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Sensing technology is a technique for measuring various physical quantities and is relevant to all fields concerning national economy and people’s livelihood. Quantum sensing technology is the earliest quantum technology to realize practical applications, which has always received key attention from countries around the world and has achieved rapid development in recent years. This paper introduces the development strategies and support provided by various countries in the field of quantum sensing technology, and also presents the current development status of quantum sensing technology, including its covered fields, main application scenarios, and important achievements made in recent years. Additionally, it sorts out the existing key technical challenges, and puts forward suggestions for the development of quantum sensing technology in China.

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传感技术是对各种物理量进行测量的技术,关系到国计民生的各个领域。量子传感技术是量子技术中最早实现实际应用的技术,一直受到各国的重点关注,近年来更是得到了突飞猛进的发展。文章介绍了世界各国在量子传感技术方面的发展战略及支持,概述了量子传感技术的发展现状,包括其所涵盖的领域、主要的应用场景及取得的重要成果,梳理了存在的关键技术挑战,并对我国的量子传感技术发展提出了建议。

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魏小刚,研究员,博士生导师。从事原子系综的量子相干特性研究,包括冷原子的制备与操控,热原子量子相干特性调控,激光频率稳定与位相锁定等。发表学术论文29篇。授权专利13件。电子信箱:

杨仁福,研究员,博士生导师。享受国务院政府特殊津贴专家。长期致力于原子钟及量子精密测量技术研究,研制成果应用于天宫空间站、北斗导航系统等重大工程。获中国专利金奖、国防科技进步奖一等奖、中国航天贡献奖等。主持科研课题20余项,发表论文60余篇。授权专利58件。电子信箱:

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魏小刚,研究员,博士生导师。从事原子系综的量子相干特性研究,包括冷原子的制备与操控,热原子量子相干特性调控,激光频率稳定与位相锁定等。发表学术论文29篇。授权专利13件。电子信箱:

"}, bioImg=n5Zxtk6LEBwaY/y6tjbz+w==, bioContent=

魏小刚,研究员,博士生导师。从事原子系综的量子相干特性研究,包括冷原子的制备与操控,热原子量子相干特性调控,激光频率稳定与位相锁定等。发表学术论文29篇。授权专利13件。电子信箱:

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2 中国科学院物理研究所北京凝聚态物理国家实验室, 北京 100190
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3 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1242115143551747047, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251592718012623, authorId=1242115143400752098, language=CN, stringName=贾春阳, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, 3, address=1 北京量子信息科学研究院, 北京 100193
2 中国科学院物理研究所北京凝聚态物理国家实验室, 北京 100190
3 中国科学院大学, 北京 100049, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1242115142108906428, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251592718012623, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242115142117295037, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251592718012623, companyId=1242115142108906428, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 Beijing Academy of Quantum Information Sciences, Beijing 100193, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242115142125683646, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251592718012623, companyId=1242115142108906428, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 北京量子信息科学研究院, 北京 100193)]), AuthorCompany(id=1242115142192792511, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251592718012623, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242115142201181120, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251592718012623, companyId=1242115142192792511, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242115142209569729, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251592718012623, companyId=1242115142192792511, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 中国科学院物理研究所北京凝聚态物理国家实验室, 北京 100190)]), AuthorCompany(id=1242115142268289986, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251592718012623, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242115142276678595, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251592718012623, companyId=1242115142268289986, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242115142289261508, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251592718012623, companyId=1242115142268289986, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3 中国科学院大学, 北京 100049)])]), Author(id=1242115143618855913, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251592718012623, orderNo=6, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=yangrf@baqis.ac.cn, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=1, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1242115143690159083, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251592718012623, authorId=1242115143618855913, language=EN, stringName=Renfu YANG, firstName=Renfu, middleName=null, lastName=YANG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, , address=1 Beijing Academy of Quantum Information Sciences, Beijing 100193, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1242115143753073644, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251592718012623, authorId=1242115143618855913, language=CN, stringName=杨仁福, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, , address=1 北京量子信息科学研究院, 北京 100193, bio={"img":"xnypDij6OHk1Bn1Lv9nWHA==","content":"

杨仁福,研究员,博士生导师。享受国务院政府特殊津贴专家。长期致力于原子钟及量子精密测量技术研究,研制成果应用于天宫空间站、北斗导航系统等重大工程。获中国专利金奖、国防科技进步奖一等奖、中国航天贡献奖等。主持科研课题20余项,发表论文60余篇。授权专利58件。电子信箱:

"}, bioImg=xnypDij6OHk1Bn1Lv9nWHA==, bioContent=

杨仁福,研究员,博士生导师。享受国务院政府特殊津贴专家。长期致力于原子钟及量子精密测量技术研究,研制成果应用于天宫空间站、北斗导航系统等重大工程。获中国专利金奖、国防科技进步奖一等奖、中国航天贡献奖等。主持科研课题20余项,发表论文60余篇。授权专利58件。电子信箱:

, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1242115142108906428, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251592718012623, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242115142117295037, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251592718012623, companyId=1242115142108906428, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 Beijing Academy of Quantum Information Sciences, Beijing 100193, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242115142125683646, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251592718012623, companyId=1242115142108906428, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 北京量子信息科学研究院, 北京 100193)])])], keywords=[Keyword(id=1242115143870514157, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251592718012623, language=EN, orderNo=1, keyword=quantum sensing), Keyword(id=1242115143925040110, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251592718012623, language=EN, orderNo=2, keyword=quantum precision measurement), Keyword(id=1242115143987954671, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251592718012623, language=EN, orderNo=3, keyword=development status), Keyword(id=1242115144063452144, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251592718012623, language=EN, orderNo=4, keyword=global development strategies), Keyword(id=1242115144117978097, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251592718012623, language=CN, orderNo=1, keyword=量子传感技术), Keyword(id=1242115144172504050, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251592718012623, language=CN, orderNo=2, keyword=量子精密测量), Keyword(id=1242115144235418611, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251592718012623, language=CN, orderNo=3, keyword=研究现状), Keyword(id=1242115144289944564, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251592718012623, language=CN, orderNo=4, keyword=国际发展战备)], refs=[Reference(id=1242115146605200383, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251592718012623, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=61, issue=1, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=0, authorNames=Li J, Cui X Y, Jia Z P, journalName=Metrologia, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Li J, Cui X Y, Jia Z P, et al. A strontium lattice clock with both stability and uncertainty below 5×10-18[J]. Metrologia, 2024, 61(1): 015006, doi: 10.1088/1681-7575/ad1a4c., articleTitle=A strontium lattice clock with both stability and uncertainty below 5×10-18, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242115146668114944, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251592718012623, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=133, issue=2, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[2], rfOrder=1, authorNames=Aeppli A, Kim K, Warfield W, journalName=Physical Review Letters, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Aeppli A, Kim K, Warfield W, et al. Clock with 8×10-19 systematic uncertainty[J]. Physical Review Letters, 2024, 133(2): 023401, doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.133.023401., articleTitle=Clock with 8×10-19 systematic uncertainty, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242115146735222784, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251592718012623, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1996, volume=53, issue=3, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[3], rfOrder=2, authorNames=Tkalya E V, Varlamov V O, Lomonosov V V, journalName=Physica Scripta, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Tkalya E V, Varlamov V O, Lomonosov V V, et al. Processes of the nuclear isomer 229mTh(3/2+, 3.5±1.0 eV) resonant excitation by optical photons[J]. Physica Scripta, 1996, 53(3): 296, doi: 10.1088/0031-8949/53/3/003., articleTitle=Processes of the nuclear isomer 229mTh(3/2+, 3.5±1.0 eV) resonant excitation by optical photons, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242115146798137345, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251592718012623, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=132, issue=null, pageStart=182501, pageEnd=null, url=https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevLett.132.182501, language=null, rfNumber=[4], rfOrder=3, authorNames=Tiedau J, Okhapkin M V, Zhang K, journalName=Physical Review Letters, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Tiedau J, Okhapkin M V, Zhang K, et al. Laser excitation of the Th-229 nucleus[J]. Physical Review Letters, 2024, 132: 182501, doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.132.182501., articleTitle=Laser excitation of the Th-229 nucleus, refAbstract=The 8.4 eV nuclear isomer state in Th-229 is resonantly excited in Th-doped CaF2 crystals using a tabletop tunable laser system. A resonance fluorescence signal is observed in two crystals with different Th-229 dopant concentrations, while it is absent in a control experiment using Th-232. The nuclear resonance for the Th4+ ions in Th:CaF2 is measured at the wavelength 148.3821(5) nm, frequency 2020.409(7) THz, and the fluorescence lifetime in the crystal is 630(15) s, corresponding to an isomer half-life of 1740(50) s for a nucleus isolated in vacuum. These results pave the way toward Th-229 nuclear laser spectroscopy and realizing optical nuclear clocks.), Reference(id=1242115146865246210, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251592718012623, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=133, issue=null, pageStart=013201, pageEnd=null, url=https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevLett.133.013201, language=null, rfNumber=[5], rfOrder=4, authorNames=Elwell R, Schneider C, Jeet J, journalName=Physical Review Letters, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Elwell R, Schneider C, Jeet J, et al. Laser excitation of the Th229 nuclear isomeric transition in a solid-state host[J]. Physical Review Letters, 2024, 133: 013201, doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.133.013201., articleTitle=Laser excitation of the Th229 nuclear isomeric transition in a solid-state host, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242115146928160771, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251592718012623, doi=10.1038/s41586-024-07839-6, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=633, issue=8028, pageStart=63, pageEnd=70, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[6], rfOrder=5, authorNames=Zhang C K, Ooi T, Higgins J S, journalName=Nature, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhang C K, Ooi T, Higgins J S, et al. Frequency ratio of the 229mTh nuclear isomeric transition and the 87Sr atomic clock[J]. Nature, 2024, 633(8028): 63-70., articleTitle=Frequency ratio of the 229mTh nuclear isomeric transition and the 87Sr atomic clock, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242115146991075332, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251592718012623, doi=10.1038/s41586-024-08256-5, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=636, issue=8043, pageStart=603, pageEnd=608, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[7], rfOrder=6, authorNames=Zhang C K, Vondewr W L, Doyle J F, journalName=Nature, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhang C K, Vondewr W L, Doyle J F, et al. 229ThF4 thin films for solid-state nuclear clocks[J]. Nature, 2024, 636(8043): 603-608., articleTitle=229ThF4 thin films for solid-state nuclear clocks, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242115147053989893, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251592718012623, doi=null, pmid=32273502, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=11, issue=null, pageStart=1752, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[8], rfOrder=7, authorNames=Qu W Z, Jin S C, Sun J, journalName=Nature Communications, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Qu W Z, Jin S C, Sun J, et al. Sub-Hertz resonance by weak measurement[J]. Nature Communications, 2020, 11: 1752, doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-15557-6., articleTitle=Sub-Hertz resonance by weak measurement, refAbstract=Weak measurement (WM) with state pre- and post-selection can amplify otherwise undetectable small signals and thus has potential in precision measurement applications. Although frequency measurements offer the hitherto highest precision due to the stable narrow atomic transitions, it remains a long-standing interest to develop new schemes to further escalate their performance. Here, we demonstrate a WM-enhanced correlation spectroscopy technique capable of narrowing the resonance linewidth down to 0.1 Hz in a room-temperature atomic vapour cell. The potential of this technique for precision measurement is demonstrated through weak magnetic-field sensing. By judiciously pre- and post-selecting frequency-modulated input and output optical states in a nearly orthogonal manner, a sensitivity of 7 fT Hz at a low frequency near DC is achieved using only one laser beam with 15 µW of power. Additionally, our results extend the WM framework to a non-Hermitian Hamiltonian and shed new light on metrology and bio-magnetic field sensing.), Reference(id=1242115147121098758, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251592718012623, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=43, issue=10, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[9], rfOrder=8, authorNames=房建成, 魏凯, 江雷, journalName=航空学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=房建成, 魏凯, 江雷, . 超高灵敏极弱磁场与惯性测量科学装置与零磁科学展望[J]. 航空学报, 2022, 43(10): 527752, doi: 10.7527/S1000-6893.2022.27752., articleTitle=超高灵敏极弱磁场与惯性测量科学装置与零磁科学展望, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242115147196596231, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251592718012623, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=43, issue=10, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[9], rfOrder=9, authorNames=Fang J C, Wei K, Jiang L, journalName=Acta Aeronautica et Astronautica Sinica, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Fang J C, Wei K, Jiang L, et al. Scientific facilities for ultrasensitive measurement of magnetic field and inertial rotation and prospects of zero-magnetism science[J]. Acta Aeronautica et Astronautica Sinica, 2022, 43(10): 527752, doi: 10.7527/S1000-6893.2022.27752. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Scientific facilities for ultrasensitive measurement of magnetic field and inertial rotation and prospects of zero-magnetism science, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242115147297259528, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251592718012623, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=6, issue=24, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[10], rfOrder=10, authorNames=Zhang R, Xiao W, Ding Y D, journalName=Science Advances, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhang R, Xiao W, Ding Y D, et al. Recording brain activities in unshielded Earth’s field with optically pumped atomic magnetometers[J]. Science Advances, 2020, 6(24): eaba8792, doi: 10.1126/sciadv.aba8792., articleTitle=Recording brain activities in unshielded Earth’s field with optically pumped atomic magnetometers, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242115147351785482, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251592718012623, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=15, issue=null, pageStart=014053, pageEnd=null, url=https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevApplied.15.014053, language=null, rfNumber=[11], rfOrder=11, authorNames=Meyer D H, Kunz P D, Cox K C, journalName=Physical Review Applied, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Meyer D H, Kunz P D, Cox K C. Waveguide-coupled Rydberg spectrum analyzer from 0 to 20 GHz[J]. Physical Review Applied, 2021, 15: 014053, doi: 10.1103/PhysRevApplied.15.014053., articleTitle=Waveguide-coupled Rydberg spectrum analyzer from 0 to 20 GHz, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242115147439865868, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251592718012623, doi=10.1038/s41567-020-0918-5, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=16, issue=9, pageStart=911, pageEnd=915, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[12], rfOrder=12, authorNames=Jing M Y, Hu Y, Ma J, journalName=Nature Physics, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Jing M Y, Hu Y, Ma J, et al. Atomic superheterodyne receiver based on microwave-dressed Rydberg spectroscopy[J]. Nature Physics, 2020, 16(9): 911-915., articleTitle=Atomic superheterodyne receiver based on microwave-dressed Rydberg spectroscopy, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242115147498586125, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251592718012623, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2025, volume=68, issue=6, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[13], rfOrder=13, authorNames=Wang Q X, Liang Y K, Wang Z H, journalName=Science China Physics, Mechanics & Astronomy, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Wang Q X, Liang Y K, Wang Z H, et al. High-precision measurement of microwave electric field by cavity-enhanced critical behavior in a many-body Rydberg atomic system[J]. Science China Physics, Mechanics & Astronomy, 2025, 68(6): 264211, doi: 10.1007/s11433-024-2622-x., articleTitle=High-precision measurement of microwave electric field by cavity-enhanced critical behavior in a many-body Rydberg atomic system, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242115147565694990, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251592718012623, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2006, volume=97, issue=null, pageStart=240801, pageEnd=null, url=https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevLett.97.240801, language=null, rfNumber=[14], rfOrder=14, authorNames=Durfee D S, Shaham Y K, Kasevich M A, journalName=Physical Review Letters, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Durfee D S, Shaham Y K, Kasevich M A. Long-term stability of an area-reversible atom-interferometer Sagnac gyroscope[J]. Physical Review Letters, 2006, 97: 240801, doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.97.240801., articleTitle=Long-term stability of an area-reversible atom-interferometer Sagnac gyroscope, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242115147628609551, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251592718012623, doi=10.1038/s41586-021-04315-3, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=602, issue=7898, pageStart=590, pageEnd=594, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[15], rfOrder=15, authorNames=Stray B, Lamb A, Kaushik A, journalName=Nature, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Stray B, Lamb A, Kaushik A, et al. Quantum sensing for gravity cartography[J]. Nature, 2022, 602(7898): 590-594., articleTitle=Quantum sensing for gravity cartography, refAbstract=\n The sensing of gravity has emerged as a tool in geophysics applications such as engineering and climate research\n 1–3\n, including the monitoring of temporal variations in aquifers\n 4\n and geodesy\n 5\n. However, it is impractical to use gravity cartography to resolve metre-scale underground features because of the long measurement times needed for the removal of vibrational noise\n 6\n. Here we overcome this limitation by realizing a practical quantum gravity gradient sensor. Our design suppresses the effects of micro-seismic and laser noise, thermal and magnetic field variations, and instrument tilt. The instrument achieves a statistical uncertainty of 20 E (1 E = 10\n −9\n  s\n −2\n ) and is used to perform a 0.5-metre-spatial-resolution survey across an 8.5-metre-long line, detecting a 2-metre tunnel with a signal-to-noise ratio of 8. Using a Bayesian inference method, we determine the centre to ±0.19 metres horizontally and the centre depth as (1.89 −0.59/+2.3) metres. The removal of vibrational noise enables improvements in instrument performance to directly translate into reduced measurement time in mapping. The sensor parameters are compatible with applications in mapping aquifers and evaluating impacts on the water table\n 7\n, archaeology\n 8–11\n, determination of soil properties\n 12\n and water content\n 13\n, and reducing the risk of unforeseen ground conditions in the construction of critical energy, transport and utilities infrastructure\n 14\n, providing a new window into the underground.\n), Reference(id=1242115147695718416, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251592718012623, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2025, volume=15, issue=null, pageStart=011029, pageEnd=null, url=https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevX.15.011029, language=null, rfNumber=[16], rfOrder=16, authorNames=Cassens C, Meyer-Hoppe B, Rasel E, journalName=Physical Review X, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Cassens C, Meyer-Hoppe B, Rasel E, et al. Entanglement-enhanced atomic gravimeter[J]. Physical Review X, 2025, 15: 011029, doi: 10.1103/PhysRevX.15.011029., articleTitle=Entanglement-enhanced atomic gravimeter, refAbstract=Interferometers based on ultracold atoms enable an absolute measurement of inertial forces with unprecedented precision. However, their resolution is fundamentally restricted by quantum fluctuations. Improved resolutions with entangled or squeezed atoms were demonstrated in internal-state measurements for thermal and quantum-degenerate atoms and, recently, for momentum-state interferometers with laser-cooled atoms. Here, we present a gravimeter based on Bose-Einstein condensates with a sensitivity of −1.7−0.5+0.4  dB beyond the standard quantum limit. Interferometry with Bose-Einstein condensates combined with delta-kick collimation minimizes atom loss in and improves scalability of the interferometer to very-long-baseline atom interferometers.), Reference(id=1242115147758632977, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251592718012623, doi=10.1080/00107514.2023.2182950, pmid=38463461, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=63, issue=3, pageStart=161, pageEnd=179, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[17], rfOrder=17, authorNames=Schofield H, Boto E, Shah V, journalName=Contemporary Physics, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Schofield H, Boto E, Shah V, et al. Quantum enabled functional neuroimaging: The why and how of magnetoencephalography using optically pumped magnetometers[J]. Contemporary Physics, 2022, 63(3): 161-179., articleTitle=Quantum enabled functional neuroimaging: The why and how of magnetoencephalography using optically pumped magnetometers, refAbstract=Non-invasive imaging has transformed neuroscientific discovery and clinical practice, providing a non-invasive window into the human brain. However, whilst techniques like MRI generate ever more precise images of brain structure, in many cases, it's the within neural networks that underlies disease. Here, we review the potential for quantum-enabled magnetic field sensors to shed light on such activity. Specifically, we describe how optically pumped magnetometers (OPMs) enable magnetoencephalographic (MEG) recordings with higher accuracy and improved practicality compared to the current state-of-the-art. The paper is split into two parts: first, we describe the work to date on OPM-MEG, detailing this novel biomagnetic imaging technique is proving disruptive. Second, we explain fundamental physics, including quantum mechanics and electromagnetism, underpins this developing technology. We conclude with a look to the future, outlining the potential for OPM-MEG to initiate a step change in the understanding and management of brain health.), Reference(id=1242115147842519058, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251592718012623, doi=10.1038/s41586-020-2917-1, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=587, issue=7835, pageStart=588, pageEnd=593, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[18], rfOrder=18, authorNames=Miller B S, Bezinge L, Gliddon H D, journalName=Nature, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Miller B S, Bezinge L, Gliddon H D, et al. Spin-enhanced nanodiamond biosensing for ultrasensitive diagnostics[J]. Nature, 2020, 587(7835): 588-593., articleTitle=Spin-enhanced nanodiamond biosensing for ultrasensitive diagnostics, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242115147897045011, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251592718012623, doi=10.1021/jacs.3c07720, pmid=38469853, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=146, issue=11, pageStart=7222, pageEnd=7232, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[19], rfOrder=19, authorNames=Lu Q, Vosberg B, Wang Z Y, journalName=Journal of the American Chemical Society, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Lu Q, Vosberg B, Wang Z Y, et al. Unraveling eumelanin radical formation by nanodiamond optical relaxometry in a living cell[J]. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2024, 146(11): 7222-7232., articleTitle=Unraveling eumelanin radical formation by nanodiamond optical relaxometry in a living cell, refAbstract=Defect centers in a nanodiamond (ND) allow the detection of tiny magnetic fields in their direct surroundings, rendering them as an emerging tool for nanoscale sensing applications. Eumelanin, an abundant pigment, plays an important role in biology and material science. Here, for the first time, we evaluate the comproportionation reaction in eumelanin by detecting and quantifying semiquinone radicals through the nitrogen-vacancy color center. A thin layer of eumelanin is polymerized on the surface of nanodiamonds (NDs), and depending on the environmental conditions, such as the local pH value, near-infrared, and ultraviolet light irradiation, the radicals form and react in situ. By combining experiments and theoretical simulations, we quantify the local number and kinetics of free radicals in the eumelanin layer. Next, the ND sensor enters the cells via endosomal vesicles. We quantify the number of radicals formed within the eumelanin layer in these acidic compartments by applying optical relaxometry measurements. In the future, we believe that the ND quantum sensor could provide valuable insights into the chemistry of eumelanin, which could contribute to the understanding and treatment of eumelanin- and melanin-related diseases.), Reference(id=1242115147964153876, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251592718012623, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2016, volume=116, issue=null, pageStart=061102, pageEnd=null, url=https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevLett.116.061102, language=null, rfNumber=[20], rfOrder=20, authorNames=Abbott B P, Abbott R, Abbott T D, journalName=Physical Review Letters, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Abbott B P, Abbott R, Abbott T D, et al. Observation of gravitational waves from a binary black hole merger[J]. Physical Review Letters, 2016, 116: 061102, doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.116.061102., articleTitle=Observation of gravitational waves from a binary black hole merger, refAbstract=On September 14, 2015 at 09:50:45 UTC the two detectors of the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory simultaneously observed a transient gravitational-wave signal. The signal sweeps upwards in frequency from 35 to 250 Hz with a peak gravitational-wave strain of 1.0×10−21. It matches the waveform predicted by general relativity for the inspiral and merger of a pair of black holes and the ringdown of the resulting single black hole. The signal was observed with a matched-filter signal-to-noise ratio of 24 and a false alarm rate estimated to be less than 1 event per 203 000 years, equivalent to a significance greater than 5.1σ. The source lies at a luminosity distance of 410−180+160  Mpc corresponding to a redshift z=0.09−0.04+0.03. In the source frame, the initial black hole masses are <i:math xmlns:i=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\" display=\"inline\"><i:mrow><i:mn>3</i:mn><i:msubsup><i:mrow><i:mn>6</i:mn></i:mrow><i:mrow><i:mo>−</i:mo><i:mn>4</i:mn></i:mrow><i:mrow><i:mo>+</i:mo><i:mn>5</i:mn></i:mrow></i:msubsup><i:msub><i:mrow><i:mi>M</i:mi></i:mrow><i:mrow><i:mo stretchy=\"false\">⊙</i:mo></i:mrow></i:msub></i:mrow></i:math> and 29−4+4M⊙, and the final black hole mass is 62−4+4M⊙, with 3.0−0.5+0.5M⊙c2 radiated in gravitational waves. All uncertainties define 90% credible intervals. These observations demonstrate the existence of binary stellar-mass black hole systems. This is the first direct detection of gravitational waves and the first observation of a binary black hole merger.), Reference(id=1242115148043845653, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251592718012623, doi=10.1038/s41586-020-3006-1, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=588, issue=7838, pageStart=414, pageEnd=418, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[21], rfOrder=21, authorNames=Pedrozo-PEÑAFIEL E, Colombo S, Shu C, journalName=Nature, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Pedrozo-PEÑAFIEL E, Colombo S, Shu C, et al. Entanglement on an optical atomic-clock transition[J]. Nature, 2020, 588(7838): 414-418., articleTitle=Entanglement on an optical atomic-clock transition, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242115148106760214, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251592718012623, doi=10.1038/s41586-024-07026-7, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=627, issue=8002, pageStart=73, pageEnd=79, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[22], rfOrder=22, authorNames=Bhattacharyya P, Chen W, Huang X, journalName=Nature, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Bhattacharyya P, Chen W, Huang X, et al. Imaging the Meissner effect in hydride superconductors using quantum sensors[J]. Nature, 2024, 627(8002): 73-79., articleTitle=Imaging the Meissner effect in hydride superconductors using quantum sensors, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242115148182257687, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251592718012623, doi=null, pmid=38637491, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=15, issue=null, pageStart=3331, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[23], rfOrder=23, authorNames=Jiang M, Hong T Z, Hu D D, journalName=Nature Communications, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Jiang M, Hong T Z, Hu D D, et al. Long-baseline quantum sensor network as dark matter haloscope[J]. Nature Communications, 2024, 15: 3331, doi: 10.1038/s41467-024-47566-0., articleTitle=Long-baseline quantum sensor network as dark matter haloscope, refAbstract=Ultralight dark photons constitute a well-motivated candidate for dark matter. A coherent electromagnetic wave is expected to be induced by dark photons when coupled with Standard-Model photons through kinetic mixing mechanism, and should be spatially correlated within the de Broglie wavelength of dark photons. Here we report the first search for correlated dark-photon signals using a long-baseline network of 15 atomic magnetometers, which are situated in two separated meter-scale shield rooms with a distance of about 1700 km. Both the network's multiple sensors and the shields large size significantly enhance the expected dark-photon electromagnetic signals, and long-baseline measurements confidently reduce many local noise sources. Using this network, we constrain the kinetic mixing coefficient of dark photon dark matter over the mass range 4.1 feV-2.1 peV, which represents the most stringent constraints derived from any terrestrial experiments operating over the aforementioned mass range. Our prospect indicates that future data releases may go beyond the astrophysical constraints from the cosmic microwave background and the plasma heating.© 2024. The Author(s).)], funds=[Fund(id=1242115146412262397, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251592718012623, awardId=Z240006, language=CN, fundingSource=北京市自然科学基金(Z240006), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1242115146475176958, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251592718012623, awardId=2024ZD0803300, language=CN, fundingSource=国家科技重大专项(2024ZD0803300), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1242115142108906428, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251592718012623, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242115142117295037, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251592718012623, companyId=1242115142108906428, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 Beijing Academy of Quantum Information Sciences, Beijing 100193, China), 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companyId=1242115142192792511, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 中国科学院物理研究所北京凝聚态物理国家实验室, 北京 100190)]), AuthorCompany(id=1242115142268289986, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251592718012623, xref=3, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242115142276678595, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251592718012623, companyId=1242115142268289986, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242115142289261508, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251592718012623, companyId=1242115142268289986, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3 中国科学院大学, 北京 100049)])], 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量子传感技术研究现状及发展趋势
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魏小刚 1 , 张笑楠 1 , 刘岩 1 , 罗文浩 1 , 李伟鹏 1, 2, 3 , 贾春阳 1, 2, 3 , 杨仁福 1,
前瞻科技 | 综述与述评 2025,4(4): 92-102
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前瞻科技 | 综述与述评 2025, 4(4): 92-102
量子传感技术研究现状及发展趋势
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魏小刚1 , 张笑楠1, 刘岩1, 罗文浩1, 李伟鹏1, 2, 3, 贾春阳1, 2, 3, 杨仁福1,
作者信息
  • 1 北京量子信息科学研究院, 北京 100193
  • 2 中国科学院物理研究所北京凝聚态物理国家实验室, 北京 100190
  • 3 中国科学院大学, 北京 100049
  • 魏小刚,研究员,博士生导师。从事原子系综的量子相干特性研究,包括冷原子的制备与操控,热原子量子相干特性调控,激光频率稳定与位相锁定等。发表学术论文29篇。授权专利13件。电子信箱:

    杨仁福,研究员,博士生导师。享受国务院政府特殊津贴专家。长期致力于原子钟及量子精密测量技术研究,研制成果应用于天宫空间站、北斗导航系统等重大工程。获中国专利金奖、国防科技进步奖一等奖、中国航天贡献奖等。主持科研课题20余项,发表论文60余篇。授权专利58件。电子信箱:

通信作者:

Research Status and Development Trend of Quantum Sensing Technology
Xiaogang WEI1 , Xiaonan ZHANG1, Yan LIU1, Wenhao LUO1, Weipeng LI1, 2, 3, Chunyang JIA1, 2, 3, Renfu YANG1,
Affiliations
  • 1 Beijing Academy of Quantum Information Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
  • 2 Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
  • 3 University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
出版时间: 2025-12-20 doi: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2025.04.007
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传感技术是对各种物理量进行测量的技术,关系到国计民生的各个领域。量子传感技术是量子技术中最早实现实际应用的技术,一直受到各国的重点关注,近年来更是得到了突飞猛进的发展。文章介绍了世界各国在量子传感技术方面的发展战略及支持,概述了量子传感技术的发展现状,包括其所涵盖的领域、主要的应用场景及取得的重要成果,梳理了存在的关键技术挑战,并对我国的量子传感技术发展提出了建议。

