Article(id=1218251593439432913, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, issueId=1218251589295456644, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2025.04.003, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1757865600000, receivedDateStr=2025-09-15, revisedDate=1761840000000, revisedDateStr=2025-10-31, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1768383413896, onlineDateStr=2026-01-14, pubDate=1766160000000, pubDateStr=2025-12-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1767024000000, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1768383413896, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774072891953, updator=sys-migrate, issue=Issue{id=1218251589295456644, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, year='2025', volume='4', issue='4', pageStart='4', pageEnd='128', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=1, createTime=1768383412908, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1776071913602, updator=13041195026, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1250499498691212004, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, issueId=1218251589295456644, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1250499498691212005, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, issueId=1218251589295456644, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=量子科技发展战略专刊, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=34, endPage=45, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1218251593737228501, articleId=1218251593439432913, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, language=EN, title=Research Progress on Neutral-Atom Quantum Computing, columnId=1149656489310208610, journalTitle=Science and Technology Foresight, columnName=Review and Commentary, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

As one of the most promising physical platforms for realizing quantum computation, neutral-atom quantum computing has achieved remarkable progress on both theoretical and technological fronts. This paper focused on the core technologies and reviewed recent advances in theory and experimental techniques. Technological advancements, such as achieving threshold levels in qubit array scalability and quantum gate fidelity, mark a critical transition of neutral-atom quantum computing from fundamental research toward practical applications. In addition, the paper analyzed the current challenges and opportunities and proposed development strategies to further promote the sustained development and practical deployment of neutral-atom quantum computing in China.

, correspAuthors=Xiaoqiang SHAO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
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中性原子量子计算作为当前实现量子计算最有前景的物理平台之一,在理论和技术层面均取得了显著进展。文章聚焦中性原子量子计算核心技术,综述了其近年来理论与实验技术的最新进展。其中,阵列规模化与量子门保真度达到阈值等技术的进步,标志着中性原子量子计算正从基础理论迈向实际应用的关键阶段。分析了中性原子量子计算当前面临的挑战与机遇,并进一步提出发展策略,以推动中性原子量子计算在国内的持续发展和实际落地。

, correspAuthors=邵晓强, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
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邵晓强,教授,博士生导师。中国民主促进会会员。主要从理论和应用的角度研究基于里德堡原子、离子阱及腔量子电动力学等物理系统的量子计算与量子模拟。主持国家自然科学基金4项。2021年和2023年入选斯坦福大学和Elsevier共同发布的全球前2%顶尖科学家榜单。电子信箱:

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邵晓强,教授,博士生导师。中国民主促进会会员。主要从理论和应用的角度研究基于里德堡原子、离子阱及腔量子电动力学等物理系统的量子计算与量子模拟。主持国家自然科学基金4项。2021年和2023年入选斯坦福大学和Elsevier共同发布的全球前2%顶尖科学家榜单。电子信箱:

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邵晓强,教授,博士生导师。中国民主促进会会员。主要从理论和应用的角度研究基于里德堡原子、离子阱及腔量子电动力学等物理系统的量子计算与量子模拟。主持国家自然科学基金4项。2021年和2023年入选斯坦福大学和Elsevier共同发布的全球前2%顶尖科学家榜单。电子信箱:

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Half-minute-scale atomic coherence and high relative stability in a tweezer clock[J]. Nature, 2020, 588(7838): 408-413., articleTitle=Half-minute-scale atomic coherence and high relative stability in a tweezer clock, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242115022697075032, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251593439432913, doi=10.1038/s41586-022-04592-6, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=604, issue=7906, pageStart=451, pageEnd=456, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[2], rfOrder=1, authorNames=Bluvstein D, Levine H, Semeghini G, journalName=Nature, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Bluvstein D, Levine H, Semeghini G, et al. A quantum processor based on coherent transport of entangled atom arrays[J]. Nature, 2022, 604(7906): 451-456., articleTitle=A quantum processor based on coherent transport of entangled atom arrays, refAbstract=The ability to engineer parallel, programmable operations between desired qubits within a quantum processor is key for building scalable quantum information systems1,2. In most state-of-the-art approaches, qubits interact locally, constrained by the connectivity associated with their fixed spatial layout. Here we demonstrate a quantum processor with dynamic, non-local connectivity, in which entangled qubits are coherently transported in a highly parallel manner across two spatial dimensions, between layers of single- and two-qubit operations. Our approach makes use of neutral atom arrays trapped and transported by optical tweezers; hyperfine states are used for robust quantum information storage, and excitation into Rydberg states is used for entanglement generation3–5. We use this architecture to realize programmable generation of entangled graph states, such as cluster states and a seven-qubit Steane code state6,7. Furthermore, we shuttle entangled ancilla arrays to realize a surface code state with thirteen data and six ancillary qubits8and a toric code state on a torus with sixteen data and eight ancillary qubits9. Finally, we use this architecture to realize a hybrid analogue–digital evolution2and use it for measuring entanglement entropy in quantum simulations10–12, experimentally observing non-monotonic entanglement dynamics associated with quantum many-body scars13,14. Realizing a long-standing goal, these results provide a route towards scalable quantum processing and enable applications ranging from simulation to metrology.), Reference(id=1242115022797738329, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251593439432913, doi=10.1364/OPTICA.529577, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=11, issue=10, pageStart=1391, pageEnd=1396, url=https://opg.optica.org/abstract.cfm?URI=optica-11-10-1391, language=null, rfNumber=[3], rfOrder=2, authorNames=Tian Z Z, Chang H B, Lv X, journalName=Optica, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Tian Z Z, Chang H B, Lv X, et al. Extending the coherence time limit of a single-alkali-atom qubit by suppressing phonon-jumping-induced decoherence[J]. 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We proposed a complete\n\t\t\t\t\tdescription of the decoherence of a qubit encoded in two ground\n\t\t\t\t\telectronic states of an optically trapped alkali atom by adopting a\n\t\t\t\t\tfull description of the atomic wavefunction. The motional state,\n\t\t\t\t\ti.e., the phonon state, is taken into account. In addition to\n\t\t\t\t\tdecoherence due to the variance of the differential light shift (DLS),\n\t\t\t\t\ta new, to our knowledge, decoherence mechanism, phonon-jumping-induced\n\t\t\t\t\tdecoherence (PJID), was discovered and verified experimentally. The\n\t\t\t\t\tcoherence time of a single-cesium-atom qubit can be extended to T2≈20s by suppressing both the variances of\n\t\t\t\t\tDLS and PJID by trapping the atom in a blue-detuned bottle beam trap\n\t\t\t\t\t(BBT) and preparing the atom in its three-dimensional motional ground\n\t\t\t\t\tstates. The coherence time is the longest for a qubit encoded in an\n\t\t\t\t\toptically trapped single alkali atom. Our work provides a deep\n\t\t\t\t\tunderstanding of the decoherence mechanism for single atom qubits and\n\t\t\t\t\tthus provides a new way to extend the coherence time limit. The method\n\t\t\t\t\tcan be applied for other atoms and molecules, opening up new prospects\n\t\t\t\t\tfor high-precision control of the quantum states of optically trapped\n\t\t\t\t\tatoms or molecules.), Reference(id=1242115022860652890, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251593439432913, doi=10.1038/s41586-025-09641-4, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2025, volume=647, issue=8088, pageStart=60, pageEnd=67, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[4], rfOrder=3, authorNames=Manetsch H J, Nomura G, Bataille E, journalName=Nature, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Manetsch H J, Nomura G, Bataille E, et al. A tweezer array with 6100 highly coherent atomic qubits[J]. 