Article(id=1218251590138511751, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, issueId=1218251589295456644, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2025.04.002, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=1, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1737475200000, receivedDateStr=2025-01-22, revisedDate=1757606400000, revisedDateStr=2025-09-12, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1768383413108, onlineDateStr=2026-01-14, pubDate=1766160000000, pubDateStr=2025-12-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1767024000000, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-12-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1768383413108, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774072893068, updator=sys-migrate, issue=Issue{id=1218251589295456644, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, year='2025', volume='4', issue='4', pageStart='4', pageEnd='128', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=1, createTime=1768383412908, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1776071913602, updator=13041195026, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1250499498691212004, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, issueId=1218251589295456644, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1250499498691212005, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, issueId=1218251589295456644, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=量子科技发展战略专刊, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=21, endPage=33, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1218251590373392778, articleId=1218251590138511751, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, language=EN, title=Progress and suggestions on ion trap quantum computing and its scaling research, columnId=1149656489310208610, journalTitle=Science and Technology Foresight, columnName=Review and Commentary, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Benefiting from quantum superposition and quantum entanglement, quantum computing offers significant computational speedup over classical counterparts for certain classes of complex problems. Ion trap is one of the leading physical platforms for realizing universal quantum computing. High-fidelity elementary quantum operations above the fault-tolerant threshold in small-scale systems have been demonstrated, such as state preparation and measurement, and universal quantum gates. Scaling trapped-ion systems to larger qubit counts while maintaining high fidelity is a central challenge and a key research direction toward practical quantum computing. This article begins with an overview of the principles of quantum parallel computing and historical development of quantum computing, which is followed by a comprehensive discussion of the foundational concepts and recent progress in ion trap quantum computing from the perspectives of hardware architecture and computing principles. Then, it focuses on the critical issue of scaling, reviewing mainstream approaches such as ion transport and ion-photon quantum networks, along with their current limitations. Furthermore, it explores emerging strategies for scaling, including the development of two-dimensional ion crystal. Finally, the article provides recommendations to accelerate the advancement of quantum computing from both technological and industrial perspectives.

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量子叠加性与量子纠缠使量子计算在特定复杂问题领域相对于经典计算展现出显著的加速效果。 离子阱是当前实现通用量子计算最为领先的物理平台之一,其已在小规模系统中实现了保真度与精度超越容错阈值的量子操控,如量子态制备与测量、通用量子逻辑门等。如何实现离子量子计算的规模化是该领域重要的研究方向之一。文章概述了量子并行计算原理、量子计算发展历程,从硬件架构及计算原理两方面详细论述了离子量子计算的基本原理和相应进展;介绍了当前离子量子计算研究中主流的规模化方案及其限制因素,如离子输运、离子-光子量子网络方案,探讨了二维离子阵列等新的规模化方案;从技术和产业层面给出了推动量子计算加速发展的建议。

, correspAuthors=杨蒿翔, 段路明, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
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马剑宇,博士。华翊博奥(北京)量子科技有限公司光控模块负责人。主要从事基于离子阱的量子计算研究工作,在国际上首次实现了基于同种离子的双重量子比特编码技术,为大规模离子量子计算提供了全新的思路。主导离子阱量子计算机光控系统的研发,深度参与了多代离子阱量子计算机商业化原型机的研发工作,实现了原型机核心关键指标的突破。电子信箱:

杨蒿翔,高级工程师。华翊博奥(北京)量子科技有限公司首席技术官。全国量子计算与测量标准化技术委员会委员。主要从事量子模拟与量子计算研究,在国际上首次在接近热力学极限的系统中观察到量子动力学相变的清晰信号,首次实现了基于同种离子的双重量子比特编码技术。入选中关村U30 2024年度优胜者榜单。在Nature Physics、Nature Communications等学术期刊上发表高水平学术论文10余篇,授权发明专利20余件。电子信箱:

段路明,中国科学院院士,量子物理学家。中国科学院量子信息重点实验室副主任。美国物理学会会士。主要从事量子计算机和量子网络研究,提出实现长距离量子网络的量子中继方案,被国际同行誉为“DLCZ”(Duan-Lukin-Cirac-Zoller)方案。荣获中国科学院院长特别奖、全国优秀博士学位论文、饶毓泰基础光学奖、霍英东教育基金会高等院校青年教师(研究类)奖、中国科学院自然科学奖二等奖、国家自然科学奖二等奖、2004年美国斯隆研究奖、2005年海外华人物理学会杰出研究奖等奖项;入选中国科学院“百人计划”。在Physical Review LettersNatureScience等学术期刊发表论文180余篇,共被引用30 000余次。电子信箱:

, authorsList=马剑宇, 吴宇恺, 张弛, 梅全鑫, 连文倩, 蔡明磊, 赵文定, 毛志超, 姚麟, 杨蒿翔, 段路明), CHT=ArticleExt(id=1221508592138633880, articleId=1218251590138511751, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, language=CHT, title=null, columnId=null, journalTitle=前瞻科技, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1242115038358602252, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251590138511751, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=majianyu@hyqubit.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1242115038421516814, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251590138511751, authorId=1242115038358602252, language=EN, stringName=Jianyu MA, firstName=Jianyu, middleName=null, lastName=MA, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1 Huayi Boao Quantum Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing 100176, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1242115038480237071, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251590138511751, authorId=1242115038358602252, language=CN, stringName=马剑宇, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, address=1 华翊博奥(北京)量子科技有限公司, 北京 100176, bio={"img":"LElCBmjMRhzyfM6tXY0SNg==","content":"

马剑宇,博士。华翊博奥(北京)量子科技有限公司光控模块负责人。主要从事基于离子阱的量子计算研究工作,在国际上首次实现了基于同种离子的双重量子比特编码技术,为大规模离子量子计算提供了全新的思路。主导离子阱量子计算机光控系统的研发,深度参与了多代离子阱量子计算机商业化原型机的研发工作,实现了原型机核心关键指标的突破。电子信箱:

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马剑宇,博士。华翊博奥(北京)量子科技有限公司光控模块负责人。主要从事基于离子阱的量子计算研究工作,在国际上首次实现了基于同种离子的双重量子比特编码技术,为大规模离子量子计算提供了全新的思路。主导离子阱量子计算机光控系统的研发,深度参与了多代离子阱量子计算机商业化原型机的研发工作,实现了原型机核心关键指标的突破。电子信箱:

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杨蒿翔,高级工程师。华翊博奥(北京)量子科技有限公司首席技术官。全国量子计算与测量标准化技术委员会委员。主要从事量子模拟与量子计算研究,在国际上首次在接近热力学极限的系统中观察到量子动力学相变的清晰信号,首次实现了基于同种离子的双重量子比特编码技术。入选中关村U30 2024年度优胜者榜单。在Nature Physics、Nature Communications等学术期刊上发表高水平学术论文10余篇,授权发明专利20余件。电子信箱:

"}, bioImg=0v9DcSRBQ+9fcucaMCz/zQ==, bioContent=

杨蒿翔,高级工程师。华翊博奥(北京)量子科技有限公司首席技术官。全国量子计算与测量标准化技术委员会委员。主要从事量子模拟与量子计算研究,在国际上首次在接近热力学极限的系统中观察到量子动力学相变的清晰信号,首次实现了基于同种离子的双重量子比特编码技术。入选中关村U30 2024年度优胜者榜单。在Nature Physics、Nature Communications等学术期刊上发表高水平学术论文10余篇,授权发明专利20余件。电子信箱:

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3 Hefei National Laboratory, Hefei 230088, China
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3 合肥国家实验室, 合肥 230088
4 新基石科学实验室, 北京 100084, bio={"img":"kjUKGKs2XAHlFsb4tmbYWA==","content":"

