Article(id=1218251590889292180, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, issueId=1218251589295456644, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2025.04.008, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1755705600000, receivedDateStr=2025-08-21, revisedDate=1759075200000, revisedDateStr=2025-09-29, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1768383413288, onlineDateStr=2026-01-14, pubDate=1766160000000, pubDateStr=2025-12-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1767024000000, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1768383413288, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774072878319, updator=sys-migrate, issue=Issue{id=1218251589295456644, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, year='2025', volume='4', issue='4', pageStart='4', pageEnd='128', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=1, createTime=1768383412908, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1776071913602, updator=13041195026, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1250499498691212004, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, issueId=1218251589295456644, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1250499498691212005, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, issueId=1218251589295456644, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=量子科技发展战略专刊, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=103, endPage=110, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1218251591124173213, articleId=1218251590889292180, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, language=EN, title=Current Situation, Challenges, and Development Countermeasures of Flying Cars, columnId=1218251591044481432, journalTitle=Science and Technology Foresight, columnName=Technological Insight, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

As an important part of the future urban three-dimensional transportation system, flying cars are gradually moving from concept to reality. This paper systematically combs the concept definition, development background, and development necessity of flying cars, analyzes the current situation and trend of industrial development from four dimensions of policy, product, enterprise, and application, deeply discusses the core problems such as immature technology, unclear commercialization mode, and imperfect policy and test system, and puts forward some development suggestions such as tackling key technologies, promoting pilot demonstration, and perfecting policy and test system. The study suggests that the flying car industry needs to accelerate the technological maturity and ecological construction through multi-party collaborative innovation to achieve large-scale commercial application.

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飞行汽车作为未来城市立体交通体系的重要组成部分,正处于技术验证与初步商用的临界阶段。文章系统梳理了飞行汽车的概念定义、发展背景及发展必要性,从政策、产品、企业、应用4个维度剖析了产业发展现状、研判了未来趋势,深入探讨了产品定义和技术水平、商业模式和推广应用、管理体系和测试体系等核心问题,并针对性提出明确战略路径、加强技术攻关、探索商业模式、推动试点应用、完善制度保障、健全检测认证标准等发展建议。研究认为,飞行汽车产业需通过多方协同创新,加速技术成熟与生态构建,进而实现规模化商业应用。

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方海峰,博士,正高级工程师。主要研究方向为新能源汽车技术政策。电子信箱:

丁振森,高级工程师。主要研究方向为新能源汽车技术政策及生命周期评价。电子信箱:

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方海峰,博士,正高级工程师。主要研究方向为新能源汽车技术政策。电子信箱:

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方海峰,博士,正高级工程师。主要研究方向为新能源汽车技术政策。电子信箱:

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丁振森,高级工程师。主要研究方向为新能源汽车技术政策及生命周期评价。电子信箱:

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journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251590889292180, language=CN, orderNo=3, keyword=低空经济), Keyword(id=1242114973015543919, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251590889292180, language=CN, orderNo=4, keyword=产业现状与趋势), Keyword(id=1242114973082652785, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251590889292180, language=CN, orderNo=5, keyword=协同创新), Keyword(id=1242114973149761651, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251590889292180, language=CN, orderNo=6, keyword=规模化商业应用)], refs=[Reference(id=1242114975372742799, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251590889292180, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=null, issue=15, pageStart=69, pageEnd=75, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=0, authorNames=沈海军, journalName=学术前沿, refType=null, unstructuredReference=沈海军. 从飞行汽车看低空经济新业态[J]. 学术前沿, 2024(15): 69-75., articleTitle=从飞行汽车看低空经济新业态, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114975439851667, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251590889292180, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=null, issue=15, pageStart=69, pageEnd=75, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=1, authorNames=Shen H J, journalName=Frontiers, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Shen H J. 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(in Chinese), articleTitle=Exploring the new forms of low-altitude economy from flying-cars, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114975506960533, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251590889292180, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=53, issue=24, pageStart=73, pageEnd=74, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[2], rfOrder=2, authorNames=邵宗普, journalName=山东化工, refType=null, unstructuredReference=邵宗普. 低空经济飞行汽车用动力电池关键材料开发进展[J]. 山东化工, 2024, 53(24): 73-74, 77., articleTitle=低空经济飞行汽车用动力电池关键材料开发进展, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114975578263703, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251590889292180, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=53, issue=24, pageStart=73, pageEnd=74, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[2], rfOrder=3, authorNames=Shao Z P, journalName=Shandong Chemical Industry, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Shao Z P. Development progress of key materials for power batteries for low-altitude economical flying cars[J]. Shandong Chemical Industry, 2024, 53(24): 73-74, 77. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Development progress of key materials for power batteries for low-altitude economical flying cars, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114975641178265, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251590889292180, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2025, volume=43, issue=3, pageStart=1, pageEnd=8, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[3], rfOrder=4, authorNames=付健, 涂良辉, 闫超, journalName=飞行力学, refType=null, unstructuredReference=付健, 涂良辉, 闫超, . 飞行汽车典型构型特征及动力系统架构[J]. 飞行力学, 2025, 43(3): 1-8., articleTitle=飞行汽车典型构型特征及动力系统架构, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114975695704218, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251590889292180, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2025, volume=43, issue=3, pageStart=1, pageEnd=8, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[3], rfOrder=5, authorNames=Fu J, Tu L H, Yan C, journalName=Flight Dynamics, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Fu J, Tu L H, Yan C, et al. Typical flying car configuration characteristics and power system architecture[J]. Flight Dynamics, 2025, 43(3): 1-8. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Typical flying car configuration characteristics and power system architecture, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114975767007388, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251590889292180, doi=10.7906/indecs.20.1.5, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=20, issue=1, pageStart=37, pageEnd=43, url=https://indecs.eu/index.php?s=x&y=2022&p=37-43, language=null, rfNumber=[4], rfOrder=6, authorNames=Mester G, journalName=Interdisciplinary Description of Complex Systems, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Mester G. Smart mobility solutions in smart cities[J]. Interdisciplinary Description of Complex Systems, 2022, 20(1): 37-43., articleTitle=Smart mobility solutions in smart cities, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114975838310558, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251590889292180, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=21, issue=1, pageStart=399, pageEnd=408, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[5], rfOrder=7, authorNames=Soo-hwan K, journalName=Korean Management Consulting Review, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Soo-hwan K. Recent technology and research trend in flying car[J]. Korean Management Consulting Review, 2021, 21(1): 399-408., articleTitle=Recent technology and research trend in flying car, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114975909613730, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251590889292180, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=60, issue=22, pageStart=257, pageEnd=275, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[6], rfOrder=8, authorNames=刘文学, 侯聪, 杨亚联, journalName=机械工程学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=刘文学, 侯聪, 杨亚联, . 面向城市空中交通的电动飞行汽车关键性能指标分析[J]. 机械工程学报, 2024, 60(22): 257-275., articleTitle=面向城市空中交通的电动飞行汽车关键性能指标分析, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114975976722596, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251590889292180, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=60, issue=22, pageStart=257, pageEnd=275, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[6], rfOrder=9, authorNames=Liu W X, Hou C, Yang Y L, journalName=Journal of Mechanical Engineering, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Liu W X, Hou C, Yang Y L, et al. Analysis of key performance metrics of electric flying cars for urban air mobility[J]. Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 2024, 60(22): 257-275. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Analysis of key performance metrics of electric flying cars for urban air mobility, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114976039637158, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251590889292180, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=null, issue=3, pageStart=24, pageEnd=28, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[7], rfOrder=10, authorNames=王翔宇, 张平平, journalName=航空动力, refType=null, unstructuredReference=王翔宇, 张平平. eVTOL飞行器与飞行汽车发展思考[J]. 航空动力, 2024(3): 24-28., articleTitle=eVTOL飞行器与飞行汽车发展思考, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114976089968809, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251590889292180, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=null, issue=3, pageStart=24, pageEnd=28, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[7], rfOrder=11, authorNames=Wang X Y, Zhang P P, journalName=Aerospace Power, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Wang X Y, Zhang P P. Thoughts on the development of eVTOL and flying cars[J]. Aerospace Power, 2024(3): 24-28. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Thoughts on the development of eVTOL and flying cars, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114976157077675, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251590889292180, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=36, issue=5, pageStart=181, pageEnd=186, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[8], rfOrder=12, authorNames=徐世南, 赵善举, 喻春明, journalName=机械研究与应用, refType=null, unstructuredReference=徐世南, 赵善举, 喻春明. 飞行汽车研究现状与关键技术[J]. 机械研究与应用, 2023, 36(5): 181-186., articleTitle=飞行汽车研究现状与关键技术, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114976215797933, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251590889292180, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=36, issue=5, pageStart=181, pageEnd=186, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[8], rfOrder=13, authorNames=Xu S N, Zhao S J, Yu C M, journalName=Mechanical Research & Application, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Xu S N, Zhao S J, Yu C M. Research status and key technologies of flying vehicles[J]. Mechanical Research & Application, 2023, 36(5): 181-186. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Research status and key technologies of flying vehicles, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114976291295407, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251590889292180, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2025, volume=11, issue=3, pageStart=642, pageEnd=666, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[9], rfOrder=14, authorNames=Carrera C P, Genel Ö E, La Regina R, journalName=Journal of Applied and Computational Mechanics, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Carrera C P, Genel Ö E, La Regina R, et al. A comprehensive and systematic literature review on flying cars in contemporary research[J]. Journal of Applied and Computational Mechanics, 2025, 11(3): 642-666., articleTitle=A comprehensive and systematic literature review on flying cars in contemporary research, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114976370987187, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251590889292180, doi=10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.129985, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=331, issue=null, pageStart=129985, pageEnd=null, url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0959652621041536, language=null, rfNumber=[10], rfOrder=15, authorNames=Liu M, Qian Y P, Luo Y W, journalName=Journal of Cleaner Production, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Liu M, Qian Y P, Luo Y W, et al. Lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions and energy cost analysis of flying cars with three different propulsion systems[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2022, 331: 129985., articleTitle=Lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions and energy cost analysis of flying cars with three different propulsion systems, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114976433901749, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251590889292180, doi=10.1515/eng-2022-0379, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=12, issue=1, pageStart=662, pageEnd=679, url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/eng-2022-0379/html, language=null, rfNumber=[11], rfOrder=16, authorNames=null, journalName=Open Engineering, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Urban air mobility and flying cars: Overview, examples, prospects, drawbacks, and solutions[J]. Open Engineering, 2022, 12(1): 662-679., articleTitle=Urban air mobility and flying cars: Overview, examples, prospects, drawbacks, and solutions, refAbstract=Transportation in cities may undergo substantial changes due to two emerging technologies that enable three-dimensional movement of people or cargo. These emerging technologies are urban air mobility (UAM) and flying cars. The present study gives an overview of both technologies, differences and similarities between them, challenges they face, the opportunities they bring, and examples for them with varying stages of readiness from being commercially available to being a concept in development having a small-scale prototype. The models covered here include EHang 216 (UAM aircraft), VoloCity (UAM aircraft), PAL-V Liberty Sport (flying car), and ASKA (flying car). Focusing on air taxis (or flying taxis) in the form of a fleet of piloted or autonomous electric vertical takeoff and landing aircraft operated commercially by a corporation that provides mobility as a service, a discussion about the prospects of this nontraditional mode of transportation is provided, with anticipated drawbacks and proposed solutions.), Reference(id=1242114976505204919, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251590889292180, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=null, issue=4, pageStart=1, pageEnd=6, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[12], rfOrder=17, authorNames=任晓栋, 张玉, journalName=中国市政工程, refType=null, unstructuredReference=任晓栋, 张玉. 低空经济领域城市交通运输的发展思考[J]. 中国市政工程, 2024(4): 1-6, 148., articleTitle=低空经济领域城市交通运输的发展思考, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114976568119483, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251590889292180, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=null, issue=4, pageStart=1, pageEnd=6, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[12], rfOrder=18, authorNames=Ren X D, Zhang Y, journalName=China Municipal Engineering, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Ren X D, Zhang Y. Thoughts on the development of urban transportation in the field of low altitude economy[J]. China Municipal Engineering, 2024(4): 1-6, 148. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Thoughts on the development of urban transportation in the field of low altitude economy, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1242114971031638048, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251590889292180, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242114971040026657, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251590889292180, companyId=1242114971031638048, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 China Automotive Technology and Research Center Co., Ltd., Tianjin 300300, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242114971048415266, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251590889292180, companyId=1242114971031638048, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 中国汽车技术研究中心有限公司, 天津 300300)]), AuthorCompany(id=1242114971111329827, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251590889292180, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242114971123912740, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251590889292180, companyId=1242114971111329827, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 Geely Automobile Research Institute (Ningbo) Co., Ltd., Ningbo 315336, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242114971132301349, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251590889292180, companyId=1242114971111329827, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 吉利汽车研究院(宁波)有限公司, 宁波 315336)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1242114974735208569, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251590889292180, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=National-level flying car support policy, figureFileSmall=Rxhxr6u3LY6KL5E+kdbnlQ==, figureFileBig=1ZN026ZYsyEfdWYerF6+Gg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242114974798123132, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251590889292180, language=CN, label=图1, caption=国家层面飞行汽车支持政策, figureFileSmall=Rxhxr6u3LY6KL5E+kdbnlQ==, figureFileBig=1ZN026ZYsyEfdWYerF6+Gg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242114974877814911, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251590889292180, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Typical configuration of flying car, figureFileSmall=6pOLFtMGb8LKtP2xZUvl8A==, figureFileBig=6B8daU51y7EVw/6BiYgT+A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242114974949118081, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251590889292180, language=CN, label=图2, caption=飞行汽车典型构型, figureFileSmall=6pOLFtMGb8LKtP2xZUvl8A==, figureFileBig=6B8daU51y7EVw/6BiYgT+A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242114975007838340, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251590889292180, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Flying car application scenarios, figureFileSmall=T2yZpVVxdwcrnA9lHhTaLQ==, figureFileBig=huE/tJ++Dh9X4nLIaBj2RQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242114975066558597, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251590889292180, language=CN, label=图3, caption=飞行汽车应用场景, figureFileSmall=T2yZpVVxdwcrnA9lHhTaLQ==, figureFileBig=huE/tJ++Dh9X4nLIaBj2RQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242114975142056072, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251590889292180, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Typical flying car performance parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
制造商 型号 构型 最大起飞质量/kg 最大满载航程/km
广州亿航智能技术有限公司(简称亿航智能) EH216-S 多旋翼 360 35
广东汇天航空航天科技有限公司(简称小鹏汇天) X3-F 复合翼 880 20
Joby Aviation Inc. S4 倾转旋翼 2 404 161
Lilium GmbH Lilium Jet 倾转涵道 3 175 278
), ArticleFig(id=1242114975217553548, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251590889292180, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