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EPJ Quantum Technology, 2023, 10: 32, doi: 10.1140/epjqt/s40507-023-00190-1., articleTitle=Neutral atom quantum computing hardware: Performance and end-user perspective, refAbstract=We present an industrial end-user perspective on the current state of quantum computing hardware for one specific technological approach, the neutral atom platform. Our aim is to assist developers in understanding the impact of the specific properties of these devices on the effectiveness of algorithm execution. Based on discussions with different vendors and recent literature, we discuss the performance data of the neutral atom platform. Specifically, we focus on the physical qubit architecture, which affects state preparation, qubit-to-qubit connectivity, gate fidelities, native gate instruction set, and individual qubit stability. These factors determine both the quantum-part execution time and the end-to-end wall clock time relevant for end-users, but also the ability to perform fault-tolerant quantum computation in the future. We end with an overview of which applications have been shown to be well suited for the peculiar properties of neutral atom-based quantum computers.), Reference(id=1242115024890696034, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251593439432913, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=50, issue=13, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[12], rfOrder=11, authorNames=Weber S, Tresp C, Menke H, journalName=Journal of Physics B: Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Weber S, Tresp C, Menke H, et al. Calculation of Rydberg interaction potentials[J]. 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Physical Review Letters, 2000, 85(10): 2208, doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.85.2208., articleTitle=Fast quantum gates for neutral atoms, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242115025037496676, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251593439432913, doi=10.1038/s41586-023-06481-y, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=622, issue=7982, pageStart=268, pageEnd=272, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[14], rfOrder=13, authorNames=Evered S J, Bluvstein D, Kalinowski M, journalName=Nature, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Evered S J, Bluvstein D, Kalinowski M, et al. High-fidelity parallel entangling gates on a neutral-atom quantum computer[J]. Nature, 2023, 622(7982): 268-272., articleTitle=High-fidelity parallel entangling gates on a neutral-atom quantum computer, refAbstract=The ability to perform entangling quantum operations with low error rates in a scalable fashion is a central element of useful quantum information processing1. Neutral-atom arrays have recently emerged as a promising quantum computing platform, featuring coherent control over hundreds of qubits2,3and any-to-any gate connectivity in a flexible, dynamically reconfigurable architecture4. The main outstanding challenge has been to reduce errors in entangling operations mediated through Rydberg interactions5. Here we report the realization of two-qubit entangling gates with 99.5% fidelity on up to 60 atoms in parallel, surpassing the surface-code threshold for error correction6,7. Our method uses fast, single-pulse gates based on optimal control8, atomic dark states to reduce scattering9and improvements to Rydberg excitation and atom cooling. We benchmark fidelity using several methods based on repeated gate applications10,11, characterize the physical error sources and outline future improvements. Finally, we generalize our method to design entangling gates involving a higher number of qubits, which we demonstrate by realizing low-error three-qubit gates12,13. By enabling high-fidelity operation in a scalable, highly connected system, these advances lay the groundwork for large-scale implementation of quantum algorithms14, error-corrected circuits7and digital simulations15.), Reference(id=1242115025112994149, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251593439432913, doi=10.1038/s41586-024-08005-8, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=634, issue=8033, pageStart=321, pageEnd=327, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[15], rfOrder=14, authorNames=Finkelstein R, Tsai R B S, Sun X, journalName=Nature, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Finkelstein R, Tsai R B S, Sun X, et al. Universal quantum operations and ancilla-based read-out for tweezer clocks[J]. Nature, 2024, 634(8033): 321-327., articleTitle=Universal quantum operations and ancilla-based read-out for tweezer clocks, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242115025184297318, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251593439432913, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2025, volume=6, issue=1, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[16], rfOrder=15, authorNames=Tsai R B S, Sun X, Shaw A L, journalName=PRX Quantum, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Tsai R B S, Sun X, Shaw A L, et al. Benchmarking and fidelity response theory of high-fidelity Rydberg entangling gates[J]. 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However, the overhead in the realization of error-corrected ‘logical’ qubits, in which information is encoded across many physical qubits for redundancy2–4, poses substantial challenges to large-scale logical quantum computing. Here we report the realization of a programmable quantum processor based on encoded logical qubits operating with up to 280 physical qubits. Using logical-level control and a zoned architecture in reconfigurable neutral-atom arrays7, our system combines high two-qubit gate fidelities8, arbitrary connectivity7,9, as well as fully programmable single-qubit rotations and mid-circuit readout10–15. Operating this logical processor with various types of encoding, we demonstrate improvement of a two-qubit logic gate by scaling surface-code6distance fromd = 3 tod = 7, preparation of colour-code qubits with break-even fidelities5, fault-tolerant creation of logical Greenberger–Horne–Zeilinger (GHZ) states and feedforward entanglement teleportation, as well as operation of 40 colour-code qubits. Finally, using 3D [[8,3,2]] code blocks16,17, we realize computationally complex sampling circuits18with up to 48 logical qubits entangled with hypercube connectivity19with 228 logical two-qubit gates and 48 logical CCZ gates20. We find that this logical encoding substantially improves algorithmic performance with error detection, outperforming physical-qubit fidelities at both cross-entropy benchmarking and quantum simulations of fast scrambling21,22. These results herald the advent of early error-corrected quantum computation and chart a path towards large-scale logical processors.), Reference(id=1242115025314320744, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251593439432913, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[18], rfOrder=17, authorNames=Wurtz J, Lopes P L S, Gorgulla C, journalName=arXiv preprint:2205.08500, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Wurtz J, Lopes P L S, Gorgulla C, et al. 