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As the key driving force behind quantum computing, quantum algorithms hold the potential to surmount the limitations of classical computation and achieve exponential speedups. Since the late 20th century, with the theoretical groundwork laid by early algorithms from Shor and Grover, quantum algorithms have experienced rapid advancements in fields such as physical simulation, machine learning, cryptanalysis, and combinatorial optimization. This has led to the development of a comprehensive framework that ranges from theoretical paradigms to practical explorations of algorithms in the Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum (NISQ) era. This article offered a systematic review of the evolution of quantum algorithms, examining current major research directions and their technical challenges. These include quantum linear system solvers, quantum many-body and chemical simulations, quantum attacks on symmetric and asymmetric cryptography, post-quantum cryptanalysis, and optimization-focused approaches such as quantum approximate optimization algorithm and quantum annealing. Looking ahead, this article discussed emerging algorithmic frameworks that transcend existing paradigms, the evolution of fault-tolerant and distributed quantum algorithms, and strategic recommendations for national, academic, and industrial development in the field of quantum algorithms. The aim is to provide insights that will advance theoretical innovation and industrial application in quantum computing, ultimately contributing to the establishment of an internationally competitive quantum algorithm system.

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量子算法作为量子计算的核心驱动要素,具有突破经典计算瓶颈、实现指数级加速的显著潜力。自20世纪末彼得·肖尔、洛夫·格罗弗等先驱奠定理论根基以来,量子算法在物理模拟、机器学习、密码分析及组合优化等领域快速发展,逐步构建起从理论范式到含噪中等规模量子(Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum, NISQ)时代实用算法探索的完备体系。文章系统回顾了量子算法的发展历程,深入剖析了当前量子算法的主要研究方向及技术局限,涉及量子线性系统求解、量子多体与化学模拟、对称与非对称密码的量子攻击、后量子密码分析,以及量子近似优化算法、量子退火等优化类方法。对超越现有范式的新型算法框架、容错与分布式量子算法的演进路径进行了展望,并从国家、学术界及产业界层面提出了量子算法领域的战略性发展建议,旨在为推动量子计算的理论创新与产业应用提供重要参考,助力构建具备国际竞争力的量子算法体系。

, correspAuthors=龙桂鲁, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
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龙桂鲁,教授。国家杰出青年科学基金获得者,国务院政府特殊津贴专家,全国优秀科技工作者,美国物理学会、英国物理学会会士。中国通信学会量子通信委员会主任委员,中国密码学会理事、量子密码专业委员会副主任,国际纯粹与应用物理联合会(IUPAP)量子科技组委员、国际电联(ITU)新兴技术学术顾问委员会委员。原创性提出量子直接通信技术,构造量子精确搜索算法,并提出LCU量子计算范式。荣获国家自然科学奖二等奖、IBM全球杰出学者奖、中国电子学会科技奖、中国通信学会科技奖一等奖等荣誉。发表学术论文500余篇,出版专著4部;申请及授权中国专利60余件、美国专利2件。电子信箱:

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龙桂鲁,教授。国家杰出青年科学基金获得者,国务院政府特殊津贴专家,全国优秀科技工作者,美国物理学会、英国物理学会会士。中国通信学会量子通信委员会主任委员,中国密码学会理事、量子密码专业委员会副主任,国际纯粹与应用物理联合会(IUPAP)量子科技组委员、国际电联(ITU)新兴技术学术顾问委员会委员。原创性提出量子直接通信技术,构造量子精确搜索算法,并提出LCU量子计算范式。荣获国家自然科学奖二等奖、IBM全球杰出学者奖、中国电子学会科技奖、中国通信学会科技奖一等奖等荣誉。发表学术论文500余篇,出版专著4部;申请及授权中国专利60余件、美国专利2件。电子信箱:

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龙桂鲁,教授。国家杰出青年科学基金获得者,国务院政府特殊津贴专家,全国优秀科技工作者,美国物理学会、英国物理学会会士。中国通信学会量子通信委员会主任委员,中国密码学会理事、量子密码专业委员会副主任,国际纯粹与应用物理联合会(IUPAP)量子科技组委员、国际电联(ITU)新兴技术学术顾问委员会委员。原创性提出量子直接通信技术,构造量子精确搜索算法,并提出LCU量子计算范式。荣获国家自然科学奖二等奖、IBM全球杰出学者奖、中国电子学会科技奖、中国通信学会科技奖一等奖等荣誉。发表学术论文500余篇,出版专著4部;申请及授权中国专利60余件、美国专利2件。电子信箱:

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Physical Review X, 2018, 8(2): 021050, doi: 10.1103/PhysRevX.8.021050., articleTitle=Quantum Boltzmann machine, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242115124660601694, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251590562136462, doi=10.1038/s41567-019-0648-8, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=15, issue=12, pageStart=1273, pageEnd=1278, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[26], rfOrder=26, authorNames=Cong I, Choi S, Lukin M D, journalName=Nature Physics, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Cong I, Choi S, Lukin M D. Quantum convolutional neural networks[J]. Nature Physics, 2019, 15(12): 1273-1278., articleTitle=Quantum convolutional neural networks, refAbstract=Neural network-based machine learning has recently proven successful for many complex applications ranging from image recognition to precision medicine. However, its direct application to problems in quantum physics is challenging due to the exponential complexity of many-body systems. Motivated by recent advances in realizing quantum information processors, we introduce and analyse a quantum circuit-based algorithm inspired by convolutional neural networks, a highly effective model in machine learning. Our quantum convolutional neural network (QCNN) uses only O(log(N)) variational parameters for input sizes of N qubits, allowing for its efficient training and implementation on realistic, near-term quantum devices. To explicitly illustrate its capabilities, we show that QCNNs can accurately recognize quantum states associated with a one-dimensional symmetry-protected topological phase, with performance surpassing existing approaches. We further demonstrate that QCNNs can be used to devise a quantum error correction scheme optimized for a given, unknown error model that substantially outperforms known quantum codes of comparable complexity. The potential experimental realizations and generalizations of QCNNs are also discussed.), Reference(id=1242115124723516255, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251590562136462, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=121, issue=4, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[27], rfOrder=27, authorNames=Lloyd S, Weedbrook C, journalName=Physical Review Letters, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Lloyd S, Weedbrook C. Quantum generative adversarial learning[J]. Physical Review Letters, 2018, 121(4): 040502, doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.040502., articleTitle=Quantum generative adversarial learning, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242115124786430816, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251590562136462, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=98, issue=null, pageStart=012324, pageEnd=null, url=https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevA.98.012324, language=null, rfNumber=[28], rfOrder=28, authorNames=Dallaire-Demers P L, Killoran N, journalName=Physical Review A, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Dallaire-Demers P L, Killoran N. Quantum generative adversarial networks[J]. Physical Review A, 2018, 98: 012324, doi: 10.1103/PhysRevA.98.012324., articleTitle=Quantum generative adversarial networks, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242115124853539682, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251590562136462, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=5, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[29], rfOrder=29, authorNames=Hu L, Wu S H, Cai W Z, journalName=Science Advances, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Hu L, Wu S H, Cai W Z, et al. Quantum generative adversarial learning in a superconducting quantum circuit[J]. Science Advances, 2019, 5: eaav2761, doi: 10.1126/sciadv.aav2761., articleTitle=Quantum generative adversarial learning in a superconducting quantum circuit, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242115124916454243, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251590562136462, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=32, issue=1, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[30], rfOrder=30, authorNames=Wei S J, Chen Y H, Zhou Z R, journalName=AAPPS Bulletin, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Wei S J, Chen Y H, Zhou Z R, et al. A quantum convolutional neural network on NISQ devices[J]. AAPPS Bulletin, 2022, 32(1): 2, doi: 10.1007/s43673-021-00030-3., articleTitle=A quantum convolutional neural network on NISQ devices, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242115124996146020, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251590562136462, doi=10.1016/j.fmre.2023.10.001, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=4, issue=4, pageStart=845, pageEnd=850, url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S2667325823002728, language=null, rfNumber=[31], rfOrder=31, authorNames=Zhou Z R, Li H, Long G L, journalName=Fundamental Research, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhou Z R, Li H, Long G L. Variational quantum algorithm for node embedding[J]. Fundamental Research, 2024, 4(4): 845-850., articleTitle=Variational quantum algorithm for node embedding, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242115125059060581, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251590562136462, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=90, issue=null, pageStart=015002, pageEnd=null, url=https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/RevModPhys.90.015002, language=null, rfNumber=[32], rfOrder=32, authorNames=Albash T, Lidar D A, journalName=Reviews of Modern Physics, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Albash T, Lidar D A. Adiabatic quantum computation[J]. Reviews of Modern Physics, 2018, 90: 015002, doi: 10.1103/RevModPhys.90.015002., articleTitle=Adiabatic quantum computation, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242115125126169446, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251590562136462, doi=10.1016/j.physrep.2023.07.004, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=1027, issue=null, pageStart=1, pageEnd=53, url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0370157323002065, language=null, rfNumber=[33], rfOrder=33, authorNames=Zhang J, Kyaw T H, Fillipp S, journalName=Physics Reports, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhang J, Kyaw T H, Fillipp S, et al. Geometric and holonomic quantum computation[J]. Physics Reports, 2023, 1027: 1-53., articleTitle=Geometric and holonomic quantum computation, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242115125184889703, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251590562136462, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2010, volume=104, issue=3, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[34], rfOrder=34, authorNames=Du J F, Xu N Y, Peng X H, journalName=Physical Review Letters, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Du J F, Xu N Y, Peng X H, et al. NMR implementation of a molecular hydrogen quantum simulation with adiabatic state preparation[J]. Physical Review Letters, 2010, 104(3): 030502, doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.104.030502., articleTitle=NMR implementation of a molecular hydrogen quantum simulation with adiabatic state