典型飞行汽车性能参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
制造商 型号 构型 最大起飞质量/kg 最大满载航程/km
广州亿航智能技术有限公司(简称亿航智能) EH216-S 多旋翼 360 35
广东汇天航空航天科技有限公司(简称小鹏汇天) X3-F 复合翼 880 20
Joby Aviation Inc. S4 倾转旋翼 2 404 161
Lilium GmbH Lilium Jet 倾转涵道 3 175 278
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飞行汽车发展现状、挑战及对策
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方海峰 1 , 丁振森 1, , 朱一方 1 , 郑琪 2 , 吴喜庆 1 , 姚占辉 1
前瞻科技 | 科技洞察 2025,4(4): 103-110
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前瞻科技 | 科技洞察 2025, 4(4): 103-110
飞行汽车发展现状、挑战及对策
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方海峰1 , 丁振森1, , 朱一方1, 郑琪2, 吴喜庆1, 姚占辉1
作者信息
  • 1 中国汽车技术研究中心有限公司, 天津 300300
  • 2 吉利汽车研究院(宁波)有限公司, 宁波 315336
  • 方海峰,博士,正高级工程师。主要研究方向为新能源汽车技术政策。电子信箱:

    丁振森,高级工程师。主要研究方向为新能源汽车技术政策及生命周期评价。电子信箱:

通信作者:

Current Situation, Challenges, and Development Countermeasures of Flying Cars
Haifeng FANG1 , Zhensen DING1, , Yifang ZHU1, Qi ZHENG2, Xiqing WU1, Zhanhui YAO1
Affiliations
  • 1 China Automotive Technology and Research Center Co., Ltd., Tianjin 300300, China
  • 2 Geely Automobile Research Institute (Ningbo) Co., Ltd., Ningbo 315336, China
出版时间: 2025-12-20 doi: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2025.04.008
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飞行汽车作为未来城市立体交通体系的重要组成部分,正处于技术验证与初步商用的临界阶段。文章系统梳理了飞行汽车的概念定义、发展背景及发展必要性,从政策、产品、企业、应用4个维度剖析了产业发展现状、研判了未来趋势,深入探讨了产品定义和技术水平、商业模式和推广应用、管理体系和测试体系等核心问题,并针对性提出明确战略路径、加强技术攻关、探索商业模式、推动试点应用、完善制度保障、健全检测认证标准等发展建议。研究认为,飞行汽车产业需通过多方协同创新,加速技术成熟与生态构建,进而实现规模化商业应用。

飞行汽车  /  立体交通  /  低空经济  /  产业现状与趋势  /  协同创新  /  规模化商业应用

As an important part of the future urban three-dimensional transportation system, flying cars are gradually moving from concept to reality. This paper systematically combs the concept definition, development background, and development necessity of flying cars, analyzes the current situation and trend of industrial development from four dimensions of policy, product, enterprise, and application, deeply discusses the core problems such as immature technology, unclear commercialization mode, and imperfect policy and test system, and puts forward some development suggestions such as tackling key technologies, promoting pilot demonstration, and perfecting policy and test system. The study suggests that the flying car industry needs to accelerate the technological maturity and ecological construction through multi-party collaborative innovation to achieve large-scale commercial application.