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We use atom-by-atom assembly to implement a platform for the deterministic preparation of regular one-dimensional arrays of individually controlled cold atoms. In our approach, a measurement and feedback procedure eliminates the entropy associated with probabilistic trap occupation and results in defect-free arrays of more than 50 atoms in less than 400 milliseconds. The technique is based on fast, real-time control of 100 optical tweezers, which we use to arrange atoms in desired geometric patterns and to maintain these configurations by replacing lost atoms with surplus atoms from a reservoir. This bottom-up approach may enable controlled engineering of scalable many-body systems for quantum information processing, quantum simulations, and precision measurements.Copyright © 2016, American Association for the Advancement of Science.), Reference(id=1242115025758916973, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251593439432913, doi=null, pmid=27811285, pmcid=null, year=2016, volume=354, issue=6315, pageStart=1021, pageEnd=1023, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[23], rfOrder=22, authorNames=Barredo D, de Léséleuc S, Lienhard V, journalName=Science, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Barredo D, de Léséleuc S, Lienhard V, et al. An atom-by-atom assembler of defect-free arbitrary two-dimensional atomic arrays[J]. Science, 2016, 354(6315): 1021-1023., articleTitle=An atom-by-atom assembler of defect-free arbitrary two-dimensional atomic arrays, refAbstract=Large arrays of individually controlled atoms trapped in optical tweezers are a very promising platform for quantum engineering applications. However, deterministic loading of the traps is experimentally challenging. We demonstrate the preparation of fully loaded two-dimensional arrays of up to ~50 microtraps, each containing a single atom and arranged in arbitrary geometries. Starting from initially larger, half-filled matrices of randomly loaded traps, we obtain user-defined target arrays at unit filling. This is achieved with a real-time control system and a moving optical tweezers, which together enable a sequence of rapid atom moves depending on the initial distribution of the atoms in the arrays. These results open exciting prospects for quantum engineering with neutral atoms in tunable two-dimensional geometries.Copyright © 2016, American Association for the Advancement of Science.), Reference(id=1242115025859580270, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251593439432913, doi=10.1038/s41586-018-0450-2, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=561, issue=7721, pageStart=79, pageEnd=82, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[24], rfOrder=23, authorNames=Barredo D, Lienhard V, de Leseleuc S, journalName=Nature, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Barredo D, Lienhard V, de Leseleuc S, et al. Synthetic three-dimensional atomic structures assembled atom by atom[J]. 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Pulses are optimized using a combination of numerical and semi-analytical quantum optimal control techniques that result in smooth Ansätze with just a few variational parameters. For the CZ gate, the time-optimal implementation corresponds to a global laser pulse that does not require single site addressability of the atoms, simplifying experimental implementation of the gate. We employ quantum optimal control techniques to mitigate errors arising due to the finite lifetime of Rydberg states and finite blockade strengths, while several other types of errors affecting the gates are directly mitigated by the short gate duration. For the considered error sources, we achieve theoretical gate fidelities compatible with error correction using reasonable experimental parameters for CZ and C2Z gates.), Reference(id=1242115029013696902, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251593439432913, doi=10.1038/s41586-023-06438-1, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=622, issue=7982, pageStart=279, pageEnd=284, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[47], rfOrder=46, authorNames=Ma S, Liu G Y, Peng P, journalName=Nature, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Ma S, Liu G Y, Peng P, et al. High-fidelity gates and mid-circuit erasure conversion in an atomic qubit[J]. 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PRX Quantum, 2023, 4(2): 020336, doi:10.1103/PRXQuantum.4.020336., articleTitle=Optimizing Rydberg gates for logical-qubit performance, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1242115022382502229, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251593439432913, awardId=12174048, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金面上项目(12174048), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1242115019807199536, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251593439432913, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242115019815588145, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251593439432913, companyId=1242115019807199536, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 Center for Quantum Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242115019823976754, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251593439432913, companyId=1242115019807199536, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 东北师范大学量子科学中心, 长春 130024)]), AuthorCompany(id=1242115019907862835, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251593439432913, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242115019916251444, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251593439432913, companyId=1242115019907862835, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 Institute of Quantum Science and Technology, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242115019920445749, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251593439432913, companyId=1242115019907862835, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 延边大学量子科学与技术研究院所, 延吉 133002)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1242115021677859149, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251593439432913, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Rydberg quantum gate scheme with π-2π-π[5], figureFileSmall=azVUHkD6kGBX9rtIyVIISA==, figureFileBig=w3nMH2lE2Dfp3wGL0YL8vg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242115021736579406, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251593439432913, language=CN, label=图1, caption=π-2π-π的里德堡量子门方案[5]

注:Δφt为目标原子的相位变化;ω10为|0〉态和|1〉态间的能级频率差。

, figureFileSmall=azVUHkD6kGBX9rtIyVIISA==, figureFileBig=w3nMH2lE2Dfp3wGL0YL8vg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242115021828854095, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251593439432913, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Driving and evolution of $\left|01\right.〉$ and $\left|11\right.〉\mathrm{ }$states[29], figureFileSmall=fKcoi3PfYoEosRt+fX03cg==, figureFileBig=Z+N5G7guhJwTv4VPqezErA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242115021895962960, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251593439432913, language=CN, label=图2, caption=$\left|01\right.〉$和$\left|11\right.〉$态驱动和演化情况[29], figureFileSmall=fKcoi3PfYoEosRt+fX03cg==, figureFileBig=Z+N5G7guhJwTv4VPqezErA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242115021975654737, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251593439432913, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Implementation and fidelity analysis of temporal-pulse-modulated 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郭富强 1 , 邵晓强 1, 2,
前瞻科技 | 综述与述评 2025,4(4): 34-45
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前瞻科技 | 综述与述评 2025, 4(4): 34-45
中性原子量子计算研究进展
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郭富强1, 邵晓强1, 2,
作者信息
  • 1 东北师范大学量子科学中心, 长春 130024
  • 2 延边大学量子科学与技术研究院所, 延吉 133002
  • 邵晓强,教授,博士生导师。中国民主促进会会员。主要从理论和应用的角度研究基于里德堡原子、离子阱及腔量子电动力学等物理系统的量子计算与量子模拟。主持国家自然科学基金4项。2021年和2023年入选斯坦福大学和Elsevier共同发布的全球前2%顶尖科学家榜单。电子信箱:

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Research Progress on Neutral-Atom Quantum Computing
Fuqiang GUO1, Xiaoqiang SHAO1, 2,
Affiliations
  • 1 Center for Quantum Sciences, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China
  • 2 Institute of Quantum Science and Technology, Yanbian University, Yanji 133002, China
出版时间: 2025-12-20 doi: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2025.04.003
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中性原子量子计算作为当前实现量子计算最有前景的物理平台之一,在理论和技术层面均取得了显著进展。文章聚焦中性原子量子计算核心技术,综述了其近年来理论与实验技术的最新进展。其中,阵列规模化与量子门保真度达到阈值等技术的进步,标志着中性原子量子计算正从基础理论迈向实际应用的关键阶段。分析了中性原子量子计算当前面临的挑战与机遇,并进一步提出发展策略,以推动中性原子量子计算在国内的持续发展和实际落地。

中性原子量子计算  /  阵列规模化  /  量子门保真度  /  里德堡原子  /  里德堡阻塞  /  受控量子门

As one of the most promising physical platforms for realizing quantum computation, neutral-atom quantum computing has achieved remarkable progress on both theoretical and technological fronts. This paper focused on the core technologies and reviewed recent advances in theory and experimental techniques. Technological advancements, such as achieving threshold levels in qubit array scalability and quantum gate fidelity, mark a critical transition of neutral-atom quantum computing from fundamental research toward practical applications. In addition, the paper analyzed the current challenges and opportunities and proposed development strategies to further promote the sustained development and practical deployment of neutral-atom quantum computing in China.

