子信箱:

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吕枫,副教授,博士研究生导师。现任同济大学海洋与地球科学学院海洋观测与智能系统实验室负责人,国家重大科技基础设施“国家海底科学观测网”技术研发团队负责人。中国海洋学会深海技术分会理事、海洋技术装备专业委员会委员,上海海洋环境监测装备工程中心学术委员会副主任。主要从事海底广域观测网和海洋自主智能系统研究。曾作为总工程师带领跨学科团队完成产学研重大科技成果转化项目和国家海洋经济创新示范项目。主持完成自主可控的海底观测网关键技术研发和组网装备研制。电子信箱:

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观测网名称 建成年份 海缆长度/km 布放水深/m PFE输出模式 PFE输出 主基站数量 主基站功率/kW 通信带宽
MARS 2009 52 891 恒压DC -10 kV 1 10 1 Gb/s
VENUS 2008 40 175/300 恒压DC -1200 V 3 3 1 Gb/s
VENUS 2006 3 95 恒压DC -400 V 1 3 1 Gb/s
ALOHA 2011 20 4728 恒流DC 1.6 A 1 1 100 Mb/s
), ArticleFig(id=1241718298761548165, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1241718216448332098, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

部分典型小型海底观测网基本参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
观测网名称 建成年份 海缆长度/km 布放水深/m PFE输出模式 PFE输出 主基站数量 主基站功率/kW 通信带宽
MARS 2009 52 891 恒压DC -10 kV 1 10 1 Gb/s
VENUS 2008 40 175/300 恒压DC -1200 V 3 3 1 Gb/s
VENUS 2006 3 95 恒压DC -400 V 1 3 1 Gb/s
ALOHA 2011 20 4728 恒流DC 1.6 A 1 1 100 Mb/s
), ArticleFig(id=1241718298845434246, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1241718216448332098, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
观测网名称 建成年份 电力拓扑 海缆长度/km PFE输出模式 PFE输出 PFE功率/kW 主基站/节点数量 主基站/节点功率 主基站/
节点通信带宽
NEPTUNE 2009 两端供电结线 850 恒压DC -10 kV 80×2 6 10 kW 2.5 Gb/s
OOI 2016 单端链式结线 859 恒压DC -10 kV 100×2 7 10 kW 10 Gb/s
DONET 1/2 2011/
2015
两端供电结线 320/500 恒流DC 1.1 A 3.3/5.5 5/7 485 W 100 Mb/s
S-net 2015 两端供电结线 5700 恒流DC 1.1 A ≈6 150 ≈10 W 100 Mb/s
), ArticleFig(id=1241718298908348807, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1241718216448332098, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

典型海底广域观测网基本参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
观测网名称 建成年份 电力拓扑 海缆长度/km PFE输出模式 PFE输出 PFE功率/kW 主基站/节点数量 主基站/节点功率 主基站/
节点通信带宽
NEPTUNE 2009 两端供电结线 850 恒压DC -10 kV 80×2 6 10 kW 2.5 Gb/s
OOI 2016 单端链式结线 859 恒压DC -10 kV 100×2 7 10 kW 10 Gb/s
DONET 1/2 2011/
2015
两端供电结线 320/500 恒流DC 1.1 A 3.3/5.5 5/7 485 W 100 Mb/s
S-net 2015 两端供电结线 5700 恒流DC 1.1 A ≈6 150 ≈10 W 100 Mb/s
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海底观测网技术研究与应用进展
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吕枫 , 翦知湣
前瞻科技 | 综述与述评 2022,1(2): 79-91
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海底观测网技术研究与应用进展
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吕枫 , 翦知湣
作者信息
  • 同济大学海洋地质国家重点实验室,上海 200092
  • 吕枫,副教授,博士研究生导师。现任同济大学海洋与地球科学学院海洋观测与智能系统实验室负责人,国家重大科技基础设施“国家海底科学观测网”技术研发团队负责人。中国海洋学会深海技术分会理事、海洋技术装备专业委员会委员,上海海洋环境监测装备工程中心学术委员会副主任。主要从事海底广域观测网和海洋自主智能系统研究。曾作为总工程师带领跨学科团队完成产学研重大科技成果转化项目和国家海洋经济创新示范项目。主持完成自主可控的海底观测网关键技术研发和组网装备研制。电子信箱:

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Technology Research and Application Progress of Seafloor Observation Network
Feng LÜ , Zhimin JIAN
Affiliations
  • State Key Laboratory of Marine Geology, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
出版时间: 2022-06-20 doi: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2022.02.006
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海底观测网已成为21世纪海洋研究的重要途径之一,在建设海洋强国进程中具有重要的战略地位。文章概述了海底观测网的系统结构,综述了海底观测网中若干关键技术的研究进展,简介了国内外海底观测网的重要应用进展,并展望了海底观测网的技术发展方向。

海底观测网  /  系统结构  /  关键技术  /  应用进展

Seafloor observation network has been a critical approach for oceanography research in the 21st century, and it plays a strategic role in building a maritime power. Therefore, this paper introduces the system architecture of a seafloor observation network and reviews the research progress of key technologies in the network. In addition, the paper summarizes the application status of the network both in China and abroad and points out its technological development directions.