段路明,中国科学院院士,量子物理学家。中国科学院量子信息重点实验室副主任。美国物理学会会士。主要从事量子计算机和量子网络研究,提出实现长距离量子网络的量子中继方案,被国际同行誉为“DLCZ”(Duan-Lukin-Cirac-Zoller)方案。荣获中国科学院院长特别奖、全国优秀博士学位论文、饶毓泰基础光学奖、霍英东教育基金会高等院校青年教师(研究类)奖、中国科学院自然科学奖二等奖、国家自然科学奖二等奖、2004年美国斯隆研究奖、2005年海外华人物理学会杰出研究奖等奖项;入选中国科学院“百人计划”。在Physical Review LettersNatureScience等学术期刊发表论文180余篇,共被引用30 000余次。电子信箱:

"}, bioImg=kjUKGKs2XAHlFsb4tmbYWA==, bioContent=

段路明,中国科学院院士,量子物理学家。中国科学院量子信息重点实验室副主任。美国物理学会会士。主要从事量子计算机和量子网络研究,提出实现长距离量子网络的量子中继方案,被国际同行誉为“DLCZ”(Duan-Lukin-Cirac-Zoller)方案。荣获中国科学院院长特别奖、全国优秀博士学位论文、饶毓泰基础光学奖、霍英东教育基金会高等院校青年教师(研究类)奖、中国科学院自然科学奖二等奖、国家自然科学奖二等奖、2004年美国斯隆研究奖、2005年海外华人物理学会杰出研究奖等奖项;入选中国科学院“百人计划”。在Physical Review LettersNatureScience等学术期刊发表论文180余篇,共被引用30 000余次。电子信箱:

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For general scalability of such algorithms, hardware, quantum error correction, and the algorithmic realization itself need to be extensible. Here we present the realization of a scalable Shor algorithm, as proposed by Kitaev. We factor the number 15 by effectively employing and controlling seven qubits and four "cache qubits" and by implementing generalized arithmetic operations, known as modular multipliers. This algorithm has been realized scalably within an ion-trap quantum computer and returns the correct factors with a confidence level exceeding 99%. Copyright © 2016, American Association for the Advancement of Science.), Reference(id=1242115044146741858, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251590138511751, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=11, issue=4, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[6], rfOrder=5, authorNames=Ryan-Anderson C, Bohnet J G, Lee K, journalName=Physical Review X, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Ryan-Anderson C, Bohnet J G, Lee K, et al. Realization of real-time fault-tolerant quantum error correction[J]. 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Physical Review Letters, 2016, 117(6): 060505, doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.117.060505., articleTitle=High-fidelity universal gate set for Be9+Ion qubits, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242115044687807083, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251590138511751, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=127, issue=13, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[15], rfOrder=14, authorNames=Craig C R, Tinkey H N, Sawyer B C, journalName=Physical Review Letters, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Craig C R, Tinkey H N, Sawyer B C, et al. High-fidelity bell-state preparation with 40Ca+ optical qubits[J]. Physical Review Letters, 2021, 127(13): 130505, doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.127.130505., articleTitle=High-fidelity bell-state preparation with 40Ca+ optical qubits, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242115044750721644, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251590138511751, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2025, volume=6, issue=null, pageStart=010349, pageEnd=null, url=https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PRXQuantum.6.010349, language=null, rfNumber=[16], rfOrder=15, authorNames=Lin W J, Cho H, Chen Y Q, journalName=PRX Quantum, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Lin W J, Cho H, Chen Y Q, et al. 24 days-stable CNOT gate on fluxonium qubits with over 99.9% fidelity[J]. PRX Quantum, 2025, 6: 010349, doi: 10.48550/arXiv.2407.15783., articleTitle=24 days-stable CNOT gate on fluxonium qubits with over 99.9% fidelity, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242115044805247597, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251590138511751, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2025, volume=6, issue=null, pageStart=010331, pageEnd=null, url=https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PRXQuantum.6.010331, language=null, rfNumber=[17], rfOrder=16, authorNames=Tsai R B, Sun X K, Shaw A L, journalName=PRX Quantum, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Tsai R B, Sun X K, Shaw A L, et al. Benchmarking and fidelity response theory of high-fidelity Rydberg entangling gates[J]. PRX Quantum, 2025, 6: 010331, doi: 10.1103/PRXQuantum.6.010331., articleTitle=Benchmarking and fidelity response theory of high-fidelity Rydberg entangling gates, refAbstract=The fidelity of entangling operations is a key figure of merit in quantum information processing, especially in the context of quantum error correction. High-fidelity entangling gates in neutral atoms have seen remarkable advancement recently. A full understanding of error sources and their respective contributions to gate infidelity will enable the prediction of fundamental limits on quantum gates in neutral atom platforms with realistic experimental constraints. In this work, we implement the time-optimal Rydberg controlled-Z (CZ) gate, design a circuit to benchmark its fidelity, and achieve a fidelity, averaged over symmetric input states, of 0.9971(5), downward corrected for leakage error, which together with our recent work [Nature 634, 321–327 (2024)] forms a new state of the art for neutral atoms. The remaining infidelity is explained by an error model, consistent with our experimental results over a range of gate speeds, with varying contributions from different error sources. Further, we develop a fidelity response theory to efficiently predict infidelity from laser noise with nontrivial power spectral densities and derive scaling laws of infidelity with gate speed. Besides its capability of predicting gate fidelity, we also utilize the fidelity response theory to compare and optimize gate protocols, to learn laser frequency noise, and to study the noise response for quantum simulation tasks. Finally, we predict that a CZ gate fidelity of ≳0.999 is feasible with realistic experimental upgrades.), Reference(id=1242115044872356462, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251590138511751, doi=10.1038/s41586-023-06927-3, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=626, issue=7997, pageStart=58, pageEnd=65, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[18], rfOrder=17, authorNames=Bluvstein D, Evered S J, Geim A A, journalName=Nature, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Bluvstein D, Evered S J, Geim A A, et al. Logical quantum processor based on reconfigurable atom arrays[J]. Nature, 2024, 626(7997): 58-65., articleTitle=Logical quantum processor based on reconfigurable atom arrays, refAbstract=Suppressing errors is the central challenge for useful quantum computing1, requiring quantum error correction (QEC)2–6for large-scale processing. However, the overhead in the realization of error-corrected ‘logical’ qubits, in which information is encoded across many physical qubits for redundancy2–4, poses substantial challenges to large-scale logical quantum computing. Here we report the realization of a programmable quantum processor based on encoded logical qubits operating with up to 280 physical qubits. Using logical-level control and a zoned architecture in reconfigurable neutral-atom arrays7, our system combines high two-qubit gate fidelities8, arbitrary connectivity7,9, as well as fully programmable single-qubit rotations and mid-circuit readout10–15. Operating this logical processor with various types of encoding, we demonstrate improvement of a two-qubit logic gate by scaling surface-code6distance fromd = 3 tod = 7, preparation of colour-code qubits with break-even fidelities5, fault-tolerant creation of logical Greenberger–Horne–Zeilinger (GHZ) states and feedforward entanglement teleportation, as well as operation of 40 colour-code qubits. Finally, using 3D [[8,3,2]] code blocks16,17, we realize computationally complex sampling circuits18with up to 48 logical qubits entangled with hypercube connectivity19with 228 logical two-qubit gates and 48 logical CCZ gates20. We find that this logical encoding substantially improves algorithmic performance with error detection, outperforming physical-qubit fidelities at both cross-entropy benchmarking and quantum simulations of fast scrambling21,22. These results herald the advent of early error-corrected quantum computation and chart a path towards large-scale logical processors.), Reference(id=1242115044943659631, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251590138511751, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2025, volume=134, issue=9, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[19], rfOrder=18, authorNames=Gao D X, Fan D J, Zha C, journalName=Physical Review Letters, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Gao D X, Fan D J, Zha C, et al. Establishing a new benchmark in quantum computational advantage with 105-qubit Zuchongzhi 3.0 processor[J]. Physical Review Letters, 2025, 134(9): 090601, doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.134.090601., articleTitle=Establishing a new benchmark in quantum computational advantage with 105-qubit Zuchongzhi 3.0 processor, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242115044998185584, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251590138511751, doi=10.1038/s41586-024-08449-y, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2025, volume=638, issue=8052, pageStart=920, pageEnd=926, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[20], rfOrder=19, authorNames=Google Quantum AI, Collaborators, journalName=Nature, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Google Quantum AI and Collaborators. Quantum error correction below the surface code threshold[J]. Nature, 2025, 638(8052): 920-926., articleTitle=Quantum error correction below the surface code threshold, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242115045056905841, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251590138511751, doi=10.1038/s41586-019-1666-5, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=574, issue=7779, pageStart=505, pageEnd=510, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[21], rfOrder=20, authorNames=Arute F, Arya K, Babbush R, journalName=Nature, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Arute F, Arya K, Babbush R, et al. Quantum supremacy using a programmable superconducting processor[J]. Nature, 2019, 574(7779): 505-510., articleTitle=Quantum supremacy using a programmable superconducting processor, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242115045140791923, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251590138511751, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=2, issue=null, pageStart=79, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[22], rfOrder=21, authorNames=Preskill J, journalName=Quantum, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Preskill J. Quantum computing in the NISQ era and beyond[J]. Quantum, 2018, 2: 79, doi: 10.22331/q-2018-08-06-79., articleTitle=Quantum computing in the NISQ era and beyond, refAbstract=Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum (NISQ) technology will be available in the near future. Quantum computers with 50-100 qubits may be able to perform tasks which surpass the capabilities of today's classical digital computers, but noise in quantum gates will limit the size of quantum circuits that can be executed reliably. NISQ devices will be useful tools for exploring many-body quantum physics, and may have other useful applications, but the 100-qubit quantum computer will not change the world right away - we should regard it as a significant step toward the more powerful quantum technologies of the future. Quantum technologists should continue to strive for more accurate quantum gates and, eventually, fully fault-tolerant quantum computing.), Reference(id=1242115045203706484, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251590138511751, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2025, volume=134, issue=23, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[23], rfOrder=22, authorNames=Smith M C, Leu A D, Miyanishi K, journalName=Physical Review Letters, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Smith M C, Leu A D, Miyanishi K, et al. Single-qubit gates with errors at the 10-7level[J]. Physical Review Letters, 2025, 134(23): 230601, doi: 10.1103/42w2-6ccy., articleTitle=Single-qubit gates with errors at the 10-7level, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242115045262426741, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251590138511751, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2016, volume=117, issue=6, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[24], rfOrder=23, authorNames=Ballance C J, Harty T P, Linke N M, journalName=Physical Review Letters, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Ballance C J, Harty T P, Linke N M, et al. High-fidelity quantum logic gates using trapped-ion hyperfine qubits[J]. Physical Review Letters, 2016, 117(6): 060504, doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.117.060504., articleTitle=High-fidelity quantum logic gates using trapped-ion hyperfine qubits, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242115045321146998, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251590138511751, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=104, issue=null, pageStart=012606, pageEnd=null, url=https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevA.104.012606, language=null, rfNumber=[25], rfOrder=24, authorNames=Edmunds C L, Tan T R, Milne A R, journalName=Physical Review A, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Edmunds C L, Tan T R, Milne A R, et al. Scalable hyperfine qubit state detection via electron shelving in the 2D5/2 and 2F7/2 manifolds in 171Yb+[J]. Physical Review A, 2021, 104: 012606, doi: 10.1103/PhysRevA.104.012606., articleTitle=Scalable hyperfine qubit state detection via electron shelving in the 2D5/2 and 2F7/2 manifolds in 171Yb+, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242115045379867255, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251590138511751, doi=null, pmid=33431845, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=12, issue=null, pageStart=233, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[26], rfOrder=25, authorNames=Wang P F, Luan C Y, Qiao M, journalName=Nature Communications, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Wang P F, Luan C Y, Qiao M, et al. Single ion qubit with estimated coherence time exceeding one hour[J]. Nature Communications, 2021, 12: 233, doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-20330-w., articleTitle=Single ion qubit with estimated coherence time exceeding one hour, refAbstract=Realizing a long coherence time quantum memory is a major challenge of current quantum technology. Until now, the longest coherence-time of a single qubit was reported as 660 s in a single Yb ion-qubit through the technical developments of sympathetic cooling and dynamical decoupling pulses, which addressed heating-induced detection inefficiency and magnetic field fluctuations. However, it was not clear what prohibited further enhancement. Here, we identify and suppress the limiting factors, which are the remaining magnetic-field fluctuations, frequency instability and leakage of the microwave reference-oscillator. Then, we observe the coherence time of around 5500 s for the Yb ion-qubit, which is the time constant of the exponential decay fit from the measurements up to 960 s. We also systematically study the decoherence process of the quantum memory by using quantum process tomography and analyze the results by applying recently developed resource theories of quantum memory and coherence. Our experimental demonstration will accelerate practical applications of quantum memories for various quantum information processing, especially in the noisy-intermediate-scale quantum regime.), Reference(id=1242115046877233784, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251590138511751, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1997, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=657, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[27], rfOrder=26, authorNames=DiVincenzo D P, journalName=Topics in quantum computers, refType=null, unstructuredReference=DiVincenzo D P. Topics in quantum computers[M]// Mesoscopic Electron Transport. 