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Quantum computing is a profound revolution in the fields of information and computing poised to reshape the future paradigm of computation. This paper first traced the four developmental stages of quantum computing, from its theoretical origins and algorithmic breakthroughs to the current noisy intermediate-scale quantum (NISQ) era. It also systematically elaborated on the core physical principles such as qubits, superposition, and entanglement. Subsequently, the paper detailed and compared the major hardware technology routes, including superconducting systems, ion traps, photonics, and neutral atoms, analyzing their respective trade-offs in terms of scale, quality, and connectivity. Building on this, the paper delved into the three core challenges facing quantum computing: combating environmental noise and decoherence, implementing high-overhead quantum error correction, and overcoming the engineering bottlenecks of system scalability. The paper further focused on the industrialization process and analyzed the development models of quantum computing cloud platforms, emphasizing the quantum and classical hybrid computing architecture, which is evolving from loosely-coupled models towards quantum-high performance computing (HPC) hybrid. This is identified as a critical path toward achieving practical quantum advantage. Finally, based on global trends and China’s national context, the paper put forward several development recommendations. These include establishing fault tolerance as a long-term goal, promoting the synergistic development of the hardware and software ecosystem, and accelerating the implementation of a quantum-HPC hybrid, aiming to provide a reference for the nation’s strategic planning in this field.
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量子计算是一场信息和计算领域的深刻变革,有望重塑未来的计算范式。文章追溯了量子计算从理论奠基与思想萌芽、算法突破、实验探索与硬件起步到当前“含噪声的中等规模量子”时代的4个发展阶段,系统阐述了量子比特、量子叠加和量子纠缠等核心物理原理。详细梳理并比较了超导、离子阱、光量子及中性原子的主要硬件研发技术路线,分析了其在规模、质量和连接性上的不同权衡。在此基础上,深入探讨了量子计算面临的三大核心挑战:对抗环境噪声与退相干、实现高开销的量子纠错及解决系统扩展的工程瓶颈。进一步聚焦产业化进程,剖析了量子计算云平台的发展模式,并重点论述了从松耦合到“量超融合”的量子-经典混合计算架构,认为这是通往实用性量子优势的关键路径。立足全球趋势与我国国情,提出了以容错为长远目标、软硬件生态协同发展、加速量超融合落地等发展建议,以期为我国在该领域的战略规划提供参考。
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 |
王正安,助理研究员。主要从事量子算法、量子人工智能、量子多体等研究。先后获得中国博士后基金特别资助(站前)与国家自然科学基金理论物理专项(博士后)资助,国家自然科学基金集成项目课题负责人。主要参与研发的“量子金融云平台”获得中国人民银行设立的金融科技发展二等奖。在Nature Communications、npj Quantum Information等期刊发表学术论文10余篇。电子信箱:zawang@baqis.ac.cn。 |
 |
范桁,研究员。固态量子信息与计算实验室主任,北京量子信息科学研究院智能量子计算与模拟团队负责人。国家“万人计划”科技创新领军人才;科技部重点领域创新团队负责人;国家自然科学基金委员会创新研究群体负责人;周培源物理奖获得者;享受国务院政府特殊津贴专家。主要研究方向为量子计算和量子信息处理(聚焦超导量子计算与量子模拟理论与实验研究、量子计算云平台及量超智融合)。电子信箱:hfan@iphy.ac.cn。 |
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王正安,助理研究员。主要从事量子算法、量子人工智能、量子多体等研究。先后获得中国博士后基金特别资助(站前)与国家自然科学基金理论物理专项(博士后)资助,国家自然科学基金集成项目课题负责人。主要参与研发的“量子金融云平台”获得中国人民银行设立的金融科技发展二等奖。在Nature Communications、npj Quantum Information等期刊发表学术论文10余篇。电子信箱:zawang@baqis.ac.cn。
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王正安,助理研究员。主要从事量子算法、量子人工智能、量子多体等研究。先后获得中国博士后基金特别资助(站前)与国家自然科学基金理论物理专项(博士后)资助,国家自然科学基金集成项目课题负责人。主要参与研发的“量子金融云平台”获得中国人民银行设立的金融科技发展二等奖。在Nature Communications、npj Quantum Information等期刊发表学术论文10余篇。电子信箱:zawang@baqis.ac.cn。
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2 Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
3 School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
4 Hefei National Laboratory, Hefei 230088, China
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2 中国科学院物理研究所, 北京凝聚态物理国家研究中心, 北京 100190
3 中国科学院大学物理科学学院, 北京 100049
4 合肥国家实验室, 合肥 230088
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1, 2, 3, 4, 5, †, address=
1 1. Beijing Key Laboratory of Fault-Tolerant Quantum Computing, Beijing Academy of Quantum Information Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
2 Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
3 School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
4 Hefei National Laboratory, Hefei 230088, China
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1 北京量子信息科学研究院, 北京容错量子计算重点实验室, 北京 100193
2 中国科学院物理研究所, 北京凝聚态物理国家研究中心, 北京 100190
3 中国科学院大学物理科学学院, 北京 100049
4 合肥国家实验室, 合肥 230088
5 松山湖材料实验室, 东莞 523803, bio={"img":"nIvEwmQdGS0smOn2mbo3TA==","content":"
范桁,研究员。固态量子信息与计算实验室主任,北京量子信息科学研究院智能量子计算与模拟团队负责人。国家“万人计划”科技创新领军人才;科技部重点领域创新团队负责人;国家自然科学基金委员会创新研究群体负责人;周培源物理奖获得者;享受国务院政府特殊津贴专家。主要研究方向为量子计算和量子信息处理(聚焦超导量子计算与量子模拟理论与实验研究、量子计算云平台及量超智融合)。电子信箱:hfan@iphy.ac.cn。