neutral-atom quantum computing  /  array scalability  /  quantum gate fidelity  /  rydberg atom  /  rydberg blockade  /  controlled quantum gate
郭富强, 邵晓强. 中性原子量子计算研究进展. 前瞻科技, 2025 , 4 (4) : 34 -45 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2025.04.003
Fuqiang GUO, Xiaoqiang SHAO. Research Progress on Neutral-Atom Quantum Computing[J]. Science and Technology Foresight, 2025 , 4 (4) : 34 -45 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2025.04.003
中性原子被认为是实现大规模、可扩展量子计算最有前景的平台之一,凭借其诸多天然优势而备受关注。中性原子通常被视为高度孤立的量子系统,具有极高的相干性和较长的寿命。其基态相干时间可达s量级[1-4],里德堡态寿命通常在百μs量级[5-6],这为量子信息的长时间存储和高保真量子门操作奠定了坚实基础。利用光镊阵列或光晶格技术,中性原子可以在二维乃至三维空间中实现灵活且精确地排列与操控[7]。近期的实验方案[8]已经展示了多达6 100量子比特的原子阵列,标志着该平台在可扩展性方面取得了重要进展。相比之下,离子阱系统通常受串行电荷耦合或晶格结构的限制[9],而超导体系则面临低温布线与微波控制的复杂性随规模扩大而迅速增加的挑战[10]。中性原子的控制主要依赖光学手段[11],使其在大规模并行操控方面具备独特优势。此外,该平台仅需激光冷却,大大降低了实验成本。更重要的是,中性原子天然具有完全相同的内部结构,避免了超导或半导体量子点等固态体系中量子比特不一致的问题。
当中性原子被激发至里德堡态后,其巨大的电偶极矩不仅使得外场对原子内态与运动态的精确调控成为可能[5,12],还赋予原子间强烈的长程相互作用,从而为实现量子逻辑门提供了天然优势。高保真量子逻辑门是大规模量子计算的基石,自Jaksch等[13]于2000年在中性原子体系中首次提出里德堡阻塞效应以来,该领域已取得显著进展。目前,两比特量子门的实验保真度已由Lukin团队提升至99.5%[14],Endres团队进一步将其提高至99.71%[15-16],已接近甚至达到容错量子计算所要求的阈值[17]
中性原子量子计算的应用前景十分广阔,其发展有望加速复杂量子模拟、优化问题求解及大规模数据处理等任务的推进,解决经典计算机难以高效处理的NP-hard问题。在制药与医疗领域,量子模拟可用于精确建模分子相互作用,加速药物研发与个性化治疗,并提升医学成像精度、降低误诊率;在金融领域,量子算法能够优化投资组合、改进风险评估,并在处理海量数据时提升决策效率;在密码学方面,量子计算可能威胁现有加密体系,同时也推动了量子安全加密技术的发展;在物流与交通中,量子优化算法可高效求解独立集或最优路径问题,从而实现供应链调度优化、降低成本并提升系统响应速度;在通信领域,量子算法有助于网络资源分配与信道管理优化,提升带宽利用率与数据传输效率。除此之外,中性原子量子计算在材料科学、能源开发、制造业及人工智能、机器学习等方向也展现出巨大的潜在应用价值[11,18]
自1985年朱棣文在贝尔实验室首次实现光学“黏团”以来,基于多普勒冷却(1985年)和西西弗斯冷却(1989年)等技术的原子冷却方案得到了迅速发展,为中性原子量子计算的实现奠定了坚实基础。20世纪八九十年代,激光冷却与原子囚禁技术趋于成熟,实现了对单个原子的精确操控[19],从而开启了中性原子作为量子比特的研究方向。随后提出的碰撞阻断(Collisional Blockade)机制使得单原子以约50%的概率被成功装载进单个光阱[20],为构建可扩展的原子阵列提供了实验可行性。大规模里德堡原子阵列的实现则得益于自下而上(Bottom-up)的重排方案,该方法通过移动光镊重新排列不完全填充的原子阵列。
2016年,Ahn团队利用空间光调制器在二维阵列中实现了9个原子的重排[21];Lukin团队利用声光偏转器(AOD)控制的一维光镊阵列重新排列50个原子[22];Browaeys团队则在多达50个光阱组成的二维阵列中实现了原子的装载与操控[23]。2018年,Browaeys团队进一步实现了多达72个原子的任意三维构型[24]。近年来,原子阵列规模持续突破:2025年,潘建伟团队报道了利用人工智能算法实现的2 024个无缺陷中性原子阵列的并行组装[25];Lukin团队实现了包含3 000个量子比特的连续操作[8];而Endres团队展示了6 100个原子的相干操控,且系统相干时间长达12.6 s[4]。这些进展为大规模量子计算与量子模拟提供了关键的实验基础。
在量子逻辑门的实现方面,2000年Jaksch等[13]提出了基于里德堡阻塞效应的两原子π-2π-π逻辑门方案。2009年,Saffman团队首次进行了实验验证[26];与此同时,Browaeys团队利用光镊独立囚禁的两个铷原子实现了基于里德堡阻塞的纠缠[27],清晰地验证了理论方案的可行性。然而,该方案中目标原子需长时间停留在里德堡态,导致较大退相干误差,最高实验保真度仅为89%[28]。2019年,Lukin团队提出了多比特门的并行实现,使两比特门保真度提升至97.4%[29]。近年来,该领域获得持续突破:2023年,Lukin团队基于最优控制理论实现了99.5%的两比特门保真度[14],达到量子误差纠正所需阈值;Endres团队随后将保真度进一步提升至99.71%[16]。高保真两比特门的实现为含噪声中尺度量子(Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum, NISQ)计算奠定了坚实基础。
目前,全球多家公司和科研机构正积极布局中性原子量子计算平台。法国Pasqal公司已构建基于光镊阵列和里德堡相互作用的百量子比特处理器。美国QuEra公司推出的Aquila设备在量子模拟模式下实现了对多达256量子比特的操控[30];ColdQuanta公司除提供基于玻色-爱因斯坦凝聚体的量子模拟器外,也在开发基于门操作的量子计算机。其他企业,如美国Atom Computing公司与德国Planqc公司,也在加紧研发原型机。国内中性原子量子计算的研究亦取得了显著进展。中科酷原科技(武汉)有限公司发布首台中性原子量子计算机“汉原1号”;相干(北京)科技有限公司与QUANTier公司(香港)等也在快速追赶国际前沿。与此同时,以潘建伟为代表的学者及科研团队利用人工智能技术,在60 ms内成功构建了2 024个原子的无缺陷二维和三维阵列[25],达到国际领先水平。
里德堡原子的初始化是实现量子计算的关键步骤之一。通常可以通过耗散光学泵浦将原子制备到预定的量子态。例如,文献[29]中利用光学泵浦将中性原子初始化到磁不敏感态,其纯度超过95%。此外,相干布居转移脉冲也常被用于将原子从一个基态高效转移至另一个基态或电子激发态。经过初始化后的量子态通常具有较高的稳定性和相干性,为后续的量子操作提供了理想的起点。
里德堡量子比特的读出一般依赖于基态原子的高灵敏单原子荧光成像。里德堡激发的原子可通过两种方式检测:一是将其转移到可成像的基态,二是在成像前将其从光阱中移除,使其在荧光图像中呈现为“缺失”信号。这类检测方式通常是破坏性的,里德堡态的探测效率在约10 ms的时间窗口内可达95%[31-33]。此外,研究者还提出并验证了多种高保真、无损读出方案,包括基于自由空间态选择荧光[34]、腔增强成像[35-36]及状态依赖势阱的检测方法[37]。例如,文献[36]报道的腔增强读出方案在200 ns内即可实现(99.1±0.2)%的探测效率,展示了该方向的巨大潜力。