seafloor observation network  /  system architecture  /  key technologies  /  application progress
吕枫, 翦知湣. 海底观测网技术研究与应用进展. 前瞻科技, 2022 , 1 (2) : 79 -91 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2022.02.006
Feng LÜ, Zhimin JIAN. Technology Research and Application Progress of Seafloor Observation Network[J]. Science and Technology Foresight, 2022 , 1 (2) : 79 -91 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2022.02.006
海洋不仅为人类提供巨量的食物、资源和能源,而且是地球深部与表层的通道、生命秘密的谜底,更是气候变化的调节器。在海洋巨大的体量内,物理、化学、生物和地质等复杂过程相互作用和相互影响,理解其运行机理对于海洋和人类社会可持续发展极为重要。目前,人类对海洋仍知之甚少,主要是缺少大时空尺度的原位观测数据[1-6]
海底观测网将供电系统和通信系统直接从陆地延伸到海底,可解决众多原位观测设备在海底长期运行面临的持续电能供给和海量数据传输两大难题,可实现从海底直接对特定海域的物理、化学、生物和地质等过程进行高分辨率的原位实时观测。海底观测网既能向下观测海底以下的海洋,又可通过锚系向上观测大洋水层,还可通过水下接驳坞连接各种自主智能系统,从而摆脱传统海洋研究方式的局限,使科学家可在实验室里实时监测深海实验,远程监测海底风暴潮、火山喷发、地震、海啸、滑坡和赤潮等各种突发事件。海底观测网为人类认识海洋提供了广阔时空尺度下多种海洋内部特征同步、实时、连续的观测手段,从根本上改变了人类认识海洋的途径,标志着海洋开发和研究的新阶段。针对长期、广域、实时观测的科学和社会需求,海底原位观测网成为海洋研究和防灾预警的重要工具[7-11]
1999年、2009年和2019年,国际上先后在法国、意大利和美国举行了3次“世界海洋观测大会”(OceanObs),讨论海洋观测科学技术发展方向,推动全球海洋观测系统(GOOS)发展,建立海洋观测框架(FOO)。中国自2008年举办第一届海底观测网国际研讨会以来,经过全国海洋科技界近10年的努力,于2017年获准建设第一个国家重大科技基础设施——国家海底科学观测网,旨在实现对中国东海和南海典型海域的大时空尺度和高时空分辨率的多维度实时观测,为深入认识中国主要边缘海提供长期连续观测数据和原位科学实验平台。
海底观测网主要包括岸基站、海底供电系统、海底通信系统和仪器设备,具有供电、通信、监控和授时4大基础功能。供电和通信两大系统将陆上岸基站和海底观测设备连接起来,构成海陆之间双向高速的“数据传送带”和持续的“能量传输带”,紧密耦合在海底主基站(主接驳盒)、海底设备适配器(SIIM,次接驳盒)、光电复合通信海缆、海底中继器和分支器等物理载体中。海底观测网的典型结构如图1所示[12,13]。大规模海底广域观测网通常超过500 km,具有多个海底主基站、海底中继器和分支器;150 km以内的小规模海底观测网一般采用无中继通信系统。
海底观测网岸基站是陆地基础设施与海底基础设施之间的枢纽。岸基站通常有两路独立的电力输入、后备发电机组和不间断电源提供可靠供电,安装有高压馈电设备(PFE)、光通信端站设备(SLTE)、海底线路监视器(SLM)、精确授时设备、数据缓存服务器、电能监控程序(PMACS)和网络管理程序(NMS)等软硬件。
海底观测网采用跨洋通信系统中广泛应用的标准海缆,其在25年使用寿命内的安全耐电压典型值为DC 10 kV,具有多种铠装保护结构。海底观测网通常采用单极直流输电,其岸基站、海底主基站和分支器安装接地/海电极,通过海水形成供电回路,而海底中继器则用于放大光信号。