量子传感技术  /  量子精密测量  /  研究现状  /  国际发展战备

Sensing technology is a technique for measuring various physical quantities and is relevant to all fields concerning national economy and people’s livelihood. Quantum sensing technology is the earliest quantum technology to realize practical applications, which has always received key attention from countries around the world and has achieved rapid development in recent years. This paper introduces the development strategies and support provided by various countries in the field of quantum sensing technology, and also presents the current development status of quantum sensing technology, including its covered fields, main application scenarios, and important achievements made in recent years. Additionally, it sorts out the existing key technical challenges, and puts forward suggestions for the development of quantum sensing technology in China.

quantum sensing  /  quantum precision measurement  /  development status  /  global development strategies
魏小刚, 张笑楠, 刘岩, 罗文浩, 李伟鹏, 贾春阳, 杨仁福. 量子传感技术研究现状及发展趋势. 前瞻科技, 2025 , 4 (4) : 92 -102 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2025.04.007
Xiaogang WEI, Xiaonan ZHANG, Yan LIU, Wenhao LUO, Weipeng LI, Chunyang JIA, Renfu YANG. Research Status and Development Trend of Quantum Sensing Technology[J]. Science and Technology Foresight, 2025 , 4 (4) : 92 -102 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2025.04.007
作为量子信息科技领域的关键支柱,量子传感与量子精密测量同量子计算、量子通信共同构建起未来科技发展的战略基石。量子传感与量子精密测量是通过操控一定的量子系综,利用能级跃迁、相干叠加、量子纠缠等量子特性,突破经典探测手段的瓶颈,实现测量准确度、灵敏度和稳定性等方面的数量级提升。
在国防安全领域,量子传感技术凭借其超高精度与灵敏度,能够实现对微弱信号的精准捕捉与解析,在反潜作战和导弹控制等方面可以增强军队的作战能力与战略威慑力。在民用领域,量子传感技术同样展现出巨大的应用潜力与经济价值。例如,可以为智能电网的建设与优化提供有力支撑;提升5G网络的覆盖范围与通信质量;助力疾病的早期诊断与精准治疗,为生命科学研究开辟了新的道路。量子传感技术的发展还将对无人驾驶、万物互联、脑机接口等新兴行业产生强大的牵引作用。基础科学领域,如暗物质、暗能量的研究更是依赖突破传统极限的量子传感技术。
量子传感技术不仅是高精尖技术,更能推动传统产业升级,形成万亿级量子经济市场。大国竞争的核心之一是量子产业链的控制权,量子传感的核心技术具有极高的技术壁垒,目前仅有少数国家掌握。量子传感技术的优势直接关系国家战略安全、科技前沿话语权、产业升级主动权。这些领域的领先地位决定了大国在全球格局中的竞争力,因此成为中国、美国、欧盟、日本等国家和地区博弈的核心领域。文章通过梳理国内外量子传感技术领域的战略布局,系统阐述该技术的研究现状,深入剖析关键技术挑战,并从政策层面提出发展建议,以期为我国量子传感技术的发展提供支撑,助力提升我国在该领域的全球战略竞争力。
凭借原理上的超高精度优势,以及在医疗、导航等领域的明确应用需求,全球量子精密测量与传感产业市场收入逐年增长。根据英国IDTechEx公司对量子传感器市场进行的分析,量子传感器市场在2025—2045年的复合年增长率(Compound Annual Growth Rate, CAGR)预计可达11.4%,到2045年市场规模将增至22亿美元。目前国际上多个科技强国发布了量子传感技术专项计划和国家重点发展方向,把量子传感器列为核心发展领域,将重心放在战略应用和成果转化,支持科研机构联合研发或成立新型机构,推进重点方向研发与应用。
我国高度重视量子信息技术发展,已将量子传感与测量技术纳入国家发展战略。自2016年起,我国布局了多个量子传感与测量领域的重点项目,如科技部“地球观测与导航”“智能传感器”等重点研发计划等。2022年1月,国务院印发《计量发展规划(2021—2035)》,实施“量子度量衡”计划,重点研究基于量子效应和物理常数的量子计量技术及计量基准、标准装置小型化技术,突破量子传感和芯片级计量标准技术,形成核心器件研制能力。科技部科技创新2030—“量子通信与量子计算机”项目中,将量子精密测量列为三大重点领域之一。国家自然科学基金委员会“高精度量子操控与探测重大研究计划”于2024年和2025年以每年约5 000万元的资金规模支持相关研究。
近年来国内多省市纷纷出台政策措施,成立新机构或专业研究部门,支持量子传感技术发展。国内量子技术研发机构纷纷设置量子传感或量子精密测量部门。同时传统综合性大学或计量专业研究机构等也在积极开展量子传感技术相关研究,如清华大学物理系极端条件下的精密测量、北京大学量子电子学研究所原子钟和脑成像技术、北京航空航天大学大科学装置研究院量子精密测量和传感方向等。
2018年12月,美国总统签署《国家量子计划法案》(H.R.6227),设立国家量子计划协调办公室(National Quantum Coordination Office, NQCO)等管理协调机构,正式启动为期10年的国家量子计划(National Quantum Initiative, NQI);2022年4月,美国发布名为《将量子传感器付诸实践》的量子传感器国家战略,将量子传感器列为NQI的近期核心目标,并统筹协调学术、产业界与政府各机构间的研发合作;2023年11月,《国家量子倡议重新授权法案》(H.R.6213)获得美国众议院全体委员会通过,2024年参议院多位议员共同提出的新法案对众议院提出的原法案做了部分修改,授权2025—2029财年为美国国家标准与技术研究院(National Institute of Standards and Technology, NIST)、国家科学基金会(National Science Foundation, NSF)和航空航天局(National Aeronautics and Space Administration, NASA)的量子研发拨款从18亿美元增至27亿美元。
2023年1月,加拿大创新、科学和经济发展部宣布启动《国家量子战略》(2021年6月发布)的实施阶段,该举措旨在巩固其在量子研究领域的全球领先地位,通过推动量子技术研发、培育量子科技企业、培养专业人才,最终塑造加拿大量子技术的长期发展优势。
2022年,欧盟量子旗舰计划(Quantum Flagship)发布初步战略研究和行业议程(Strategic Research and Industry Agenda, SRIA),系统概述了量子传感与计量、量子计算、量子通信等核心量子技术领域的研发路线及工业落地规划。2024年,欧盟推出《2030年战略研究和产业议程:量子技术十年目标与路线图》,通过整合欧盟量子旗舰计划资源,减少对外国开发的关键组件和硬件的依赖,将欧洲定位为世界上第一个“量子谷”,以使量子传感技术领域在2030年前实现商业化应用。
2021年,德国发布《国家量子系统议程2030》,布局10年内包括量子雷达、量子磁力仪、量子成像等量子传感技术领域的研究计划。2023年4月,德国通过了《量子技术行动计划》,该计划由联邦教研部提出,旨在推动量子技术的研发和应用,以确保德国在这一关键技术领域的技术主权和国际竞争力。计划在2023—2026年为量子技术研发提供约30亿欧元的资金支持,这一计划的3项优先事项之一就是量子传感技术。
2021年,法国启动《量子技术国家战略》,计划围绕量子通信、量子计算、量子传感等战略目标投入18亿欧元的资金支持,其中2.5亿欧元用于支持量子传感技术。
2013年,英国启动全世界第一个系统性的发展量子技术的国家战略——国家量子科技计划(National Quantum Technologies Programme, NQTP),该计划提供约10亿英镑支持量子传感和计时技术中心、量子成像技术中心建设,引领众多大学参与量子传感技术研究。2023年3月,英国科学、技术与创新部发布《国家量子战略》,明确了英国在未来10年成为世界领先的量子经济体的愿望,预计到2030年量子传感技术将产生至少50亿美元的收益。
2017年,日本推出量子飞跃旗舰计划(Quantum Leap, Q-LEAP)重点支持重力梯度传感、量子惯性传感、量子磁力仪、纠缠光子量子测量等研究。2020年和2022年,日本先后发布《量子技术创新战略》《量子未来社会愿景》,分别聚焦量子技术研发和量子技术应用和产业化。2023年出台《量子未来产业创造战略》,提出需要重点优先推进的举措。这些计划均将量子传感与测量作为核心领域。
2023年,澳大利亚政府发布了该国首个《国家量子战略》。目标为培育工业、企业、大学、各州地区和国际合作伙伴间的合作优势,建立一个繁荣、可靠的量子生态系统,将澳大利亚变成全球量子技术领导者,在未来建立更强大的产业并创造就业机会,通过新的项目激励量子传感技术应用。
