Article(id=1241716741512942400, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, issueId=1241716739256406826, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2022.02.009, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1653494400000, receivedDateStr=2022-05-26, revisedDate=1653840000000, revisedDateStr=2022-05-30, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1660752000000, onlineDateStr=2022-08-18, pubDate=1655654400000, pubDateStr=2022-06-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1660752000000, onlineIssueDateStr=2022-08-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773977941154, creator=sys-migrate, updateTime=1773977941154, updator=sys-migrate, issue=Issue{id=1241716739256406826, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, year='2022', volume='1', issue='2', pageStart='103', pageEnd='214', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1655654400000', pubDateStr='2022-06-20', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=null, issueType=-1, specialIssue=1, createTime=1773977940615, creator='sys-migrate', updateTime=1773977940615, updator='sys-migrate', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241716740053332394, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, issueId=1241716739256406826, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=Science and Technology Foresight, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=null, specialIssueAbout=null), CN=IssueExt(id=1241716739961057705, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, issueId=1241716739256406826, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=深潜科学与技术专刊, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=null, specialIssueAbout=null)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=121, endPage=133, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241716753651258210, articleId=1241716741512942400, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, language=EN, title=Progress and Prospect of the Hadal Science and Technology, columnId=1149656489310208610, journalTitle=Science and Technology Foresight, columnName=Review and Commentary, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Upon a brief analysis of the development of hadal technology in major countries, this paper summarizes the main progress of China on technology development and scientific research in this regard. Furthermore, the exploration prospect of hadal science and technology is presented, which provides a reference for the future development of hadal science and technology in China.

, authors=null, authorsList=Shuangquan LIU, Xiaotong PENG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xiaotong PENG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1241716753491882412, articleId=1241716741512942400, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, language=CN, title=深渊科技进展与展望, columnId=1148708266483446458, journalTitle=前瞻科技, columnName=综述与述评, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

在简要分析世界主要国家深渊技术发展的基础上,梳理了中国深渊技术研发和科学研究所取得的主要进展,并对未来深渊科技探索方向进行展望,为中国后续深渊科技发展提供参考。

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柳双权,助理研究员。主要研究方向为深海地质与地球化学。电子信箱:

彭晓彤,研究员。现任中国科学院深海科学与工程研究所副所长,学术委员会主任。主要研究方向为深海地质地球化学与探测技术。电子信箱:

, authorsList=柳双权, 彭晓彤, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=彭晓彤, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
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柳双权,助理研究员。主要研究方向为深海地质与地球化学。电子信箱:

"}, bioImg=xQU7FNCNkf849Eho4633wQ==, bioContent=

柳双权,助理研究员。主要研究方向为深海地质与地球化学。电子信箱:

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彭晓彤,研究员。现任中国科学院深海科学与工程研究所副所长,学术委员会主任。主要研究方向为深海地质地球化学与探测技术。电子信箱:

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彭晓彤,研究员。现任中国科学院深海科学与工程研究所副所长,学术委员会主任。主要研究方向为深海地质地球化学与探测技术。电子信箱:

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(来源:https://fivedeeps.com/home/technology/sub/

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参数 新Alvin Nautile Shinkai
6500
MIR-1/MIR-2 蛟龙 Limiting Factor 奋斗者
国家 美国 法国 日本 俄罗斯 中国 美国 中国
深度/m 6500 6000 6500 6000 7000 全海深 全海深
观察员/驾驶员人数 2/1 1/2 1/2 2/1 2/1 1/1 2/1
长×高×宽/
(m×m×m)
7.0×3.68×2.6 8.0×3.81×2.7 8.2×3.45×3.6 7.8×3.0×3.8 8.2×3.4×3.0 4.6×1.9×3.7 10.3×4.4×3.2
质量/t 20.4 18.5 25.2 18.6 22.0 12.5 36.0
耐压壳材料 钛合金 钛合金 钛合金 镍钢 钛合金 钛合金 钛合金
内直径/m 1.98 2.1 2.0 2.1 2.1 1.5 1.8
观测窗直径/mm 3×177.8(前)
2×127(侧)
1×120(前)
2×120(侧)
1×120(前)
2×120(侧)
1×200(前)
2×120(侧)
1×200(前)
2×120(侧)
1×120(前)
2×120(侧)
生命支持时间/h 72 143 128 82 84 96 87
最大速度/kn 2.0 2.5 2.5 5.0 2.5 2.0 2.5
有效载荷/kg 181.4 200 200 290 220 220 200
电池能量/(kW·h) 57.6 50.0 86.4 100.0 110.0 65.0 102.8
水下工作时间/h 6~10 4~5 8 17~20 12 16 15
), ArticleFig(id=1241717170221150881, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1241716741512942400, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