在中性原子量子计算中,选作量子比特的两个基态之间的跃迁频率通常位于微波范围,因此单量子比特操作可通过微波或射频场实现,其门操作误差率甚至可低至10-5[38]。然而,在大规模原子阵列中,由于原子间距通常较小,微波波长过长而无法聚焦到单个原子上。为实现精确操控,实验中常采用基于光学拉曼跃迁的单比特操作方案,通过低能级激发态实现量子比特间的有效耦合。拉曼光束可选择性地聚焦于一个或多个量子比特上,或以全局拉曼光束形式作用于整行原子。结合寻址光束的局域调控,可通过改变量子比特的共振频率实现空间选择性的旋转,从而在保持大规模并行控制的同时实现高精度局部操作。
两量子比特门是实现通用量子计算的关键构件之一。在量子线路模型中,任意多比特的量子计算都可以分解为单比特门和受控的两比特门操作,因此两比特门的高保真度实现对于量子算法的正确执行至关重要。与单比特门相比,两比特门通常涉及相干操控两个量子比特之间的相互作用,其技术难度更大,也是限制整体计算精度和规模化的主要瓶颈之一。因此,如何在不同物理体系中设计并实现高效、高保真的两量子比特门,一直是量子信息实验研究的核心问题。简要介绍里德堡原子体系中具有代表性的两比特逻辑门方案。
1)π-2π-π方案
π-2π-π量子门方案利用强相互作用机制结合序列化的激光脉冲精确控制原子内态演化,从而在原子间引入受控相位。如图1所示,操作流程包括3步:第1步,对控制原子施加面积为π的共振激光脉冲,将其从基态$\mathrm{ }\left|1\right.〉$激发至里德堡态$\left|r\right.〉$;第2步,对目标原子施加面积为2π的共振激光脉冲,使其完成一次拉比振荡;第3步,再次对控制原子施加面积为π的脉冲,将其退激发回基态$\left|1\right.〉$。不同初始态在上述操作中演化方式不同,对于$\left|00\right.〉$:两原子均未受驱动,状态保持不变;对于$\left|01\right.〉$ (或$\left|10\right.〉$):目标原子(或控制原子)完成一次循环演化并获得一个π相位;对于$\left|11\right.〉$:控制原子首先被激发至$\left|r\right.〉$,强相互作用抑制了目标原子的激发,因此最终仅控制原子获得π相位。该序列等效于受控Z(CZ)门${U}_{\mathrm{C}\mathrm{Z}}=2\left|00\right.〉\left.〈00\right|-\mathit{I}$,其中I为单位矩阵。该方案具有较短的门时间$T=4\mathrm{\pi }/\Omega $($\Omega $为拉比频率)以及理论上的高保真度。理想情况下,双激发里德堡态$\left|rr\right.〉$在整个门操作过程中几乎不被占据,从而降低了门操作对原子位置不确定的敏感性,并减少了与原子运动自由度的耦合。该方案的主要误差来源包括里德堡态寿命有限导致的误差累积,特别是控制原子需要在里德堡态停留一段固定时间,由于里德堡态自发辐射、黑体辐射诱导跃迁或电离而衰变,使得原子丢失或者退相干。同时有限的阻塞强度导致系统仍然存在阻塞的泄露误差,其大小近似为$\epsilon ={\Omega }^{2}/{V}^{2}$[39],其中,V为里德堡相互作用强度。该方案自提出以来,已在多个实验中得到验证[26,28,40-42]。随着实验技术的进步,逻辑门提供的纠缠保真度由最初的58%[26]提升至89%[28]。然而,实现含噪声的中尺度量子计算,仍需在理论和实验层面探索更优策略,以抑制噪声对量子门性能的影响。
2)并行实现高保真的多量子比特门方案
Lukin团队提出的一种并行两量子比特门方案的实验保真度首次超过97.4%[29],为基于里德堡原子的量子门方案提供了新的思路。该方案采用全局激光非共振驱动两个铷原子的基态$\left|1\right.〉$与里德堡态$\left|r\right.〉$的跃迁。在阻塞条件下,系统内态的演化呈现出3种不同的方式:$\left|00\right.〉$不与光场耦合,在整个脉冲作用过程中保持不变;$\left|01\right.〉\mathrm{ }$和$\mathrm{ }\left|10\right.〉$被失谐($\Delta $)驱动到$\left|0r\right.〉$和$\left|r0\right.〉$,有效拉比频率为$\Omega $,表现为单原子动力学;$\left|11\right.〉$被失谐驱动至集体激发态$\left|W\right.〉=\frac{\left|1r\right.〉+\left|r1\right.〉}{\sqrt[]{2}}$,有效拉比频率为$\sqrt[]{2}\Omega $,表现为双原子动力学。该方案通过双脉冲序列并在中间引入相位跳变实现量子门操作。每个脉冲的持续时间$\tau $被选择为使$\left|11\right.〉$态完成一次完整的失谐拉比振荡,其中,$\tau =\frac{2\mathrm{\pi }}{\sqrt[]{{\Delta }^{2}+2{\Omega }^{2}}}$。同时,通过精确选择第2个脉冲的激光相位$\xi $,可确保$\left|01\right.〉$和$\left|10\right.〉$在操作结束时返回初态并累积特定相位。如图2所示,布洛赫球轨迹揭示了演化特征:$\left|11\right.〉$态经历了完整的失谐拉比振荡循环(对应轨迹中的两圈),而$\left|01\right.〉$态在中间时刻因相移$\xi $产生轨迹突变,但最终回到自身。通过调节$\Delta /\Omega $,可满足CZ门要求的$\left|11\right.〉$态和$\left|01\right.〉$态间的相位条件${\varphi }_{11}=2{\varphi }_{01}-\mathrm{\pi }$(图中★),从而实现CZ门。实验实现了CZ和受控NOT(CNOT)门,保真度分别达到(97.4±0.3)%和(96.5±0.3)%。该方案具有以下优势。① 并行操作能力:在5对原子上同时实现CZ门,展示了构建大规模量子系统的潜力;② 操作简洁:量子门仅依赖于全局激光脉冲,无需复杂的局部寻址,降低实验复杂性;③ 速度提升:相比传统的顺序局部脉冲方案,操作时间显著缩短。
3)并行实现高保真的多量子比特门方案
Saffman等[43]于2020年提出了一套基于绝热脉冲的对称中性原子CZ门方案,旨在进一步实现高保真度量子操作。该方案的独特之处在于,通过对称驱动两个原子,避免了传统里德堡门协议中原子在中间步骤长时间停留在易受损耗的里德堡态[13],从而有效降低原子损失。该方法可结合绝热快速通道(Adiabatic Rapid Passage, ARP)或受激拉曼绝热通道(Stimulated Raman Adiabatic Passage, STIRAP)两种机制实现,其核心思想是在演化结束后,使量子比特态完成闭合循环,并积累所需的相位。这一方案为在强阻塞机制下实现$\left|01\right.〉$态和$\left|11\right.〉$态循环演化并满足${\varphi }_{11}=2{\varphi }_{01}-\mathrm{\pi }$条件,提供了一种可行途径。结合绝热快速通道的方案采用一束全局激光非共振地驱动基态$\left|1\right.〉$到里德堡态$\left|r\right.〉$,脉冲形式为双绝热快速通道脉冲。失谐$\Delta \left(t\right)$亦随时间变化,且要求在第2个脉冲开始时突然反转。在此驱动下,无论$\left|01\right.〉$($\left|10\right.〉)$态,还是$\left|11\right.〉$态,都执行了一个$2\mathrm{\pi }$翻转。原子布居数在基态和里德堡态之间高效转移并最终返回,且未在里德堡态中长时间停留。在强阻塞条件下,该方案具有较高保真度,并对激光强度与失谐的波动表现出高度鲁棒性,其灵敏度较恒幅脉冲方案[13]低约一个数量级。另一种方案结合双光子过程与双受激拉曼绝热通道。在强耦合条件下,两脉冲满足反直觉时序(STIRAP序列)。结果上,$\left|10\right.〉\mathrm{ }(|01〉$)演化沿着单原子暗态路径,积累的动力学相位为零,即${\varphi }_{01}={\varphi }_{10}=0$。而|11〉沿着路径$\left|11\right.〉\to (\left|r1\right.〉+\left|1r\right.〉)/\sqrt[]{2}\to {\mathrm{e}}^{\mathrm{i}{\varphi }_{11}}\left|11\right.〉$演化,最终积累相位${\varphi }_{11}=\mathrm{\pi }$。为进一步提升保真度,方案提出采用复合脉冲,或者使用数值优化的策略。该方案通过对称驱动基态与里德堡态之间的跃迁,避免原子长时间停留于里德堡态,从而降低退相干风险,在理论上实现了高保真度(接近99.9%)。这些改进为未来实现超高保真度中性原子量子门提供了关键指导。
