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Quantum computing is undergoing a critical transition from laboratory research to industrial application, poised to exert a profound impact on future information technology systems. Through an in-depth analysis of the upstream and downstream industrial chain of quantum computing, this study reveals that while China still faces certain technological bottlenecks and supply chain risks in upstream segments—specifically in key equipment, core materials, and specialized components—the pace of indigenous R&D and substitution is accelerating significantly. The downstream industrial ecosystem has been initially established, with quantum computing cloud platforms currently serving as the primary service model. In the long term, algorithm services and scenario-specific applications demonstrate substantial potential. The research indicates that China needs to elevate quantum computing to the strategic level of an emerging key industry for systematic planning. Efforts should focus on breakthroughs in upstream core technologies to achieve autonomy and controllability, while concurrently fostering a software and application ecosystem centered on cloud platforms. By strengthening coordination across the entire industry chain, China can seize the initiative in the global quantum technology competition and guide industrial development.

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量子计算正经历从前沿技术探索迈向颠覆性产业转型的关键阶段,已成为重塑未来信息社会格局的核心引擎。文章深入剖析了量子计算上下游产业链的现状,指出目前我国上游产业链的关键设备、核心材料与专用器件仍存在一定程度的外部依赖,但自主化替代进程已呈加速态势;下游产业生态已具雏形,当前以量子云算力平台为主要服务形态,长远来看,量子计算在算法服务与场景应用方面的潜力正逐步显现。研究表明,我国需将量子计算提升至战略性新兴产业高度进行系统性布局,上游聚焦核心环节突破,实现自主可控,下游构建以云平台为枢纽的软件与应用生态,依托产业链上下游协同联动,在全球量子科技竞争中抢占产业发展主导权。

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任维娟,北京量子信息科学研究院科研管理主管。主要从事科技管理及情报研究工作研究。曾参与科学技术部、中国工程院、北京市科学技术委员会等的战略咨询课题,围绕国内外量子计算、量子通信、量子精密测量等技术方向和产业发展形势进行深入的研究,多份研判报告得到领导批示。

李爱仙,博士,助理研究员。主要从事耦合量子点的输运特性、纳米体系的非线性光学、量子精密测量的理论研究,以及量子科技战略和政策研究。

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任维娟,北京量子信息科学研究院科研管理主管。主要从事科技管理及情报研究工作研究。曾参与科学技术部、中国工程院、北京市科学技术委员会等的战略咨询课题,围绕国内外量子计算、量子通信、量子精密测量等技术方向和产业发展形势进行深入的研究,多份研判报告得到领导批示。

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任维娟,北京量子信息科学研究院科研管理主管。主要从事科技管理及情报研究工作研究。曾参与科学技术部、中国工程院、北京市科学技术委员会等的战略咨询课题,围绕国内外量子计算、量子通信、量子精密测量等技术方向和产业发展形势进行深入的研究,多份研判报告得到领导批示。

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李爱仙,博士,助理研究员。主要从事耦合量子点的输运特性、纳米体系的非线性光学、量子精密测量的理论研究,以及量子科技战略和政策研究。