preparation, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242115125264581480, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251590562136462, doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.79.2586, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1997, volume=79, issue=13, pageStart=2586, pageEnd=2589, url=https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevLett.79.2586, language=null, rfNumber=[35], rfOrder=35, authorNames=Abrams D S, Lloyd S, journalName=Physical Review Letters, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Abrams D S, Lloyd S. Simulation of many-body Fermi systems on a universal quantum computer[J]. Physical Review Letters, 1997, 79(13): 2586-2589., articleTitle=Simulation of many-body Fermi systems on a universal quantum computer, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242115125327496041, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251590562136462, doi=null, pmid=16151006, pmcid=null, year=2005, volume=309, issue=5741, pageStart=1704, pageEnd=1707, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[36], rfOrder=36, authorNames=Aspuru-Guzik A, Dutoi A D, Love P J, journalName=Science, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Aspuru-Guzik A, Dutoi A D, Love P J, et al. Simulated quantum computation of molecular energies[J]. Science, 2005, 309(5741): 1704-1707., articleTitle=Simulated quantum computation of molecular energies, refAbstract=The calculation time for the energy of atoms and molecules scales exponentially with system size on a classical computer but polynomially using quantum algorithms. We demonstrate that such algorithms can be applied to problems of chemical interest using modest numbers of quantum bits. Calculations of the water and lithium hydride molecular ground-state energies have been carried out on a quantum computer simulator using a recursive phase-estimation algorithm. The recursive algorithm reduces the number of quantum bits required for the readout register from about 20 to 4. Mappings of the molecular wave function to the quantum bits are described. An adiabatic method for the preparation of a good approximate ground-state wave function is described and demonstrated for a stretched hydrogen molecule. The number of quantum bits required scales linearly with the number of basis functions, and the number of gates required grows polynomially with the number of quantum bits.), Reference(id=1242115125398799210, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251590562136462, doi=null, pmid=25055053, pmcid=null, year=2014, volume=5, issue=null, pageStart=4213, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[37], rfOrder=37, authorNames=Peruzzo A, McClean J, Shadbolt P, journalName=Nature Communications, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Peruzzo A, McClean J, Shadbolt P, et al. A variational eigenvalue solver on a photonic quantum processor[J]. Nature Communications, 2014, 5: 4213, doi: 10.1038/ncomms5213., articleTitle=A variational eigenvalue solver on a photonic quantum processor, refAbstract=Quantum computers promise to efficiently solve important problems that are intractable on a conventional computer. For quantum systems, where the physical dimension grows exponentially, finding the eigenvalues of certain operators is one such intractable problem and remains a fundamental challenge. The quantum phase estimation algorithm efficiently finds the eigenvalue of a given eigenvector but requires fully coherent evolution. Here we present an alternative approach that greatly reduces the requirements for coherent evolution and combine this method with a new approach to state preparation based on ansatze and classical optimization. We implement the algorithm by combining a highly reconfigurable photonic quantum processor with a conventional computer. We experimentally demonstrate the feasibility of this approach with an example from quantum chemistry-calculating the ground-state molecular energy for He-H+. The proposed approach drastically reduces the coherence time requirements, enhancing the potential of quantum resources available today and in the near future.), Reference(id=1242115125461713771, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251590562136462, doi=10.1038/nature23879, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=549, issue=7671, pageStart=242, pageEnd=246, url=https://www.nature.com/articles/nature23879, language=null, rfNumber=[38], rfOrder=38, authorNames=Kandala A, Mezzacapo A, Temme K, journalName=Nature, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Kandala A, Mezzacapo A, Temme K, et al. Hardware-efficient variational quantum eigensolver for small molecules and quantum magnets[J]. Nature, 2017, 549(7671): 242-246., articleTitle=Hardware-efficient variational quantum eigensolver for small molecules and quantum magnets, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242115125528822636, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251590562136462, doi=10.1039/d2sc01492k, pmid=36091203, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=13, issue=31, pageStart=8953, pageEnd=8962, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[39], rfOrder=39, authorNames=Li W T, Huang Z G, Cao C S, journalName=Chemical Science, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Li W T, Huang Z G, Cao C S, et al. Toward practical quantum embedding simulation of realistic chemical systems on near-term quantum computers[J]. Chemical Science, 2022, 13(31): 8953-8962., articleTitle=Toward practical quantum embedding simulation of realistic chemical systems on near-term quantum computers, refAbstract=Quantum computing has recently exhibited great potential in predicting chemical properties for various applications in drug discovery, material design, and catalyst optimization. Progress has been made in simulating small molecules, such as LiH and hydrogen chains of up to 12 qubits, by using quantum algorithms such as variational quantum eigensolver (VQE). Yet, originating from the limitations of the size and the fidelity of near-term quantum hardware, the accurate simulation of large realistic molecules remains a challenge. Here, integrating an adaptive energy sorting strategy and a classical computational method-the density matrix embedding theory, which respectively reduces the circuit depth and the problem size, we present a means to circumvent the limitations and demonstrate the potential of near-term quantum computers toward solving real chemical problems. We numerically test the method for the hydrogenation reaction of CH and the equilibrium geometry of the C molecule, using basis sets up to cc-pVDZ (at most 144 qubits). The simulation results show accuracies comparable to those of advanced quantum chemistry methods such as coupled-cluster or even full configuration interaction, while the number of qubits required is reduced by an order of magnitude (from 144 qubits to 16 qubits for the C molecule) compared to conventional VQE. Our work implies the possibility of solving industrial chemical problems on near-term quantum devices.This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry.), Reference(id=1242115125591737197, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251590562136462, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=2020, issue=null, pageStart=1486935, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[40], rfOrder=40, authorNames=Wei S J, Li H, Long G L, journalName=Research, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Wei S J, Li H, Long G L. A full quantum eigensolver for quantum chemistry simulations[J]. Research, 2020, 2020: 1486935, doi: 10.34133/2020/1486935., articleTitle=A full quantum eigensolver for quantum chemistry simulations, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242115125650457454, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251590562136462, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=109, issue=24, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[41], rfOrder=41, authorNames=Wang B Z, Wen J W, Wu J W, journalName=Physical Review B, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Wang B Z, Wen J W, Wu J W, et al. Improving the full quantum eigensolver with exponentiated operators[J]. Physical Review B, 2024, 109(24): 245117, doi: 10.34133/2020/1486935., articleTitle=Improving the full quantum eigensolver with exponentiated operators, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242115125713372015, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251590562136462, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=8, issue=null, pageStart=1219, pageEnd=null, url=https://quantum-journal.org, language=null, rfNumber=[42], rfOrder=42, authorNames=Wen J W, Wang Z G, Chen C T, journalName=Quantum, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Wen J W, Wang Z G, Chen C T, et al. A full circuit-based quantum algorithm for excited-states in quantum chemistry[J]. Quantum, 2024, 8: 1219, doi: 10.22331/q-2024-01-04-1219., articleTitle=A full circuit-based quantum algorithm for excited-states in quantum chemistry, refAbstract=Utilizing quantum computer to investigate quantum chemistry is an important research field nowadays. In addition to the ground-state problems that have been widely studied, the determination of excited-states plays a crucial role in the prediction and modeling of chemical reactions and other physical processes. Here, we propose a non-variational full circuit-based quantum algorithm for obtaining the excited-state spectrum of a quantum chemistry Hamiltonian. Compared with previous classical-quantum hybrid variational algorithms, our method eliminates the classical optimization process, reduces the resource cost caused by the interaction between different systems, and achieves faster convergence rate and stronger robustness against noise without barren plateau. The parameter updating for determining the next energy-level is naturally dependent on the energy measurement outputs of the previous energy-level and can be realized by only modifying the state preparation process of ancillary system, introducing little additional resource overhead. Numerical simulations of the algorithm with hydrogen, LiH, H2O and NH3 molecules are presented. Furthermore, we offer an experimental demonstration of the algorithm on a superconducting quantum computing platform, and the results show a good agreement with theoretical expectations. The algorithm can be widely applied to various Hamiltonian spectrum determination problems on the fault-tolerant quantum