全球具备进入6000 m水深的载人潜水器的技术指标与性能参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数 新Alvin Nautile Shinkai
6500
MIR-1/MIR-2 蛟龙 Limiting Factor 奋斗者
国家 美国 法国 日本 俄罗斯 中国 美国 中国
深度/m 6500 6000 6500 6000 7000 全海深 全海深
观察员/驾驶员人数 2/1 1/2 1/2 2/1 2/1 1/1 2/1
长×高×宽/
(m×m×m)
7.0×3.68×2.6 8.0×3.81×2.7 8.2×3.45×3.6 7.8×3.0×3.8 8.2×3.4×3.0 4.6×1.9×3.7 10.3×4.4×3.2
质量/t 20.4 18.5 25.2 18.6 22.0 12.5 36.0
耐压壳材料 钛合金 钛合金 钛合金 镍钢 钛合金 钛合金 钛合金
内直径/m 1.98 2.1 2.0 2.1 2.1 1.5 1.8
观测窗直径/mm 3×177.8(前)
2×127(侧)
1×120(前)
2×120(侧)
1×120(前)
2×120(侧)
1×200(前)
2×120(侧)
1×200(前)
2×120(侧)
1×120(前)
2×120(侧)
生命支持时间/h 72 143 128 82 84 96 87
最大速度/kn 2.0 2.5 2.5 5.0 2.5 2.0 2.5
有效载荷/kg 181.4 200 200 290 220 220 200
电池能量/(kW·h) 57.6 50.0 86.4 100.0 110.0 65.0 102.8
水下工作时间/h 6~10 4~5 8 17~20 12 16 15
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深渊科技进展与展望
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柳双权 , 彭晓彤
前瞻科技 | 综述与述评 2022,1(2): 121-133
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前瞻科技 | 综述与述评 2022, 1(2): 121-133
深渊科技进展与展望
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柳双权 , 彭晓彤
作者信息
  • 中国科学院深海科学与工程研究所,三亚 572000
  • 柳双权,助理研究员。主要研究方向为深海地质与地球化学。电子信箱:

    彭晓彤,研究员。现任中国科学院深海科学与工程研究所副所长,学术委员会主任。主要研究方向为深海地质地球化学与探测技术。电子信箱:

通信作者:

Progress and Prospect of the Hadal Science and Technology
Shuangquan LIU , Xiaotong PENG
Affiliations
  • Institute of Deep-sea Science and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Sanya 572000, China
出版时间: 2022-06-20 doi: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2022.02.009
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在简要分析世界主要国家深渊技术发展的基础上,梳理了中国深渊技术研发和科学研究所取得的主要进展,并对未来深渊科技探索方向进行展望,为中国后续深渊科技发展提供参考。

深渊  /  马里亚纳海沟  /  潜水器  /  “奋斗者”号  /  深渊科学

Upon a brief analysis of the development of hadal technology in major countries, this paper summarizes the main progress of China on technology development and scientific research in this regard. Furthermore, the exploration prospect of hadal science and technology is presented, which provides a reference for the future development of hadal science and technology in China.