"}, bioImg=ey2v6Zya0i2CTOgSc+S8JA==, bioContent=

李爱仙,博士,助理研究员。主要从事耦合量子点的输运特性、纳米体系的非线性光学、量子精密测量的理论研究,以及量子科技战略和政策研究。

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IBM让量子计算在云端成为可能[J]. 世界科学, 2016(7): 11-12., articleTitle=IBM让量子计算在云端成为可能, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242115118893433577, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251591669432758, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2016, volume=null, issue=7, pageStart=11, pageEnd=12, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=1, authorNames=Cai L Y, journalName=World Science, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Cai L Y. IBM makes quantum computing possible on the cloud[J]. 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[2025-10-15]. https://www.ibm.com/quantum/qiskit., articleTitle=Qiskit IBM Quantum Computing, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242115119065400049, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251591669432758, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=https://research.google/blog/announcing-cirq-an-open-source-framework-for-nisq-algorithms/, language=null, rfNumber=[3], rfOrder=3, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Announcing Cirq:An open source framework for NISQ algorithms[EB/OL]. (2018-07-18)[2025-10-15]. https://research.google/blog/announcing-cirq-an-open-source-framework-for-nisq-algorithms/., articleTitle=Announcing Cirq:An open source framework for NISQ algorithms, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242115119140897525, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251591669432758, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=https://www.cdstm.cn/gallery/hycx/qyzx/201811/t20181110_892620.html, language=null, rfNumber=[4], rfOrder=4, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=D-Wave推出免费的量子云服务[EB/OL]. (2018-11-16)[2025-10-15]. https://www.cdstm.cn/gallery/hycx/qyzx/201811/t20181110_892620.html., articleTitle=D-Wave推出免费的量子云服务, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242115119220589303, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251591669432758, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=https://www.cdstm.cn/gallery/hycx/qyzx/201811/t20181110_892620.html, language=null, rfNumber=[4], rfOrder=5, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=D-Wave launches free quantum cloud services[EB/OL]. (2018-11-16)[2025-10-15]. https://www.cdstm.cn/gallery/hycx/qyzx/201811/t20181110_892620.html., articleTitle=D-Wave launches free quantum cloud services, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242115119275115257, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251591669432758, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=https://aws.amazon.com/cn/braket/, language=null, rfNumber=[5], rfOrder=6, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=量子云计算服务-Amazon Braket-AWS[EB/OL]. [2025-10-15]. https://aws.amazon.com/cn/braket/., articleTitle=量子云计算服务-Amazon Braket-AWS, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242115119346418427, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251591669432758, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=https://aws.amazon.com/cn/braket/, language=null, rfNumber=[5], rfOrder=7, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Quantum cloud computing service-Amazon Braket-AWS[EB/OL]. [2025-10-15]. https://aws.amazon.com/cn/braket/., articleTitle=Quantum cloud computing service-Amazon Braket-AWS, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242115119413527295, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251591669432758, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=https://www.cnbeta.com.tw/articles/tech/907085.htm, language=null, rfNumber=[6], rfOrder=8, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=微软宣布推出量子计算云服务Azure Quantum[EB/OL]. (2019-11-05)[2025-10-15]. https://www.cnbeta.com.tw/articles/tech/907085.htm., articleTitle=微软宣布推出量子计算云服务Azure Quantum, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242115119476441857, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251591669432758, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=https://www.cnbeta.com.tw/articles/tech/907085.htm, language=null, rfNumber=[6], rfOrder=9, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Microsoft announces the launch of azure quantum, a quantum computing cloud service[EB/OL]. (2019-11-05)[2025-10-15]. https://www.cnbeta.com.tw/articles/tech/907085.htm., articleTitle=Microsoft announces the launch of azure quantum, a quantum computing cloud service, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242115119539356419, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251591669432758, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=http://www.baqis.ac.cn/news/detail/cid=1722, language=null, rfNumber=[7], rfOrder=10, authorNames=北京量子信息科学研究院, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=北京量子信息科学研究院. 我院新一代量子计算云平台作为北京重大成果在中关村论坛发布[EB/OL]. (2023-05-26)[2025-10-15]. http://www.baqis.ac.cn/news/detail/cid=1722., articleTitle=我院新一代量子计算云平台作为北京重大成果在中关村论坛发布, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242115119619048199, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251591669432758, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=http://www.baqis.ac.cn/news/detail/cid=1722, language=null, rfNumber=[7], rfOrder=11, authorNames=Beijing Academy of Quantum Information Sciences, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Beijing Academy of Quantum Information Sciences. Our Institute's new-generation quantum computing cloud platform released as a major Beijing achievement at Zhongguancun Forum[EB/OL]. (2023-05-26)[2025-10-15]. http://www.baqis.ac.cn/news/detail/cid=1722., articleTitle=Our Institute's new-generation quantum computing cloud platform released as a major Beijing achievement at Zhongguancun Forum, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242115119677768457, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251591669432758, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=http://www.baqis.ac.cn/news/detail/cid=2026, language=null, rfNumber=[8], rfOrder=12, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=北京量子院发布大规模量子云算力集群[EB/OL]. (2024-04-26)[2025-10-15]. http://www.baqis.ac.cn/news/detail/cid=2026., articleTitle=北京量子院发布大规模量子云算力集群, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242115119728100107, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251591669432758, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=http://www.baqis.ac.cn/news/detail/cid=2026, language=null, rfNumber=[8], rfOrder=13, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Beijing Academy of Quantum Information Sciences releases large-scale quantum cloud computing power cluster[EB/OL]. (2024-04-26)[2025-10-15]. http://www.baqis.ac.cn/news/detail/cid=2026., articleTitle=Beijing Academy of Quantum Information Sciences releases large-scale quantum cloud computing power cluster, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242115119803597582, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251591669432758, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=null, issue=01, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[9], rfOrder=14, authorNames=赵广立, journalName=中国科学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=赵广立. 国内首个超导量子计算云平台上线[N]. 