海底主基站是海底观测网中最核心、最复杂的组网装备,负责接入若干海底观测平台,实现高压直流电能降压变换和分配、高速光电信号转换传送、数据汇聚交换和时间同步,监控所有内部和外部负载的运行状态,通过故障诊断和隔离实现自动保护。目前典型海底主基站的最高工作电压为10 kV、最大处理功率为10 kW,线路侧总通信带宽为10 Gb/s,具备8个海底设备适配器接口。海底主基站一般布放在沉积和冲刷缓慢、平坦稳定的地质结构上。
海底供电系统是海底观测网设计的关键,主要有直流恒压和直流恒流2种馈电模式。核心电力装置主要是岸基站PFE、海底主基站的高压变换器、海底分支器的电切换模块、海底中继器和分支器的供电模块。与小功率、封闭型的跨洋通信系统等专用海底网不同,海底观测网需接入尽可能多的各类仪器设备,需要采用大空间尺度的电力电子化高压直流供电系统,实现高压直流电能变换和故障直流电流断路。由于海缆对地电容大,因此海底观测网不适合采用交流输电[14]
目前海底供电系统常用的简单拓扑为链式和两端供电式。其中,链式为无备用结线,两端供电式为有备用结线[15]。国际上综合性中大功率的海底观测网及试验网均优选直流恒压馈电,个别小功率的地震海啸观测网和试验网采用直流恒流馈电。在恒压馈电模式中,PFE输出为可调恒定电压,海底供电系统采用单极负高压直流输电,海底主基站、中继器和分支器适应宽电压、大电流输入,海底主基站通过接海阴极与岸滩接海阳极构成海水供电回路。在恒流馈电模式中,PFE输出为恒定电流,海底供电系统一般采用双端供电,海底主基站、中继器和分支器采用串联方式以恒定电流取电。
恒压馈电模式被世界上绝大多数供电系统所采用,包括海底油气生产系统[16],其稳定可靠、供电效率高、灵活可扩展和拓扑适应性强。对于有备用结线的海底供电系统,在海缆突发接地短路时,恒压供电系统将短时停运,持续数分钟至十数分钟的故障诊断和隔离过程后,再重新恢复运行。若需进一步提高海缆短路故障时的数据连续性,有两个解决方案:一是为每个海底主基站安装一定容量的储能电池,维持其短时不间断供电;二是在海底分支器或集成分支器功能的海底主基站里,安装高压直流断路器[17]
封闭型跨洋通信系统采用0.65~1.1 A双端恒流供电系统,利用串联稳压管获取小功率电能。其在海缆单点短路时,故障点与两个PFE重新构成回路,PFE调节输出电压,海缆故障点成为电极,可短时维持数据传输。但故障发生时,恒流节点可能因电网潮流波动而暂停运行。诊断和定位故障点后,须切换PFE输出极性、隔离故障海缆段,期间海底观测网部分或全部系统将短时停运,与恒压馈电模式类似。恒流馈电模式的供电效率较低、拓扑适用性弱、扩展性差,而两端供电系统在海缆短路故障时刻的数据连续性较好,但在开路故障下仍有较大隐患。
海底观测网高速双向数据传输主要采用陆地传送网、接入网和跨洋通信等成熟技术。对于多节点海底广域观测网,海底通信系统采用有中继波分复用系统(DWDM或CWDM),每个海底主基站与岸基站之间通过不同的光信号波长来传输数据。
对于节点数较少的中小型海底观测网,海底通信系统一般采用无中继系统,各个海底主基站与岸基站之间可通过海缆中不同的光纤对来传输数据。在环网拓扑中,当某段海缆光纤出现故障,则各海底主基站在故障方向上的数据传输业务都将中断,业务数据需通过另一方向上的无故障路由传送至岸基站。
海底观测设备一般为DC 48/24/12 V供电,采用EIA RS-232/485/422串行通信或10/100/1000 Base-T(X)/FX以太网通信。海底设备适配器是海底主基站标准接口与各种观测设备非标接口之间的转换媒介,负责从中压到低压的电能变换以及通信接口与协议的转换。
供电稳定对于海底观测网可靠运行至关重要。海底观测网采用的电力电子化高压直流供电系统可控性强、响应快速,具有强非线性和小信号意义下的恒功率负载特性,在源、荷或线路扰动下易产生电磁失稳和高频震荡[18-20],具有非常独特的暂稳态特性。由于海缆存在较大的电阻和感抗,其为特殊的直流弱电网,负荷对供电系统的影响大,海缆电压降落和波动远大于陆地电网。