hadal trench  /  Mariana Trench  /  submersible  /  Fendouzhe  /  hadal science
柳双权, 彭晓彤. 深渊科技进展与展望. 前瞻科技, 2022 , 1 (2) : 121 -133 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2022.02.009
Shuangquan LIU, Xiaotong PENG. Progress and Prospect of the Hadal Science and Technology[J]. Science and Technology Foresight, 2022 , 1 (2) : 121 -133 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2022.02.009
深渊(Hadal Trench),也称为海斗深渊,专指海洋中深度大于6000 m的区域,主要位于大洋板块向大陆板块俯冲形成的海沟地带上[1]。全球共有37个超过6000 m的深渊海沟,其中包括5个万米级的深渊,从北到南依次为:千岛-堪察加海沟、马里亚纳海沟、菲律宾海沟、汤加海沟和克马德克海沟。深渊环境以压力大、构造活动活跃、地震密集、生命奇特为特点,代表了地球上非常独特的海洋极端环境。这里孕育了地球上最神秘的生态系统,有着人类至今为止知之甚少的深渊环境特征及专属性物理海洋、地球化学现象。
巨大的深水压力是阻止人们探索这片深海的最大障碍。科学家与装备要进入深渊开展研究工作,就必须突破以深渊运载和探测为代表的深渊技术。深渊技术是一个系统工程,包括材料、能源、导航、通信、控制、传感、探测、取样和作业等多种深海高技术领域,代表海洋工程技术中的顶级挑战,体现一个国家综合深海工程技术水平。其中,以全海深载人潜水器为代表的深渊载人和无人运载装备技术,是当前国际海洋工程技术竞争的热点。
深渊科学是以大深度深渊运载装备、深渊探测装备和深渊环境模拟装置为主要技术平台,探索深度超过6000 m的深渊海沟内发生的生命、地质、化学、物理等自然现象、过程及其规律的科学。它重点研究深渊生命起源、演化和适应机制、深渊板块俯冲及深部物质能量循环机制、深渊流体活动与化能自养生命耦合机制、深渊有机质早期成岩与生物地球化学循环机制、深渊洋流运动及动力学机制、深渊环境污染及生态影响等重大科学命题,涵盖了地球物理、海洋化学、物理海洋、地球化学、海洋地质、海洋生态、海洋生物、海洋环境等诸多学科领域。近年来,随着深渊运载和探测技术屏障被逐步突破,深渊科学正成为国际地球科学尤其是海洋科学中蕴含重大突破的最新前沿领域。
着陆器主要由浮力系统、主体支架、释放系统和压载重物组成,其工作原理为着陆器在重力作用下自由下沉到海底,当系统接收到回收的指令,悬挂在底部的压载重物通过声学释放器或定时机械系统释放[2]。着陆器结构简单、使用方便,可以根据具体的科学目标选择携带不同的设备,诸如摄像机、采水瓶、沉积物取样器、诱捕装置等,以获取深渊的视频信息和样品。阿伯丁大学科学家利用自主研发的主要用于生物诱捕的深渊着陆器(图1(a)[3]),在多个海沟诱捕到大量的深渊宏生物,提高了人类对深渊生物与生态环境的了解[4]。作为深渊研究中不可或缺的重要设备,中国科学院深海科学与工程研究所(简称深海所)目前已自主完成以“天涯”号(图1(b))、“原位实验”号(图1(c))、“沧海”号为代表的多套不同功能深渊着陆器的研发与应用[5]。截至2022年初,由深海所研制的各类型着陆器在马里亚纳海沟万米水深的“挑战者”深渊区下潜次数已达50次以上,单次最长着底作业时间达359 d,获得了大量深渊的宏生物、水体、沉积物样品和水文、视频、图像数据。同时利用着陆器的特点,设计出的“原位实验”号着陆器搭载原位培养实验装置在万米海底成功进行了烃降解与氨氧化的原位培养实验,在国际上首次获取了深渊底部碳氮循环数据与样本(图1(c)和图1(d))。