中国科学报, 2020-09-15(01)., articleTitle=国内首个超导量子计算云平台上线, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242115119862317841, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251591669432758, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=null, issue=01, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[9], rfOrder=15, authorNames=Zhao G L, journalName=China Science News, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhao G L. China's First Superconducting Quantum Computing Cloud Platform Goes Online[N]. China Science News, 2020-09-15(01)., articleTitle=China's First Superconducting Quantum Computing Cloud Platform Goes Online, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242115119933621010, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251591669432758, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=https://www.reuters.com/technology/biden-tout-ibms-20-bln-investment-new-york-over-next-decade-2022-10-06, language=null, rfNumber=[10], rfOrder=16, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Biden hails IBM’s $20 billion New York manufacturing deal[EB/OL]. (2022-10-06)[2025-10-15]. https://www.reuters.com/technology/biden-tout-ibms-20-bln-investment-new-york-over-next-decade-2022-10-06., articleTitle=Biden hails IBM’s $20 billion New York manufacturing deal, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242115120004924181, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251591669432758, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=https://cn.investing.com/news/company-news/article-93CH-2970201, language=null, rfNumber=[11], rfOrder=17, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=霍尼韦尔为量子部门Quantinuum融资6亿美元, 估值达100亿美元[EB/OL]. (2025-09-04)[2025-10-15]. https://cn.investing.com/news/company-news/article-93CH-2970201., articleTitle=霍尼韦尔为量子部门Quantinuum融资6亿美元, 估值达100亿美元, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242115120080421656, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251591669432758, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=https://cn.investing.com/news/company-news/article-93CH-2970201, language=null, rfNumber=[11], rfOrder=18, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Honeywell raises $600 million for its quantum unit quantinuum, valuing it at $10 billion[EB/OL]. (2025-09-04)[2025-10-15]. https://cn.investing.com/news/company-news/article-93CH-2970201., articleTitle=Honeywell raises $600 million for its quantum unit quantinuum, valuing it at $10 billion, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242115120151724827, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251591669432758, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=https://ionq.com/news/october-01-2021-ionq-listed-on-nyse, language=null, rfNumber=[12], rfOrder=19, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=IonQ becomes first publicly traded, pure-play quantum computing company; closes business combination with dMY Technology group III[EB/OL].(2025-10-01)[2025-10-15]. https://ionq.com/news/october-01-2021-ionq-listed-on-nyse., articleTitle=IonQ becomes first publicly traded, pure-play quantum computing company; closes business combination with dMY Technology group III, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242115120206250783, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251591669432758, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=https://english.news.cn/20250212/918ae8e0e7ab4d47a516ff50f277013d/c.html, language=null, rfNumber=[13], rfOrder=20, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=U.S.Boston quantum startup QuEra completes financing of 230m USD[EB/OL]. (2025-02-12)[2025-10-15]., articleTitle=U.S.Boston quantum startup QuEra completes financing of 230m USD, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242115120269165343, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251591669432758, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=https://finance.sina.com.cn/stock/relnews/us/2025-04-07/doc-inesincs1409128.shtml, language=null, rfNumber=[14], rfOrder=21, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=SandboxAQ raises \$150 million from Nvidia, Google backers[EB/OL]. (2025-04-07)[2025-10-15]. https://finance.sina.com.cn/stock/relnews/us/2025-04-07/doc-inesincs1409128.shtml., articleTitle=SandboxAQ raises \$150 million from Nvidia, Google backers, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242115120336274208, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251591669432758, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=https://newsroom.ibm.com/2025-04-28-ibm-unveils-150-billion-investment-in-america-to-accelerate-technology-opportunity, language=null, rfNumber=[15], rfOrder=22, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=IBM unveils \$150 billion investment in America to accelerate technology opportunity[EB/OL]. (2025-04-28)[2025-10-15]., articleTitle=IBM unveils \$150 billion investment in America to accelerate technology opportunity, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242115120399188771, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251591669432758, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=https://finance.sina.com.cn/roll/2025-09-10/doc-infpzkvc2479792.shtml, language=null, rfNumber=[16], rfOrder=23, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=量子计算公司PsiQuantum获10亿美元融资[EB/OL]. (2025-09-10)[2025-10-15]. https://finance.sina.com.cn/roll/2025-09-10/doc-infpzkvc2479792.shtml., articleTitle=量子计算公司PsiQuantum获10亿美元融资, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242115120466297638, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251591669432758, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=https://finance.sina.com.cn/roll/2025-09-10/doc-infpzkvc2479792.shtml, language=null, rfNumber=[16], rfOrder=24, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Quantum Computing Company PsiQuantum secures \$1 billion in funding[EB/OL]. (2025-09-10)[2025-10-15]. https://finance.sina.com.cn/roll/2025-09-10/doc-infpzkvc2479792.shtml., articleTitle=Quantum Computing Company PsiQuantum secures \$1 billion in funding, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242115120533406504, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251591669432758, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=https://cn.investing.com/news/stock-market-news/article-93CH-2875010, language=null, rfNumber=[17], rfOrder=25, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=IonQ股价在以溢价发行10亿美元股权后上涨[EB/OL]. (2025-07-07)[2025-10-15]. https://cn.investing.com/news/stock-market-news/article-93CH-2875010., articleTitle=IonQ股价在以溢价发行10亿美元股权后上涨, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242115120596321065, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251591669432758, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=https://cn.investing.com/news/stock-market-news/article-93CH-2875010, language=null, rfNumber=[17], rfOrder=26, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=IonQ's Stock rises after issuing \$1 billion in equity at a premium[EB/OL]. (2025-07-07)[2025-10-15]. https://cn.investing.com/news/stock-market-news/article-93CH-2875010., articleTitle=IonQ's Stock rises after issuing \$1 billion in equity at a premium, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242115120684401450, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251591669432758, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=https://cn.investing.com/news/stock-market-news/article-3021402, language=null, rfNumber=[18], rfOrder=27, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=IonQ溢价融资20亿美元, 量子军备竞赛或进入资本加速期[EB/OL]. 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量子计算上下游产业链发展现状与建议
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任维娟 , 刘静 , 范琼 , 金贻荣 , 韩清珍 , 汪海锋 , 李爱仙
前瞻科技 | 综述与述评 2025,4(4): 83-91
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前瞻科技 | 综述与述评 2025, 4(4): 83-91
量子计算上下游产业链发展现状与建议
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任维娟, 刘静, 范琼, 金贻荣, 韩清珍, 汪海锋, 李爱仙
作者信息
  • 北京量子信息科学研究院, 北京 100193
  • 任维娟,北京量子信息科学研究院科研管理主管。主要从事科技管理及情报研究工作研究。曾参与科学技术部、中国工程院、北京市科学技术委员会等的战略咨询课题,围绕国内外量子计算、量子通信、量子精密测量等技术方向和产业发展形势进行深入的研究,多份研判报告得到领导批示。