4)里德堡原子的单时间脉冲调制参数化受控相位门
除了直接利用STIRAP脉冲并结合失谐调控实现$\left|01\right.〉\mathrm{ }(\left|10\right.〉)$与$\left|11\right.〉$的同步循环演化,笔者团队提出了另一种基于绝热协议的对称型中性原子CZ门方案,实现可调控相位的操作$\mathrm{C}{\mathrm{Z}}_{\theta }=\mathrm{d}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{g}\left[1,\mathrm{ }1,\mathrm{ }1,\mathrm{ }\mathrm{ }{\mathrm{e}}^{-\mathrm{i}\theta }\right]$[44]。不同于传统STIRAP协议通过脉冲序列直接累积固定相位,该方案采用单一时间脉冲调制,通过绝热驱动三能级系统精确控制量子态演化,从而实现任意可调的相位$\theta $。如图3(a)图3(b)所示,考虑每个原子具有基态$\left|0\right.〉$和$\left|1\right.〉$、中间态|p〉(假定衰减率γp)及里德堡态$\left|r\right.〉$(假定衰减率γr),并通过双光子共振耦合$\left|1\right.〉$与$\left|r\right.〉$。其中,一束蓝失谐光以拉比频率${\Omega }_{1}\left(t\right)$耦合$\left|1\right.〉$和|p〉态;另一束红失谐光以恒定拉比频率为${\Omega }_{2}$耦合|p〉和$\left|r\right.〉$态(假定两拉比频率的退相率为γdp),两束光具有相同的失谐量Δ。系统的有效哈密顿量可以被考虑在单原子情况($\left|01\right.〉$或$\left|10\right.〉$)和两原子情况($\left|11\right.〉$)。单原子情况的有效哈密顿量可以表示为${H}_{\mathrm{e}\mathrm{f}\mathrm{f}}^{\left(01\right)}=\frac{{\Omega }_{1}\left(t\right)}{2}|0p\mathrm{〉}\left.〈01\right|+\frac{{\Omega }_{2}}{2}\left|0r\right.〉\left.〈0p\right|+\mathrm{H}.\mathrm{c}.-\Delta |0p\mathrm{〉}\mathrm{ }\mathrm{〈}0p|$(H.c.为厄密共轭),它存在一个瞬时的本征暗态$|\varphi (t)\mathrm{〉}\mathrm{ }=\mathrm{c}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{s}\nu \left|01\right.〉-\mathrm{s}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}\nu \left|0r\right.〉$,混合角$v=\mathrm{a}\mathrm{r}\mathrm{c}\mathrm{t}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{n}(-\frac{{\Omega }_{1}(t)}{{\Omega }_{2}})$通过合理设计${\Omega }_{1}(t)$的脉冲形状,可以使量子态沿着这个暗态绝热演化,避免中间态布居。而在强阻塞机制下,两原子情况的有效哈密顿量表示为${H}_{\mathrm{e}\mathrm{f}\mathrm{f}}^{\left(11\right)}=\frac{\sqrt[]{2}{\Omega }_{1}(t)}{2}\left|11\right.〉\left.〈A\right|+\frac{{\Omega }_{2}}{2}\left|A\right.〉\left.〈B\right|+\mathrm{H}.\mathrm{c}.-\Delta \left|A\mathrm{〉}\mathrm{〈}A\right|+\frac{{\Omega }_{1}{\left(t\right)}^{2}}{4\Delta }\left|B\right.〉\left.〈B\right|$,其中集体激发态$\left|A\right.〉=\frac{|1p\mathrm{〉}\mathrm{ }+|p1\mathrm{〉}}{\sqrt[]{2}}$,$\left|B\right.〉=\frac{\left|1r\right.〉+\left|r1\right.〉}{\sqrt[]{2}}$。尽管这个系统不存在固定的暗态,但在$t\to 0$时,${E}_{0}^{11}(0)\to 0$以及$\left|{E}_{0}^{11}(0)\right.〉\approx \mathrm{c}\mathrm{o}\mathrm{s}\Theta \left|11\right.〉-\mathrm{s}\mathrm{i}\mathrm{n}\Theta \left|B\right.〉$,其中,Θ为一个与拉比频率和失谐相关的参数。因此,单原子和两原子情况都可以考虑通过绝热演化调控基态$\left|01\right.〉\mathrm{ }(\mathrm{或}\mathrm{ }\left|10\right.〉\mathrm{ })$和$\left|11\right.〉$的循环演化。为了确保量子态沿本征态路径演化,需满足绝热条件,即量子态变化速率远小于本征能级间距
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}\left|\frac{〈{E}_{0}^{01}\left(t\right)\left|{\dot{E}}_{\pm }^{01}\right(t)〉}{{E}_{\pm }^{01}\left(t\right)-{E}_{0}^{01}\left(t\right)}\right|<<1\\ \left|\frac{〈{E}_{0}^{11}\left(t\right)\left|{\dot{E}}_{\pm }^{11}\right(t)〉}{{E}_{\pm }^{11}\left(t\right)-{E}_{0}^{11}\left(t\right)}\right|<<1\end{array}\right.$
$\left|01\right.〉\mathrm{ }(\left|10\right.〉)$在绝热循环演化后不会积累动力学相位,而$\left|11\right.〉$则积累一个动力学相位$-{\int }_{0}^{{T}_{g}}{E}_{0}^{11}\left({t}^{\mathrm{\text{'}}}\right)\mathrm{d}{t}^{\text{'}}$(Tg为该方案操作的时间)。若取高斯脉冲${\Omega }_{1}\left(t\right)={\Omega }_{0}\mathrm{e}\mathrm{x}\mathrm{p}\left[\frac{-{\left(t-2T\right)}^{2}}{{T}^{2}}\right]$,且Tg=4T(2T为高斯脉冲函数的中心时间),则需满足${\int }_{0}^{4T}{E}_{0}^{11}\left({t}^{\mathrm{\text{'}}}\right)\mathrm{d}{t}^{\mathrm{\text{'}}}=\theta $以实现$\mathrm{C}{\mathrm{Z}}_{\theta }$门。对多种实验不完美因素进行了全面分析,包括多普勒频移、里德堡相互作用涨落、拉比频率不均匀性、外部场噪声及探测误差。结果显示,该方案在误差校正后仍能保持约Cz≈98.4%的高保真度(即使额外考虑最大探测误差,保真度也超过95.4%),如图3(c)所示。其对脉冲幅度波动具有极强鲁棒性,同时具备灵活可调的纠缠相位,极适合于中尺度含噪声量子计算的应用。