无人潜水器是进入深渊不可或缺的运载作业装备之一,主要包括遥控潜水器(Remotely Operated Vehicle, ROV)、自主潜水器(Autonomous Underwater Vehicle, AUV)和滑翔机(Glider)。无人潜水器运行技术发展迅速,目前已有多艘无人潜水器抵达过地球上最深的地方——马里亚纳海沟“挑战者”深渊。比较出名的有美国伍兹霍尔海洋研究所(Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, WHOI)研制的“海神”号(Nereus)无人潜水器(图2(a))。“Nereus”号属于混合式遥控潜水器(Hybrid Remotely Operated Vehicle, HROV),可以根据需求在有缆和无缆模式间切换,主要用于调查海底地形、采集岩石、沉积物和生物样本。然而在2014年,“Nereus”号在克马德克海沟下潜中,意外“殉职”。为了继续探测深渊,WHOI在2018年研制出新一代的万米级AUV“奥菲斯”号(Orpheus)(图2(b))。它具有体积小(长×宽×高为1.73 m×1.02 m×1.30 m)、重量轻(250 kg)和建造成本低的特点,目前还在海试中,并未到达万米深渊[6]。另外,日本海洋地球科学和技术机构(JAMSTEC)研制的万米级ROV“KAIKO”号于1995年到达“挑战者”深渊底部,采集的深渊沉积物样品推动了日本在嗜压微生物研究领域的快速发展[7,8]。然而,在2003年的下潜中,因电缆断裂导致了“KAIKO”丢失[9]。之后,JAMSTEC又新研制了万米级混合潜水器“ABISMO”号(Automatic Bottom Inspection and Sampling Mobile),并于2008年下潜至万米海底。“ABISMO”号在结构上分为中继器和探测体2个部分,二者之间通过电缆实现连接和通信(图2(c))[10]。该潜水器已经在万米深渊采集到了长度超过1 m的沉积柱用于微生物的研究[11]。在此基础上,JAMSTEC研发了新型ROV“UROV11K”号,曾在2017年下潜到10897 m深度,但是在上浮至5320 m时再次因故障“殉职”[12]。连着3台万米级无人潜水器的失事,突出了深渊探测的高风险和高成本。作为海洋强国的俄罗斯,在2020年5月也完成了其全海深AUV“勇士-D”号(Vityaz-D)在马里亚纳海沟的海试,最大下潜深度10028 m,它也是世界上目前最大的万米级AUV,重达5.7 t,长5.7 m,宽1.4 m(图2(d))。
中国从20世纪80年代初开始了无人潜水器技术的研究。“CR-01”号是中国第1台深海(6000米级)无人潜水器,由中国科学院沈阳自动化研究所研制。“十二五”以来,中国逐步开始较大规模无人潜水器的研制工作。2021年,由天津大学等单位研发的万米级水下滑翔机“海燕-X”(图2(e))在海试中最大下潜深度达到10619 m,这也是国际上滑翔机首次进入万米深渊。“十三五”以来,由中国科学院沈阳自动化研究所联合国内10余家科研单位共同研制的中国首台作业型全海深自主遥控潜水器“海斗一号”(图2(f)),搭载着具有完全中国自主知识产权的七功能全海深电动机械手,能完成深渊海底样品抓取、沉积物取样、标志物布放与水样采集等科考作业。该潜水器同时搭载高清摄像系统,可获取不同作业点的深渊海底地质环境、深渊底栖生物运动、海沟典型地质环境变化等影像资料。2020年,“海斗一号”在马里亚纳海沟成功完成了首次万米海试与试验性应用任务,最大下潜深度10907 m,刷新中国无人潜水器最大下潜深度纪录,同时填补了中国万米作业型无人潜水器的空白。“海燕-X”和“海斗一号”等全海深无人潜水器的成功海试与应用,为中国深渊科学研究提供了一种全新的技术手段,也标志着中国无人潜水器技术跨入了一个可覆盖全海深探测与作业的新时代。
伴随着深海装备技术的快速发展,以全海深载人潜水器为代表的深渊探测技术正成为国际海洋科技竞争的焦点。载人潜水器可以搭载科学家进入深渊区,在海底进行现场观察、分析和评估相关的深渊现象。它还可以操作机械手实现地质、生物和环境样品的采集,是理想的深渊探测技术手段。根据下潜目的,深渊载人潜水器可以分为2类:一类以科学研究为主;与此同时,出现了另一类以面向深海探险和商业活动为主的载人潜水器。