    李爱仙,博士,助理研究员。主要从事耦合量子点的输运特性、纳米体系的非线性光学、量子精密测量的理论研究,以及量子科技战略和政策研究。

通信作者:

Current Development Status and Suggestions for the Upstream and Downstream Industrial Chain of Quantum Computing
Weijuan REN, Jing LIU, Qiong FAN, Yirong JIN, Qingzhen HAN, Haifeng WANG, Aixian LI
Affiliations
  • Beijing Academy of Quantum Information Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
出版时间: 2025-12-20 doi: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2025.04.006
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量子计算正经历从前沿技术探索迈向颠覆性产业转型的关键阶段,已成为重塑未来信息社会格局的核心引擎。文章深入剖析了量子计算上下游产业链的现状,指出目前我国上游产业链的关键设备、核心材料与专用器件仍存在一定程度的外部依赖,但自主化替代进程已呈加速态势;下游产业生态已具雏形,当前以量子云算力平台为主要服务形态,长远来看,量子计算在算法服务与场景应用方面的潜力正逐步显现。研究表明,我国需将量子计算提升至战略性新兴产业高度进行系统性布局,上游聚焦核心环节突破,实现自主可控,下游构建以云平台为枢纽的软件与应用生态,依托产业链上下游协同联动,在全球量子科技竞争中抢占产业发展主导权。

量子计算  /  上下游产业链  /  量子芯片  /  量子比特测控  /  量子测控软件  /  量子计算云平台

Quantum computing is undergoing a critical transition from laboratory research to industrial application, poised to exert a profound impact on future information technology systems. Through an in-depth analysis of the upstream and downstream industrial chain of quantum computing, this study reveals that while China still faces certain technological bottlenecks and supply chain risks in upstream segments—specifically in key equipment, core materials, and specialized components—the pace of indigenous R&D and substitution is accelerating significantly. The downstream industrial ecosystem has been initially established, with quantum computing cloud platforms currently serving as the primary service model. In the long term, algorithm services and scenario-specific applications demonstrate substantial potential. The research indicates that China needs to elevate quantum computing to the strategic level of an emerging key industry for systematic planning. Efforts should focus on breakthroughs in upstream core technologies to achieve autonomy and controllability, while concurrently fostering a software and application ecosystem centered on cloud platforms. By strengthening coordination across the entire industry chain, China can seize the initiative in the global quantum technology competition and guide industrial development.