flying car  /  three-dimensional transportation  /  low altitude economy  /  industrial current situation and trend  /  collaborative innovation  /  large-scale commercial application
方海峰, 丁振森, 朱一方, 郑琪, 吴喜庆, 姚占辉. 飞行汽车发展现状、挑战及对策. 前瞻科技, 2025 , 4 (4) : 103 -110 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2025.04.008
Haifeng FANG, Zhensen DING, Yifang ZHU, Qi ZHENG, Xiqing WU, Zhanhui YAO. Current Situation, Challenges, and Development Countermeasures of Flying Cars[J]. Science and Technology Foresight, 2025 , 4 (4) : 103 -110 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2025.04.008
全球城市化进程加速,交通拥堵问题日益加剧,催生了对立体交通的迫切需求。随着低空经济的崛起,飞行汽车(Flying Car)的产业化进程也逐步加快[1-2]。国外飞行汽车的探索起步较早,最早的飞行汽车可追溯到1917年,美国航空业先驱格伦·柯蒂斯建造了一种四轮汽车+三层机翼构型的新型交通工具。1937年,沃尔多·沃特曼设计了一款飞行汽车,它由1台六缸汽车发动机提供动力,机翼为可拆卸设计。1949年,莫尔顿·泰勒设计了一款可以从飞机模式切换到汽车模式的飞行汽车[3]。20世纪后期,随着航空技术、材料科学和电子技术的发展,飞行汽车的研发逐渐取得实质性进展[4]
飞行汽车作为融合陆空交通功能的颠覆性产品,其设计目标在于突破传统交通方式的空间限制,缓解城市交通拥堵,提升出行效率。目前业界对于飞行汽车还没有明确的定义,概念比较宽泛和模糊。国际汽车工程师学会将飞行汽车定义为具备三维空间移动能力的陆地交通增强系统,强调其道路行驶与空中飞行的双重属性[5]。中国汽车工程学会联合清华大学等发布的《2024飞行汽车发展白皮书》将飞行汽车定义为面向智慧立体交通,具有飞行功能的汽车,电动(纯电动/混合电动)、垂直起降、智能推进为其基本特征[6]
飞行汽车分为广义和狭义两类,也因成为面向低空智能交通的运载工具而有了全新的内涵。广义的飞行汽车特指面向低空智能交通和立体智慧交通的运载工具,主要包括陆空两栖汽车和电动垂直起降飞行器两大类[7]。狭义的飞行汽车主要强调其陆空两栖特性,需同时满足地面行驶与空中飞行的功能集成,在无需借助特殊外部设备或场地改装的情况下,能够自由且便捷地在陆地道路行驶和空中飞行模式之间切换[8]
2020年以来,全球主要国家纷纷出台专项政策支持飞行汽车产业发展,推动低空领域商业化的广泛开展,以期在这一新兴赛道占据领先地位。美国在技术发展与军事任务需求的双重推动下,启动了“敏捷至上”项目,支持民营企业运用政府资源发展飞行汽车。此外,美国联邦航空管理局针对飞行汽车推出“创新适航路径”,允许企业通过阶段性认证逐步积累数据,缩短审批时间。欧盟为城市空中交通(Urban Air Mobility, UAM)项目设立了4 750万欧元产业基金,鼓励企业参与到UAM项目的研发与行业应用。此外,欧洲航空安全局于2022年6月公布了全球首个《城市空中出租车运行规则提案》,为新的客货运空中交通方式建立了一套统一的法规和规则。韩国针对飞行汽车的管制问题出台了“K-UAM”空中交通规划方案,并在首尔率先开启商业化模式运营。