量子传感技术按照其测量的物理量和应用场景分类,可分为时间测量、磁场传感、电场传感、惯性传感、重力传感、生物传感等技术,以及相关的前沿科学技术。
高精度时间是国家的战略资源,原子钟是精确时间的源头,曾有14项诺贝尔物理学奖成果与原子钟技术密切相关。原子钟以原子能级间量子跃迁的频率作为标准,可以实现精确的时间测量或频率校准,已广泛应用于守时、授时、用时系统,以及前沿科学研究等领域。按照原子跃迁能级谱线对应的频段区分,可分为两类:微波原子钟(跃迁频率在微波段)和光学原子钟(跃迁频率在光波段,也称光钟)。目前,各国竞相在芯片级微波原子钟和光钟方面加大研究力度,以获得更小尺寸的实用化原子钟或更高精度的原子钟。近两年来,核钟的研究受到各国科学家的关注,有望在时间频率的测量不确定度方面取得新突破。
芯片级微波原子钟的研究目前处于工程化阶段。发展最快的是美国Microchip公司,其SA.45s等系列产品已批量生产,体积为16 cm3,功耗为125 mW,频率稳定度为1.5×10-10@1 s、5×10-11@10 s、1.5×10-11@100 s。法国贝桑松Femto-ST实验室、瑞士纳沙泰尔大学和洛桑联邦理工学院、德国乌尔姆大学正在开展相关研制。我国北京量子信息科学研究院、中国科学院精密测量科学与技术创新研究院(简称精密测量院)、成都天奥电子等机构已实现微型原子钟原理样机的研制及部分应用。北京量子信息科学研究院杨仁福团队研制的微型原子钟(图1),体积为15 cm3,功耗为0.8 W,频率稳定度5×10-11@1 s、2×10-11@10 s、5×10-12@100 s,在体积和守时指标上处于国内外领先水平。
在光钟方面,目前仍处于实验室研制阶段。美国NIST、英国国家物理实验室、德国联邦物理技术研究院、法国巴黎天文台等国际计量机构皆在开展光钟的研制。我国的中国计量科学研究院、国家授时中心、精密测量院、华东师范大学、国防科技大学、华中科技大学、北京大学等研制的光钟,频率准确度达到10-17量级。2024年初,合肥国家实验室/中国科学技术大学成功研制了万秒稳定度和不确定度均优于5×10-18的锶(Sr)原子光晶格钟[1]。2024年,美国实验天体物理联合研究所叶军团队研制的Sr原子光晶格钟不确定度达到8.1×10-19[2]。目前,光钟的发展方向为继续提升稳定度和集成化,基于双光子跃迁原理的光钟具有高度集成化的潜力。我国光钟的研究与国外最高水平接近,处于国际先进水平。
核钟通过特定原子核的基态与激发态之间的跃迁,以该跃迁频率作为超稳定频率标准。与传统原子钟不同,核钟利用的是原子核本身的量子振荡。原子核的能级跃迁频率受外界环境的干扰更小,因此计时稳定性更优。1996年,俄罗斯Tkalya最早提出将“核激发”作为计时用高稳定光源的想法,为核钟的研究奠定了理论基础[3]。2024年,来自欧洲的Tiedau等[4]和美国的Elwell等[5]利用229Th掺杂的氟化钙(CaF₂)晶体,先后报道了229Th原子核跃迁的能量,对应的辐射频率为2 020.407 THz,解决了核钟发展的关键问题。2024年9月,叶军团队通过使用真空紫外(Vacuum Ultraviolet, VUV)频率梳直接激发固态CaF₂材料中掺杂的229Th核钟跃迁,建立了229mTh核同质异能跃迁与87Sr原子钟的直接频率比对,精确测量了相关频率、核四极分裂及固有属性,为核钟发展铺平了道路[6]。2024年12月,美国实验天体物理联合研究所与NIST等研究机构成功开发出四氟化钍(ThF₄)薄膜,这种薄膜的放射性大幅降低,成本效益更高,有望解决地球上229Th储量少的问题[7]。目前,核钟的关键技术正被逐步突破,未来可期。我国对核钟的研究整体上处于跟踪研究状态,与国际最高水平存在一定差距。
磁场测量主要是面向微弱磁场的测量,其原理是基于自旋磁矩在磁场中的拉莫尔进动效应,利用进动频率或塞曼能级分裂大小与磁场强度成正比的关系,实现磁场的传感和测量。原子磁力仪可分为以下两类:基于原子气室自旋体系的光泵磁力仪、无自旋交换弛豫(Spin Exchange Relaxation Free, SERF)磁力仪;基于固态自旋体系的金刚石氮空位(Nitrogen Vacancy, NV)色心磁力仪。其中光泵磁力仪环境适应性强,SERF磁力仪具有最高的极限灵敏度,金刚石NV色心磁力仪空间分辨率高,此外还有利用超冷原子的技术路径,其产业化还有较长的路要走。
国际上,美国和德国在磁力仪研制和产业化方面处于领先地位,有多款成熟产品。美国Quspin公司和Twinleaf公司已推出小型原子磁力仪商业化产品,在地磁下可实现1 pT/$\sqrt[]{\mathrm{H}\mathrm{z}}$的探测灵敏度,可用于深海探潜(对我国禁运);其零场磁力仪可优于15 fT/$\sqrt[]{\mathrm{H}\mathrm{z}}$的探测灵敏度,主要用于心脑磁成像和疾病诊断,近年来又推出了升级产品,拓展了应用范围。德国斯图加特大学、乌尔姆大学、美国哈佛大学也成立了金刚石NV色心磁力仪产品研发公司,积极推进产品研发。
在国内,北京大学、北京航空航天大学、北京量子信息科学研究院、中国人民解放军军事科学院、中国科学技术大学、复旦大学、中国科学院物理研究所等科研机构对原子磁力仪均有研究。复旦大学在室温铷原子气室中研制了7 fT/$\sqrt[]{\mathrm{H}\mathrm{z}}$灵敏度的原子磁力仪[8]。北京航空航天大学在大装置上实现了零场磁强计优于0.1 fT/$\sqrt[]{\mathrm{H}\mathrm{z}}$的灵敏度[9]。北京大学研制的原子磁场梯度仪灵敏度达到4 fT/(cm·$\sqrt[]{\mathrm{H}\mathrm{z}}$)@1~30 Hz,成功观测到视觉与听觉诱发的人体脑磁信号[10]。2022年,中国科学院“力箭一号”火箭在酒泉卫星发射中心成功发射,将空间新技术试验卫星(Space Advanced Technology Demonstration Satellite, SATech)成功送入预定轨道,搭载的国产相干布局囚禁(Coherent Population Trapping, CPT)原子磁力仪首次进入宇宙空间并实现了全球磁场测量。北京量子信息科学研究院在实验室实现了地磁噪声环境下1 pT/$\sqrt[]{\mathrm{H}\mathrm{z}}$的磁场测量灵敏度,成功开展了原子磁力仪在电网和管网的测试应用。目前我国已有商业公司推出磁力仪和心脑磁仪产品,但成熟度相比国外产品稍有差距。
电场测量是将处于高激发能级量子态的里德堡原子作为传感单元,利用这种量子态对电场强度和频率敏感的特性,实现高灵敏的电场传感。对应的传感器是原子电场传感器(即原子天线),具有广泛的应用前景,可以为我国在现代化通信、导航、雷达探测、电磁对抗中保持优势地位提供保障。量子电场传感领域尚属起步阶段,国内外发展并驾齐驱,在此着力将会在未来电磁波侦测领域占得先机。
国际上以美国陆军研究实验室、NIST、马里兰大学、密歇根大学、德国斯图加特大学等为代表。美国陆军研究实验室实现了-145 dBm/Hz的灵敏度、DC~20 GHz的探测范围,并完成了蓝牙、Wi-Fi等频点监测实验[11],美国Rydberg Technologies公司推出可搬运的里德堡原子电场量子传感样机。我国北京量子信息科学研究院、山西大学、华南师范大学、中国计量科学研究院、航天科工集团等在电场传感技术领域具备领先研发优势。其中,山西大学在2020年实现了5.5 μV/(m$\sqrt[]{\mathrm{H}\mathrm{z}}$)的极限灵敏度和780 pV/cm的最小可测电场强度[12],2025年采用腔增强探测实现了2.6 nV/(cm$\sqrt[]{\mathrm{H}\mathrm{z}}$)的测量灵敏度[13]。北京量子信息科学研究院实现了7.8 nV/cm的最小测量电场强度,以及覆盖50 MHz~40 GHz的电场测量范围,将里德堡原子电磁探测系统高度集成化(标准4 U机箱),并作为2024年中关村论坛重大成果发布(图2)。
量子惯性测量技术以陀螺仪为代表,主要有两种技术路线:一是通过探测有核自旋磁矩的原子系综随系统转动导致的自旋进动状态变化实现惯性测量,对应传感器为核磁共振(Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, NMR)陀螺仪;另一种是通过探测载体转动时物质波干涉条纹的变化进行惯性测量,对应传感器是原子干涉陀螺仪。陀螺仪具有重大战略价值,特别是小型化陀螺仪不仅对涉及国家安全的国防战略战术武器装备具有应用价值,也可为空中飞行器、地面运输设备、水下潜航器等提供高精度定位导航。
国际上,美国和欧盟的研究处于领先地位。NMR陀螺仪研发主要以美国普林斯顿大学、加州大学等为代表,美国Northrop Grumman公司已相继推出4代小型化的样机,体积10 cm3,角度随机游走0.001 (°)/$\sqrt[]{\mathrm{h}}$,精度0.02 (°)/h。原子干涉陀螺仪研究以美国斯坦福大学、耶鲁大学、桑迪亚国家实验室、法国巴黎天文台、德国汉诺威大学等科研机构为代表,斯坦福大学研制的原子干涉陀螺灵敏度3.0×10-6 (°)/$\sqrt[]{\mathrm{h}}$,零偏稳定性约为6.0×10-5 (°)/h,保持当前最好的原子干涉陀螺仪性能指标[14]
国内,北京航空航天大学、北京自动化控制设备研究所、北京航天控制仪器研究所、中国科学技术大学及国防科技大学等单位正开展NMR陀螺仪原理样机研制,尚无成熟产品。清华大学、精密测量院、中国船舶集团有限公司第七一七研究所及北京航天控制仪器研究所正在开展原子干涉陀螺仪研究,距离应用仍有一定差距。
重力测量是指激光冷却并俘获的铷或铯冷原子团在重力作用下上抛或自由下落过程中可形成物质波干涉,通过分析物质波干涉结果,实现高精度绝对重力加速度和相对加速度变化或梯度测量。理论上原子重力仪测量灵敏度比传统重力仪高3个数量级。目前已处于商业化应用探索阶段,是地球物理、资源勘探、空间科学、海洋探测、导航定位等领域必不可少的重要观测手段。