quantum computing  /  upstream and downstream industrial chain  /  quantum chip  /  qubit measurement and control  /  quantum measurement and control software  /  quantum computing cloud platform
任维娟, 刘静, 范琼, 金贻荣, 韩清珍, 汪海锋, 李爱仙. 量子计算上下游产业链发展现状与建议. 前瞻科技, 2025 , 4 (4) : 83 -91 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2025.04.006
Weijuan REN, Jing LIU, Qiong FAN, Yirong JIN, Qingzhen HAN, Haifeng WANG, Aixian LI. Current Development Status and Suggestions for the Upstream and Downstream Industrial Chain of Quantum Computing[J]. Science and Technology Foresight, 2025 , 4 (4) : 83 -91 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2025.04.006
近年来,量子科技和产业迅猛发展,已成为包括中国在内的多个国家和地区展示实力、布局未来的新战场。量子科技主要包括量子计算、量子通信和量子精密测量与传感三大应用方向,其中量子计算因对信息处理有指数加速作用,是量子科技的核心,在量子科技创新链和产业链中起到“火车头”和“中流砥柱”的作用。量子计算正在从前沿科技逐步发展成为对未来信息社会有颠覆性影响的重要产业,并不断发展壮大,一旦实现关键技术突破并走向规模化应用,将颠覆性提升人类处理信息的能力,进而引发社会生产生活形态的深刻革命,其影响将涵盖国家安全、经济发展、科学研究、生命健康乃至每个人的日常生活。我国若在量子科技领域丧失主导权,或将失去未来信息社会的话语权,甚至直接危及国家主权与生存安全。
围绕量子计算衍生出上下游两条产业链,虽然量子计算当前产业规模仍相对有限,但未来产业规模有望比肩当前的半导体和经典信息产业。尽早开展系统性产业布局,有助于抢占该领域发展制高点,为我国在未来全球量子科技革命的激烈竞争中赢得战略主动。
量子计算上游产业链是围绕量子计算机研发需求而衍生的产业链,与量子计算的物理实现方案密切相关,不同的物理实现方案所需的工艺和设备不同。目前,量子计算上游产业链已经形成技术体系和产业链雏形。超导量子计算是目前技术成熟度最高的量子计算候选方案之一,其上游产业链主要分为三大技术板块,包括量子芯片制备、量子比特测控硬件和量子比特测控软件。依托固体材料的其他量子计算技术路线,如半导体硅基量子计算、拓扑量子计算等,其所依赖的上游产业链与超导量子计算高度重合。若这些技术路线后续实现弯道超车,我国上游产业链经适度调整后,仍能较好适配新的主流技术路线。
超导量子计算的典型优势之一是芯片制备工艺与半导体工业具有高度的兼容性。一旦实现技术突破,便可借助成熟的半导体工业迅速实现超导量子芯片的规模化和产业化;同时,鉴于材料与核心器件构造存在差异,超导量子芯片的生产制造也具备诸多自身特有的工艺。以下按照量子芯片的工艺流程,介绍产业链从芯片设计、薄膜制备、曝光工艺、刻蚀工艺、表征工艺到封装工艺各环节的发展现状。
芯片设计包括架构设计、功能设计、物理设计和验证测试等环节,目前仍以各研发机构根据自身需求设计为主,尚未形成规模化。其中,各设计环节所使用的核心设备对外依存度较高,存在供应随时被中断的潜在风险。
薄膜制备是所有芯片制备的起点。为实现高性能超导量子芯片加工,必须在具有超低介电损耗的衬底(基片)上生长高质量超导薄膜,且薄膜质量要求比传统半导体芯片更高。从产业链维度来看,该环节涉及镀膜设备、基片/薄膜表面处理设备、衬底晶圆及核心原材料等关键环节。值得注意的是,约瑟夫森结作为超导量子芯片的核心结构,其制备关键在于多层膜的精准生长工艺。
根据镀膜材料和工艺不同,制备超导薄膜主要使用的镀膜设备包括磁控溅射、电子束蒸发、热蒸发、分子束外延、原子层沉积等设备。镀膜设备在科研和工业生产中已长期广泛应用,我国的相关企业很多,基本能满足需求。基片/薄膜表面处理设备主要包括退火、抛光等相关设备,进口依赖度较低。衬底晶圆主要包括单晶蓝宝石片和高阻硅片,存在依赖进口的情况,国产替代品正在加速研发。原材料主要包括Nb、Ta、Al、In等常用低温超导材料的高纯靶材或蒸发颗粒,目前以国产为主,但超高纯度原材料及同位素纯化材料仍依赖进口。
曝光工艺是生成微纳米尺度电路图形结构的必备且核心工艺,主要采用μm级和10 nm级两种尺度的曝光技术。μm级曝光设备包括激光直写、紫外曝光机等,10 nm级曝光设备主要为电子束曝光机。鉴于超导量子芯片仍处于中小规模、快速研发迭代阶段,半导体工业中用到的深紫外、极紫外曝光机成本过高,现阶段不适用于超导量子计算芯片研发;目前使用的与曝光过程匹配的设备均为实验级别,包括匀胶机、热板、显影设备等。
刻蚀工艺是去除曝光转印图形中不需要的材料的工艺,主要有反应离子刻蚀和电感耦合等离子体刻蚀两类设备。刻蚀设备已在半导体工业和科研中广泛应用,我国的相关企业不仅在国内市场占据了一定的市场份额,而且在技术升级和创新方面也取得了显著进展,国产替代正逐步加快。