海底供电系统是时刻受到扰动的非线性动力系统,其稳定性是指在正常运行情况下维持平衡状态且受到扰动后可恢复到合适平衡状态的特性。其静态稳定的实质是系统能够在小扰动下保持某个运行稳态;其暂态稳定是指系统在某个运行稳态下受到大扰动后,经过暂态过程能恢复到原稳态或过渡到新稳态。系统若线路电压或电流不断振荡,导致无法运行,则不稳定。
由众多变换器组成的海底电力电子化供电系统的动态特性极为复杂,即使所有变换器能在其允许范围内独立稳定运行,互连之后也可能导致系统失稳或性能异变[21-23]。海底电力结线、电压等级和功率分布、海缆分布参数及高压变换器性能参数等,均可能影响电磁时间尺度上的电压稳定性[24]。为提高海底观测网供电系统运行稳定性,Howe等[14]提出合理设计海底变换器的输入滤波器,Harris等[25]则提出在海底变换器的输入侧并联调节器。
电能变换器将数千伏以上的高压直流电降压变换为海底观测平台所需的数百伏中压直流电,是海底主基站的关键装置,须在极端恶劣的海底环境下长期高可靠运行,是世界上实际应用中最高电压的海底电力电子装置。为耐高水压和强腐蚀性,高压变换器通常封装在体积受限的钛合金耐压腔体中。为提高电能变换效率、降低热损,高压变换器采用基于电力电子功率器件的高频开关直流变换技术,实现紧凑体积和高功率密度[13,26]
10多年来,国内外研究了海底高压变换器的两种可行方案,即多模块组合和多功率管串联,来实现10 kV到375 V的直流变换[13,26-28]。目前,加拿大西北太平洋时间序列观测网(NEPTUNE)、美国蒙特雷湾加速研究系统(MARS)、日本海底地震海啸密集观测网(DONET)等采用多模块组合变换器,而美国海洋观测计划(OOI)则采用功率管串联变换器。其中,日本DONET采用的变换器为1.1 A小电流恒流输入,功率约500 W[29]
美国宇航局喷气推进实验室提出将50个低压双管正激模块通过输入输出串并联组合,采用同占空比控制策略,实现10 kV/10 kW高压直流变换[26]。该变换器对模块和器件参数的一致性有较高要求[13,26,30]。为提高可靠性,“N+M”冗余的多模块组合变换器须实现各模块电压和功率动态均衡,并通过故障检测与隔离电路实现主被动容错控制,使得在任意不超过M个模块失效时仍能正常运行[31]。相比多模块组合变换器,功率管串联变换器的结构更简单。美国OOI采用的功率管串联变换器将20个低压功率管串联后作为高压模块使用,输出功率高达20 kW[32],同济大学研究并验证了功率管串联变换器的可行性[28]
海底观测网运行工况复杂多变,对于突发故障难以及时维修。为保障海底观测网运行稳定可靠,须从存在误差和噪声干扰的供电状态数据中,分析系统真实运行状态,预测系统运行趋势和风险,进行负载管理、故障诊断和隔离[33,34]。而海底节点呈离散稀疏分布,状态监测点远少于陆地电网,可观测性低、数据余度小,给海底远程监控与运行健康管理带来挑战。
海底观测网主要有正常运行、故障处理和启动/重启3种模式。海底供电系统所有状态必须维持在稳定阈值内,而重载快速变化是失稳的主要风险,因此提高电压稳定性的主要控制策略是切负荷、隔离故障和调节PFE输出参数。海底分支器内的多组断路器均有闭合、断开和接地3种状态,可控制各支路两两连通或隔离,以及各支路连接至接地极。基于海底分支器或集成分支器功能的海底主基站,可实现海缆分段继电保护,大大提高海底观测网的运行可靠性。
相比海底组网装备,长距离海缆的故障诊断难度更大。海缆电学故障主要包括低阻接地故障、高阻接地故障、闪络故障和开路故障,光学故障主要是光纤断路或光损异常。海缆故障定位主要分为阻抗分析法和行波法。小型无中继系统可采用行波法定位故障,长距离有中继系统须采用阻抗法分析故障。美国的华盛顿大学[35-37]以及中国的海军工程大学[38]、同济大学[39,40]、浙江大学[41]和中国科学院沈阳自动化研究所[42]等单位研究了海底观测网的电能监控软硬件,提出海缆故障定位算法,有望实现稀疏感知下的运行健康监测,进一步提高海底观测网的运行可靠性。