国际上,欧美等发达国家率先推进原子重力仪技术从实验室研究步入工程应用,英国伯明翰大学研制了在实验室外应用的原子重力梯度仪,统计不确定度为20E(1 E=1×10-9 s-2),可探测到道路下0.5 m横截面积4 m2的隧道,为考古、导航、城市规划和防灾等领域应用进行了演示验证(图3[15];2024年,德国汉诺威莱布尼兹大学报道了纠缠增强的原子重力仪,其测量灵敏度已接近标准量子极限[16]。美国AOSense公司和法国Muquans公司(被法国iXblue公司收购)的原子重力仪已商业化,基本能够满足用户在实验室静态环境下的绝对测量需求。在2022年“五眼环太平洋”演习期间,美国研制的固定式冷原子干涉重力仪在新西兰皇家海军舰艇上自主运行了21天,验证了其实用性。欧盟计划将原子干涉重力/重力梯度仪应用于太空环境中,法国计划为舰艇研制冷原子重力仪以提升水下环境探测能力。国内,华中科技大学、精密测量院、中国计量科学研究院、国防科技大学、军事科学院等单位正开展量子重力仪野外应用研究并逐步推进产业化,华中科技大学已于2021年向中国地震局交付首台铷原子重力仪。
量子生物传感技术是对生物特定过程伴随的磁场、电场、温度、压力等物理量和化学量变化进行测量,基于这些测量来表征生物过程或进行医疗诊断的量子传感技术应用。与传统传感技术相比,量子生物传感器在探测灵敏度和空间分辨率指标上都有数量级提升,根据工作场景和测量值不同,评价指标各有侧重。从应用需求上可分为两大类:高灵敏度量子传感和微纳米级尺度上高空间分辨率的量子传感。
国际上生物传感器正处于前期布局阶段,2019年,德国联邦政府与巴登符腾堡州共同投资2 200万欧元,在德国乌尔姆大学成立量子生物科技中心;2021年,美国NSF投资2 500万美元,成立生物传感和量子模拟的量子跃迁挑战研究所。美国、德国均希望通过重点研究支持在该领域抢得先机,以利用量子优势驱动生物学、医学、药学和化学的快速发展。美国Polatomic公司、Geometrics公司、英国Magnetic Shields公司已推出基于光泵磁力仪的可穿戴式脑磁设备。英国诺丁汉大学同英国Cerca Magnetics公司合作,成功安装了第1套光泵磁力仪脑磁图脑电图系统,用于功能性神经成像研究[17]
金刚石NV色心为科学家从纳米尺度上观测生物体系中的生物物理和生物化学过程提供了可能,也为生物学、化学和药学等学科研究提供了崭新的量子视角。英国伦敦大学学院利用化学修饰的纳米金刚石NV色心自旋量子平台,实现了病毒核糖核酸 (Ribonucleic Acid, RNA)单次复制10 min快检,灵敏度超过世界健康组织标准的50倍[18]。金刚石NV色心传感器能够测量细胞内的温度、酸碱度、力(压力)、神经电波及脑电磁信号,能够实现在各种蛋白质分子中单个原子核磁矩的测量,以进行分子解析及分子动力学研究[19]。理论和实验均已证明,经靶向材料化学修饰并完成原子核极化的纳米金刚石,可通过磁共振成像实现鲜明的癌细胞造影及药物传递造影。
国内,中国科学技术大学及其初创公司国仪量子,利用金刚石NV色心磁显微镜实现了肿瘤生物标志物的磁成像和量化。香港中文大学开展了多种基于金刚石NV色心系统的研究,实现细胞内温度、压力成像技术;北京航空航天大学、北京大学分别基于高灵敏度磁力仪开展生物磁探测和脑磁图分析系统研制。
基于量子物理的测量理论,利用量子压缩和量子纠缠等非经典态,可实现突破经典物理极限的测量灵敏度,是量子精密测量与传感的前沿领域,也是欧美等量子科技强国的重要支持方向。美国激光干涉引力波观测站(Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory, LIGO)团队于2015年首次观测到黑洞合并产生的引力波信号,这是引力波探测领域的突破性贡献,相关研究者获得了2017年诺贝尔物理学奖[20]。美国麻省理工学院的镱(Yb)原子光钟实现了多原子纠缠和自旋压缩,在光学腔中冷却并俘获了350个Yb原子,获得了低于标准量子极限4.4 dB的光钟信号[21]
金刚石NV色心具有极强的环境适应性,在近绝对零度及百GPa量级的极高压状况下,依然可以实现物理场的传感。近年来,NV色心这项优势在超导材料研究中得到了充分的应用。2024年美国加利福尼亚大学的Yao团队在高压低温条件下对材料附近的磁场进行探测成像,基于迈斯纳效应研究超导态的相变,为超导材料的表征提供了新的判断方法[22]
在推进面向突破经典极限的量子精密测量方面,我国处于国际先进水平。清华大学、北京大学、中国科学技术大学、山西大学、复旦大学、北京量子信息科学研究院、华中科技大学、中国科学院相关研究所都有相关前沿研究成果。2023年,中国科学技术大学、北京大学、浙江大学等多单位组成的研究团队,搭建了由分布于相距约1 700 km的两个屏蔽室内的15个SERF原子磁力仪构成的长基线网络,用于探测暗光子暗物质(图4)。相比以往单探测器搜索,长基线测量有效降低本地噪声源,在4.1 feV~2.1 peV质量范围对暗光子动力学混合系数进行限制,这一成果超越了当前的地面实验水平[23]
量子传感的技术核心是通过量子系统实现高精度测量,但其落地需突破从基础理论可行到实际环境可用的转化瓶颈,既要维持量子态的高灵敏度,又要应对复杂环境的干扰,同时需要满足小型化、低功耗、低成本的产业需求。因此,当前技术发展的关键矛盾已从能否实现高精度转向如何在实用场景中稳定实现高精度,量子传感技术目前面临的关键技术挑战主要有5个方面。
1)量子操控与读出技术
量子操控与读出是量子传感技术的基石,需实现对量子系统(原子、光子、NV色心等)的精准初始化、态调控与结果读取,其成熟度直接决定传感器的工作性能。目前该技术已形成多路线并行的成熟体系,不同技术路线对应不同应用场景,且均具备工业化适配潜力。
2)环境噪声抑制与隔离
量子态对环境噪声,如热噪声、振动、电磁干扰、控制噪声等,极度敏感,环境扰动会导致测量精度下降。同时由于量子传感技术的高灵敏度,目标物理量与环境物理量都会被测量到。因此,噪声抑制技术是量子传感技术从实验室走向实际应用的关键,通过被动屏蔽大部分环境噪声,主动补偿残余的动态干扰,其适配性直接决定应用场景的广度。
3)小型化、集成化与便携性
量子传感技术的早期设备多依赖实验室设施,如激光系统、真空腔和高性能检测设备等,体积大、成本高,仅能用于科研领域。要实现广泛应用,必须将系统芯片化和便携化,降低体积、功耗和成本。这是当前全球研发的热点,也是企业竞争的核心赛道。
4)校准与标准化
量子传感技术的精准度需通过统一的校准方法与标准验证,才能确保不同设备测量结果可比较。例如,两家公司的量子磁力仪若校准标准不同,可能导致对同一磁场的测量结果差异超过10%,严重影响行业信任。因此,校准与标准化是量子传感技术产业化的前提条件,当前全球正加速推进相关工作。
5)人工智能赋能的精密测量
随着人工智能技术的飞速发展,人工智能结合量子传感技术的优势已经得到验证。进一步的研究需要通过人工智能算法实现智能噪声建模与补偿,在振动、磁场漂移、温度波动等复杂环境中实现信噪比提升;在有限样本下进行小样本学习或在线学习,提升测量精准度与鲁棒性;通过强化学习或贝叶斯优化实现自适应实验控制与反馈优化,增强传感器在动态环境中的可用性。
量子传感技术作为量子技术中最接近产业化的领域,正处于从原型验证向规模化应用的关键过渡期,其应用条件已部分满足,基础技术逐渐成熟,核心场景需求明确,政策支持体系逐步完善。当前全球已形成 “美国军方牵引、欧盟民用优先、中国举国协同”的差异化政策模式,共同推动量子传感技术从实验室走向产业化。量子传感技术的军民两用属性使其成为各国量子战略的优先领域,其发展高度依赖国家在技术突破、场景应用、产业发展和人才培养等多个层面的政策支持。
(1)在技术层面,加强量子传感技术基础科研的经费投入,提升量子传感器核心技术指标;加强国际合作,应对技术封锁;开展环境鲁棒性与核心部件自主化研发,联合国内优势单位,通过承接国家重大专项,深化协同攻关机制,突破工程化瓶颈。
(2)在场景层面,通过发布专项计划、设立专项资金,明确量子传感技术的发展目标与重点领域,为技术研发与产业化提供稳定预期与资金保障。优先选择高价值和不可替代场景,如量子导航、电磁对抗、生物医疗等,集中资源实现应用落地。
(3)在产业层面,加大政府采购力度,培育初期市场;吸引民营企业参与,建设完整产业链;加快标准制定,规范市场秩序。同时由于量子传感的部分技术具有军事敏感性,可用于潜艇定位、导弹制导等,因此要对先进量子传感技术实施严格出口管制。
(4)在人才层面,进一步整合研究机构及相关资源,促进人才兼聘、设备共享、学生联合培养、学科交叉融合,打造量子传感器科技创新的国家队;同时,在科研考核评估方面,针对产业应用型技术研发团队,打破“四唯”评价标准,建立“以产品、以应用、以成果”为核心导向的考核激励机制。
量子传感技术已展现出重大应用前景,在国防、民用等领域均具有广泛的应用需求和巨大的发展潜力。我国拥有全球领先的量子传感技术研究机构,综合研究实力强,也有中国航天科技集团有限公司、中国电子科技集团有限公司、中国电信集团有限公司等央企参与,具备从器件研发、实验验证到应用场景等全流程优势。但是,由于量子传感技术研发涉及基础研究、应用需求对接、技术开发以及特定场景应用等多方合作,需要进一步强化多学科、多领域的协同。在国家战略布局的有力支撑与科研工作者的深耕钻研下,我国量子传感技术研究必将持续突破关键技术瓶颈,产出更多引领性成果,在全球量子科技竞争中稳步占据核心地位,为国家战略安全与产业升级筑牢技术根基。
  • 北京市自然科学基金(Z240006)
  • 国家科技重大专项(2024ZD0803300)
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doi: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2025.04.007
  • 接收时间:2025-06-30
  • 出版时间:2025-12-20
  • 发布时间:2025-12-30
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  • 收稿日期:2025-06-30
  • 修回日期:2025-09-11
基金
北京市自然科学基金(Z240006)
国家科技重大专项(2024ZD0803300)
作者信息
    1 北京量子信息科学研究院, 北京 100193
    2 中国科学院物理研究所北京凝聚态物理国家实验室, 北京 100190
    3 中国科学院大学, 北京 100049

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表12种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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