computers.), Reference(id=1242115125793063792, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251590562136462, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=20, issue=6, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[43], rfOrder=43, authorNames=Liu T, Liu J G, Fan H, journalName=Quantum Information Processing, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Liu T, Liu J G, Fan H. Probabilistic nonunitary gate in imaginary time evolution[J]. Quantum Information Processing, 2021, 20(6): 204, doi: 10.1007/s11128-021-03145-6., articleTitle=Probabilistic nonunitary gate in imaginary time evolution, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242115125855978353, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251590562136462, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=7, issue=null, pageStart=916, pageEnd=null, url=https://quantum-journal.org, language=null, rfNumber=[44], rfOrder=44, authorNames=Huo M X, Li Y, journalName=Quantum, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Huo M X, Li Y. Error-resilient Monte Carlo quantum simulation of imaginary time[J]. Quantum, 2023, 7: 916, doi: 10.22331/q-2023-02-09-916., articleTitle=Error-resilient Monte Carlo quantum simulation of imaginary time, refAbstract=Computing the ground-state properties of quantum many-body systems is a promising application of near-term quantum hardware with a potential impact in many fields. The conventional algorithm quantum phase estimation uses deep circuits and requires fault-tolerant technologies. Many quantum simulation algorithms developed recently work in an inexact and variational manner to exploit shallow circuits. In this work, we combine quantum Monte Carlo with quantum computing and propose an algorithm for simulating the imaginary-time evolution and solving the ground-state problem. By sampling the real-time evolution operator with a random evolution time according to a modified Cauchy-Lorentz distribution, we can compute the expected value of an observable in imaginary-time evolution. Our algorithm approaches the exact solution given a circuit depth increasing polylogarithmically with the desired accuracy. Compared with quantum phase estimation, the Trotter step number, i.e. the circuit depth, can be thousands of times smaller to achieve the same accuracy in the ground-state energy. We verify the resilience to Trotterisation errors caused by the finite circuit depth in the numerical simulation of various models. The results show that Monte Carlo quantum simulation is promising even without a fully fault-tolerant quantum computer.), Reference(id=1242115125931475826, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251590562136462, doi=10.1016/S1363-4127(97)81325-8, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1997, volume=2, issue=2, pageStart=22, pageEnd=24, url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1363412797813258, language=null, rfNumber=[45], rfOrder=45, authorNames=Coppersmith D, Holloway C, Matyas S M, journalName=Information Security Technical Report, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Coppersmith D, Holloway C, Matyas S M, et al. The data encryption standard[J]. 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Berlin-Heidelberg: Springer, 2020., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242115126061499252, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251590562136462, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2000, volume=1166, issue=null, pageStart=235, pageEnd=243, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[47], rfOrder=47, authorNames=Yamamura A, Ishizuka H, journalName=RIMS Kokyuroku, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Yamamura A, Ishizuka H. Quantum cryptanalysis of block ciphers (algebraic systems, formal languages and computations)[J]. RIMS Kokyuroku, 2000, 1166: 235-243., articleTitle=Quantum cryptanalysis of block ciphers (algebraic systems, formal languages and computations), refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242115126116025205, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251590562136462, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2016, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=29, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[48], rfOrder=48, authorNames=Grassl M, Langenberg B, Roettele M, journalName=Applying grover’s algorithm to AES: Quantum resource estimates, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Grassl M, Langenberg B, Roettele M, et al. Applying grover’s algorithm to AES: Quantum resource estimates[M]// Post-Quantum Cryptography. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016: 29-43., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242115126178939766, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251590562136462, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=17, issue=12, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[49], rfOrder=49, authorNames=Kim P, Han D, Jeong K C, journalName=Quantum Information Processing, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Kim P, Han D, Jeong K C. Time-space complexity of quantum search algorithms in symmetric cryptanalysis: Applying to AES and SHA-2[J]. Quantum Information Processing, 2018, 17(12): 339, doi: 10.1007/s11128-018-2107-3., articleTitle=Time-space complexity of quantum search algorithms in symmetric cryptanalysis: Applying to AES and SHA-2, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242115126241854327, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251590562136462, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=1, issue=null, pageStart=2500112, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[50], rfOrder=50, authorNames=Langenberg B, Pham H, Steinwandt R, journalName=IEEE Transactions on Quantum Engineering, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Langenberg B, Pham H, Steinwandt R. Reducing the cost of implementing the advanced encryption standard as a quantum circuit[J]. IEEE Transactions on Quantum Engineering, 2020, 1: 2500112, doi: 10.1109/TQE.2020.2965697., articleTitle=Reducing the cost of implementing the advanced encryption standard as a quantum circuit, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242115126308963192, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251590562136462, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2016, volume=5, issue=1, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[51], rfOrder=51, authorNames=Almazrooie M, Samsudin A, Abdullah R, journalName=SpringerPlus, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Almazrooie M, Samsudin A, Abdullah R, et al. Quantum exhaustive key search with simplified-DES as a case study[J]. SpringerPlus, 2016, 5(1): 1494, doi: 10.1186/s40064-016-3159-4., articleTitle=Quantum exhaustive key search with simplified-DES as a case study, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242115127814718329, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251590562136462, doi=10.1137/S0097539705447311, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2007, volume=37, issue=1, pageStart=210, pageEnd=239, url=http://epubs.siam.org/doi/10.1137/S0097539705447311, language=null, rfNumber=[52], rfOrder=52, authorNames=Ambainis A, journalName=SIAM Journal on Computing, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Ambainis A. Quantum walk algorithm for element distinctness[J]. 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量子算法研究现状及战略发展路线图
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龙桂鲁 1, 2, , 魏世杰 1 , 高攀 1 , 李行 1 , 邢同昊 1 , 曾进峰 1 , 张江 1
前瞻科技 | 综述与述评 2025,4(4): 46-63
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前瞻科技 | 综述与述评 2025, 4(4): 46-63
量子算法研究现状及战略发展路线图
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龙桂鲁1, 2, , 魏世杰1, 高攀1, 李行1, 邢同昊1, 曾进峰1, 张江1
作者信息
  • 1 北京量子信息科学研究院, 北京 100193
  • 2 清华大学物理系, 北京 100084
  • 龙桂鲁,教授。国家杰出青年科学基金获得者,国务院政府特殊津贴专家,全国优秀科技工作者,美国物理学会、英国物理学会会士。中国通信学会量子通信委员会主任委员,中国密码学会理事、量子密码专业委员会副主任,国际纯粹与应用物理联合会(IUPAP)量子科技组委员、国际电联(ITU)新兴技术学术顾问委员会委员。原创性提出量子直接通信技术,构造量子精确搜索算法,并提出LCU量子计算范式。荣获国家自然科学奖二等奖、IBM全球杰出学者奖、中国电子学会科技奖、中国通信学会科技奖一等奖等荣誉。发表学术论文500余篇,出版专著4部;申请及授权中国专利60余件、美国专利2件。电子信箱:

通信作者:

Current Status of Quantum Algorithm Research and Strategic Development Roadmap
Guilu LONG1, 2, , Shijie WEI1, Pan GAO1, Hang LI1, Tonghao XING1, Jinfeng ZENG1, Jiang ZHANG1
Affiliations
  • 1 Beijing Academy of Quantum Information Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
  • 2 Department of Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
出版时间: 2025-12-20 doi: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2025.04.004
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量子算法作为量子计算的核心驱动要素,具有突破经典计算瓶颈、实现指数级加速的显著潜力。自20世纪末彼得·肖尔、洛夫·格罗弗等先驱奠定理论根基以来,量子算法在物理模拟、机器学习、密码分析及组合优化等领域快速发展,逐步构建起从理论范式到含噪中等规模量子(Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum, NISQ)时代实用算法探索的完备体系。文章系统回顾了量子算法的发展历程,深入剖析了当前量子算法的主要研究方向及技术局限,涉及量子线性系统求解、量子多体与化学模拟、对称与非对称密码的量子攻击、后量子密码分析,以及量子近似优化算法、量子退火等优化类方法。对超越现有范式的新型算法框架、容错与分布式量子算法的演进路径进行了展望,并从国家、学术界及产业界层面提出了量子算法领域的战略性发展建议,旨在为推动量子计算的理论创新与产业应用提供重要参考,助力构建具备国际竞争力的量子算法体系。

量子算法  /  NISQ  /  量子优势  /  容错计算  /  分布式量子计算

As the key driving force behind quantum computing, quantum algorithms hold the potential to surmount the limitations of classical computation and achieve exponential speedups. Since the late 20th century, with the theoretical groundwork laid by early algorithms from Shor and Grover, quantum algorithms have experienced rapid advancements in fields such as physical simulation, machine learning, cryptanalysis, and combinatorial optimization. This has led to the development of a comprehensive framework that ranges from theoretical paradigms to practical explorations of algorithms in the Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum (NISQ) era. This article offered a systematic review of the evolution of quantum algorithms, examining current major research directions and their technical challenges. These include quantum linear system solvers, quantum many-body and chemical simulations, quantum attacks on symmetric and asymmetric cryptography, post-quantum cryptanalysis, and optimization-focused approaches such as quantum approximate optimization algorithm and quantum annealing. Looking ahead, this article discussed emerging algorithmic frameworks that transcend existing paradigms, the evolution of fault-tolerant and distributed quantum algorithms, and strategic recommendations for national, academic, and industrial development in the field of quantum algorithms. The aim is to provide insights that will advance theoretical innovation and industrial application in quantum computing, ultimately contributing to the establishment of an internationally competitive quantum algorithm system.