5)里德堡介导的单调制脉冲受控相位门
许鹏团队在2022年实验实现了一种基于长相干拉比振荡而非传统短相干拉姆齐振荡的新方法,即单调制脉冲非共振调制驱动(Single-modulated-pulse Off-Resonant Modulated Driving, SORMD)方案,成功构建了高保真度的CZ门[45]。该方案通过设计特殊的多项式调制脉冲,实现了单原子和双原子态的协同循环演化,最终在实验中实现了98%的门保真度。实验采用双光子激发,将基态$\left|1\right.〉$激发到里德堡态 $\left|r\right.〉$,有效拉比频率${\Omega }_{r}\left(t\right)$。核心思想是在保持高相干性的同时,利用一段精心设计的单脉冲波形实现CZ门所需的相位条件:${\varphi }_{00}-{\varphi }_{01}-{\varphi }_{10}+{\varphi }_{11}=\pm \mathrm{\pi }$。该脉冲的有效拉比频率表示为伯恩斯坦基多项式的线性组合$\frac{{\Omega }_{r}(t)}{2\mathrm{\pi }}=\sum _{\nu }^{4}{\beta }_{\nu }\left[{b}_{\nu,n}\left(\frac{t}{{T}_{\mathrm{g}}}\right)+{b}_{n-\nu,n}\left(\frac{t}{{T}_{\mathrm{g}}}\right)\right]$,其中,bν,n为阶数为n的第ν个伯恩斯坦基多项式,βv为需要优化的参数。这种表示方式的优势包括波形平滑性、与数值优化的良好兼容性,以及避免长尾效应。相比传统方案,SORMD通过单一调制脉冲完成整个门操作,采用长相干拉比振荡,有效避免原子长时间驻留在里德堡态,抑制因拉姆齐退相干导致的损耗。理论与实验均验证了其对多种实验不完善因素的强鲁棒性,包括多普勒频移、里德堡相互作用强度涨落、拉比频率不均匀性、外场噪声及探测误差。该工作为实现更高保真度、更鲁棒的中性原子量子逻辑门提供了重要的实验基础和创新设计思路。
6)时间最优的两比特和三比特里德堡量子门
相较于前述4个全局驱动方案,Jandura和Pupillo[46]于2022年提出了一种更具实用价值的数值优化策略,显著提升了里德堡量子门的保真度,使其性能达到容错量子计算的阈值要求。该方法同样基于全局对称驱动的思路,但进一步简化了实验实现。其利用一束全局激光照射原子(图4(a)),共振驱动每个原子均从基态|1〉 至里德堡态|r〉。在强相互作用机制下,通过保持最大且恒定的拉比频率,结合梯度上升脉冲设计(Gradient Ascent Pulse Engineering, GRAPE)与庞特里亚金最大值原理(Pontryagin’s Maximum Principle, PMP),该方案同时优化了激光相位、保真度和门操作时间。在理想的无限阻塞强度下,两原子系统可由一个简洁的四能级哈密顿量描述${H}_{01}+{H}_{11}=\frac{\Omega \left(t\right)}{2}\left|01\right.〉\left.〈0r\right|+\frac{\sqrt[]{2}\Omega \left(t\right)}{2}\left|11\right.〉\left.〈W\right|+\mathrm{H}.\mathrm{c}.$。其中,基矢集合为$\left\{\left|01\right.〉,\left|0r\right.〉,\left|11\right.〉,\left|W\right.〉\right\}$。在约束$\left|\Omega \left(t\right)\right|={\Omega }_{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}$的前提下,GRAPE算法将优化目标设定为最小化门误差。图4(b)显示了GRAPE算法优化的结果,最佳折中点出现在$T{\Omega }_{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}=7.6\mathrm{ }(T$为脉冲作用时间),对应门误差减少到了10-10量级。图4(c)展示了优化后的相位波形及对应的布居演化。同样的原理可扩展至三量子比特受控受控Z(CCZ)门,其哈密顿量在理想情况下为:${H}_{001}+{H}_{011}+{H}_{111}=\frac{\Omega \left(t\right)}{2}\left|001\right.〉\left.〈00r\right|+\frac{\sqrt[]{2}\Omega \left(t\right)}{2}\left|011\right.〉\left.〈0W\right|+\frac{\sqrt[]{3}\Omega \left(t\right)}{2}\left|111\right.〉\mathrm{〈}{W}_{1}|+\mathrm{H}.\mathrm{c}.$,相应基矢为$\left\{\left|001\right.〉,\left|00r\right.〉,\left|011\right.〉,\left|0W\right.〉,\left|111\right.〉,|{W}_{1}\mathrm{〉}\right\}$。其中,$\left|0W\right.〉=\left|0\right.〉\otimes \left|W\right.〉,\left|{W}_{1}\right.〉=\frac{\left|11r\right.〉+\left|1r1\right.〉+\left|r11\right.〉}{\sqrt{3}}$。实现三量子比特CCZ门要求相位条件${\varphi }_{111}-{\varphi }_{001}-{\varphi }_{010}-{\varphi }_{100}=\mathrm{\pi }$,${\varphi }_{011}={\varphi }_{001}+{\varphi }_{010}$。图4(d)展示了门误差作为脉冲区间$T{\Omega }_{\mathrm{m}\mathrm{a}\mathrm{x}}$的函数,最低的门误差形成了一条由较大的点组成的平滑曲线,对应于算法更频繁的收敛。此外,曲线呈现出明显的平台特征。对虚线处的空心圆圈放大后发现(右侧面板),该系统存在两种最优的相位解。具体形状及优化的布居被展示在图4(e)中。PMP为推导时间最优控制提供了强有力的分析框架,借助PMP可进一步实现对时间最优脉冲的紧凑、光滑且可重复的半解析表示,大幅降低实验复杂度。该方案不仅追求时间最优,还系统优化了针对多种误差源的鲁棒性:① 最小化里德堡态驻留时间,减弱衰减损失。② 补偿有限阻塞强度的影响。在GRAPE优化中引入有限阻塞强度B,或通过Schrieffer-Wolff变换近似其效应(相当于交流Stark位移),并最小化非保真度$1-F\propto \frac{1}{{B}^{2}}$提高对B波动的鲁棒性。③ 抑制累积退相干。通过极限缩短门操作时间,显著削弱激光相位噪声、多普勒效应及其他退相干机制的累积影响。结合这些策略,即便在考虑里德堡态衰减与有限阻塞的实验条件下,优化脉冲仍能保持满足容错阈值的理论保真度。该理论框架和脉冲设计方法已被多个实验团队成功应用[14-15,47-48],进一步验证了其在构建可扩展、容错中性原子量子计算平台中的潜力。这些进展表明,里德堡量子门正从理论优化走向高精度、高鲁棒性的实际应用,为实现大规模容错量子计算奠定了坚实基础。此外,Jandura等[49]于2023年从逻辑层面出发,提出将优化目标从物理错误率扩展至逻辑量子比特性能,尤其关注在实验缺陷下的表现。通过分析推理结合GRAPE优化方法,设计了一系列鲁棒的阻塞门,使物理错误更易转化为擦除错误,从而与量子纠错方案兼容。