表征工艺是确保芯片实际制备参数与设计参数相符合的工艺,并检查芯片的缺陷和可靠性。目前中高端的表征设备仍以进口为主。结电阻测试相关的探针台和电学测试设备具有通用性,国内供应商较多。
封装工艺是将量子芯片切割到合适的尺寸,实现不同量子芯片之间的互连,以及量子芯片和电路板、样品盒的连接。封装工艺的主要设备包括引线键合机、倒装焊机、深硅刻蚀机等,这些设备在半导体工业中已广泛应用,已形成较成熟的产业链。值得一提的是,倒装焊工艺,这是目前超导量子芯片制备中普遍采用的多层芯片封装技术。与半导体中常用的倒装焊机不同,超导量子计算需要采用超导材料进行焊接;特别是红外探测器封装工艺中,主要用铟进行倒装焊,这是一种超导金属,与超导芯片工艺兼容。
超导量子芯片需要在极低温状态(接近绝对零度)下工作,通过施加微波脉冲实现对量子比特的操控和状态的读取,需要攻坚的硬件技术主要包括极低温设备和测控线路等。
目前,能够实现10 mK极低温温区的商用设备主要是稀释制冷机,我国相关企业主要技术指标接近或达到国际先进水平。国外稀释制冷机厂家主要有芬兰的Bluefors公司,英国的牛津仪器(Oxford Instruments)公司、荷兰的莱顿低温有限公司(Leiden Cryogenics B.V.)、美国的Janis公司和初创公司Maybell等。国产稀释制冷机随着快速迭代,技术日趋成熟,逐渐被国内用户接受。此外,稀释制冷机所需的关键材料3He气体,目前国内主要依赖进口,仍需强化自主能力。
操控线路方面。超导量子比特的操控涉及微波、射频和直流3个频段的信号。其中,微波段信号的质量尤为关键,因为其涉及的微波线路和器件需要满足低温和超导量子测控的特殊需求。目前,部分线路和器件进口依赖度正在快速降低,国内微波线路和器件经过长时间发展,本身已具有较好的供应链基础。
读取线路方面。读取线路需要接入低温隔离器/环形器及低温低噪声放大器(Low-Noise Amplifier,LNA),国外主要供应商对中国禁运,部分未禁运公司虽然可以很小规模、很小范围对外销售其自研的放大器,但带宽很小,仅供科学实验用,无法满足超导量子计算工程化需要。
测控电子学系统方面。超导量子比特的操控主要通过外部电子学设备生成精准微波激励信号,并对量子比特反馈信号进行放大、高速采集与处理。国内电子学领域经过长期技术积累,相关企业数量较多,尽管部分核心部件仍存在进口依赖,但多款国产替代产品已实现技术突破并投入应用。
无论在经典计算还是量子计算领域,软件都将是一个巨大的产业。与硬件相比,软件行业更灵活多变,具有极强的弹性和适应性,非常依赖生态。量子计算测控软件和运行环境的产业化目前仍处于起步阶段,尚未形成成熟的市场变现机制。然而,随着量子计算技术的快速发展,特别是在量子计算机硬件性能的提升和相关技术的突破下,量子计算软件作为连接理论研究与实际应用的关键桥梁,其市场增长潜力巨大,预计未来将有显著的市场发展空间。
测控软件方面。主要与底层物理硬件交互。由于与硬件关联度高,测控软件未来产业化多会与相应的硬件捆绑,例如瑞士苏黎世仪器(Zurich Instruments AG)开发的LabOne。我国北京量子信息科学研究院为适应未来大规模量子芯片测控需要,自主开发了Systemq测控软件框架;本源量子计算科技(合肥)股份有限公司(简称本源量子)自主开发了测控框架“司南”;中国科学技术大学也有自主开发的测控软件体系。
量子运行环境方面。主要负责比特映射、量子线路编译与优化等,为抽象的量子编程语言提供运行支持。目前,量子运行环境越靠近底层,越趋向于闭源;越靠近上层,越趋于开源。目前,较有影响力的有IBM公司的Qiskit框架,除与硬件交互的测控软件部分外,基本是开源的;谷歌公司的Open Fermion、Cirq等量子计算库也是开源的,但与硬件交互的工具如Optimus则未开源。我国北京量子信息科学研究院研发了Quafu系统,国防科技大学推出了Qingo系统,中国科学院软件研究所也在进行此类开发。由于量子计算技术路线尚未成熟,运行环境方面目前仍具有很大的开放性,尚未形成真正的生态。国际上IBM公司的Qiskit已经具备初步的生态化能力,国内外很多量子计算库都一定程度上依赖Qiskit。
量子编程语言、算法与应用方面。量子编程语言环境和应用开发环境,则更具抽象性,且处于更早期的阶段。由中国科学技术大学软件研究所孵化的初创公司北京中科弧光量子软件技术有限公司,基于自身技术积累已开展相关探索,推出了面向超导量子计算的isQ量子编程环境,为该领域技术落地提供了有益实践。
量子计算下游产业链是量子计算机建成或基本建成后,由应用带动起来的产业链。从应用前景看,下游产业链可以分为量子计算云平台近期应用、算法服务中期应用,以及具有实际应用价值的远期应用。
量子计算云平台基于互联网为各类用户提供云端接入服务,实现量子计算资源共享,进而推动量子计算产业提前布局与生态良性发展。鉴于各类量子计算系统的建设、运行和维护成本均较高,量子计算云算力平台将成为未来主要的算力输出及应用模式。