quantum algorithm  /  NISQ  /  quantum advantage  /  fault-tolerant computing  /  distributed quantum computing
龙桂鲁, 魏世杰, 高攀, 李行, 邢同昊, 曾进峰, 张江. 量子算法研究现状及战略发展路线图. 前瞻科技, 2025 , 4 (4) : 46 -63 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2025.04.004
Guilu LONG, Shijie WEI, Pan GAO, Hang LI, Tonghao XING, Jinfeng ZENG, Jiang ZHANG. Current Status of Quantum Algorithm Research and Strategic Development Roadmap[J]. Science and Technology Foresight, 2025 , 4 (4) : 46 -63 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2025.04.004
计算能力是推动科技与社会发展的核心驱动力之一。随着摩尔定律逐步趋近物理极限,经典计算机在处理大规模模拟、优化及加密破解等复杂任务时,已遭遇明显的性能瓶颈。量子计算凭借量子叠加、纠缠等量子力学特性,具备超越经典并行计算的量子超并行计算能力,为解决经典计算难以攻克的问题提供了全新模式。量子算法作为量子计算的核心要素,是实现“量子优势”的关键。回顾其发展历程,从展现量子并行性的Deutsch算法,到颠覆公钥密码安全性的Shor算法,再到具有广泛适用性的Grover搜索算法,早期算法取得的重大突破,不仅有力证实了量子计算的巨大潜力,更极大推动了量子计算乃至量子信息领域的发展,同时为后续应用筑牢了根基。进入含噪中等规模量子(Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum, NISQ)时代,量子算法研究正从理论论证阶段迈向硬件适配与应用探索阶段,其研究范围覆盖物理模拟、机器学习、密码学及组合优化等多个领域,并已成为全球大国在量子科技竞争中的焦点。
1980年,Benioff 和Manin 各自独立提出了量子计算的概念。量子计算机作为一种直接运用量子态开展计算的新型计算机,与当下人们使用的电子计算机存在本质差异。Benioff提出量子计算机这一概念的初始目的是为解决经典计算机面临的大量热耗问题;而Manin则是从加速计算的视角出发,提出了该概念。1982年,Feynman提出借助量子计算机高效模拟量子系统的理念。
量子模拟可视为最早的量子算法,其实质为运用易于操控的量子系统开展演化,以模拟难以操控的其他量子系统。量子计算领域的另一个早期算法是Deutsch于1985年提出的Deutsch算法,该算法首次证实量子计算在特定问题上可超越经典计算的效率,为量子算法的发展奠定了重要根基。该算法主要处理的是一个简单却具代表性的 “黑箱问题”:假定存在一个函数f (x),其输入x仅能为0或1(二进制形式),输出同样为0或1。判断一个单比特输入的函数f (x)是常数函数(无论输入为0还是1,输出均相同)还是平衡函数(输入为0时输出为1,输入为1时输出为0,即f (0)≠f (1))。从经典计算的角度而言,解决该问题至少需要对黑箱进行两次查询,而Deutsch量子算法凭借量子叠加态和量子干涉的特性,仅进行1次查询便能完成判断,充分彰显了量子计算的并行性优势。
1985—1994年,量子计算历经近10年的发展,并未引发广泛关注。打破这一沉寂局面的是Shor算法与Grover算法的问世。经典计算机的发展最初源于对破译密码的需求,这两大算法的提出对经典密码体系造成了强大冲击,进而引发全球高度且普遍的重视,有力推动了量子计算乃至量子信息领域的发展。
Shor算法是彼得・肖尔(Peter Shor)于1994年提出的量子算法[1],主要应用于大数质因数分解,其效率远高于经典算法,对密码学,尤其是基于大数分解难题的RSA(Rivest-Shamir-Adleman)加密,有着重大影响。经典算法分解一个大数N的时间复杂度随其位数(log N)指数增长,而Shor算法凭借量子并行计算和傅里叶变换的特性,将时间复杂度降低至多项式级别(约O((log N)³)),它将大数分解问题转化为求周期问题,即针对给定的大数N,随机选取整数aa<N),通过求解函数f(x)= mod N的周期r,利用量子计算机的超平行求得周期r,仅需多项式时间便可完成。Shor算法的提出首次彰显了量子计算在重大实用问题上的颠覆性优势。
Grover量子算法是由洛夫・格罗弗(Lov Grover)于1996年提出的量子搜索算法[2],主要用于在无序数据库中高效查找目标元素。与经典搜索算法相比,该算法在效率方面具有显著优势,是量子计算在组合优化和搜索问题领域的典型应用。该算法的核心功能是在包含N个无序元素的集合中,找出满足特定条件的目标元素。经典算法平均需要检查N/2个元素,在最坏情况下需要检查N个元素,时间复杂度为O(N);而Grover算法利用量子叠加和振幅放大技术,通过时间复杂度为$O\left(\sqrt{N}\right)$的步骤即可完成搜索,实现了效率的平方级提升。Grover算法在数据库搜索、密码破解(如暴力破解对称加密)等领域具有重要的实用价值,同时也是构建其他量子算法的基础。其应用领域广泛,与量子傅里叶变换共同构成量子计算的重要基础算法。2001年,龙桂鲁[3]推导得出了相位的解析公式,基于此公式给出的相位构造的量子搜索算法,具备100%的搜索成功率,属于量子精确搜索算法,有时被称作龙算法[4]。龙算法解决了原算法固有的失败概率问题,拓展了其应用范围。近年来,Grover算法和龙算法还被应用于后量子密码算法的安全性分析[5]。这些量子算法都是使用酉算子的乘积,即每一步量子计算均为一个酉算子的计算。
早期的量子算法,如量子模拟算法、Shor算法及Grover算法等,均借助酉算子的乘积形式得以实现。Shor算法和Grover算法提出后的近10年间,量子算法的发展步入了一个相对缓慢的阶段,几乎未出现新的量子算法。这一状况甚至引发了著名的“Shor之问”[6]:为何鲜少有新的量子算法被发现?Shor给出了两种可能的阐释:第一,经典算法与量子算法的运行过程存在明显差异,致使经典算法中常用的构造方法和技巧在量子算法里不再适用,进而难以研发出更多新的量子算法;第二,量子算法的种类或许已然有限,难以再发掘出全新的算法。第二个答案略显悲观,所幸实际情形并非如此。
2002年,对偶量子计算范式,即酉算子线组合(Linear Combination of Unitaries, LCU)范式问世[7],并获得了系统的推进与发展[8-11]。此范式突破了以往仅依靠酉算子乘积形式构建量子算法的局限,准许通过酉算子的加减乘除等线性组合来构造量子算法,这与经典算法中运用加减乘除构建算法的思路一致,便利了量子算法的构建。
后续若干重要的量子算法使用了LCU方法。用于求解线性方程组的HHL(Harrow-Hassidim-Lloyd)算法采用了LCU方法[12],文献[13]对HHL算法中LCU的具体构造进行了详细阐释。LCU方法不仅能够运用于构建封闭量子系统的模拟算法[14-15],还适用于开放量子系统的模拟计算[16],以及宇称时间(Parity-Time, PT)对称系统的快速演化[17]。LCU方法已在量子算法的构造中得到广泛应用,成为构建量子算法的五大技巧之一。这五大技巧分别为相位估计、振幅方法、LCU方法、量子线性系统和量子行走[18]
伴随量子硬件(如超导、离子阱、光子、硅基等)的飞速发展,量子算法研究展现出蓬勃的发展态势。研究的重点已由理论证明转变为如何在当下的量子硬件上达成量子优势,并探寻实用化应用的途径。分类介绍几类重要的量子算法研究方向,这些算法基于一般的理想量子硬件。
量子机器学习系将量子计算的原理与方法应用于机器学习领域,其目的在于借助量子系统的独特特性,如叠加、纠缠及相干性,来加速或优化传统机器学习任务,抑或是构建全新的机器学习模型。值得注意的是,量子机器学习并非传统机器学习的替代,而是对其的补充与拓展。当前,二者的适用范围已逐渐明晰。一方面,传统机器学习所处理的数据通常为日常常见的文字、图片、视频等,而另一类数据则以量子态等形式呈现,例如源自量子系统的数据或被编码为量子态的数据,此类数据无法通过传统机器学习直接处理;另一方面,传统机器学习算法依托中央处理器(Central Processing Unit, CPU)、图形处理器(Graphics Processing Unit, GPU)等硬件设备运行,而量子算法则需在量子信息处理器上执行。
依据训练数据集类型以及学习算法类别的差异,量子计算与机器学习相结合的方式一般可划分为4类。