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范桁,研究员。固态量子信息与计算实验室主任,北京量子信息科学研究院智能量子计算与模拟团队负责人。国家“万人计划”科技创新领军人才;科技部重点领域创新团队负责人;国家自然科学基金委员会创新研究群体负责人;周培源物理奖获得者;享受国务院政府特殊津贴专家。主要研究方向为量子计算和量子信息处理(聚焦超导量子计算与量子模拟理论与实验研究、量子计算云平台及量超智融合)。电子信箱:hfan@iphy.ac.cn。
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641(8064): 876-883., articleTitle=A manufacturable platform for photonic quantum computing, refAbstract=Although holding great promise for low noise, ease of operation and networking1, useful photonic quantum computing has been precluded by the need for beyond-state-of-the-art components, manufactured by the millions2–6. Here we introduce a manufacturable platform7 for quantum computing with photons. We benchmark a set of monolithically integrated silicon-photonics-based modules to generate, manipulate, network and detect heralded photonic qubits, demonstrating dual-rail photonic qubits with 99.98% ± 0.01% state preparation and measurement fidelity, Hong–Ou–Mandel (HOM) quantum interference between independent photon sources with 99.50% ± 0.25% visibility, two-qubit fusion with 99.22% ± 0.12% fidelity and a chip-to-chip qubit interconnect with 99.72% ± 0.04% fidelity, conditional on photon detection and not accounting for loss. We preview a selection of next-generation technologies: low-loss silicon nitride (SiN) waveguides and components to address loss, as well as fabrication-tolerant photon sources, high-efficiency photon-number-resolving detectors (PNRDs), low-loss chip-to-fibre coupling and barium titanate (BTO) electro-optic phase shifters for high-performance fast switching.), Reference(id=1242115156612808822, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251593900806359, doi=10.1038/s41586-022-04725-x, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=606, issue=7912, pageStart=75, pageEnd=81, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[22], rfOrder=23, authorNames=Madsen L S, Laudenbach F, Askarani M F, journalName=Nature, refType=null, unstructuredReference=
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et al. Quantum computational advantage with a programmable photonic processor[J].
Nature,
2022,
606(7912): 75-81., articleTitle=Quantum computational advantage with a programmable photonic processor, refAbstract=A quantum computer attains computational advantage when outperforming the best classical computers running the best-known algorithms on well-defined tasks. No photonic machine offering programmability over all its quantum gates has demonstrated quantum computational advantage: previous machines1,2 were largely restricted to static gate sequences. Earlier photonic demonstrations were also vulnerable to spoofing3, in which classical heuristics produce samples, without direct simulation, lying closer to the ideal distribution than do samples from the quantum hardware. Here we report quantum computational advantage using Borealis, a photonic processor offering dynamic programmability on all gates implemented. We carry out Gaussian boson sampling4 (GBS) on 216 squeezed modes entangled with three-dimensional connectivity5, using a time-multiplexed and photon-number-resolving architecture. On average, it would take more than 9,000 years for the best available algorithms and supercomputers to produce, using exact methods, a single sample from the programmed distribution, whereas Borealis requires only 36 μs. This runtime advantage is over 50 million times as extreme as that reported from earlier photonic machines. Ours constitutes a very large GBS experiment, registering events with up to 219 photons and a mean photon number of 125. This work is a critical milestone on the path to a practical quantum computer, validating key technological features of photonics as a platform for this goal.), Reference(id=1242115156684111991, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251593900806359, doi=10.1126/science.abe8770, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=370, issue=6523, pageStart=1460, pageEnd=1463, url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abe8770, language=null, rfNumber=[23], rfOrder=24, authorNames=Zhong H S, Wang H, Deng Y H, journalName=Science, refType=null, unstructuredReference=
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et al. Quantum computational advantage using photons[J].