中国飞行汽车产业政策已初步形成“国家战略-部门规划-地方实践”三级联动体系。国家层面,2021年2月,中共中央、国务院印发《国家综合立体交通网络规划纲要》,首次将“低空经济”概念写入国家规划;2022年3月,交通运输部、科学技术部联合印发《交通领域科技创新中长期发展规划纲要(2021—2035年)》,明确提出飞行汽车的概念,并支持其发展,为飞行汽车发展指明方向;2023年,中央经济工作会议明确将低空经济列入战略性新兴产业;2024年,《政府工作报告》首次提及低空经济;2025年,《政府工作报告》则进一步升级表述,提出“促进低空经济安全健康发展”(图1)。此外,工业和信息化部等部门发布《绿色航空制造业发展纲要(2023—2035年)》和《通用航空装备创新应用实施方案(2024—2030年)》,明确支持飞行汽车商业化、规模化发展,国家政策已从顶层设计走向细则实施。地方层面,除港澳台外,已有超过20个省市发布有关飞行汽车的行动方案。广东省明确支持发展城市空中交通新业态;深圳市积极落实,构建了从研发制造到运营服务的全产业链政策支持体系,飞行汽车规模从2023年的百亿元增长到近千亿元;上海市明确“联合长三角城市建设全国首批低空省际通航城市”;合肥市积极出台支持政策,成功吸引零重力飞机工业等电动垂直起降飞行器(Electric Vertical Takeoff and Landing, eVTOL)企业落户,形成了涵盖整机制造、关键零部件、运营服务的完整产业链。
飞行汽车产业尚处于发展初期,尚未有明确的定义,产品形态各异,各类技术路线并行发展。按照是否可以载人,可分为载货类和载人类。同时,根据旋翼类型、组合模块、动力类型等,也可对飞行汽车进行不同类别的定义。各种技术路线均具有其优势和挑战,短期内产品形态和技术路线仍将保持多样化的发展局面。
飞行汽车的构型方案多样。从构型看,主要包括固定翼、旋翼和倾转旋翼等[9],如图2所示。固定翼构型的飞行汽车在飞行时具有较高的效率和稳定性,适合长距离飞行,但在垂直起降方面存在一定限制。旋翼构型的飞行汽车,如直升机式的多旋翼飞行汽车,具备良好的垂直起降和悬停能力,可在狭小空间内操作,但飞行速度相对较低,续航里程有限。倾转旋翼构型的飞行汽车则结合了固定翼与旋翼的优点,在起飞和降落阶段可将旋翼垂直向上,实现垂直起降;在飞行过程中,旋翼可倾转至水平方向,转换为固定翼飞行模式,提高了飞行速度和效率。
动力是飞行汽车技术的关键要素之一,当前主要有燃油动力、纯电动动力、氢能动力和增程式电动动力。燃油动力飞行汽车具有较高的能量密度,续航里程相对较长,但存在排放污染、噪声大等问题。纯电动动力飞行汽车以电能为动力来源,具有零排放、低噪声等优点,但受电池技术限制,续航里程较短,充电时间较长。氢能动力飞行汽车能够实现更长续航,但无法满足瞬时高功率需求。增程式电动动力飞行汽车则结合了燃油发动机和电动机的优势,在电池电量充足时,以纯电模式飞行;当电池电量不足时,其燃油发动机启动为电池充电,从而延长续航里程。从发展趋势看,纯电动、氢能及增程式电动飞行器因其环保、高效等特点,被认为是中长期主流技术发展方向[10]
目前,国外飞行汽车企业主要分为3类:一是波音公司、空中客车公司等传统飞机制造企业;二是奥迪股份公司、梅赛德斯-奔驰集团股份公司等传统汽车制造商;三是德国莉莉姆有限公司(Lilium GmbH)、沃洛科普特有限公司(Volocopter GmbH),美国凯蒂霍克公司(Kitty Hawk Corporation)、阿彻航空股份有限公司(Archer Aviation Inc.)、乔比航空股份有限公司(Joby Aviation Inc.),英国垂直航空有限公司(Vertical Aerospace Ltd.)、垂直机器人股份公司(Vertical Robotics Corporation, VRCO)等创新型企业。其中,英国垂直航空有限公司的VX4电动飞行器于2022年完成首次全面试飞,该机型计划在2030年实现大规模生产。美国Joby Aviation Inc.作为全球首个获准进行空中出租车服务的飞行汽车企业,已取得美国联邦航空管理局的135部航空承运人证书,计划2025年推出电动空中出租车服务,并成为2025年大阪·关西世博会的“飞行汽车”运营商。英国垂直航空有限公司正对其全尺寸电动空中出租车进行飞行测试,目标是在2026年投入商用。
中国飞行汽车企业主要包括传统航空企业、无人机企业、跨界企业和传统汽车制造商4类。其中,无人机企业亿航智能是全球首个城市空中交通行业的上市公司,其EH216-S型航空器获得全球首个无人驾驶飞行器“三证”,即型号合格证、生产许可证和标准适航证。目前EH216-S无人驾驶载人航空器已实现量产应用,2024年出货量达216架。传统汽车制造商布局也较为积极,小鹏汽车旗下的小鹏汇天已推出旅航者T1、旅航者X2等机型,其“陆地航母”分体式飞行汽车X3-F正进行适航审定。
国内外典型飞行汽车性能参数对比见表1。由表1可以看出,国内飞行汽车以多旋翼和复合翼构型为主,通常最大起飞质量较低,航程也较短。国外飞行汽车多采用倾转旋翼技术路线,最大起飞质量超过2 000 kg,航程超过150 km,总体技术水平优于国内。
