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As the key driving force behind quantum computing, quantum algorithms hold the potential to surmount the limitations of classical computation and achieve exponential speedups. Since the late 20th century, with the theoretical groundwork laid by early algorithms from Shor and Grover, quantum algorithms have experienced rapid advancements in fields such as physical simulation, machine learning, cryptanalysis, and combinatorial optimization. This has led to the development of a comprehensive framework that ranges from theoretical paradigms to practical explorations of algorithms in the Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum (NISQ) era. This article offered a systematic review of the evolution of quantum algorithms, examining current major research directions and their technical challenges. These include quantum linear system solvers, quantum many-body and chemical simulations, quantum attacks on symmetric and asymmetric cryptography, post-quantum cryptanalysis, and optimization-focused approaches such as quantum approximate optimization algorithm and quantum annealing. Looking ahead, this article discussed emerging algorithmic frameworks that transcend existing paradigms, the evolution of fault-tolerant and distributed quantum algorithms, and strategic recommendations for national, academic, and industrial development in the field of quantum algorithms. The aim is to provide insights that will advance theoretical innovation and industrial application in quantum computing, ultimately contributing to the establishment of an internationally competitive quantum algorithm system.
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量子算法作为量子计算的核心驱动要素,具有突破经典计算瓶颈、实现指数级加速的显著潜力。自20世纪末彼得·肖尔、洛夫·格罗弗等先驱奠定理论根基以来,量子算法在物理模拟、机器学习、密码分析及组合优化等领域快速发展,逐步构建起从理论范式到含噪中等规模量子(Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum, NISQ)时代实用算法探索的完备体系。文章系统回顾了量子算法的发展历程,深入剖析了当前量子算法的主要研究方向及技术局限,涉及量子线性系统求解、量子多体与化学模拟、对称与非对称密码的量子攻击、后量子密码分析,以及量子近似优化算法、量子退火等优化类方法。对超越现有范式的新型算法框架、容错与分布式量子算法的演进路径进行了展望,并从国家、学术界及产业界层面提出了量子算法领域的战略性发展建议,旨在为推动量子计算的理论创新与产业应用提供重要参考,助力构建具备国际竞争力的量子算法体系。
, correspAuthors=龙桂鲁, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
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 |
龙桂鲁,教授。国家杰出青年科学基金获得者,国务院政府特殊津贴专家,全国优秀科技工作者,美国物理学会、英国物理学会会士。中国通信学会量子通信委员会主任委员,中国密码学会理事、量子密码专业委员会副主任,国际纯粹与应用物理联合会(IUPAP)量子科技组委员、国际电联(ITU)新兴技术学术顾问委员会委员。原创性提出量子直接通信技术,构造量子精确搜索算法,并提出LCU量子计算范式。荣获国家自然科学奖二等奖、IBM全球杰出学者奖、中国电子学会科技奖、中国通信学会科技奖一等奖等荣誉。发表学术论文500余篇,出版专著4部;申请及授权中国专利60余件、美国专利2件。电子信箱:gllong@tsinghua.edu.cn |
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1 Beijing Academy of Quantum Information Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
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1 北京量子信息科学研究院, 北京 100193
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龙桂鲁,教授。国家杰出青年科学基金获得者,国务院政府特殊津贴专家,全国优秀科技工作者,美国物理学会、英国物理学会会士。中国通信学会量子通信委员会主任委员,中国密码学会理事、量子密码专业委员会副主任,国际纯粹与应用物理联合会(IUPAP)量子科技组委员、国际电联(ITU)新兴技术学术顾问委员会委员。原创性提出量子直接通信技术,构造量子精确搜索算法,并提出LCU量子计算范式。荣获国家自然科学奖二等奖、IBM全球杰出学者奖、中国电子学会科技奖、中国通信学会科技奖一等奖等荣誉。发表学术论文500余篇,出版专著4部;申请及授权中国专利60余件、美国专利2件。电子信箱:gllong@tsinghua.edu.cn
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龙桂鲁,教授。国家杰出青年科学基金获得者,国务院政府特殊津贴专家,全国优秀科技工作者,美国物理学会、英国物理学会会士。中国通信学会量子通信委员会主任委员,中国密码学会理事、量子密码专业委员会副主任,国际纯粹与应用物理联合会(IUPAP)量子科技组委员、国际电联(ITU)新兴技术学术顾问委员会委员。原创性提出量子直接通信技术,构造量子精确搜索算法,并提出LCU量子计算范式。荣获国家自然科学奖二等奖、IBM全球杰出学者奖、中国电子学会科技奖、中国通信学会科技奖一等奖等荣誉。发表学术论文500余篇,出版专著4部;申请及授权中国专利60余件、美国专利2件。电子信箱:gllong@tsinghua.edu.cn
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309(5741): 1704-1707., articleTitle=Simulated quantum computation of molecular energies, refAbstract=The calculation time for the energy of atoms and molecules scales exponentially with system size on a classical computer but polynomially using quantum algorithms. We demonstrate that such algorithms can be applied to problems of chemical interest using modest numbers of quantum bits. Calculations of the water and lithium hydride molecular ground-state energies have been carried out on a quantum computer simulator using a recursive phase-estimation algorithm. The recursive algorithm reduces the number of quantum bits required for the readout register from about 20 to 4. Mappings of the molecular wave function to the quantum bits are described. An adiabatic method for the preparation of a good approximate ground-state wave function is described and demonstrated for a stretched hydrogen molecule. The number of quantum bits required scales linearly with the number of basis functions, and the number of gates required grows polynomially with the number of quantum bits.), Reference(id=1242115125398799210, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251590562136462, doi=null, pmid=25055053, pmcid=null, year=2014, volume=5, issue=null, pageStart=4213, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[37], rfOrder=37, authorNames=Peruzzo A, McClean J, Shadbolt P, journalName=Nature Communications, refType=null, unstructuredReference=