在全球范围内,量子计算云平台的商业化进程正在加速,众多科技公司和创业企业纷纷投入该领域。除美国IBM公司、Google公司、微软公司等科技巨头外,加拿大D-Wave公司、美国Rigetti公司和IonQ公司等创业公司也在积极布局。其中,IBM公司布局早、投入大,早在2016年就发布了量子计算云平台IBM Q Experience[1],并在2017年发布了可连接量子模拟器或量子真机的开源软件工具包Qiskit[2],目前IBM公司已经构建了一个成熟的量子计算生态环境。谷歌公司于2018年发布了基于含噪中等量子规模(Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum, NISQ)的开源量子计算框架Cirq[3],并于2020年将其整合进神经网络框架TensorFlow,命名为TensorFlow Quantum。D-Wave公司是最早开展量子计算业务的公司,于2018年正式推出了量子云计算服务D-Wave Leap[4]。亚马逊公司进入量子计算领域稍晚,并未选择独立发展硬件,而是采用基于亚马逊网络服务(Amazon Web Services, AWS)的全托管式解决方案Amazon Braket[5],同时接入多家硬件提供商。微软公司主要致力于拓扑量子计算,于2017年发布了量子开发工具包QDK,在2019年推出了量子云生态系统Azure Quantum[6],也可以接入多家硬件提供商。除了上述具有代表性的大型科技企业外,还有众多中小型创业公司也孵化出了一些有特色的量子云计算服务。如初创公司Rigetti公司商业化颇为成功,虽然在芯片规模和性能方面均落后于IBM公司,但是近年来增长迅猛,已积累了来自众多企业、政府、科研机构等的稳定客户。
与国外企业相比,国内的量子计算云平台最初发展较缓慢,但近年来呈现出井喷式发展态势。北京量子信息科学研究院联合中国科学院物理研究所、清华大学,于2023年5月构建完成并发布全自主化的新一代量子计算云平台Quafu[7],上线芯片数和单芯片比特数均达到国际先进水平,也提供了Qlis p量子编程框架;2024年4月Quafu云平台进一步升级[8],组建完成大规模量子云算力集群,包括5台百比特规模的新一代量子计算系统,集群可用物理比特数达到590个以上,平均两比特门保真度达到97%以上,其中保真度最高的芯片达到了99%,综合指标进入国际前列。本源量子也发布了量子计算云平台,同时还推出了量子编程架构QPanda[9]
量子计算云平台提供的量子计算资源并不能直接应用于实际生产,中间需要通过合适的算法进行转化,算法服务的提供者几乎不受任何限制,可以是量子云计算服务提供者、使用者或者第三方。量子算法的研究是打通量子计算云平台与实际应用的关键一步,它不仅能够满足下游用户的实际需求,如金融建模、药物设计等,还能促进量子计算云平台有目的地升级,满足如优化问题求解、密码学等领域实际生产需求。量子算法服务类似于信息技术行业,属于轻资产、重人才的产业,因此可以催生出一批以提供算法解决用户实际需求为主业的中小初创企业,既可以带动全产业链发展,又可以吸纳高技术人才。
从产业收益来看,算法服务产业预计未来5年内可以产生商业收益,10年内可能成为较成熟的产业;算法与硬件实现结合预计需10年左右发展到成熟阶段,如通过云平台接入量子计算资源,并形成软硬件一体化解决方案。
量子计算预计将在未来10年内构建起较为成熟的应用产业生态,覆盖科研、企业、教学等多元用户群体,培育出多个具备量子优势的核心应用方向,并释放重大产业应用价值。未来量子计算系统将具备解决各行业复杂计算难题的能力,其为社会经济发展带来的潜在价值将不可估量。目前,罗伯特·博世有限公司、大众汽车股份公司、福特汽车公司等在量子计算方面已有部署,这些公司与IBM公司、D-Wave公司等合作,开发量子传感器,研发新材料等;生物医药和材料化学应用领域,总部位于芬兰赫尔辛基的量子计算初创公司Algorithmiq宣布,已经与IBM公司达成合作,推进其对解决生命科学中复杂问题的量子算法的探索,以期大幅减少药物发现和开发时间及成本;金融应用领域,一些大型金融机构已经开始探索量子计算的应用,并与量子计算公司合作进行实验和研究。尽管量子计算技术仍处于发展的早期阶段,但随着技术的发展和成本的降低,量子计算在金融领域的应用前景非常广阔,这可能成为未来的一个重要发展趋势。
自2015年美国加州大学圣巴巴拉分校Martinis团队加入谷歌公司并为其建造量子计算机,以及2016年IBM公司推出首个量子计算云平台以来,量子计算受到产业界的持续高度关注。Intel公司、微软公司、亚马逊公司等科技巨头相继投入量子计算研发,同时涌现出大量相关初创企业。2025年,全球企业参与量子计算研发日趋活跃,美国在量子计算领域保持了较高的投资强度,超导、离子阱、光量子、中性原子等均是备受关注的技术路线。
目前,实现量子计算的主流技术路径有超导、离子阱、中性原子、光量子、半导体自旋和拓扑等。超导量子计算是国外多数大科技公司的首选,投入力度远超政府公共投入,其中,IBM公司和Coogle公司投入强度最大。2022年,美国总统拜登访问IBM公司期间,该公司宣布计划在未来10年内向纽约州总计投资200亿美元,以增强其在半导体、人工智能、量子计算等领域的研发与制造能力[10]。离子阱量子计算的主要投资者有霍尼韦尔、英伟达等公司,霍尼韦尔公司在2025年9月4日宣布为旗下量子计算公司Quantinuum完成6亿美元股权融资,其融资前估值达100亿美元[11]。专注离子阱量子计算的IonQ公司于2021年已通过SPAC方式IPO上市,成为“量子计算第一股”[12]。Intel公司主要关注半导体量子计算。微软公司投入重点是拓扑量子计算。