利用飞行汽车开展空中游览项目,为游客提供独特的旅游体验[11]。如,三亚、成都等地低空旅游航线接待量突破10万人次。在应急救援领域,飞行汽车能够快速抵达受灾现场,运送救援人员和物资,发挥了重要作用。如,北京卓翼智能科技有限公司(简称卓翼智能)ZTX260型系留无人机成功应用于森林火灾扑救;亿航智能EH216-S型飞行器2024年累计完成超5万架次货物运输,运输效率较传统地面物流提升40%。城市通勤、城际运输及特种作业等应用场景仍处于技术验证阶段。如,小鹏汇天“陆地航母”完成广州中央商务区核心区域试飞;广州汽车集团股份有限公司GOVE复合翼飞行器验证150 km城际通勤能力;清华大学研发的智能载人飞行汽车应用于野生动物勘探。
中国各省市正在结合自身的资源禀赋及发展规划,积极探索飞行汽车应用(图3)。如,广东省已在文旅、医疗、出租、农业和物流等领域开展全面探索;安徽省在文旅、医疗、出租、农业等领域进行了探索;浙江省重点探索医疗、出租、农业和物流领域;江苏省重点探索文旅、出租和物流领域,四川省重点探索文旅、医疗、出租和物流领域。
飞行汽车产业仍然处在发展早期,离不开政策的支持和引导。然而,官方暂未给出明确的定义,飞行汽车产品仍然按照传统通航产业进行管理,难以建立专门的政策支持体系。此外,随着飞行汽车产业的快速发展,管理方式的不适应也愈发明显,飞行汽车的进一步规模化推广受限,产业进入无序摸索的阶段。
从技术看,飞行汽车产业仍处于多技术路线并行探索阶段,产品仍以分体式设计、多旋翼或复合翼构型为主,技术水平难以满足实际需求。如,分体式设计的小鹏汇天“陆地航母”虽解决了起降场地限制,但模块对接精度仍需控制在mm级,对传感器与控制系统要求极高,快速的分离与结合仍存在技术挑战。多旋翼和复合翼路线产品实际航程多低于80 km,部分产品甚至不足20 km,远达不到实际需求。此外,飞行汽车运行涉及的智能驾驶技术、智慧管控技术还处于探索阶段,难以支撑飞行汽车规模化运行。
飞行汽车仍不具备可行的商业模式。一是飞行汽车制造成本目前仍较高(超过200万元/台),叠加高维护成本(对Alef Model A测算,每年每辆飞行汽车的维护成本约为30万元)与人员培训成本(运动类驾驶员执照培训价格为8万~10万元/a)等因素,使得大多数投资者望而却步。此外,城市空中交通的基础设施建设和运营等均涉及较大投资,分摊后进一步推高成本。二是飞行汽车产业应用仍无成熟稳定的盈利模式,企业端应用盈利模式单一,消费者端市场受高成本与保险缺失限制,大多推出的产品并不贴合实际需求。
飞行汽车仍不具备推广应用的条件。一是我国的空域管理权分散于军方与民航部门,管理协调难度大,导致低空航路建设及规划较慢。据统计,我国能够实现全年持续稳定运行的通用航空线路不足10%,其中能够提供给飞行汽车使用的航空线路更少[12]。二是暂无全国统一的低空飞行管理平台,低空飞行审批流程复杂且难以准确控制交通流量。三是低空空域划设、信息化构建、飞行汽车与地面交通的协同管理等有待提升,空管服务保障模式等仍需进一步明确,相关保障服务功能亟待加强。
飞行汽车作为融合陆空双重属性的新型交通工具,其政策管理体系正面临传统地面交通管理与航空管理体系的双重适配挑战。当前全球范围内尚未形成统一的行业管理框架,我国虽已将低空经济纳入新质生产力范畴,但管理和协同能力仍较薄弱。例如,现阶段政策法规大多基于传统汽车和航空领域制定,如适航认证沿用传统航空器标准,将导致飞行汽车的审定周期长达3年,这一周期远超产品研发周期,且传统航空器的各项规章流程也无法完全适配飞行汽车这一新兴产业形态。
飞行汽车的检测认证涉及动力系统、结构设计、通信协议等多领域,其技术复杂性导致标准体系和检测认证体系建设严重滞后。一是现有标准体系呈碎片化特征,未能完全覆盖各个领域。如,飞行汽车动力电池能量密度要求达到400 W·h/kg,且在起飞和降落过程中需要高功率放电,目前缺乏针对相关产品的测试标准。飞行汽车飞行体与陆行体安全要求存在矛盾,暂无针对整个飞行汽车的安全标准,如飞行体更专注轻量化,以保证更长的巡航时间,而陆行体更加注重安全性,需要在一定程度上堆料。二是飞行汽车作为新型飞行器,技术新颖且复杂,现有飞行器或汽车的测试方法和认证体系并不适用。例如,飞行汽车无法完全按照汽车标准的要求设计,也缺乏可直接采用的民用航空器测试方法,亟须建立新的测试方法和安全要求。
明确飞行汽车的定义和分类,统筹推进产业发展。一是制定飞行汽车产业发展行动方案,明确其作为未来交通体系重要组成部分的主要定位、发展目标、重点任务和实施步骤,形成“近期突破关键技术-中期完善产业生态-远期构建交通新范式”的三阶段发展路径。二是统筹制定产业发展路线图,重点围绕技术研发、基础设施、市场培育等关键领域进行系统布局,制定覆盖全产业链的中长期发展规划,明确技术突破、场景应用、生态构建的阶段性目标,强化政策引导与资源配置的协同性。