(1)经典数据经典算法(训练数据集为经典类型,学习算法为经典类型)。此类组合方式属于常见的传统机器学习范畴,如人工神经网络学习、深度学习及强化学习等,其所有的数据存储与处理、模型训练及推理均在经典计算机上完成。一般而言,量子计算并不直接参与核心学习过程。但有一类受量子计算原理启发且在经典计算机上实现的优化算法,被称为量子启发式机器学习算法,其设计深受量子力学原理的影响。
(2)经典数据量子算法(训练数据集为经典类型,学习算法为量子类型)。此类组合方式被称为量子计算赋能机器学习领域,核心引擎为量子处理器,采用量子算法对文本、图像等经典数据进行数据挖掘。经典数据会通过随机存储器等技术被编码成量子计算机可处理的量子态形式。随后,利用特定用途的量子算法在量子处理器上处理这些量子态信息,执行分类、回归、降维等机器学习任务。该组合方式的优势在于借助量子优势,在某些任务上能够比经典算法更快速或更高效地处理经典数据;但仍面临如何高效实现经典数据量子化、如何设计真正具备优势的量子算法及如何降低量子硬件噪声等现实难题。
(3)量子数据经典算法(训练数据集为量子类型,学习算法为经典类型)。此类组合方式借助传统机器学习的成熟技术,旨在解决量子计算乃至整个量子信息领域的问题,被称为机器学习赋能的量子领域。其训练数据源自量子传感器或量子通信等量子系统,但通常以量子态层析获得的密度矩阵或测量的统计分布等经典方式来描述。随后,利用经典机器学习算法对这些描述量子态或量子过程的数据进行分析。该方式在量子实验、量子控制、量子纠错和量子模拟的后处理中得到了广泛应用,其优势在于传统机器学习算法技术成熟且方法多样,但面临着高维数据难以表示、部分信息损失及计算复杂度高等挑战。
(4)量子数据量子算法(训练数据集为量子类型,学习算法为量子类型)。此类组合方式属于“全量子”机器学习,输入、处理和输出均完全在量子领域内进行。训练数据集中的量子态直接在量子处理器上处理,并运用量子机器学习算法来完成学习任务。这种量子机器学习方式直接操控量子信息,有效避免了经典表示造成的信息损失和“维度灾难”。从理论层面讲,它在量子过程学习、量子纠错码设计等纯量子任务中具有天然优势。然而,该方式面临着极大的挑战,存在诸多难题,例如,如何实现输入量子态的可靠传输,以及如何设计能够有效学习未知量子数据的量子算法等,是目前最不成熟的量子机器学习方式之一。
1995年,美国路易斯安那州立大学的Kak[19]与英国萨塞克斯大学的Chrisley[20]分别提出量子神经网络的概念,对神经激活函数与量子力学方程的相似性及认知科学与量子计算的交叉领域展开探讨。2014年,美国麻省理工学院的Lloyd等[21]提出量子主成分分析算法,借助量子计算高效提取数据中的关键特征结构,为量子机器学习中数据降维奠定理论基础;美国麻省理工学院的Rebentrost等[22]首次提出完整的量子支持向量机算法,通过量子态内积加速核函数计算,并结合量子线性方程组求解算法,实现最小二乘支持向量机的指数级加速;美国微软研究院的Wiebe等[23]提出量子k最近邻算法,通过量子相干距离计算与无测量幅度估计相结合,显著提升监督学习和无监督学习的效率。
2008年,中国科学院的董道毅等[24]提出量子强化学习框架,将量子计算原理与经典强化学习相融合,以应对传统强化学习在高维状态空间下学习效率低等关键挑战。2018年,加拿大D - Wave公司的Amin等[25]系统性地提出量子玻尔兹曼机的理论框架,将经典玻尔兹曼机拓展至量子领域,利用量子退火硬件的特性实现更高效的训练和采样。2019年,美国哈佛大学的Lukin研究组[26]提出并系统研究了一种高效可训练的量子卷积神经网络架构,设计出参数高效的量子线路模型,并在两个关键量子多体问题上展现其优越性。
2018年,美国麻省理工学院的Lloyd等[27]和加拿大Xanadu公司的Dallaire-Demers等[28]分别提出量子生成对抗网络的概念,旨在利用量子计算的优势解决经典生成对抗网络所面临的“维数灾难”问题。2019年,清华大学孙麓岩团队[29]首次在超导量子计算平台上完成量子生成对抗网络的原理验证实验。
2022年,北京量子信息科学研究院龙桂鲁团队[30]提出可直接量子化卷积操作的量子神经网络,展现出在图像分类方向的应用前景;2024年进一步提出一种实现图节点嵌入的变分量子算法框架,解决了基于图的量子机器学习算法数据输入问题,并在核磁共振量子体系上进行了实验验证[31]
量子机器学习的研究近年来取得了迅猛发展,然而也面临着诸多挑战:① 受限于当前量子硬件的比特数、比特寿命及噪声水平,量子机器学习算法难以大规模实现,其有效性缺乏在真实场景中的规模化验证;② 量子模型可能同样面临“贫瘠高原”(Barren Plateau)现象,需在表达能力和可训练性之间进行权衡;③ 目前缺乏将经典数据高效地映射到量子态的量子算法,难以实现多通道数据的量子化输入,这阻碍了量子机器学习在实际应用中的推广。
面对上述挑战,推动量子机器学习的发展进程,不仅需要不断优化和提升量子硬件的各项性能指标,在平台选择上,还可以设计针对特定任务定制的量子芯片,并充分利用量子-经典混合算法架构在NISQ时代的优势。在算法设计方面,应引入局部纠缠而非全局纠缠,以限制参数空间的维度爆炸,设计硬件高效的Ansatz和梯度优化策略,避免因随机初始化导致的梯度消失等问题。在算法实现方面,需结合成熟的传统机器学习技术,完成输入数据的特征提取,借助量子主成分分析技术压缩高维数据,减少所需量子比特数,并优先选择量子化学模拟、组合优化等优势场景进行突破。
模拟量子多体系统堪称量子计算机的“原生应用”。经典计算机上模拟量子系统时,所需资源会随系统规模扩大指数级增长,这一现象被称为“维度灾难”。而量子计算机从原理上克服了这一“灾难”,能够高效模拟其他量子系统。
复杂物理系统静力学问题的核心在于计算相关多体系统的哈密顿量基态。无论是原子核、量子场论中的强关联系统,还是化学分子和凝聚态多体系统,其哈密顿量基态的求解均可通过数学映射转化为量子计算机适用的形式,即希尔伯特空间中的比特哈密顿量。目前,针对多体量子系统哈密顿量基态的量子算法主要分为以下4种。
(1)绝热退火演化算法。该算法通过连续变化的哈密顿量演化,实现基态能量的求解。在该研究领域,美国南加州大学的Lidar课题组[32]和山东大学的仝殿民课题组[33]是这类研究的典型代表团队。在实验验证方面,中国科学技术大学的杜江峰、彭新华和鲁大为课题组拥有深厚的积累[34]
(2)基于量子相位估计(Phase Estimation Algorithm, PEA)的算法。如费米系统量子模拟算法通过量子傅里叶变换得到基态能量,这类算法的缺点是操作复杂,难以在现有量子硬件上完成,美国麻省理工学院Abrams和Lloyd[35]、加拿大多伦多大学的Aspuru-Guzik等[36]是该研究领域的典型代表。
(3)变分量子算法(Variational Quantum Algorithms, VQA)[37-38]。该算法将哈密顿量的期望值作为损失函数,在特定试探态下通过变分法寻找损失函数的最小值,从而确定哈密顿量的基态。南方科技大学的翁文康是该算法的主要提出者之一。北京大学的袁骁课题组利用变分量子求解算法,成功进行了线性方程组等代数问题的计算,并与中国科学院计算技术研究所孙晓明课题组合作开展了量子化学模拟研究[39]。VQA属于经典-量子混合计算模式,其测量部分通过量子线路实现,而参数的优化迭代则依赖于经典计算机的计算。相比基于PEA和Trotter近似的算法,VQA的量子门操作更为简洁,量子线路更短,这使得多体系统的量子模拟能够在当前存在噪声的量子硬件上得以实现。然而,该模型需要经典优化器与量子处理器频繁交互数据,且基态的收敛速度并非最优。截至目前,变分量子本征求解算法相较于经典算法的加速效果尚不明确。
(4)由北京量子信息科学研究院魏世杰等提出的利用LCU构造的全量子本征求解算法(Full Quantum Eigensolver, FQE)[40-42]。该算法的优势在于,哈密顿量的计算及迭代过程完全在量子计算机上完成,无需在经典计算机与量子计算机之间频繁转换。然而,其缺点在于操作较为复杂,目前在量子硬件上的实现存在一定难度。
上述4类方法各具优缺点,仍有较大的提升空间。如何构建既具备确定性量子优势(如PEA算法、FQE算法),又易于在量子计算硬件(如VQA算法)上实现的量子算法,成为当前重要的研究方向。
此外,还有一种利用LCU构造的量子虚时演化算法,同样可用于求解哈密顿量的基态[43],其核心问题也是非幺正演化的实现,中国科学院物理研究所范桁课题组在此方面已有相关研究。近年来,一类采用量子蒙特卡罗方法进行采样以实现虚时演化的算法,展现出在噪声量子硬件时代中的显著优势[44],中国工程物理研究院的李颖课题组在该领域取得了丰硕成果。
量子计算对密码学构成了潜在的严重威胁。Grover算法在处理非结构化搜索问题时,相较于经典算法能够实现二次加速,这一特性要求对称密码学,如高级加密标准(Advanced Encryption Standard, AES),必须将密钥长度加倍以应对。非对称密码学面临的威胁则更为严峻,因为Shor算法能够在多项式时间内对其进行完全解密。为应对这一挑战,研究人员正积极研发后量子密码学(Post-Quantum Cryptography, PQC),这是一类能够抵抗量子计算攻击的加密算法。经典对称密码、经典非对称公钥密码及后量子密码分析的量子算法的最新进展总结如下。