Science,
2020,
370(6523): 1460-1463., articleTitle=Quantum computational advantage using photons, refAbstract=\n Quantum computational advantage or supremacy is a long-anticipated milestone toward practical quantum computers. Recent work claimed to have reached this point, but subsequent work managed to speed up the classical simulation and pointed toward a sample size–dependent loophole. Quantum computational advantage, rather than being a one-shot experimental proof, will be the result of a long-term competition between quantum devices and classical simulation. Zhong\n et al.\n sent 50 indistinguishable single-mode squeezed states into a 100-mode ultralow-loss interferometer and sampled the output using 100 high-efficiency single-photon detectors. By obtaining up to 76-photon coincidence, yielding a state space dimension of about 10\n 30\n, they measured a sampling rate that is about 10\n 14\n -fold faster than using state-of-the-art classical simulation strategies and supercomputers.\n), Reference(id=1242115156742832248, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251593900806359, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=127, issue=18, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[24], rfOrder=25, authorNames=Zhong H S, Deng Y H, Qin J, journalName=Physical Review Letters, refType=null, unstructuredReference=
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Physical Review Letters,
2021,
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Nature,
2023,
616(7958): 691-695., articleTitle=Continuous symmetry breaking in a two-dimensional Rydberg array, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242115157082570877, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251593900806359, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=132, issue=26, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[28], rfOrder=30, authorNames=Bornet G, Emperauger G, Chen C, journalName=Physical Review Letters, refType=null, unstructuredReference=
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Physical Review Letters,
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Nature,
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626(7997): 58-65., articleTitle=Logical quantum processor based on reconfigurable atom arrays, refAbstract=Suppressing errors is the central challenge for useful quantum computing1, requiring quantum error correction (QEC)2–6for large-scale processing. However, the overhead in the realization of error-corrected ‘logical’ qubits, in which information is encoded across many physical qubits for redundancy2–4, poses substantial challenges to large-scale logical quantum computing. Here we report the realization of a programmable quantum processor based on encoded logical qubits operating with up to 280 physical qubits. Using logical-level control and a zoned architecture in reconfigurable neutral-atom arrays7, our system combines high two-qubit gate fidelities8, arbitrary connectivity7,9, as well as fully programmable single-qubit rotations and mid-circuit readout10–15. Operating this logical processor with various types of encoding, we demonstrate improvement of a two-qubit logic gate by scaling surface-code6distance fromd = 3 tod = 7, preparation of colour-code qubits with break-even fidelities5, fault-tolerant creation of logical Greenberger–Horne–Zeilinger (GHZ) states and feedforward entanglement teleportation, as well as operation of 40 colour-code qubits. Finally, using 3D [[8,3,2]] code blocks16,17, we realize computationally complex sampling circuits18with up to 48 logical qubits entangled with hypercube connectivity19with 228 logical two-qubit gates and 48 logical CCZ gates20. We find that this logical encoding substantially improves algorithmic performance with error detection, outperforming physical-qubit fidelities at both cross-entropy benchmarking and quantum simulations of fast scrambling21,22. These results herald the advent of early error-corrected quantum computation and chart a path towards large-scale logical processors.), Reference(id=1242115157225177215, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251593900806359, doi=10.1103/RevModPhys.85.961, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2013, volume=85, issue=3, pageStart=961, pageEnd=1019, url=https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/RevModPhys.85.961, language=null, rfNumber=[30], rfOrder=32, authorNames=Zwanenburg F A, Dzurak A S, Morello A, journalName=Reviews of Modern Physics, refType=null, unstructuredReference=
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85(3): 961-1019., articleTitle=Silicon quantum electronics, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242115157288091776, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251593900806359, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=https://azure.microsoft.com/en-us/blog/quantum/2025/02/19/microsoft-unveils-majorana-1-the-worlds-first-quantum-processor-powered-by-topological-qubits/, language=null, rfNumber=[31], rfOrder=33, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Microsoft unveils Majorana 1, the world’s first quantum processor powered by topological qubits[EB/OL]. (2025-02-19)[2025-06-19]. https://azure.microsoft.com/en-us/blog/quantum/2025/02/19/microsoft-unveils-majorana-1-the-worlds-first-quantum-processor-powered-by-topological-qubits/., articleTitle=Microsoft unveils Majorana 1, the world’s first quantum processor powered by topological qubits, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242115157351006337, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251593900806359, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2012, volume=86, issue=6, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[32], rfOrder=34, authorNames=Ghosh J, Fowler A G, Geller M R, journalName=Physical Review A, refType=null, unstructuredReference=