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Physical Review Letters, 1995, 74(20): 4091-4094., articleTitle=Quantum computations with cold trapped ions, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242115047137280636, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251590138511751, doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.82.1971, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1999, volume=82, issue=9, pageStart=1971, pageEnd=1974, url=https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevLett.82.1971, language=null, rfNumber=[31], rfOrder=30, authorNames=Sørensen A, Sørensen K, journalName=Physical Review Letters, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Sørensen A, Sørensen K. Quantum computation with ions in thermal motion[J]. Physical Review Letters, 1999, 82(9): 1971-1974., articleTitle=Quantum computation with ions in thermal motion, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242115047216972413, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251590138511751, doi=10.1103/PhysRevLett.82.1835, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1999, volume=82, issue=9, pageStart=1835, pageEnd=1838, url=https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/PhysRevLett.82.1835, language=null, rfNumber=[32], rfOrder=31, authorNames=Mølmer K, Sørensen A, journalName=Physical Review Letters, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Mølmer K, Sørensen A. Multiparticle entanglement of hot trapped ions[J]. Physical Review Letters, 1999, 82(9): 1835-1838., articleTitle=Multiparticle entanglement of hot trapped ions, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242115047284081278, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251590138511751, doi=10.1002/1521-3978(200009)48:9/11<801::AID-PROP801>3.0.CO;2-1, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2000, volume=48, issue=9-11, pageStart=801, pageEnd=810, url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/1521-3978(200009)48:9/11<801::AID-PROP801>3.0.CO;2-1, language=null, rfNumber=[33], rfOrder=32, authorNames=Milburn G J, Schneider S, James D F V, journalName=Fortschritte der Physik, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Milburn G J, Schneider S, James D F V. Ion trap quantum computing with warm ions[J]. Fortschritte der Physik, 2000, 48(9-11): 801-810., articleTitle=Ion trap quantum computing with warm ions, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242115047342801535, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251590138511751, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2006, volume=97, issue=5, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[34], rfOrder=33, authorNames=Zhu S L, Monroe C, Duan L M, journalName=Physical Review Letters, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhu S L, Monroe C, Duan L M. Trapped ion quantum computation with transverse phonon modes[J]. Physical Review Letters, 2006, 97(5): 050505, doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.97.050505., articleTitle=Trapped ion quantum computation with transverse phonon modes, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242115047414104704, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251590138511751, doi=10.1209/epl/i2005-10424-4, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2006, volume=73, issue=4, pageStart=485, pageEnd=491, url=https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1209/epl/i2005-10424-4, language=null, rfNumber=[35], rfOrder=34, authorNames=Zhu S L, Monroe C, Duan L M, journalName=Europhysics Letters, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhu S L, Monroe C, Duan L M. Arbitrary-speed quantum gates within large ion crystals through minimum control of laser beams[J]. Europhysics Letters, 2006, 73(4): 485-491., articleTitle=Arbitrary-speed quantum gates within large ion crystals through minimum control of laser beams, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242115047485407873, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251590138511751, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2014, volume=112, issue=19, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[36], rfOrder=35, authorNames=Choi T, Debnath S, Manning T A, journalName=Physical Review Letters, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Choi T, Debnath S, Manning T A, et al. Optimal quantum control of multimode couplings between trapped ion qubits for scalable entanglement[J]. Physical Review Letters, 2014, 112(19): 190502, doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.112.190502., articleTitle=Optimal quantum control of multimode couplings between trapped ion qubits for scalable entanglement, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242115047556711042, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251590138511751, doi=10.1038/s41586-019-1428-4, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=572, issue=7769, pageStart=363, pageEnd=367, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[37], rfOrder=36, authorNames=Lu Y, Zhang S N, Zhang K, journalName=Nature, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Lu Y, Zhang S N, Zhang K, et al. Global entangling gates on arbitrary ion qubits[J]. Nature, 2019, 572(7769): 363-367., articleTitle=Global entangling gates on arbitrary ion qubits, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242115047632208515, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251590138511751, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2015, volume=114, issue=12, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[38], rfOrder=37, authorNames=GreenT J, BiercukM J, journalName=Physical Review Letters, refType=null, unstructuredReference=GreenT J, BiercukM J. Phase-modulated decoupling and error suppression in qubit-oscillator systems[J]. Physical Review Letters, 2015, 114(12): 120502, doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.114.120502., articleTitle=Phase-modulated decoupling and error suppression in qubit-oscillator systems, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242115047686734468, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251590138511751, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=125, issue=15, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[39], rfOrder=38, authorNames=Wang Y, Crain S, Fang C, journalName=Physical Review Letters, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Wang Y, Crain S, Fang C, et al. High-fidelity two-qubit gates using a microelectromechanical-system-based beam steering system for individual qubit addressing[J]. Physical Review Letters, 2020, 125(15): 150505, doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.125.150505., articleTitle=High-fidelity two-qubit gates using a microelectromechanical-system-based beam steering system for individual qubit addressing, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242115047762231941, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251590138511751, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=120, issue=2, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[40], rfOrder=39, authorNames=Leung P H, Landsman K A, Figgatt C, journalName=Physical Review Letters, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Leung P H, Landsman K A, Figgatt C, et al. Robust 2-qubit gates in a linear ion crystal using a frequency-modulated driving force[J]. Physical Review Letters, 2018, 120(2): 020501, doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.120.020501., articleTitle=Robust 2-qubit gates in a linear ion crystal using a frequency-modulated driving force, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242115047829340806, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251590138511751, doi=10.1038/nature18648, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2016, volume=536, issue=7614, pageStart=63, pageEnd=66, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[41], rfOrder=40, authorNames=Debnath S, Linke N M, Figgatt C, journalName=Nature, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Debnath S, Linke N M, Figgatt C, et al. Demonstration of a small programmable quantum computer with atomic qubits[J]. Nature, 2016, 536(7614): 63-66., articleTitle=Demonstration of a small programmable quantum computer with atomic qubits, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242115047892255367, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251590138511751, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=8, issue=null, pageStart=1516, pageEnd=null, url=https://quantum-journal.org, language=null, rfNumber=[42], rfOrder=41, authorNames=Chen J S, Nielsen E, Ebert M, journalName=Quantum, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Chen J S, Nielsen E, Ebert M, et al. Benchmarking a trapped-ion quantum computer with 30 qubits[J]. Quantum, 2024, 8: 1516, doi: 10.22331/q-2024-11-07-1516., articleTitle=Benchmarking a trapped-ion quantum computer with 30 qubits, refAbstract=Quantum computers are rapidly becoming more capable, with dramatic increases in both qubit count \\cite{kim2023evidence} and quality \\cite{moses2023race}. Among different hardware approaches, trapped-ion quantum processors are a leading technology for quantum computing, with established high-fidelity operations and architectures with promising scaling. Here, we demonstrate and thoroughly benchmark the IonQ Forte system: configured as a single-chain 30-qubit trapped-ion quantum computer with all-to-all operations. We assess the performance of our quantum computer operation at the component level via direct randomized benchmarking (DRB) across all 30 choose 2 = 435 gate pairs. We then show the results of application-oriented \\cite{IonQ_AQ20_2022}\\cite{qedcPeerReviewed} benchmarks and show that the system passes the suite of algorithmic qubit (AQ) benchmarks up to #AQ 29. Finally, we use our component-level benchmarking to build a system-level model to predict the application benchmarking data through direct simulation. While we find that the system-level model correlates with the experiment in predicting application circuit performance, we note quantitative discrepancies indicating significant out-of-model errors, leading to higher predicted performance than what is observed. This highlights that as quantum computers move toward larger and higher-quality devices, characterization becomes more challenging, suggesting future work required to push performance further.), Reference(id=1242115047967752840, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251590138511751, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=106, issue=6, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[43], rfOrder=42, authorNames=Yao R, Lian W Q, Wu Y K, journalName=Physical Review A, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Yao R, Lian W Q, Wu Y K, et al. Experimental realization of a multiqubit quantum memory in a 218-ion chain[J]. Physical Review A, 2022, 106(6): 062617, doi: 10.1103/PhysRevA.106.062617., articleTitle=Experimental realization of a multiqubit quantum memory in a 218-ion chain, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242115048026473097, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251590138511751, doi=10.1038/nature00784, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2002, volume=417, issue=6890, pageStart=709, pageEnd=711, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[44], rfOrder=43, authorNames=Kielpinski D, Monroe C, Wineland D J, journalName=Nature, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Kielpinski D, Monroe C, Wineland D J. Architecture for a large-scale ion-trap quantum computer[J]. Nature, 2002, 417(6890): 709-711., articleTitle=Architecture for a large-scale ion-trap quantum computer, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242115048097776266, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251590138511751, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2025, volume=15, issue=2, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[45], rfOrder=44, authorNames=Decross M, Haghshenas R, Liu M, journalName=Physical Review X, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Decross M, Haghshenas R, Liu M, et al. Computational power of random quantum circuits in arbitrary geometries[J]. Physical Review X, 2025, 15(2): 021052, doi: 10.1103/PhysRevX.15.021052., articleTitle=Computational power of random quantum circuits in arbitrary geometries, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242115048169079436, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251590138511751, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=13, issue=4, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[46], rfOrder=45, authorNames=Moses S A, Baldwin C H, Allman M S, journalName=Physical Review X, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Moses S A, Baldwin C H, Allman M S, et al. A race-track trapped-ion quantum processor[J]. Physical Review X, 2023, 13(4): 041052, doi: 10.1103/PhysRevX.13.041052., articleTitle=A race-track trapped-ion quantum processor, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242115048244576909, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251590138511751, doi=10.26421/QIC, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2004, volume=4, issue=3, pageStart=165, pageEnd=173, url=http://www.rintonpress.com/journals/qiconline.html, language=null, rfNumber=[47], rfOrder=46, authorNames=Duan L M, Blinov B B, Moehring D L, journalName=Quantum Information and Computation, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Duan L M, Blinov B B, Moehring D L, et al. Scalable trapped ion quantum computation with a probabilistic ion-photon mapping[J]. Quantum Information and Computation, 2004, 4(3): 165-173., articleTitle=Scalable trapped ion quantum computation with a probabilistic ion-photon mapping, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242115048328462990, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251590138511751, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2014, volume=89, issue=2, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[48], rfOrder=47, authorNames=Monroe C, Raussendorf R, Ruthven A, journalName=Physical Review A, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Monroe C, Raussendorf R, Ruthven A, et al. Large-scale modular quantum-computer architecture with atomic memory and photonic interconnects[J]. Physical Review A, 2014, 89(2): 022317, doi: 10.1103/PhysRevA.89.022317., articleTitle=Large-scale modular quantum-computer architecture with atomic memory and photonic interconnects, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242115048399766159, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251590138511751, doi=10.1103/RevModPhys.82.1209, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2010, volume=82, issue=2, pageStart=1209, pageEnd=1224, url=https://link.aps.org/doi/10.1103/RevModPhys.82.1209, language=null, rfNumber=[49], rfOrder=48, authorNames=Duan L M, Monroe C, journalName=Reviews of Modern Physics, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Duan L M, Monroe C. Colloquium: Quantum networks with trapped ions[J]. Reviews of Modern Physics, 2010, 82(2): 1209-1224., articleTitle=Colloquium: Quantum networks with trapped ions, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242115048466875024, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251590138511751, doi=10.1038/s41586-024-08404-x, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2025, volume=638, issue=8050, pageStart=383, pageEnd=388, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[50], rfOrder=49, authorNames=Main D, Drmota P, Nadlinger D P, journalName=Nature, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Main D, Drmota P, Nadlinger D P, et al. Distributed quantum computing across an optical network link[J]. Nature, 2025, 638(8050): 383-388., articleTitle=Distributed quantum computing across an optical network link, refAbstract=Distributed quantum computing (DQC) combines the computing power of multiple networked quantum processing modules, ideally enabling the execution of large quantum circuits without compromising performance or qubit connectivity1,2. Photonic networks are well suited as a versatile and reconfigurable interconnect layer for DQC; remote entanglement shared between matter qubits across the network enables all-to-all logical connectivity through quantum gate teleportation (QGT)3,4. For a scalable DQC architecture, the QGT implementation must be deterministic and repeatable; until now, no demonstration has satisfied these requirements. Here we experimentally demonstrate the distribution of quantum computations between two photonically interconnected trapped-ion modules. The modules, separated by about two metres, each contain dedicated network and circuit qubits. By using heralded remote entanglement between the network qubits, we deterministically teleport a controlled-Z (CZ) gate between two circuit qubits in separate modules, achieving 86% fidelity. We then execute Grover’s search algorithm5—to our knowledge, the first implementation of a distributed quantum algorithm comprising several non-local two-qubit gates—and measure a 71% success rate. Furthermore, we implement distributed iSWAP and SWAP circuits, compiled with two and three instances of QGT, respectively, demonstrating the ability to distribute arbitrary two-qubit operations6. As photons can be interfaced with a variety of systems, the versatile DQC architecture demonstrated here provides a viable pathway towards large-scale quantum computing for a range of physical platforms.), Reference(id=1242115048538178193, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251590138511751, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=124, issue=11, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[51], rfOrder=50, authorNames=Stephenson L J, Nadlinger D P, Nichol B C, journalName=Physical Review Letters, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Stephenson L J, Nadlinger D P, Nichol B C, et al. High-rate, high-fidelity entanglement of qubits across an elementary quantum network[J]. 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PRX Quantum, 2023, 4(2): 020317, doi: 10.1103/PRXQuantum.4.020317., articleTitle=Controlling two-dimensional Coulomb crystals of more than 100 ions in a monolithic radio-frequency trap, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242115048668201619, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251590138511751, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[53], rfOrder=52, authorNames=段路明, 杨蒿翔, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=段路明, 杨蒿翔. 一种寻址操控系统和寻址操控方法:CN2021100472182[P]. 2021-05-04., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242115048722727572, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251590138511751, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[53], rfOrder=53, authorNames=Duan L M, Yang H X, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Duan L M, Yang H X. 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journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251590138511751, language=CN, label=图1, caption=离子量子计算机硬件组成示意