构建飞行汽车产业融合创新生态,突破关键技术。一是推动构建“政产学研用”深度融合的创新生态,组建跨行业、跨领域的技术攻关联合体,集中力量突破能源动力、智能驾驶、安全适航等关键技术瓶颈。二是加强共性技术平台建设,完善试验验证、检测认证等基础设施,提升技术成果转化效率,促进跨领域技术转移,形成协同创新的良性生态。三是鼓励产业链上下游企业深化协同创新,通过技术共享、产能协作,降低研发成本,形成产业集群效应,加速核心技术国产化进程。
探索建立明确清晰的飞行汽车商业模式。一是通过技术创新、国产化替代、规模化等路径降低飞行汽车的制造成本,研究建立飞行汽车维护的金融保障制度,降低使用维护成本。针对人力成本问题,在教学研究、人才培养、专业培训等方面鼓励与高校加强协同,培养更多低空领域的专业人才。国家、地方政府和社会资本形成协同效应,推动完善基础设施和运营管理。二是引导具备条件的城市开通市内和城际低空客运航线,优先在交通拥堵治理、应急救援、海岛物流等实际场景建立清晰稳定的营利模式。三是构建产业协同发展生态,促进金融资本、数据资源、应用场景等要素的高效整合,形成良性循环的产业生态圈,同时加强针对性宣传引导,通过科普解读、场景演示等方式,逐步提高公众对飞行汽车的认知度与接受度。
加快推动飞行汽车试点示范应用。一是加快低空交通网络的规划,构建适用于飞行汽车的航路航线,加快形成服务省际、城际、城市、城乡的“干-支-末”航线网络。二是加快建立全国统一的低空飞行管理平台,基于大数据挖掘、开发智能化模块,提升低空飞行申请审批、调度控制的智能化和精准性,切实提高运营管理效率。面向地面交通与空中交通协调的立体交通模式,建立健全低空安全保障机制,提升低空空域导航、通信、监视等管理水平,形成全过程、可追溯的安全监管体系。
建立健全飞行汽车行业管理机制。一是强化理念创新,加快建立规范型激励式新型监管体系,科学把握政府监管的定位、类型、方式,统筹激励式促进型监管和底线式规范型监管,探索建立以规范为底线、以激励为导向的,与飞行汽车发展规律和特征相适应的新型监管体系,尤其加强适航审定体系和能力建设,缩短飞行汽车的适航审定周期。
加快完善飞行汽车的测试标准,建立高效的检测认证体系。一是鼓励飞行汽车产业链上下游企业通过与高校、科研机构组建重点实验室、技术创新中心和企业技术中心等加强协同,建立飞行汽车技术标准框架或路线图,按照急用先行的原则加快完善测试标准。二是借鉴新能源汽车检测认证体系,授权相关检测认证机构,在适航审定环节支撑开展认证工作,提高认证效率。
飞行汽车作为一种新型交通和运输工具,融合了汽车与航空器的特点,具备垂直起降、空中飞行和地面行驶等多重功能,已成为解决未来交通拥堵的重要路径之一。飞行汽车的发展不仅关系到城市交通发展,更对我国科技竞争、产业升级和实现碳达峰碳中和(简称“双碳”)目标具有重要意义。当前,飞行汽车发展仍处于初期探索阶段,尚未实现“从0到1”的关键突破,以安全为底线,以商业化为导向,通过加强技术攻关、探索商业模式、完善管理政策,才能在未来低空领域竞争中占据有利地位。
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doi: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2025.04.008
  • 接收时间:2025-08-21
  • 出版时间:2025-12-20
  • 发布时间:2025-12-30
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  • 收稿日期:2025-08-21
  • 修回日期:2025-09-29
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    1 中国汽车技术研究中心有限公司, 天津 300300
    2 吉利汽车研究院(宁波)有限公司, 宁波 315336

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表12种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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