海底光纤通信系统可分为有中继系统和无中继系统。在海底广域观测网中,中继器负责放大远距离传输的光信号,分支器可实现光分插复用,多个海底主基站可共享同一光纤对的容量。小型海底观测网采用无中继系统,分支器可为每个海底主基站分配独立光纤。需要注意的是,综合性海底广域观测网不论采用恒压馈电还是恒流馈电,均需改进传统恒流模式供电的中继器和分支器,使两者能满足宽电压范围、大电流下运行的需求。
海底观测网通常采用简单网络时间协议(SNTP)、网络时间协议(NTP)和精确时间同步协议(PTP),使得分布式节点之间具有统一的时钟基准。其中,NTP的时间同步精度为毫秒级,而PTP的时间同步精度为微秒级。基准和备用主时钟模块安装在岸基站时间服务器上,通过全球卫星定位系统实现与协调世界时(UTC)保持一致。从时钟模块安装在海底主基站内,通过海底通信系统与岸基站主时钟同步时钟,并可通过秒脉冲和日期时间信号(1PPS+TOD)为仪器设备授时。
海底观测网安全运行的外部风险和环境影响较大,运行安全在线监测技术是其长期可靠服役的重要保障,是从“事后维修”到“视情维护”的基础。中国近海海域商船活动繁忙,渔业捕捞作业频繁,且有的海域水动力性强、地质稳定性弱,存在沉积物的冲刷和淤积。同时,中国陆架海域多为活动性沙波,而陆架残留砂平原区在强台风作用期间,海底表层会遭受扰动。由于海底环境极端恶劣、系统维修难,为确保海底观测网安全运行,需实时监测和动态评估其外部风险因素,预测其可能遭受的外力破坏风险。
基于船舶静动态信息,可感知海底观测网路由通道的海面船舶实时态势,分析船舶拖网、抛锚、搁浅等动态行为特征,建立船舶危险行为模型、风险判定策略、预警指标阈值,评估危害海底观测网运行安全的外部风险因素。Marzuki等[43]基于监督学习算法,分析渔船轨迹特征,识别非法捕鱼行为。张振鹏[44]等采用有限元计算分析了锚害对海缆机械结构变形和绝缘层性能的影响。Rivet等[45]利用海缆光纤,基于分布式声学传感(DAS)技术,识别船舶及其轨迹。通过海底装备运行位姿和周界环境动态监测,结合海面船舶实时态势感知,可预测海底设施可能遭受的外力破坏和故障风险。
海底观测和深空探测相似,都是远离人类生存环境,因此适合利用智能机器人去执行任务[46]。水下机器人为自容式供电,电池能量密度是制约其续航能力的关键因素。通过连接至观测网的海底接驳坞,常驻式机器人可原位充电、上传数据和下载指令,将其机动性与海底观测网持续供电和高速通信的优势结合,在原位蹲守观测的基础上主动出击探测,可进一步扩展海洋观测的空间尺度,提高自适应观测能力[47,48]。此外,常驻式机器人可对海底高风险设施持续开展预防式周期巡检和轻量维护,对可能存在的异常提供预警,降低海底设施停运风险[49]
由于海底环境特殊,接触式输能通信采用的湿插拔连接器操作难度大、插拔次数有限[50],海底接驳坞通常采用更为可靠的非接触式电磁感应耦合及谐振技术(CPT),将能量和信息穿透海水介质传输给水下机器人[48]。海底CPT技术的优点是无短路风险,且对接过程可由水下机器人自主完成,其缺点是能量传输效率远低于湿插拔连接器,存在额外的发热损耗。
目前国内外的研究主要针对单个鱼雷型AUV的“漏斗型”接驳坞,其与水下机器人之间的结构耦合稳定要求较高,存在输能范围有限、抗干扰能力弱等问题。国内外海底接驳坞总体上处于实验室阶段,尚未在工程上开展长期应用。
海底组网装备需要在高水压、强腐蚀、强导电的极端环境下长期服役,且近海海域存在高外力风险、强水动力、重度生物附着污损等风险。除开展多学科优化、可靠性测试、环境适应性试验、规范化海上试验外,还亟需研究海水长期耦合下的海底复杂装备性能退化与失效机理,实现海底极端环境超长期服役设施的全生命周期管理。同时,基于模块化、型谱化和流程化的原则,建立海底复杂装备研发、生产制造、测试试验和质量管理体系。