注:DC:Direct current,直流电压;RF:Radio Frequency,射频电压;Vcos(ωrft)为射频电压值,表示电压值随时间振荡;V为幅值;ωrf为角频率;t为时间。

, figureFileSmall=gM/1/jaeb7hgdVatu44lPg==, figureFileBig=fISW9YIMzZdVOa6X/7N8CA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242115042947170898, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251590138511751, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=A 2D ion crystal with about 500 ions at Tsinghua University[4], figureFileSmall=7EcfwkDhlwlYYYT9HGPHWQ==, figureFileBig=Pebnw3NxEdHPZj4lQzNkPg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242115043047834195, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251590138511751, language=CN, label=图2, caption=清华大学研究组实现的包含约500离子的二维量子比特阵列[4], figureFileSmall=7EcfwkDhlwlYYYT9HGPHWQ==, figureFileBig=Pebnw3NxEdHPZj4lQzNkPg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242115043110748756, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251590138511751, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Individual addressing and manipulation of 2D ion crystal using a pair of cross-placed AODs[53], figureFileSmall=gEcwlLF9YlvgEmFbYVTUng==, figureFileBig=7t6/XLYeNnZ9uogIzSSY9A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242115043190440533, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251590138511751, language=CN, label=图3, caption=利用一对正交放置的AOD进行二维离子晶格的独立寻址操控[53]

注:AOD1(AOD1′)和AOD2(AOD2′)分别负责两个方向的寻址;${\mathit{k}}_{1}\left({\mathit{k}}_{1}^{\mathrm{\text{'}}}\right)$${\mathit{k}}_{2}\left({\mathit{k}}_{2}^{\mathrm{\text{'}}}\right)$为施加于AOD1(AOD1′)和AOD2(AOD2′)上的射频信号的波矢。

, figureFileSmall=gEcwlLF9YlvgEmFbYVTUng==, figureFileBig=7t6/XLYeNnZ9uogIzSSY9A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242115043253355094, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251590138511751, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Dual-type qubit scheme for ytterbium-171 ions[57], figureFileSmall=5TowMHx11aBBrXJBIymKMg==, figureFileBig=a/L24E6xZM1Oln7bzsYmnQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242115043320463959, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251590138511751, language=CN, label=图4, caption=171Yb+离子的双重量子比特编码方案[57]

注:编码在S1/2F7/2超精细能级上的量子比特共振频率不同,相互之间串扰误差显著小于容错阈值,并且利用411 nm和3 432 nm的双色激光可以进行S-量子比特和F-量子比特之间的快速相干转换。

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离子量子计算及其规模化研究进展和建议
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马剑宇 1 , 吴宇恺 2, 3 , 张弛 1 , 梅全鑫 1 , 连文倩 1 , 蔡明磊 1 , 赵文定 1 , 毛志超 1 , 姚麟 1 , 杨蒿翔 1, , 段路明 2, 3, 4,
前瞻科技 | 综述与述评 2025,4(4): 21-33
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前瞻科技 | 综述与述评 2025, 4(4): 21-33
离子量子计算及其规模化研究进展和建议
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马剑宇1 , 吴宇恺2, 3, 张弛1, 梅全鑫1, 连文倩1, 蔡明磊1, 赵文定1, 毛志超1, 姚麟1, 杨蒿翔1, , 段路明2, 3, 4,
作者信息
  • 1 华翊博奥(北京)量子科技有限公司, 北京 100176
  • 2 清华大学交叉信息研究院, 北京 100084
  • 3 合肥国家实验室, 合肥 230088
  • 4 新基石科学实验室, 北京 100084
  • 马剑宇,博士。华翊博奥(北京)量子科技有限公司光控模块负责人。主要从事基于离子阱的量子计算研究工作,在国际上首次实现了基于同种离子的双重量子比特编码技术,为大规模离子量子计算提供了全新的思路。主导离子阱量子计算机光控系统的研发,深度参与了多代离子阱量子计算机商业化原型机的研发工作,实现了原型机核心关键指标的突破。电子信箱:

    杨蒿翔,高级工程师。华翊博奥(北京)量子科技有限公司首席技术官。全国量子计算与测量标准化技术委员会委员。主要从事量子模拟与量子计算研究,在国际上首次在接近热力学极限的系统中观察到量子动力学相变的清晰信号,首次实现了基于同种离子的双重量子比特编码技术。入选中关村U30 2024年度优胜者榜单。在Nature Physics、Nature Communications等学术期刊上发表高水平学术论文10余篇,授权发明专利20余件。电子信箱:

    段路明,中国科学院院士,量子物理学家。中国科学院量子信息重点实验室副主任。美国物理学会会士。主要从事量子计算机和量子网络研究,提出实现长距离量子网络的量子中继方案,被国际同行誉为“DLCZ”(Duan-Lukin-Cirac-Zoller)方案。荣获中国科学院院长特别奖、全国优秀博士学位论文、饶毓泰基础光学奖、霍英东教育基金会高等院校青年教师(研究类)奖、中国科学院自然科学奖二等奖、国家自然科学奖二等奖、2004年美国斯隆研究奖、2005年海外华人物理学会杰出研究奖等奖项;入选中国科学院“百人计划”。在Physical Review LettersNatureScience等学术期刊发表论文180余篇,共被引用30 000余次。电子信箱:

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Progress and suggestions on ion trap quantum computing and its scaling research
Jianyu MA1 , Yukai WU2, 3, Chi ZHANG1, Quanxin MEI1, Wenqian LIAN1, Minglei CAI1, Wending ZHAO1, Zhichao MAO1, Lin YAO1, Haoxiang YANG1, , Luming DUAN2, 3, 4,
Affiliations
  • 1 Huayi Boao Quantum Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing 100176, China
  • 2 Institute for Interdisciplinary Information Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
  • 3 Hefei National Laboratory, Hefei 230088, China
  • 4 New Cornerstone Science Laboratory, Beijing 100084, China
出版时间: 2025-12-20 doi: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2025.04.002
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量子叠加性与量子纠缠使量子计算在特定复杂问题领域相对于经典计算展现出显著的加速效果。 离子阱是当前实现通用量子计算最为领先的物理平台之一,其已在小规模系统中实现了保真度与精度超越容错阈值的量子操控,如量子态制备与测量、通用量子逻辑门等。如何实现离子量子计算的规模化是该领域重要的研究方向之一。文章概述了量子并行计算原理、量子计算发展历程,从硬件架构及计算原理两方面详细论述了离子量子计算的基本原理和相应进展;介绍了当前离子量子计算研究中主流的规模化方案及其限制因素,如离子输运、离子-光子量子网络方案,探讨了二维离子阵列等新的规模化方案;从技术和产业层面给出了推动量子计算加速发展的建议。

离子量子计算  /  量子叠加性与量子纠缠  /  离子阱  /  规模化  /  二维离子阵列

Benefiting from quantum superposition and quantum entanglement, quantum computing offers significant computational speedup over classical counterparts for certain classes of complex problems. Ion trap is one of the leading physical platforms for realizing universal quantum computing. High-fidelity elementary quantum operations above the fault-tolerant threshold in small-scale systems have been demonstrated, such as state preparation and measurement, and universal quantum gates. Scaling trapped-ion systems to larger qubit counts while maintaining high fidelity is a central challenge and a key research direction toward practical quantum computing. This article begins with an overview of the principles of quantum parallel computing and historical development of quantum computing, which is followed by a comprehensive discussion of the foundational concepts and recent progress in ion trap quantum computing from the perspectives of hardware architecture and computing principles. Then, it focuses on the critical issue of scaling, reviewing mainstream approaches such as ion transport and ion-photon quantum networks, along with their current limitations. Furthermore, it explores emerging strategies for scaling, including the development of two-dimensional ion crystal. Finally, the article provides recommendations to accelerate the advancement of quantum computing from both technological and industrial perspectives.