探险类潜水器以挑战极限为主要目标。比较出名的是2012年导演詹姆斯·卡梅隆驾驶单人万米潜水器“深海挑战者”号(Deepsea Challenger)成功下潜至马里亚纳海沟“挑战者”深渊底部。为提高上浮与下潜速度,该潜水器在设计中采用了鱼雷外形。然而,该潜水器无法多次使用,自从完成“挑战者”深渊下潜后,再未进行过深渊下潜。以在深渊区“到此一游”为特点,缺少系统性的科学设计,并未在真正意义上服务于深渊科学研究。2019年,来自美国的探险者维克多·维斯科沃利用美国Triton Submarines公司建造的“极限因子”号(Limiting Factor)载人潜水器(图3(a)),发起了“五大洋深部探险”计划(Five Deeps Expedition)。目前已经在太平洋马里亚纳海沟(10925 m)、印度洋爪哇海沟(7192 m)、南大洋南桑德韦奇海沟(7434 m)、大西洋波多黎各海沟(8376 m)和北冰洋的Molloy Deep(5550 m)海域共计完成39次下潜,成为第1艘在五大洋最深处下潜的载人潜水器。虽然可搭载2人的“极限因子”号具备一定的开展科研能力,但它以商业活动和探险搜索为主。在完成五大洋深渊下潜后,“极限因子”号成为商业产品对外出售,同时也接受个人商业下潜活动,一次深渊下潜的“船票”高达75万美元。在最近菲律宾海的探险中,“极限因子”号在6895 m深度发现了第二次世界大战期间沉没的美国军舰。
目前世界上以科学研究为目的且具备进入6000 m深渊区的载人潜水器还有美国的“阿尔文”号(Alvin)、法国的“鹦鹉螺”号(Nautile)、俄罗斯的“和平”号(MIR)和日本的“深海6500”号(Shinkai 6500)。“阿尔文”号是世界上第一个真正应用于科学研究的载人潜水器,为深海调查提供了前所未有的能力。在4500 m深度以内完成4664次下潜后,“阿尔文”号于2010年12月进行了维护升级。目前“阿尔文”号最大下潜深度可达6500 m,初步具备进入深渊探索的能力。法国1985年研制成的“鹦鹉螺”号潜水器最大下潜深度可达6000 m,目前已累计下潜1500多次,完成过多金属结核区域、深海生态环境调查以及深海搜索等任务。俄罗斯是目前世界上拥有载人潜水器最多的国家之一,比较著名的是“MIR-1”和“MIR-2”两艘6000米级潜水器,最大的特点就是其能源比较充足,可以在水下工作20 h。日本1989年研制了下潜深度达6500 m的“深海6500”号潜水器,曾下潜到6527 m深的海底,目前下潜已经超过1000多次。需要强调的是,这些载人潜水器最大下潜深度均未超过7000 m,实际到达的深渊区范围极为有限。
2012年,中国7000米级载人潜水器“蛟龙”号在马里亚纳海沟南端完成了海试,最大下潜深度7062 m,成功完成各项科考作业任务。“蛟龙”号的海试成功使中国拥有了进入到深渊区域进行科学研究的能力,为中国率先取得海斗深渊科技突破提供了历史性机遇。在中国科学院“海斗深渊前沿科技问题研究与攻关”战略性先导科技专项(B类)的支持下,中国科学家利用“蛟龙”号潜水器、自主研发的着陆器和滑翔机等设备对海斗深渊进行了科学考察,推动了中国深渊生物学、深渊生态学和深渊地质学等学科体系的建立,同时进一步攻克了一系列全海深探测关键技术,带动了中国深海装备技术的迅速发展。2020年11月,在国家重点研发计划“深海关键技术与装备”的支持下,由中国船舶科学研究中心联合国内多家单位共同研制的全海深载人潜水器“奋斗者”号(图3(b))在马里亚纳海沟成功下潜至全球海洋最深处,创造了中国载人深潜的新纪录。“奋斗者”号研发过程中,在耐压结构设计及安全性评估、钛合金材料制备及焊接、浮力材料研制与加工、声学通信定位、智能控制技术、锂离子电池、海水泵、作业机械手等方面实现了多项重大技术突破。截至2022年1月1日,“奋斗者”号共完成了21次万米下潜。已有27位来自中国9家高校、科研院所和企业的科学家通过“奋斗者”号载人潜水器到达全球海洋最深处,使中国到达万米深渊的人次、累计作业时间跃居世界第一。相比“极限因子”号,“奋斗者”号具有如下显著优势:国际上唯一能同时携带3人在万米深渊海底作业的载人深潜装备;海底作业时间最长的全海深载人深潜装备,可实现单次海底6 h以上作业;作业能力最强的全海深载人深潜装备,其他潜水器配备1只机械手和1个可伸缩采样篮,而“奋斗者”号配备双机械手、大尺寸采样篮、充足动力和200 kg的有效载荷配置。