对称密码通过替换和混淆等手段,降低密文与随机字符间的可区分性,从而抵抗碰撞、线性、差分等常规分析攻击方法。相关的加密算法包括数据加密标准(Data Encryption Standard, DES)算法[45]、AES算法[46]等。对称密码的量子攻击算法主要基于Grover算法。对于一个48位长度的分组对称加密算法,假设经典计算机和量子计算机的运行速度均为107次/s,那么量子计算机在使用Grover算法的情况下可在2 s内攻破该加密算法,而经典计算机则需要326 d。
基于Grover算法对具体AES的安全性分析最早见于2000年Yamamura和Ishizuka[47]的研究。2015年,Grassl等[48]设计出AES算法的量子化实现方案,首次提出使用“zig-zag”编码法减少量子比特使用量。该方案需984个量子比特、1 060 864个T门、1 380 420个Clifford门,算法深度为110 799。
此后,相关研究不断完善。Kim等[49]的工作减少了一个字节替换(SubBytes)操作的使用;Langenberg等[50]设计了新型SubBytes量子线路,大幅降低了门复杂度和线路深度,其中Toffoli门的使用量较Grassl等[48]的研究减少了88%。
此外,2016年Almazrooie等[51]设计的Simplified-DES量子实现线路,因比特数量少、线路深度浅,有望在量子计算机上实现。未来还可以基于量子游走[52-53]和HHL算法[54]来实现对称密码的攻击。
上述量子攻击算法需在容错量子计算机上运行。在NISQ时代,变分量子算法也可用于分析对称密码的安全性。王泽国等[55-56]提出了一个基于参数化量子线路的对称密码量子攻击算法,S-DES的数值结果表明,相比Grover算法,变分量子算法的线路深度大幅度下降。
经典公钥密码系统,如RSA、ECC(Elliptic Curve Cryptography)、Diffie-Hellman的安全性基础在于数学问题的复杂性,例如大数分解和离散对数问题。这些问题均可归结为阿贝尔隐藏子群问题,在经典计算模型中被视为难题。Shor算法作为量子计算领域的里程碑式算法,其关键能力在于能在多项式时间内解决阿贝尔隐藏子群问题,这一突破性进展直接威胁到依赖该问题的公钥密码方案。
尽管Shor算法原理明确,但要实际破解RSA-2048等标准,仍需数百万个高质量量子比特及极低的错误率,这远超出现有技术能力。根据谷歌量子人工智能团队的估算,破解RSA-2048大约需要数千个逻辑量子比特或数百万个物理量子比特[57]。依据IBM公司的量子计算机发展路线图,预计在2033年之后才会出现具备2 000个逻辑量子比特的容错量子计算机。与此同时,谷歌公司的第6个里程碑目标是研发出拥有100万个物理量子比特的量子系统。如果量子计算的发展按预期推进,到21世纪30年代,RSA加密将不再安全。
除了依赖量子计算硬件的进展,针对公钥密码的量子攻击算法也在不断演进。Regev将Shor算法推广至高维阿贝尔群,通过利用多维量子傅里叶变换和经典格约化技术,更高效地解决某些隐藏子群问题。相比Shor原始算法,该方法减少了量子资源的消耗,适用于结构化高维问题,进一步凸显了公钥密码系统的脆弱性。
2022年,清华大学、浙江大学等中国多家科研机构联合提出了亚线性资源的量子整数因子分解算法HAIFA [58]。该方法依托格基约化理论,构建伊辛模型,并结合量子近似优化算法,在超导量子计算硬件上成功实现了48位整数的实验分解。近年来,俄罗斯团队利用离子阱量子硬件完成了44位整数的分解[59],而意大利和德国的科学家则借助张量网络技术实现了100位整数的分解[60],并且分解的大数还在不断更新[61],充分展示了该方法的广泛应用潜力。
为应对量子计算对经典公钥密码带来的挑战,研究人员正积极投身于后量子密码学的研发。此类算法主要基于格、多元多项式、哈希函数及编码等基础理论。美国国家标准与技术研究院(National Institute of Standards and Technology, NIST)于2016年启动了后量子密码学项目,正式向全球范围内的密码学专家征集能够抵御经典计算机及量子计算机攻击的算法。截至2024年,NIST发布了首批3项最终确定的后量子密码学标准,其中两项基于容错学习问题(Learning with Errors, LWE)。值得注意的是,Grover算法、Shor算法等量子算法在求解LWE问题时并不高效,因此这些后量子密码算法能够有效抵御这些量子算法的攻击。
已有大量研究致力于利用量子计算机求解LWE问题。Grilo等[62]提出了一种基于量子样本的LWE量子算法,将量子样本视为经典样本的叠加态。他们的研究表明,该算法能够通过使用与n呈多项式关系的量子样本和运行时间,有效求解LWE问题。然而,量子叠加态中所包含的经典样本数量会随着系统规模n增大而指数级增长。制备包含指数级经典样本的量子样本,需要指数数量的逻辑量子比特[63]。此外,Song等[64]提出了量子分治方法,成功将量子样本的规模从随n的指数级增长降低至亚指数级增长。
清华大学龙桂鲁课题组在2025年连续提出了两种求解LWE问题的变分量子算法。第1种算法[65]专注于二元域的LPN(Learning Parity with Noise)问题,并深入剖析了变分量子算法的复杂度。第2种算法[66]则聚焦于非二元域的LWE问题,运用格基约化理论,将LWE问题转化为最短向量问题,并融合伊辛模型与量子优化技术。该算法首次在超导硬件环境下成功实现了小规模LWE问题求解的实验演示。
英国学者Priestley和Wallden[67]运用龙桂鲁等的HAIFA算法对格的最短向量问题进行了分析,发现该算法相比传统的暴力搜索方法,实现了高达105的加速效果。基于这一发现,他们建议重新审视和讨论近期后量子密码的参数设置。
对于RSA和椭圆曲线等当前广泛使用的非对称密码算法,Shor算法构成的威胁已显而易见,其实际应用进程则紧密依赖于容错量子计算技术的成熟发展。
针对PQC的量子攻击研究已成为活跃的研究领域之一。然而,截至目前,尚未发现对主流PQC方案的致命性量子攻击。
当前研究人员仍无法证明PQC的绝对安全性,评估PQC方案的量子安全性仍是一项严峻挑战。这要求研究人员更深入地开展量子计算复杂性分析,并开发更高效的量子攻击算法。即便无法彻底破解,仅是降低其安全等级,也同样构成威胁。
鉴于量子计算硬件与算法的迅猛发展,现有非对称密码算法的安全性正面临严峻挑战。我国亟须加快推动PQC的标准化及其迁移工作,这已成为当前最为迫切的任务。
组合优化问题广泛存在于运筹学、人工智能、通信网络、物流调度、金融工程及量子物理等多个领域。其核心目标是在满足一组约束条件的可行解空间中,寻找最优或近似最优的解。此类问题的变量通常为离散型,目标函数多表现为子结构或子句的加权总和的最小化或最大化形式。典型的组合优化问题包括背包问题、旅行商问题、最大割问题等。
然而,由于组合优化问题具有高度的离散性和复杂性,其解空间往往呈指数级增长。许多组合优化问题被归类为NP(Non-deterministic Polynomial)-hard类型,导致传统经典算法在处理大规模实例时效率低,难以在合理的时间内获得高质量的解。这种计算难题已成为多个关键领域发展的瓶颈。
随着量子计算技术的飞速发展,研究者们开始探索如何借助量子力学原理来加速组合优化问题的求解。为此,一系列针对当前硬件限制而设计的量子优化算法应运而生,展现出超越部分经典启发式方法的显著潜力。本节将阐述这些主要量子优化算法的基本原理、适用场景及研究进展,并对当前研究现状及其面临的挑战进行深入分析,旨在为该领域的后续研究与应用提供有价值的参考。
量子退火(Quantum Annealing, QA)的理论基础可追溯至1988年,由Apolloni等[68]首次提出受量子启发的经典优化方法,引入量子隧穿效应以改善模拟退火在局部最优陷阱中的表现。1998年,Kadowaki和Nishimori[69]提出基于薛定谔动力学的量子退火算法,作为模拟退火的量子推广,其核心机制是在连续时间演化中利用量子涨落提升全局优化能力。与电路模型中的量子门操作不同,量子退火通过缓慢演化哈密顿量以使系统保持基态,并趋近于优化目标的最优解。该方法特别适用于可映射为伊辛模型或二次无约束二元优化(Quadratic Unconstrained Binary Optimization, QUBO)的问题,使优化任务能够物理嵌入系统哈密顿量[70]
目前,该方法的代表性实现来自加拿大D-Wave公司。该公司自2011年起推出一系列基于超导量子比特的商用量子退火机,最新版本已支持超过5 000个量子比特[71-72]。尽管量子退火仍面临拓扑限制、退相干和控制精度不足等挑战[73],但作为与量子近似优化算法并行发展的主要量子优化路径,量子退火在理论与应用层面展现出重要潜力,尤其在NISQ阶段具有较强的实用性。