ion trap quantum computing  /  quantum superposition and quantum entanglement  /  ion trap  /  scaling  /  two-dimensional ion crystal
马剑宇, 吴宇恺, 张弛, 梅全鑫, 连文倩, 蔡明磊, 赵文定, 毛志超, 姚麟, 杨蒿翔, 段路明. 离子量子计算及其规模化研究进展和建议. 前瞻科技, 2025 , 4 (4) : 21 -33 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2025.04.002
Jianyu MA, Yukai WU, Chi ZHANG, Quanxin MEI, Wenqian LIAN, Minglei CAI, Wending ZHAO, Zhichao MAO, Lin YAO, Haoxiang YANG, Luming DUAN. Progress and suggestions on ion trap quantum computing and its scaling research[J]. Science and Technology Foresight, 2025 , 4 (4) : 21 -33 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2025.04.002
量子计算利用量子比特的叠加性和纠缠特性,在处理特定复杂问题时,相比经典计算能够实现计算速度、计算规模、计算精度和计算能效的提升,因此备受关注。例如,在密码学领域,量子计算机一方面能快速破译传统加密算法,另一方面能推动新的算法设计;在药物研发中,量子计算可高效模拟分子结构和化学反应,加速新药研发;在金融领域,量子计算能优化投资组合,预测市场趋势。此外,量子计算还将对材料科学、人工智能、气象学等众多领域产生深远影响,为解决人类面临的重大挑战提供新途径,推动科技和社会的进步。
离子阱作为当前实现通用量子计算最为领先的物理平台之一[1],具备诸多优势。其量子比特全同性好,能使各个量子比特在性质上高度一致,量子比特的成品率高;量子操作保真度高,能够精准执行各类量子逻辑门与量子态测量,有助于提高量子纠错效率;量子态相干时间长,意味着量子比特可长时间稳定存储量子信息,为复杂计算任务提供坚实保障;支持长程量子纠缠逻辑门,能够实现量子线路的高效编译。自1995年研究人员基于离子阱系统首次实现量子受控非门以来[2],离子量子计算领域成果斐然,如实现了远超经典计算能力的量子模拟[3-4],演示了Shor算法[5]、量子纠错等[6]。然而,与其他主流量子计算物理平台类似,离子量子计算现阶段仍面临规模化的挑战。尽管在小规模系统中已实现保真度高于容错阈值的量子操作,然而实用化的量子算法往往需要数千个具备量子纠错功能的逻辑比特,或是数百万高性能的物理比特,当前离子量子计算机的比特数规模刚过百,难以满足实际需求。因此,如何在拓展量子比特数的同时进一步降低量子操作错误率,已经成为离子量子计算研究领域亟待攻克的核心难题,对推动量子计算技术走向实用化具有重要意义。
在经典计算理论框架中,信息的基本承载单元为经典比特,其状态仅能处于0或1这两种互斥状态之一。任何复杂的数据与指令,最终都将被拆解为0与1按一定规律排列的序列,以实现存储、传输和计算。而量子比特具备量子叠加性,可以处于|0〉和|1〉的任意叠加态,在数学上表示为α|0〉+β|0〉。其中,αβ作为复数系数,蕴含着丰富的幅度和相位信息,且遵循归一化条件|α|2+| β|2=1。在未被观测时,量子比特并非笃定地处于|0〉状态或|1〉状态,而是以一定的概率幅,巧妙融合|0〉与|1〉的特征,直至外界观测介入,才依据概率规则坍缩到|0〉或|1〉状态(以|α|2的概率塌缩到|0〉状态,以| β|2概率塌缩到|1〉状态)。
如前文所述,在经典计算框架下,计算机执行任务时,各个比特在特定时刻只能处于一个确定的状态,或|0〉或|1〉,数据按单一计算路径依次处理,对于一些复杂问题,例如寻找函数的周期或是无结构搜索问题,需要计算的路径数量随比特数增加而指数级增长,计算效率面临严峻瓶颈。反观量子计算机,量子比特的叠加态特性使其天然拥有并行处理信息的能力,称为量子并行。以包含n个量子比特的量子计算机为例,系统能够同时处于2n个不同状态的叠加中,这意味着量子计算机可以对这2n种可能状态同步展开运算,如同拥有2n条并行的计算通道,可以一次性探索问题的多种潜在解。但应注意,量子力学的基本原理同时也对人们从这种并行计算的结果中获取的信息做出了限制,即量子并行计算并非对任何问题都能获得指数级加速。但对于大规模数据搜索、复杂密码破解、量子系统模拟等特定问题,可以设计合适的量子算法,利用不同量子并行路径之间的量子干涉,快速获取所需的结果,从而为诸多传统计算难题的攻克开辟全新道路。
20世纪80年代,量子计算与量子模拟的概念出现。当时一些数学家和物理学家意识到,由于量子叠加性的存在,经典计算机无法对量子系统进行高效的计算,因此提出了利用可控量子系统模拟待求解量子系统的可能性[7-8]。1994年,Shor[9]提出了质因数分解算法,可用于破解广泛应用的RSA加密算法,这是量子计算第1个杀手级应用(Killer Application)。受此鼓舞,人们开始探索量子计算的实用价值,提出了更多实用量子算法[10]。但量子态异常脆弱,当量子比特与周围环境耦合而发生退相干时,会导致存储于量子比特上的信息丢失,因此人们普遍质疑量子计算机能否被实际建造。针对该问题,Shor[11]、Steane[12]和Gottesman[13]提出了量子纠错和容错量子计算的思想,从理论上证明了在含噪系统中实现可靠量子计算的可行性。量子纠错的核心在于利用冗余编码策略,将单个逻辑比特的信息编码到多个物理比特的纠缠态中,通过对冗余比特的测量及时发现和纠正计算过程中的错误,同时又不破坏逻辑比特的信息。需要注意的是所有用于监测和纠正错误的量子操作本身也会发生错误,为了使量子纠错带来净的错误率下降,一方面需要对量子线路进行容错设计,抑制错误在计算过程中的扩散;另一方面也需要各种基本量子操作的错误率低于容错阈值(目前已知的最好容错阈值约为1%)。结合这两方面才能利用越来越多的物理比特进行量子纠错,将逻辑比特的错误率抑制到满足量子算法需求的程度。至此,量子计算的可行性得到理论证明。
1995年,研究人员基于离子阱系统实现了首个量子逻辑门[2],将量子计算从理论构想推向实验探索阶段。经历40多年的发展,量子计算的基本要素已在离子阱、超导电路、中性原子、光子、核磁共振、固体缺陷系统等多条技术路线中得以演示,并取得了显著进展,如双比特量子逻辑门保真度超过容错阈值[14-17]、相干操控数百量子比特[4,18-19]、演示量子纠错超越盈亏平衡点等[20]。2010年,量子计算开始从实验室迈向商业化,国际商业机器公司、谷歌有限责任公司、IonQ、Quantinuum、QuEra Computing、Atom Computing、Xanadu Quantum Technologies等公司基于不同技术路线开始研制商用量子计算机的原型机。2019年,谷歌在“悬铃木”(Sycamore)芯片上利用53个超导量子比特,基于“随机线路取样”(Random Circuit Sampling)问题,实现了量子优越性[21],对于该特定问题的计算速度超越当时所有经典计算系统,引起了广泛关注。需要认识到,当前的研究还处于中等规模含噪量子时代(Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum, NISQ)[22],典型特征为可用比特数规模不大(约100个),量子比特质量不高(量子操作错误率约1%),尚无法执行容错的通用量子计算。鉴于量子计算广阔的应用前景和当前有限的硬件性能之间的矛盾,世界各国政府、企业和研究机构均加大了对量子计算的投入,目前主要着眼于解决两方面的问题:一是挖掘当前NISQ量子计算机的计算潜力,探索其可能的应用场景;二是不断优化量子计算机硬件性能与量子纠错算法,以迈向容错量子计算时代。
离子阱是当前实现通用量子计算最为领先的技术路线之一。在量子比特性能指标上,离子阱系统展现出诸多令人瞩目的优势。首先,离子阱系统在所有基本量子操作的保真度上都保持着世界纪录,如单比特逻辑门错误率为1.5×10-7[23],双比特逻辑门错误率为1×10-3[14-15,24],状态测量错误率为6×10-6[25],均显著低于容错阈值。其次,离子阱系统实现了最长的达到小时量级的量子比特相干时间[26],为执行复杂的量子算法、深度的量子模拟任务提供了充足的时间窗口。然后,离子之间的长程库仑相互作用使其具有全连通的优势,可以实现任意两比特之间的逻辑门操作,极大地提升了量子算法的编译与执行效率。最后,离子量子比特是全同粒子,在关键物理性质上高度一致,使其相比超导电路、量子点等人造原子,具有极高的成品率。鉴于上述优势,离子阱系统在量子体积这一综合考量量子比特数与量子操作保真度的性能指标上长久保持着最优记录。如Quantinuum公司发布的具有56个全连接的离子量子比特的量子计算原型机Model H2的单比特和双比特量子逻辑门保真度分别达到99.997%和99.87%,量子体积高达223。然而,与其他技术路线相同,离子量子计算依然面临着规模化的难题,如何在增加量子比特数量的同时依然保持高质量的量子操控是当前离子量子计算的重要研究方向。