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13(31): 8953-8962., articleTitle=Toward practical quantum embedding simulation of realistic chemical systems on near-term quantum computers, refAbstract=Quantum computing has recently exhibited great potential in predicting chemical properties for various applications in drug discovery, material design, and catalyst optimization. Progress has been made in simulating small molecules, such as LiH and hydrogen chains of up to 12 qubits, by using quantum algorithms such as variational quantum eigensolver (VQE). Yet, originating from the limitations of the size and the fidelity of near-term quantum hardware, the accurate simulation of large realistic molecules remains a challenge. Here, integrating an adaptive energy sorting strategy and a classical computational method-the density matrix embedding theory, which respectively reduces the circuit depth and the problem size, we present a means to circumvent the limitations and demonstrate the potential of near-term quantum computers toward solving real chemical problems. We numerically test the method for the hydrogenation reaction of CH and the equilibrium geometry of the C molecule, using basis sets up to cc-pVDZ (at most 144 qubits). The simulation results show accuracies comparable to those of advanced quantum chemistry methods such as coupled-cluster or even full configuration interaction, while the number of qubits required is reduced by an order of magnitude (from 144 qubits to 16 qubits for the C molecule) compared to conventional VQE. Our work implies the possibility of solving industrial chemical problems on near-term quantum devices.This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry.), Reference(id=1242115125591737197, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251590562136462, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=2020, issue=null, pageStart=1486935, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[40], rfOrder=40, authorNames=Wei S J, Li H, Long G L, journalName=Research, refType=null, unstructuredReference=
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Quantum,
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10.22331/q-2024-01-04-1219., articleTitle=A full circuit-based quantum algorithm for excited-states in quantum chemistry, refAbstract=Utilizing quantum computer to investigate quantum chemistry is an important research field nowadays. In addition to the ground-state problems that have been widely studied, the determination of excited-states plays a crucial role in the prediction and modeling of chemical reactions and other physical processes. Here, we propose a non-variational full circuit-based quantum algorithm for obtaining the excited-state spectrum of a quantum chemistry Hamiltonian. Compared with previous classical-quantum hybrid variational algorithms, our method eliminates the classical optimization process, reduces the resource cost caused by the interaction between different systems, and achieves faster convergence rate and stronger robustness against noise without barren plateau. The parameter updating for determining the next energy-level is naturally dependent on the energy measurement outputs of the previous energy-level and can be realized by only modifying the state preparation process of ancillary system, introducing little additional resource overhead. Numerical simulations of the algorithm with hydrogen, LiH, H2O and NH3 molecules are presented. Furthermore, we offer an experimental demonstration of the algorithm on a superconducting quantum computing platform, and the results show a good agreement with theoretical expectations. The algorithm can be widely applied to various Hamiltonian spectrum determination problems on the fault-tolerant quantum computers.), Reference(id=1242115125793063792, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251590562136462, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=20, issue=6, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[43], rfOrder=43, authorNames=Liu T, Liu J G, Fan H, journalName=Quantum Information Processing, refType=null, unstructuredReference=
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