量子绝热算法(Quantum Adiabatic Algorithm, QAA)由美国麻省理工学院的Farhi等[74-75]于2000年提出,它是一种基于量子力学绝热定理的优化方法,属于绝热量子计算(Adiabatic Quantum Computation, AQC)范畴。其核心思想在于构建一个基态易于制备的初始哈密顿量和一个编码优化目标的目标哈密顿量,通过缓慢演化使系统始终保持基态,最终收敛于最优解对应的目标基态[32]。QAA在理论上具备图灵完备性,适用于组合优化、布尔可满足性(Boolean Satisfiability Problem, SAT)、图搜索和约束满足等问题的求解[76],其显著优势在于利用量子隧穿机制进行全局搜索,能够有效避开局部极小值陷阱。
然而,在实际应用中,QAA对系统最小能隙、演化时间及噪声环境极为敏感,这在一定程度上限制了其在当前NISQ设备上的可行性[77]。为适应中等规模量子硬件,研究者通常将QAA的连续演化离散化为量子门序列,以实现在电路模型中的应用,但这无疑增加了计算资源的开销。尽管如此,QAA在理论分析、物理系统模拟及量子退火建模等领域仍发挥着不可或缺的作用,特别适用于研究连续动力学和构建专用量子模拟器[78]
量子近似优化算法(Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm, QAOA)由Farhi等[79]于2014年提出。该算法受量子绝热算法启发,将目标函数编码为问题哈密顿量(Cost Hamiltonian),并引入一个与之不对易的混合哈密顿量(Mixer Hamiltonian)。通过这两个哈密顿量的交替演化,构建出参数化量子电路。QAOA利用经典优化器在每轮迭代中更新变分参数,旨在最大化目标哈密顿量在最终量子态上的期望值,从而逼近最优解[80]
QAOA的主要优势在于其电路结构浅显、参数可调且易于实现,特别适合在当前受限的中等规模量子设备上运行。因此,它被广泛认为是NISQ阶段最具应用前景的组合优化算法之一[81]。研究表明,QAOA可应用于多个典型的NP-Hard问题的近似求解,包括最大割问题(MaxCut)、最大独立集、布尔最大可满足性(MAX-SAT)、多背包问题(Multi-Knapsack)及一般形式的二次无约束二进制优化问题(QUBO)。
近年来,QAOA的应用范围不断拓展,已被用于金融资产配置优化[82]、分子对接建模[83]、因式分解[84]等多个实际问题中,展示出在求解特定结构优化任务中的较强竞争力。在某些实例中,其解的质量已超过经典贪婪法、局部搜索等启发式方法,展现出潜在的量子加速能力。
为克服原始量子近似优化算法在表达能力、参数优化效率及收敛速度等方面的局限性,近年来,研究者提出了多种结构优化与性能增强机制,推动QAOA向更高精度和更强硬件适应性方向发展。2022年,Herrman等[85]提出的多角度QAOA(ma-QAOA),为每层cost和mixer项引入独立参数,显著提升了算法的表达能力,在MaxCut等图优化问题中表现出色;Chalupnik等[86]提出的QAOA+,通过增加参数化电路层,在保持浅电路结构的同时提高了解的质量,适用于QUBO和随机图问题。
为降低电路深度,Chandarana和Wurtz分别提出了DC-QAOA与CD-QAOA,通过引入反绝热驱动项加速收敛,在伊辛模型和高阶优化问题中取得了良好效果[87-89]。Yu等[90]提出的自适应偏置QAOA(ab-QAOA)则在mixer中引入局部偏置场,减少了迭代轮数,适用于中等规模问题。
在结构可扩展性方面,Zhu等[91]于2022年提出ADAPT-QAOA,基于梯度驱动的操作池选择机制,实现了电路逐层自适应构建,具备更强的硬件兼容性。此外,Bravyi等[92]于2020年提出的递归QAOA(RQAOA),通过逐步固定高度相关变量以压缩问题规模,适用于稀疏图和大规模布尔优化任务。
这些变体在精度、效率和应用广度上均实现了显著提升,为QAOA在通信调度、金融优化、图神经网络等领域的实用化奠定了坚实基础。
变分量子特征值求解器(Variational Quantum Eigensolver, VQE)由Peruzzo等[37]于2014年首次提出,最初用于求解量子化学中的分子基态能量问题。该算法结合了量子计算与经典优化的优势,旨在通过参数化量子态(Ansatz)构建候选解,并通过测量其能量期望值,由经典优化器迭代调整参数以最小化能量,从而逼近哈密顿量的基态能量[38]。VQE的主要优势在于其仅需浅层量子线路,适配当前的NISQ设备,其已在量子化学、电磁建模、材料科学等精密模拟场景中获得广泛应用[93]
近年来,该方法也被引入组合优化领域。研究者将组合优化问题等效映射为伊辛模型或QUBO哈密顿量,再通过VQE寻找系统的基态以获取最优解[80]。相比QAOA,VQE在Ansatz构造上更具灵活性,既可使用硬件友好的电路结构(如Hardware-Efficient Ansatz),也可采用针对特定问题设计的结构(如Problem-Inspired Ansatz),从而提高表达能力和收敛速度[94]。然而,VQE也更容易受到“贫瘠高原”现象的影响,可能导致参数优化难以收敛[95]。目前,VQE已在量子因式分解、QUBO问题求解、量子机器学习等多个方向展现出良好的适应性,特别适合处理连续目标函数和约束较弱的优化问题。
当前,量子加速算法已成为组合优化问题研究的前沿方向。这些算法在理论分析与小规模实验中取得了积极进展,部分案例在搜索效率和解的质量上已超越经典启发式算法。然而,这些成果与大规模实际应用之间仍存在显著差距。主要挑战包括:量子硬件尚处于NISQ阶段,受限于量子比特数量、门保真度和相干时间,无法稳定运行深层电路或复杂算法;变分算法的训练易陷入“贫瘠高原”,导致优化效率低、收敛不稳定;问题哈密顿量的构造和ansatz设计缺乏统一方法,限制了算法的可推广性。总体而言,量子组合优化正处于从概念验证向实际可行过渡的关键阶段,亟须在算法设计、系统协同、硬件适配和理论基础等方面取得突破。
实现大规模、通用的量子计算是量子信息科学的核心目标。然而,由于物理量子比特不可避免地受到环境噪声、操控误差和测量误差的影响,可信赖的量子信息处理必须建立在容错量子计算的基础之上。基于量子纠错[96]的容错量子计算,能够实现高保真度和可扩展的量子计算,成为对误差较为敏感的Shor算法、Grover算法等理想的应用平台。未来量子算法的一个重要方向就是改进量子纠错的软件和硬件,以期能够尽快在含噪量子计算器件上开展有实际价值的应用。
容错量子计算的核心是选合适的量子纠错码。目前广泛研究和验证的量子纠错方案有表面码和色码等拓扑纠错码[97],这类码基于拓扑不变量构建,容错阈值约1%,适用于二维平面量子比特架构。近年来,基于表面码的逻辑比特实验进展显著,谷歌公司团队已在超导芯片上实现退相干时间超物理比特的逻辑比特。为提升逻辑比特性能,需从理论和实验两方面优化实现方式,主要包括克服系统误差、优化纠错线路、提高测量保真度等。解码器性能是确保纠错码稳定运行的关键,涵盖解码速度和准确率,有潜力的解码方案包括基于图论的算法和基于机器学习的策略。
同时,新型量子纠错码研究取得进展,量子低密度奇偶校验码和超图态编码等方案有更高码率和潜在高容错阈值,能在常数度数下实现高码距和多逻辑比特编码,节省了量子比特资源[98]
不过,在现有量子硬件上实现新纠错码设计方案面临两方面挑战:一是新编码方式要求较远比特间耦合,大多数量子硬件体系难以实现,需通过量子交换门调整比特位置间接实现,对量子线路编译和量子门保真度要求高,难以高效实现。二是尚未找到对新型编码生成的逻辑比特进行容错逻辑操作的有效方法,而这是实现容错量子计算的必要步骤。
量子纠错方案实施受具体硬件平台特性显著制约,不同物理体系噪声来源和比特连接方式差异明显。如离子阱体系量子比特全连接性便于操控,适合非局域连接量子编码;超导量子比特适合局域耦合二维表面码。因此,为不同平台定制纠错方案和逻辑门实现路径是提升系统性能的关键。
除了编码结构,容错计算性能还受噪声模型与容错阈值理论影响。传统阈值分析基于独立同质退极化噪声假设,但实际物理系统存在复杂误差机制,挑战标准容错理论。实用阈值判据需基于更真实实验场景,且有研究尝试突破传统阈值限制,以“软容错”框架让未达理想指标系统运行量子算法。
在逻辑比特层面,容错计算架构设计决定算法执行效率。表面码系统中,逻辑门可通过晶格手术操作实现,物理开销低;非Clifford门主要靠魔幻态蒸馏实现,但资源消耗高。近年研究重点是优化魔幻态蒸馏流程,也在探索编码变换方法,提升操作效率。
随着量子芯片规模扩大和模块化加深,分布式容错计算成必要方向。多芯片系统中逻辑比特跨模块操作对纠错机制提出新挑战,如量子遥传和测量驱动晶格拼接是重要的探索路径。保证纠错同步性、容错操作跨模块一致性和资源动态分配是分布式容错计算架构设计的核心挑战。