目前,中国已拥有“蛟龙”号和“奋斗者”号2台可到达深渊的载人潜水器和“海斗一号”等系列全海深无人潜水器,初步建立起全海深潜水器谱系,实现了深海装备技术的跨越式发展。中国深海科考的发展不仅以大国重器的研制带动了新技术、新材料的进步,还通过一次次科考作业,为海底资源、地质和深海生物调查以及科学研究、水下工程、打捞救援和深海考古等提供支持。
表1对全球具备进入深渊区的载人潜水器技术特点进行了总结。
为了探索并研究深渊,美国、日本、英国、法国、新西兰和中国已经资助了多个深渊研究计划。例如,由美国国家科学基金会支持的“海斗深渊生态系统研究”(HADES)是一项协作计划,旨在应用全海深无人潜水器和成像着陆器,解决深渊生态系统科学中的关键问题。“海斗深渊环境与教育计划”(HADEEP)是英国和日本之间的合作项目,使用着陆器对环太平洋5个海沟进行了探索,重点调查和研究了深渊专属物种,并进行深渊内外的对比[3]。2014年,中国科学院资助了一项为期5年的“海斗深渊前沿科技问题研究与攻关”战略性先导科技专项(B类),叩开了中国探索万米深渊的大门,初步建立了中国深渊的科学体系及技术支撑体系,增进了人们对海洋最深处的地质、环境和生命过程的了解。2022年初,中国科学院启动了“全球深渊深潜探索计划”。该计划将充分利用和发挥中国万米载人深潜重大装备“奋斗者”号的独特优势,联合美国、日本、印度尼西亚、智利和巴布亚新几内亚等国家的科学家,对全球深渊进行载人深潜探索,形成以中国为主的多边国际深渊科学研究网络。开展深渊生命、地质与环境相互作用机制研究,重点解决深渊生命起源/演化与适应机制、板块俯冲与物质交换通量以及深渊环境污染等重大科学问题,力争在深渊科学领域产出国际一流原创性研究成果。
作为地球上最难以接近的海洋区域,人类对深渊的了解目前还只是冰山一角。随着以深渊潜水器、深渊探测装置和深渊环境模拟平台为主的深渊探测技术装备壁垒的逐步突破,关于深渊科学的研究成果在近些年呈现出井喷的趋势。这反映在美国科睿唯安公司期刊搜索引擎“Web of Science”上搜索出的科学论文数量上。图4展示了自1960年以来包含关键词“hadal zone”的299篇科学论文的数量分布情况。其中,高达76%是在过去7年发表的,主要涉及深渊地质、生命与环境等学科领域。
研究深渊区板块俯冲及伴随的物质循环和能量交换过程一直是地球科学领域的前沿和热点[13]。从构造上看,深渊俯冲带是板块碰撞与消亡的边界,造成了俯冲区是地球上地震和火山活动最为密集的区域。据统计,全球高达80%以上的地震都发生在环太平洋俯冲带[14]。在物质循环上,俯冲带是物质在地表和内部进行交换的重要场所。研究元素在深渊俯冲过程中的存在形式、迁移转换机制和输入输出通量是地球科学领域中最为前沿的问题之一[15]。在板块俯冲过程中,俯冲板块片将沉积物和洋壳等物质带入地球深部,并发生强烈且复杂的热化学交换。一部分物质和元素以岛弧岩浆或底辟等方式返回地表,部分也可保存于上覆板块洋壳之内,剩余部分则俯冲进入地幔更深的位置参与全球地幔物质循环。此外,俯冲过程中产生的板块弯折导致了俯冲板块上发育着大量的断层和裂隙(图5(a)),造成了海水下渗并与俯冲板块洋壳发生大规模的水岩反应,这对深渊洋壳生态系统的形成和演化有着重要的影响。Du等[16]在马里亚纳海沟俯冲板块上发现了新类型泥火山(图5(b)),提出了与玄武岩伊丁石化相关的释气作用驱动了深渊泥火山形成的新观点。和伊丁石化作用类似,与玄武岩蚀变有关的其他低级区域变质作用也广泛出现在深渊洋壳中。Peng等[17]在马里亚纳海沟沸石相变质岩中发现了大量化能自养微生物活动产生的碳质化石(图5(c))。在蚀变洋壳中发现的支链甘油二烷基甘油四醚(GDGT)有机物,进一步为蚀变洋壳中化能自养微生物的存在提供有机地球化学证据[18]。这些发现表明,在玄武质洋壳蚀变过程中,流体—岩石相互作用产生的化学能量,可能支撑了变质洋壳中深部生物圈的运转。由于俯冲带洋壳特殊的温度结构,这类生物圈甚至能存在于地表14 km以下的洋壳中,极有可能代表着地球上最深的深部生命系统。最近,Nan等[19]在雅浦海沟蛇纹岩中发现无机成因的碳质物,则从另一角度为地球生命起源于深渊俯冲带提供了重要线索。