当前,中性原子量子计算仍然面临着一系列关键性挑战,主要源于原子系统的固有不稳定性、操作复杂性及设备层面的限制。
首先,原子装载与测量问题。目前通过光学偶极阱随机捕获单个原子的成功率通常仅约为50%,这意味着在计算开始前必须对原子阵列进行主动重排,以形成无缺陷的量子比特阵列,从而增加了实验的复杂性与时间开销。标准的荧光成像测量方式通常具有破坏性,光子反冲会导致原子加热并逃离陷阱,使得系统必须重新装载与冷却以恢复阵列完整性。尽管非破坏性测量方案(如腔增强读出)正在迅速发展,但尚未实现大规模应用。
其次,逻辑门保真度的进一步提升。量子纠错码要求两比特门保真度高于特定阈值(通常为99.9%或更高),否则误差将指数级积累,难以纠正。尽管当前中性原子体系的两比特门保真度已超过99%,达到容错量子计算的基本要求,但为降低纠错开销并克服噪声积累与线路深度的瓶颈,仍需进一步提升。影响里德堡门保真度的因素包括里德堡态的有限寿命、原子的热运动,以及激光束指向不稳定、频率或振幅涨落、电磁场噪声等技术误差。有效抑制这些误差、提升操作鲁棒性仍是该领域的核心难题。
最后,原子阵列从“多”到“好”的扩展挑战。近年来,原子阵列规模实现了跨越式发展,已可相干操控超过6 100个原子,但在保证高保真度与高连接性的前提下实现可控扩展仍是重大挑战。随着系统规模增大,用于产生和调控数百乃至上千束独立光镊及执行局域与全局量子门操作的光学系统变得异常复杂。光束的功率、相位及对准稳定性对工程实现提出了极高要求。此外,尽管里德堡相互作用提供了实现长程耦合的可能,但在大规模阵列中需精确控制目标比特间相互作用并抑制对邻近比特的串扰。当目标原子被激发至里德堡态时,其强相互作用场可能无意间影响周围原子的能级,引发逻辑错误。与此同时,保证阵列中每个量子比特在陷阱深度、激光强度等参数上的均匀性亦愈加困难,光学系统像差等效应会导致操作不一致,从而影响整体的量子门保真度与系统可扩展性。
量子计算机作为能够在特定问题上超越经典计算能力的理想计算装置,一直被视为信息科技发展的重要战略高地。然而,从目前的技术进展来看,构建大规模、容错的通用量子计算机在短期内仍面临诸多基础性与工程性挑战,难以在可预见的时间尺度内全面实现。鉴于此,与其将全部资源集中于追求远期的通用量子计算目标,不如在当前阶段积极探索基于量子特性的专用型量子计算方案,通过发展针对特定问题的高效量子算法和相应的中小规模量子处理器,率先在部分经典计算难以高效解决的领域取得突破。这类“专用型量子计算”有望实现实际应用价值,为推动国家科技创新和产业升级提供新的动力。当前,中性原子量子计算正呈现出竞争激烈的全球态势。为推动我国在该领域实现技术突破与产业领先,从实验技术、科研教育体系、产业生态建设以及国家战略布局4个方面提出政策建议,旨在加速核心技术攻关与产业化进程。
(1)在实验技术层面,当前技术瓶颈主要集中在大规模原子阵列的高效装载与高精度读出、激光系统的相干性与频稳控制、高保真量子逻辑门的实现,以及阵列原子的精准操控等方面。针对这些挑战,应加大科研投入,重点资助新型激光控制、原子损失抑制、动态原子重排等方向。应整合国内科研力量,促进理论与实验深度融合,探索人工智能与实验控制的结合,形成便捷、经济、实用的中性原子量子计算新方案。同时,国家可设立公共实验平台,建设国家级量子实验基地,为科研团队提供共享的实验资源与技术支撑,降低重复建设成本,推动创新成果快速转化。
(2)在科研与教育体系层面,应加快建设量子光学、原子物理、控制工程等多学科交叉的科研体系。目前,国家已设立若干与中性原子量子工程相关的重点科研项目,为该领域的发展奠定了重要基础。可在此基础上进一步拓展项目布局,覆盖更广的研究方向与应用场景,形成从基础研究、关键技术攻关到示范应用的全链条支持体系,形成长期稳定的研究布局。鼓励顶尖高校设立跨院系(如物理、电子工程、计算机科学等)的量子工程专业,系统培养既掌握量子理论又具备实验控制能力的复合型人才。同时可设立专项基金,支持优秀本科生提前进入顶尖量子计算实验室实习与科研训练,构建从本科到博士的贯通式人才培养体系,为未来科研与产业发展储备高水平人才。
(3)在产业与生态建设层面,应推动高校、研究院所与企业的深度融合,鼓励初创企业孵化与高校-企业联合创新,借鉴国外成功模式(如法国Pasqal公司、美国QuEra公司和Atom Computing公司),加速科研成果产业化。应尽快打通中性原子量子计算产业链上下游,建立从核心器件制造、系统集成到应用开发的完整生态体系。该技术在复杂系统模拟、优化问题求解、药物研发、金融投资与风险评估、量子加密安全、物流与通信网络优化等领域具有广泛应用潜力,应通过政策引导与市场培育,扩大需求、促进落地,构建良性的科技与产业循环。
(4)在国家战略层面,应从顶层设计出发,统筹规划中性原子量子计算的发展路线,明确战略定位,完善人才培养与资源调度体系。通过政策扶持与科研激励,鼓励前沿探索与自主创新,打造良好的科研生态环境。同时加快市场体系建设,促进科研成果的商业化落地,完善产业生态布局。在国际层面,应积极参与标准制定与国际合作,实现差异化突破与战略引领,推动我国在中性原子量子计算领域占据全球竞争的制高点。
未来,中性原子量子计算技术有着广阔的提升空间。一方面,需要进一步优化多体动力学的控制策略,尤其是在多比特甚至多体系统中实现高保真度的量子门操作,以降低量子线路深度、提升整体计算效率;另一方面,如何在保持高精度的同时兼顾门时间的最优性与鲁棒性,并有效抵御多普勒效应、激光噪声、有限阻塞强度波动等实验不完美因素,仍是亟待解决的核心问题。此外,随着量子计算平台逐步迈入NISQ阶段,设计兼具硬件效率与容错能力的多量子比特门、发展纠错兼容的控制协议,将成为未来研究的关键方向。
通过持续推进理论模型的完善、脉冲优化算法的创新及高精度实验技术的发展,基于中性原子平台的里德堡量子门有望在未来实现数百乃至数千量子比特规模的高鲁棒性量子处理,从而为容错量子计算奠定坚实基础。中性原子量子计算作为国家战略性前沿领域,需要持续、稳定的投入与政策支持。应进一步加强人才培养、完善产业链布局、扩大市场应用规模,并通过国际化合作与自主创新,实现从“跟跑”到“并跑”再到“领跑”的战略跨越。
  • 国家自然科学基金面上项目(12174048)
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2025年第4卷第4期
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doi: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2025.04.003
  • 接收时间:2025-09-15
  • 出版时间:2025-12-20
  • 发布时间:2025-12-30
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  • 收稿日期:2025-09-15
  • 修回日期:2025-10-31
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国家自然科学基金面上项目(12174048)
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    1 东北师范大学量子科学中心, 长春 130024
    2 延边大学量子科学与技术研究院所, 延吉 133002

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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