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QuantumCTek Co., Ltd. Hefei quantum-supercomputing converged computing center Chaohu Mingyue to build quantum computer![EB/OL]. (2024-04-02)[2025-06-22]. https://www.quantum-info.com/News/qy/2024/2024/0724/803.html. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Hefei quantum-supercomputing converged computing center Chaohu Mingyue to build quantum computer!, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1242115151202156582, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251593900806359, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242115151210545191, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251593900806359, companyId=1242115151202156582, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
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Four stages of quantum computing development, figureFileSmall=habhtkHxE9rYG5jDm2OnFg==, figureFileBig=XkNxoxhQMJgubsVSVUv3Ow==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242115153043456086, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251593900806359, language=CN, label=图1, caption=
量子计算发展的4个阶段, figureFileSmall=habhtkHxE9rYG5jDm2OnFg==, figureFileBig=XkNxoxhQMJgubsVSVUv3Ow==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242115153135730775, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251593900806359, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=
Bloch sphere representation of a qubit(Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qubit), figureFileSmall=6wlQ2STr3LU3P1eY3E7UHw==, figureFileBig=w4mNKShv8HbjuuSA3+8LCg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242115153198645336, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251593900806359, language=CN, label=图2, caption=
量子比特的Bloch球面表示(来源:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qubit), figureFileSmall=6wlQ2STr3LU3P1eY3E7UHw==, figureFileBig=w4mNKShv8HbjuuSA3+8LCg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242115153257365593, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251593900806359, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=
Superconducting quantum computing device at Solid State Quantum Information and Quantum Computation Laboratory of the Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, figureFileSmall=xHSV/NqzOiMWvwGk0K5RvQ==, figureFileBig=KS3U4J7ZQjghWKdE59FLlA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242115153324474458, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251593900806359, language=CN, label=图3, caption=
中国科学院物理研究所固态量子信息与计算实验室的超导量子计算装置, figureFileSmall=xHSV/NqzOiMWvwGk0K5RvQ==, figureFileBig=KS3U4J7ZQjghWKdE59FLlA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242115154830229595, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251593900806359, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=
Website of Quafu Quantum Computing Cloud Platform, figureFileSmall=xhnw+aXdej59l0rZf6OFjw==, figureFileBig=s9FgxHCgHw5+6zaWf6YBsA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242115154888949852, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251593900806359, language=CN, label=图4, caption=
Quafu量子计算云平台网页, figureFileSmall=xhnw+aXdej59l0rZf6OFjw==, figureFileBig=s9FgxHCgHw5+6zaWf6YBsA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242115154943475805, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251593900806359, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=
IBM’s quantum-centric supercomputer(Source: IBM’s Big Bet on the Quantum-Centric Supercomputer), figureFileSmall=f1U1cwYRvmhuUX58TE4TfA==, figureFileBig=9Ifr1gLWKL9K/rsACMdS4Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242115155002196062, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251593900806359, language=CN, label=图5, caption=
IBM以量子为中心的超级计算机示意(来源:IBM’s Big Bet on the Quantum-Centric Supercomputer), figureFileSmall=f1U1cwYRvmhuUX58TE4TfA==, figureFileBig=9Ifr1gLWKL9K/rsACMdS4Q==, tableContent=null)], attaches=null, journal=Journal(id=1129340393107079197, delFlag=0, nameCn=前瞻科技, nameEn=Science and Technology Foresight, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, issn=2097-0781, eissn=, cn=10-1786/N, coden=null, periodic=2, language=CN, oaType=null, ccby=null, superviseOffice=null, ownerOffice=null, pubOffice=null, editorOffice=null, officeType=null, aims=null, clcCode=null, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=null, officeZip=null, officeEmail=null, officePhone=null, editDirector=null, officeDirector=null, officeDirectorPhone=null, officeStaffNum=null, officeEmpNum=null, coverPicUrl=ti95jJIJzXaf02YNe1UF2A==, journalPrice=null, startedYear=null, abbrevIsoEn=Sci Technol Fore, journalRemark=null, publicationField=null, createdTime=null, updatedTime=1757931223825, createdBy=null, updatedBy=15831073675, 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