除了极高的静水压力外,深渊区水体的物理化学特征,如温度、盐度、氧气、硝酸盐和其他主要化学组分的浓度与深海区水体的物理化学特征并没有太大差异[20]。然而,深渊海沟的V字型地貌与频发的地震活动,很容易捕获来自周边的有机颗粒物[21,22],导致深渊沉积物比周围深海平原具有更高的有机碳积累速率、更显著的微生物活动、更丰富的底栖生物量等现象[23],从而造成深渊沉积物中有机质早期成岩作用显著增强[23,24]。然而,目前对深渊沉积物中有机质早期成岩过程的研究主要基于有氧呼吸的层面。在未来的研究中,需要在全球深渊海沟研究的基础上,对有机质成岩作用的厌氧途径和速率进行量化[25]
在过去50年里,对深渊俯冲带生态的了解比以前任何时期都要多。深渊环境远非如最初设想的那样没有生命,而是容纳了具有高度专属性和高密度的深渊生物(图5(d)和图5(e))[26]。其中,狮子鱼(Snailfish)是最具代表性的深渊大生物。借助于深渊探测获取的狮子鱼样品,科学家已经从结构和机理上揭示了狮子鱼对极端深渊环境的适应机制[27,28]。为适应超高压环境,狮子鱼的一个控制骨骼钙化的关键基因发生了假基因化,导致其骨骼变得非常薄且具有弯曲能力,全身骨组织没有一个封闭的空腔;皮肤组织变为一层薄膜,使狮子鱼体内的生理组织充满水分,保持体内外压力的平衡。在细胞和蛋白层面,狮子鱼多个与细胞膜稳定和蛋白结构稳定有关的基因发生了特异突变,一种名为氧化三甲胺(TMAO)的有机分子在肌肉组织中富集,导致在分子层面增强了抗压能力。此外,狮子鱼基因组中与色素、视觉相关的基因大量丢失,这使得它通体透明,对可见光失去反应[27,28]。受狮子鱼耐压结构的启发,Li等[29]研制出能在深渊区游动的软体机器鱼。深渊生命可能对趋磁生物的研究同样具有重要意义。Yang等[30]发现,磁性有孔虫繁盛于马里亚纳海沟深渊沉积物中,其体内含有大量微米级被有机质膜包裹的生物成因磁铁矿(图5(f)),这是第一个来自深渊环境的磁性原生动物的报道,为地球极端环境中生物磁学的研究打开了一个新的窗口。
此外,人类已从深渊环境中分离出许多嗜压菌和耐压菌,它们的形态和基因组特征与从浅层环境中获得的近亲菌不同[31]。深渊微生物群落组成和种群的生物地理多样性可能受海沟地貌的影响。Nunoura等[20]研究发现,深渊海水中的微生物群落富含异养微生物种群,而上层深海中的微生物群落以化能自养种群为主。这些深渊海水中的异养微生物种群,以碳氢有机分子为碳源,参与了深渊区一些关键元素的生物地球化学循环[20,32]。近年来,在深渊动物种群方面也做了大量的工作,基本确定了海沟动物群落的组成、分布、种群和适应机制,以及压力、食物供应、生理、深度和海底地形对海沟动物的作用[33]。目前已发现的海沟动物中,58%以上为专属性物种。越来越多的研究提出并部分回答了关于深渊生命起源和进化的问题[1]
在深渊环境污染研究方面,微塑料和持久性有机污染物(POPs)率先受到了关注。在马里亚纳海沟底层海水中,微塑料含量比开放大洋表层及次表层水中高出数倍;而在深渊表层沉积物中,微塑料也明显高于大多数深海沉积物中的含量[34]。令人吃惊的是,在深渊端足类动物体内也发现了多种微塑料的身影[35]。深渊沉积物和端足类动物体内的POPs浓度显著高于其他浅海域,而类二噁英多氯联苯的毒性当量(TEQ)为0.65~14.9 pg/g,甚至比大多数从半工业区到工业区收集到的海洋表层沉积物的毒性当量都要高[36]。此外,相对于淡水及海岸带区域的片脚类动物,深渊钩虾明显富集总汞和单甲基汞[37],深渊单位面积汞埋藏通量比全球深海要高数十甚至数百倍[38]。表层海洋经过光降解的单甲基汞与中层海洋未经光降解的单甲基汞混合,通过下沉的颗粒物进入到了深渊食物链中[37]。这些研究表明,多种人造污染物已经到达了世界海洋中最深处,海沟特殊的地形地貌与沉积环境对这些污染物具有明显的富集和放大效应。各种污染物通过深渊生物的摄食过程进入到了生物体内,对脆弱而独特的深渊生态系统造成了潜在威胁。在人类居住的地球上,已经不存在完全不受人类活动影响的“净土”,在未来工作中需要具体评估这些人为污染物对深渊生态系统的影响。