为提高可靠性和容错能力,海底主基站和海底设备适配器具备远程电能监控和通信网络管理功能,具备输入输出浪涌保护、过压与欠压保护、过流与短路保护、雷击与磁暴保护、过温与漏水保护以及安全预警等功能。根据实际布放海域情况,海底主基站具有整体式和分体式两种结构类型。海底主基站和海底设备适配器在浅海应用时,框架结构应设计为具有防拖网、抗锚害和防沉降能力。针对海底环境特点,应采用耐海水腐蚀的金属材料和重防腐蚀防污损涂装,来设计耐压密封结构和机电集成散热结构,以提高海底组网装备的运行寿命。
20世纪末,美国开始探索基于海底光电缆的近岸海底观测站,包括长期生态观测站(LEO-15)[51]、夏威夷水下地学观测站(HUGO)[52]、夏威夷-2号观测站(H2O)[53]、马萨葡萄园岛海岸观测站(MVCO)[54]等。这些单节点海底观测站供电和通信资源极有限,扩展性差,只支持少量低功耗传感器。
进入21世纪,各类小型海底观测网快速发展,如加拿大维多利亚海底试验网(VENUS)[55]、美国MARS[56]和寡营养长期生态观测网(ALOHA)[57]、意大利NEMO-SN1观测网[7]、挪威AWIPEV-COSYNA观测网[58]和LoVe观测网[59]、西班牙OBSEA观测网[60]、爱尔兰智能港湾观测网[61]等。此外,法国、德国、瑞典、希腊、阿曼、土耳其等均有小型海底观测网建设。其中,NEMO-SN1通过长约25 km的海缆接入“中微子望远镜”NEMO,获得电能并实现数据传输[7]。这些小型海底观测网的规模通常不超过150 km,采用链式结线单端供电、树型拓扑无中继通信,可灵活扩展多个观测节点,大大增强了供电和通信能力,推动了大功率海底原位实验装置的发展,从而大幅提高了海洋观测能力。同时,它们还作为海底广域观测网仪器设备和新技术的试验场所。除利用退役海缆建设的ALOHA采用恒流模式馈电外,其他绝大多数小型海底观测网均采用恒压模式馈电。部分典型小型海底观测网基本参数如表1所示。
目前国外已建成数个有中继海底广域观测网,代表性的主要有加拿大NEPTUNE[8]、美国OOI[9]和日本DONET[10]。21世纪初,日本海洋科技界曾提出建造先进实时海底区域监测网(ARENA),计划采用网型拓扑覆盖整个日本周围海域,海缆长达3600 km,每50 km布放1个海底主基站,共有4个岸基站和66个海底主基站[62],但其因技术和经费问题未建设。图2为典型海底广域观测网的示意图。加拿大NEPTUNE位于东太平洋Juan de Fuca板块北部,设计支持10个海底主基站。其中,一期布放的5个海底主基站位于17~2660 m水深范围。美国OOI位于Juan de Fuca板块中南部,一期分成两条海缆,从浅水到3000 m水深范围内布设了7个海底主基站。上述两个海底观测网采用基本相同的关键技术,主要区别是前者的海底主基站与分支器通过分支海缆连接,而后者的海底主基站则集成了海底分支器的功能,无分支海缆。加拿大NEPTUNE和美国OOI面向综合性海洋观测,采用恒压馈电模式,供电和通信能力强大,可灵活扩展各类海底仪器。日本DONET侧重地震海啸监测,采用恒流馈电模式,供电和通信能力弱,主要支持地震仪和压力计用于自然灾害监测,扩展能力有限。较为特殊的是日本海沟海底地震海啸观测网(S-net)[63],其观测节点集成至铍铜耐压腔体内,随海缆布放、敷埋,功率极小、无扩展性,类似SMART Cable系统[64]。同时,欧洲多学科海底观测系统(EMSO)正在建设中[11],其由数个海底系统组成,覆盖北冰洋、大西洋、地中海和黑海等欧洲大陆周边广阔海域。其中,规划的葡萄牙CELTNET观测网海缆长度约1500 km,而塞浦路斯海啸预警系统(TWERC)海缆总长约为900 km,均为恒压馈电有中继系统。典型海底广域观测网基本参数如表2所示。
相比国外发达国家,中国海底观测网研究和建设起步略晚。国内涉海单位已基本完成关键技术积累和组网装备研制,中国各边缘海均有小型海底试验网运行。同济大学、浙江大学和中国科学院沈阳自动化研究所等单位研究了海底观测网的核心组网装备。其中,同济大学主持研制的第二代海底观测网核心组网装备如图3所示,总体指标与国际先进产品相当,且具有更大功率和更高功率密度。