除硬件实现外,容错量子计算的上层编译与算法优化也是影响整体效率的关键。与NISQ阶段不同,容错量子算法编译需严格限制逻辑门数目、T门密度和测量轮次等资源消耗。要执行的量子算法需映射到Clifford+T等容错门集合,所以开发高效门集合成工具成为研究重点,如采用基于ZX-calculus的图变换方法、Cosine Synthesis路径等。同时,逻辑线路在二维晶格中的布局和调度影响容错层性能,高效空间布局策略可减少比特搬运开销,最大化算法并行度。
容错量子计算架构上的实用量子算法可通过结构优化,降低对高成本非Clifford门的依赖,如在量子化学与量子机器学习任务中,利用变体的变分量子算法避免量子傅里叶变换的替代路径,或通过经典预处理减少量子计算深度,提升算法容错友好性。而且,面向容错架构的算法设计要考虑测量反馈与中途纠错机制对算法流程的影响,提升整体计算鲁棒性与容错效率。
综上所述,基于容错量子计算的量子算法实现是跨越理论编码、硬件控制、系统架构与软件工具链的系统性工程。随着高性能纠错码、高性能量子系统和资源感知编译工具等不断成熟,容错量子计算正从理论走向可实现的工程体系。未来通过软硬件协同设计与面向应用任务的容错算法优化,有望实现真正可扩展、可编程的通用量子计算系统。
纯量子计算机面临噪声干扰、量子退相干等技术瓶颈,经典计算机在处理复杂任务时亦存在性能局限。在此矛盾下,“经典 + 量子” 混合量子计算模式应运而生,它通过经典与量子的协同分工,实现经典计算的稳定性与量子计算的并行性优势互补,成为当前量子计算落地应用的核心路径之一。
混合量子计算核心架构是 “各司其职” 的分工模式。系统将计算任务拆分为两部分:量子处理器处理 “量子优势” 环节,经典计算机承担辅助工作。以HAIFA大数分解算法为例,虽然搜索光滑对的处理任务由量子硬件进行,但开始时格的生成、最短近似向量的计算及求解线性方程组部分均依赖经典超级计算机。这种分工规避了纯量子系统对大量高质量量子比特的依赖,突破了经典计算机算力天花板。
在实际应用中,混合量子计算已展现出解决行业痛点的潜力。在药物研发领域,拜耳集团、默克集团等医药企业尝试混合计算方案,使研发周期大幅缩短;在金融领域,北京玻色量子科技有限公司与中国移动合作,利用混合系统处理资产组合优化问题,效率较纯经典算法提升近百倍。
但混合量子计算发展仍面临多重挑战:一是 接口效率问题,需突破量子比特读取速度慢等瓶颈;二是算法协同难题,要设计出高效衔接的混合算法;三是硬件兼容性制约技术落地,不同厂商量子处理器需适配统一经典控制接口。
随着技术迭代,混合量子计算正从“过渡方案”向“长期核心架构”发展,混合系统将在多领域释放更大潜力,成为推动产业数字化转型的关键力量。
量子计算作为一项颠覆性的前沿技术,正迅速从基础理论研究迈向工程实现与实际应用的关键阶段。其未来发展不仅关乎科技创新能力的高地争夺,更直接影响到国家安全、经济竞争力和前沿产业格局的重塑。在量子计算价值实现的核心环节中,量子算法的理论研究、模拟验证和场景落地具有决定性意义。在此背景下,从政府政策战略布局、科研机构研究重点、企业行业实践3个层面提出以下战略性建议,旨在为我国量子计算的持续健康发展提供方向性参考,助力在量子算法研究领域实现“理论突破-技术验证-场景应用”的闭环式跃升。
国家战略顶层设计导向,构建统一协调、多家竞争且开放的研发平台。政策上,政府通过顶层设计与政策投入,构建涵盖基础研究、平台建设等的支撑体系,如设立专项科研基金、人才奖励机制,支持量子算法基础课题研究,探索前沿方向,设长周期研究项目激励创新;整合现有平台,建立国家级开源算法库,推动代码开源与生态培育。教育方面,在相关专业补充交叉课程,编撰教材,推动学科融合。
为实现工程验证,构建统一协调、竞争开放的若干个算法测试平台,支持主流技术路线的算法验证,并开发基准评估体系。在NISQ阶段,资助特定比特级设备的混合算法演示项目,以推动实际应用。在应用试点方面,于综合性科学中心设立先导区,推动算法的先行应用,并结合政府采购政策促进项目落地。同时,设立成果转化基金,引导风险投资支持初创企业,打通成果转化通道。
鉴于量子计算在信息安全领域的重要影响,国家尽早建立安全与伦理框架,制定后量子密码替代路线图,完成重点领域抗量子算法部署,制定伦理指南,推动中国原创算法标准进入国际标准体系,提升全球规则制定话语权。
为保障战略实施效果,建议采取“三步走”策略:短期内(2025—2027年)建立统一算法测试平台和重点行业示范,完成50~100比特级量子算法验证;中期(2028—2030年)推动量子优势产业转化,形成国际标准,构建成功场景应用样板;长期(2031年以后)推进千比特级容错量子系统建设,完成算法生态与全球规则体系战略主导。
科研机构应聚焦关键理论问题,突破算法发展瓶颈,搭建从理论创新到平台验证的完整研究链条。在基础理论研究方面,持续推进量子复杂度理论,探索BQP(Bounded-Error Quantum Polynomial time)与NP关系等核心问题,以及量子机器学习算法的可解释性,推动模型结构的可解读化。在纠错方面,发展针对具体算法的定制化编码方案,例如针对Shor算法的表面码优化,以提高算法运行效率。在量子算法架构设计上,推进算法并行性研究,突破量子比特利用率低的瓶颈,提升资源配置效率。
科研界需加大对量子-经典混合算法的研究力度,开发适配多硬件架构的协同调度机制,实现量子计算单元与GPU/TPU的高效协作,并针对NISQ设备特性设计相关算法和策略。建立验证平台,推动混合算法在实际问题中的实证研究。在跨学科应用方面,重点发展量子化学等领域的应用型算法,如蛋白质折叠的量子采样等。
为支撑上述研究,建议建立多硬件测试床与标准接口,开发“量子算法指纹”体系,发布标准化数据集,为算法评估提供坚实基础。
在企业层面,建议重点推动量子算法工具链开发、行业应用解决方案落地及产业生态协同构建。首先,企业要在软件工具研发上发力,提升Quafu、QPanda、MindQuantum等平台的算法编译效率和模块支持能力,推出适用于量子机器学习等领域的开发套件,构建面向行业的云服务平台,支持垂直应用场景的算法部署与使用,降低行业门槛。在行业应用方面,聚焦金融、医药、智能制造等高附加值场景,推动量子算法在期权定价等问题中的实际落地,提升产品开发效率和运行性能,如量子蒙特卡罗算法加速金融建模等案例前景显著。
企业还需参与产业协同生态构建,通过设立联合实验室等推进算法与硬件深度耦合设计,构建跨领域技术联合体;组织黑客松大赛等提升技术开放性与人才培养广度。在知识产权与国际标准方面,布局核心算法专利保护,建立专利池与开源协议机制,推动中国主导的算法标准进入国际标准体系,提升产业安全与技术主导力。
量子算法的高质量发展不仅是抢占量子信息科技战略高地的重要一环,更是量子计算赋能各行各业、推动科技创新与产业升级的基石。量子算法的理论研究及其在各领域的应用落地,构成了一项涉及多维度、多层次的复杂系统工程。要推动这一系统工程落地,首先需要政府出台前瞻性、战略性的政策支持,为量子算法的研发与应用提供有力的政策保障和资金支撑。其次,科研机构需集中力量突破量子算法的核心理论瓶颈,解决制约其发展的关键科学问题,推动理论创新与技术突破协同推进。最后,企业作为技术创新主体,应积极推动量子算法的技术转化,将其融入实际生产与业务场景,并在此基础上构建健全、可持续的产业生态,形成良性循环的产业链与价值链。
依托政府、科研机构、高校、企业等多方力量的协同推进,通过政产学研深度融合与紧密合作,我国有望在量子计算领域形成以高性能、高可靠性量子算法为核心的战略优势。这不仅能显著提升我国在全球量子科技竞争中的地位与影响力,更能有力推动数字经济高质量发展,为各行各业注入新质动力。最终,这将助力我国在未来科技产业中占据全新战略制高点,为实现科技自立自强与经济高质量发展提供坚实支撑。
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2025年第4卷第4期
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doi: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2025.04.004
  • 接收时间:2025-08-13
  • 出版时间:2025-12-20
  • 发布时间:2025-12-30
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  • 收稿日期:2025-08-13
  • 修回日期:2025-10-15
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    1 北京量子信息科学研究院, 北京 100193
    2 清华大学物理系, 北京 100084

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表12种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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