根据2025年的公开信息估算,美国科技巨头在量子计算领域的投资总额超过30亿美元。谷歌公司在2025年至少参与了两家量子公司的融资,作为领投方参与QuEra公司2.3亿美元的融资[13],以及参与SandboxAQ公司的1.5亿美元融资[14]。IBM公司在2025年4月宣布,计划未来5年在美国投资300亿美元用于推进IBM公司在美国的大型机和量子计算机的制造[15]。英伟达公司进行了两次投资,一次是Quantinuum公司6亿美元的融资[11],另一次是PsiQuantum公司10亿美元的融资[16]
根据公开信息,美国量子初创公司2025年的投入和融资额超过70亿美元,离子阱、光量子和超导路线的公司融资额分别位列前三。IonQ公司共融资30亿美元,其中从美国私募股权投资公司Heights Capital Management等融资10亿美元[17],从投资公司Heights Capital等融资20亿美元[18]。PsiQuantum公司融资17.5亿美元,其中第一轮融资由贝莱德主导,金额为7.5亿美元[19],第二轮投资方包括Macquarie Group、卡塔尔投资局及英伟达公司等,金额为10亿美元[16]。QCI公司在2025年完成了3轮融资,共计14.5亿美元,其中,2025年6月完成融资2亿美元[20],9月完成融资5亿美元[21],10月完成融资7.5亿美元[22]。Rigetti Computing公司自身投入及融资合计约5.85亿美元,其中与全球顶级服务器制造商广达电脑股份有限公司(Quanta Computer Inc.)达成战略合作,双方共同承诺投入至少2.35亿美元共同开发量子计算组件[23],2025年第二季度通过场内发行计划完成了3.5亿美元的股权融资[24]。D-Wave公司共融资约4.96亿美元,其中通过ATM股权融资约4亿美元,通过认股权证行使获得资金9 580万美元[25]。QuEra Computing公司B轮融资2.3亿美元,来自英伟达等公司[13]。SEEQC完成3 000万美元融资,由Booz Allen Ventures与日本-欧洲风投机构NordicNinja联合领投[26]
量子计算相关产业面临诸多挑战。首先,技术研发面临瓶颈,量子计算硬件开发难度较大,量子比特稳定性、纠错能力和拓扑结构等问题尚未完全解决,导致量子计算实用化进程较慢,且量子硬件设备的制造成本高昂,限制了产业规模的扩展;其次,量子软件和算法的开发滞后于硬件研发进展,尤其是在如何将量子计算应用于实际问题上仍缺乏成熟的解决方案和通用的软件框架,许多量子算法在真实场景中的应用尚不明确;最后,量子计算的产业链缺乏足够的资金和人才支持,尤其是在初创公司和研发团队方面,缺乏足够的投资和长远的资金保障。
为了解决上述问题,在量子计算核心研发主线层面,应结合超导、离子阱、中性原子等各技术路线的发展阶段与演进趋势,作出科学战略预判,突出发展重点。在上游产业链环节,与量子计算相关的关键设备、核心材料及专用器件等是产业布局的核心环节,优先支持高风险受限的关键设备、材料及器件加速推进国产自主化进程,并在此基础上构建较为完整的自主产业链体系。在下游产业链环节,全面构建量子计算应用软硬件支撑平台,加强量子计算云平台的建设,降低我国量子计算行业的参与门槛,培育用户使用习惯和产业生态,加速推动量子计算产业化落地,促进我国在量子计算算法、软件生态与行业应用方面的发展。在投资和人才培养方面,积极吸引社会资本进入量子计算产业,鼓励风险资本支持量子计算初创企业,同时,通过加强量子计算相关学科的教育、推动企业与学术机构合作培养人才、建立联合实验室等措施,加速量子计算技术突破和创新发展。
目前,尽管与传统计算机产业相比,量子计算上下游产业链的规模不大,但随着量子计算向工程化、产业化方向加速发展,相关硬件的产业链将高速发展。量子计算技术的不断进步和市场需求的增长,将带动上下游产业链不断发展壮大,从“前沿探索”迈向“增长引擎”,成为未来信息社会发展中举足轻重的产业。
  • 北京市财政科技经费
  • 北京市科技计划(Z221100005922006)
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doi: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2025.04.006
  • 接收时间:2025-09-05
  • 出版时间:2025-12-20
  • 发布时间:2025-12-30
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  • 收稿日期:2025-09-05
  • 修回日期:2025-10-15
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北京市财政科技经费
北京市科技计划(Z221100005922006)
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    北京量子信息科学研究院, 北京 100193

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表12种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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