在上海市科学技术委员会(简称上海市科委)资助下,同济大学牵头建设的中国第一套海底观测试验系统“东海海底观测小衢山实验站”于2009年建成并投入运行[65],并在2010年记录了智利大地震引发海啸对东海近岸的影响[66]。在“十一五”“863”计划资助下,同济大学牵头联合多家涉海高校合作研究了海底长期观测网试验节点关键技术,研制的国内首个海底观测节点在美国MARS上成功进行了中国首次深海长期并网试验[67]。在“十二五”“863”计划和上海市科委的资助下,同济大学和中国科学院声学研究所分别牵头、联合国内高校和科研院所建设的东海和南海海底观测试验网,于2015年和2017年启动海试和试运行[68,69]。“十三五”期间,同济大学牵头、中国科学院声学研究所共建的“海底科学观测网”国家大科学工程正式立项,目前正在建设中,将在中国东海和南海典型海域实现从海底、水层到海气界面的长期实时立体综合观测。
此外,中国台湾地区已建成小型的“妈祖”海底观测网(MACHO)[70],其海缆长约45 km。一个海底主基站位于水深300 m处,安装有宽频地震仪、短周期地震仪、海啸计、盐温深仪和水听器等观测仪器。
海底观测网是现代海洋技术的集大成者,是海洋研究的革命性工具。海底广域观测网是智慧海洋系统的关键基础设施,在建设海洋强国进程中具有重要的战略地位。海底观测网可广泛应用于全球变化、海底过程和海陆作用等重大前沿基础科学研究,可为海洋灾害预警、资源能源开发、环境监测保护和国防安全警戒提供强有力的支撑。
经过10多年的发展,中国海底观测网技术获得了重大突破,基本达到世界先进水平,但总体上与国外最高水平仍存在差距。在基础理论上,需进一步加强海底极端环境超长期服役的复杂工程可靠性理论研究,建立海底观测网从元器件和原材料到整个系统的全生命周期可靠性管理体系。在关键技术上,由于海洋常驻装备的创新链条很长,往往十年磨一剑,资源投入大、研发周期长,须产学研用协同来促进发展。
同时,应充分发挥海底观测网持续大功率供电和高速通信的优势:一是发展常驻式移动观测平台和无线拓展观测平台,与海底观测网充分结合,扩展观测的空间尺度,实现自适应海洋观测;二是面向凝练的科学问题,发展相应的海底原位智能实验室,有计划地获得时间序列海洋环境要素;三是实现多种仪器设备自主协同的交互式海洋观测[71,72],并加强海量数据分析方法的研究,不断提高科学应用和经济社会效益。
  • 国家自然科学基金(61936014)
  • 上海自然科学基金(22ZR1464500)
  • 同济大学学科交叉联合攻关项目(1350231101)
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2022年第1卷第2期
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doi: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2022.02.006
  • 接收时间:2022-05-19
  • 出版时间:2022-06-20
  • 发布时间:2022-08-18
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  • 收稿日期:2022-05-19
  • 修回日期:2022-06-02
基金
国家自然科学基金(61936014)
上海自然科学基金(22ZR1464500)
同济大学学科交叉联合攻关项目(1350231101)
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    同济大学海洋地质国家重点实验室,上海 200092

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表12种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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