2020年底,中国首台万米载人潜水器“奋斗者”号在马里亚纳海沟完成全部工程海试,正式进入科学应用阶段。除美国“极限因子”号载人潜水器外,“奋斗者”号是目前国际上有能力到达万米深渊区域的另一台载人潜水器。同时,其海底作业能力较“极限因子”号更强,为中国深渊科学研究提供了强有力的技术手段,也为中国深海/深渊科学研究赶超国际先进水平提供了历史性机遇。应充分利用这一机遇,尽快建立中国在深渊科学上的领先优势。
(1)加强顶层设计,在加大国际合作基础上,实施由中国主导的国际大科学研究计划。回顾目前发表的深渊科学研究论文,基本上都是基于零星获取的深渊样品开展,当前深渊科学的研究还缺乏系统性。随着以“奋斗者”号为代表的深渊装备的常态化应用,在全球范围内和尺度上系统开展深渊科学研究的时机已经成熟。这就急需加强顶层设计,提出原创、重大的深渊科学研究命题。由于深渊区域大多位于外国专属经济区内,要开展深渊研究,必须加强国际合作。当前应抓住时机,利用中国在深渊装备上的技术优势,培育和实施由中国牵头发起,国际主要深渊研究团队共同参与的“全球深渊科学研究计划”。
(2)加强深渊无人探测能力与发展深渊原位实验技术。相比之下,绝大部分的深渊对人类来说还是未知区。载人潜水器到达的范围有限,需进一步提高深渊无人潜水器的智能化水平和科考应用能力,以期实现深渊区大范围,甚至全覆盖的巡航探测。对于重点区域,可以采取无人—有人潜水器相结合的方式完成相关的探测与研究。此外,需要在发展深渊新型环境传感技术的基础上,大力发展深渊原位科学实验技术,推动深渊科学研究方式的根本转变。
(3)加快多学科协同攻关。深渊科学研究代表了当前国际深海科学研究的最新前沿,是一个涉及地质、环境、生命、工程等诸多学科领域的命题。只有加强多学科交叉融合,才能提升中国深海科学研究水平,快速进入国际深海科学前沿阵地,并在国际深渊科技的发展中占据前沿制高点。
对未知领域的探索,是人类发展的永恒动力。深渊作为迄今人类了解最少的海底区域,是蕴含着地球科学尤其是海洋科学重大突破的前沿领域。随着以“奋斗者”号为代表的全海深装备成功应用,中国深渊进入技术达到了国际先进水平。中国应以此为契机,加大国际合作力度,实施国际大科学研究计划,形成中国在深渊科学研究上的领先优势。
  • 中国科学院国际大科学计划培育专项(183446KYSB20210002)
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2022年第1卷第2期
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doi: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2022.02.009
  • 接收时间:2022-05-26
  • 出版时间:2022-06-20
  • 发布时间:2022-08-18
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  • 收稿日期:2022-05-26
  • 修回日期:2022-05-30
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中国科学院国际大科学计划培育专项(183446KYSB20210002)
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    中国科学院深海科学与工程研究所,三亚 572000

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表12种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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