离子量子计算机利用交变与直流电场囚禁离子,利用电磁波(激光或者微波)对离子进行相干操控。如图1(a)所示,离子量子计算机主要由4个部分组成:核心区为真空囚禁模块,包括真空腔室及置于其中的囚禁电极。真空腔室用于形成超高真空环境,以减小背景气体碰撞对离子阵列寿命的影响。光控模块根据来自电控模块的控制信号,对来自光源模块的激光做进一步的参数调控,如频率、功率、相位、出射角度等,经过调控的激光被输出到真空囚禁模块并照射离子,激发离子不同能级之间的跃迁,以实现对离子的状态操控。电控模块一方面输出控制信号至光控模块,另一方面接收来自真空囚禁模块的探测信号,并对探测结果进行处理。图1(b)为囚禁电极示意,包含直流电极和交流电极,分别施加直流电场和交流电场,用于形成囚禁势阱,以俘获和束缚离子。光源模块主要由激光光源组成,其作用为提供满足频率和功率要求的激光。图1(c)为一维离子链实物图。
DiVincenzo[27-28]提出了用于实现通用量子计算的物理系统所需要满足的五大标准,即:① 具有可扩展性,可获得大量量子比特;② 便于对量子比特状态进行初始化;③ 量子比特具有足够长的相干时间;④ 能够实现通用的量子逻辑门;⑤ 便于对量子比特的状态进行测量。以此标准为线索对离子量子计算的基本原理和相应进展做简要概述,为了行文方便,将②与⑤进行合并讨论。
离子阱系统通常使用离子的一对内部能级表示量子比特的|0〉和|1〉状态。根据二能级选择标准不同,离子量子比特通常可分为3种类型[1]:① 塞曼量子比特(Zeeman Qubit),两个能级选取为基态能级的两个塞曼子能级,二能级频率差在兆赫兹量级,其优点为量子比特寿命接近无穷长,缺点为容易受外界磁场噪声影响,导致相干时间较短。② 超精细量子比特(Hyperfine Qubit),两个能级选取为超精细能级上跃迁频率对磁场一阶不敏感的两个子能级,二能级频率差在吉赫兹量级,其优点为量子比特寿命和相干时间长,缺点为只适用于特定种类的离子。③ 光频量子比特(Optical Qubit),一个能级位于基态能级,另一个能级位于亚稳态能级,二能级频率差在光学波段,其优点为操作激光处于可见光或红外光波段,易于获得且对实验设备的损伤小,缺点是量子比特寿命与相干时间相对较短。
量子计算的基本流程主要包括3部分:① 将量子比特制备到特定的初始状态(输入);② 执行量子门操作(运算);③ 对量子比特状态进行测量(输出)。离子阱系统利用光泵浦技术可以实现高保真度的状态初始化:泵浦激光将处于某一能级(例如|1〉)的离子共振激发到能量更高的激发态,使其经历自发辐射回到|0〉或|1〉状态。其中,回到|1〉状态的离子将被继续激发,而回到|0〉状态的离子则由于跃迁频率与泵浦激光不共振,将保持此状态。经过多轮的“泵浦-自发辐射-再泵浦”过程,离子最终将以高概率被制备到|0〉状态。进一步,通过探测自发辐射过程产生的荧光光子,可实现离子阱系统中高保真度的量子比特状态测量。在上述例子中,通过选择合适的激光频率与激发态能级,可以让|1〉状态保持在“激发-自发辐射”的循环中,产生大量荧光光子,该状态称为“亮态”,而|0〉状态则不会发出光子,称为“暗态”。通过统计离子发出的光子数,就可以判断各个离子量子比特所处的状态。此外,也可以利用电子搁置(Electron Shelving)技术来抑制不同能级的非共振激发,进一步提高探测保真度。量子比特状态初始化和探测保真度通常糅合在一起标定,称作状态制备与测量(State Preparation and Measurement, SPAM)保真度。目前离子阱系统中SPAM保真度已经达到99.999%[25]
相干时间反映了量子比特能可靠存储量子信息的时间,受到环境磁场噪声、激光泄漏及用于操控量子态的信号源稳定性等因素影响。相干时间与逻辑门操作耗时的比值限定了量子逻辑门的保真度上限。离子阱系统具有长相干时间的优势,通过采用对磁场噪声不敏感的超精细量子比特、屏蔽环境磁场、对离子与环境噪声的耦合进行动态解耦等方式,实验中已实现了超过1 h的量子比特相干时间[26]
离子阱系统中,利用具备独立寻址功能的电磁场(激光或者微波)来操控离子内部能级的跃迁,以实现单量子比特逻辑门。牛津大学Lucas研究组实现了99.999 9%的单比特门保真度[23,29]。进一步,利用电磁场耦合离子的内部电子状态和外部空间运动状态,通过库仑相互作用下多离子的集体运动模式作为媒介,还能实现任意两个离子量子比特的量子纠缠逻辑门。1995年,Cirac等[30]提出首个利用离子系统实现量子纠缠逻辑门的方案;Sørensen等[31-32]与Milburn等[33]分别提出了对离子的热运动不敏感的量子纠缠逻辑门设计方案,摆脱了逻辑门操作对离子基态冷却的苛刻要求;2006年,Zhu等[34]提出利用离子链的横向模式构建量子逻辑门,使得逻辑门操作更具可扩展性;随后又提出了最优控制的方法,解决了横向模式致密排布的问题,使得逻辑门保真度摆脱了离子数量的限制[35]。此后,最优控制方法得到不断发展和完善,出现了对激光频率、幅度、相位等参数的调制手段,并从分段调制发展出了连续调制[36-40]。利用这些方法,Monroe研究组首先实现了5量子比特的可编程离子量子计算机,量子纠缠逻辑门保真度达到98%[41],并在后续扩展至IonQ公司的30离子量子比特,量子纠缠逻辑门保真度达到99.6%[42]。双比特量子纠缠逻辑门保真度的最优纪录也不断被离子阱系统刷新,2016年,Lucas研究组和Wineland研究组各自将双比特门保真度提至99.9%[14,24],2021年,Brown研究组进一步提升至99.94%[15]
当前NISQ时代的量子计算机比特数规模刚过百,距离利用容错的通用量子计算机解决实际问题所需的百万量子比特数规模仍有较大差距。如何在保持量子操控精度的前提下对离子量子计算机进行比特数扩展,是当前研究中最重要的问题之一。
图1(c)所示,此前的离子量子计算机架构通常让离子沿着离子阱轴线排成一维链,然后利用聚焦激光束对离子进行独立寻址操控。然而一维链构型所能容纳的离子数无法满足大规模量子计算的需求,主要原因是为了将更多的离子维持在一维构型,需要降低轴向束缚电场,而这将使得轴向运动更加容易受到外界电磁噪声的影响,降低了离子链的稳定性。目前,利用冷阱技术,可以实现包含100~200离子的一维链的稳定囚禁[43],但这离大规模通用量子计算的比特数要求相距甚远。为进一步扩展离子量子比特的数量,国际上形成以下主流研究方案。
国际上一种主流的规模化方案是离子输运方案,也称为量子电荷耦合器件方案(Quantum Charge-Coupled Device, QCCD)[44]。该方案的基本思想是,在同一个离子阱芯片上设置多个功能分区,分别用于执行离子装载、量子比特存储、量子逻辑门、量子态测量等操作,通过调控约束电场实现离子在不同区域之间的输运,从而实现大规模通用量子计算。例如在逻辑门区对两个离子执行完量子纠缠逻辑门操作之后,将其中一个离子转移到存储区以待后续操作,将另一个离子转移到测量区进行状态探测。此方案中每个逻辑门区域只包含少量离子,且不同区域之间的间距在百微米量级,因此不同区域的离子之间的运动模式及散射光子造成的串扰可以被显著抑制,从而使得量子操作的保真度并不随着总离子数的增加而降低。基于该方案,Quantinuum公司在56比特系统中实现了单比特逻辑门平均保真度99.997%,双比特逻辑门保真度99.84%[45],实现了高达223的量子体积。然而,该方案也面临着一些技术上的挑战与限制:一方面,离子输运本身是一个复杂的经典问题,需要复杂的电极设计和精细的电场调控,且输运的复杂度随着离子数的增加而增长;另一方面,该方案需要在输运速度和输运质量之间做平衡,既希望提高离子输运速度以缩短量子计算的时间,又希望缓慢输运以避免输运过程加热离子。在Quantinuum此前的工作中,离子输运和冷却所消耗的时间占据了总运行时间的90%以上[46]
另一种主流的规模化方案是离子-光子量子网络方案,由Duan等和Monroe等提出[47-49]。基本思想是,虽然单个离子阱的量子比特数有限,但可以将多个离子阱连接起来形成量子计算网络,进一步提升量子比特数。该方案最核心的要素是在每个离子阱中将一部分离子与光子纠缠,然后对来自不同离子阱的光子进行纠缠交换,进而把不同离子阱中的离子纠缠在一起。该方案的优点是单个离子阱中的离子晶格只需维持较小规模,且不同离子阱之间几乎无串扰。另外,由于光子受环境影响较小,节点间的距离原则上不受限制。目前,实验上已经实现了不同离子阱的离子之间的纠缠态制备,保真度达到96.9%[50]。但受限于光子产生和探测效率,该方案节点间连接效率较低,仅为每秒数百次[51],显著低于单个离子阱中的纠缠逻辑门速度。
针对上述主流规模化方案中存在的技术挑战,近年来一种基于二维离子阵列实现比特数规模化的新思路开始引起关注,并取得了一系列重要进展。不同于传统的一维离子链架构,该方案采用二维离子阵列作为量子比特的载体,可在单个离子阱系统中实现量子比特数的大幅提升。
该方案实现的基本条件为:将二维离子阵列囚禁于电势场中,并且保持离子之间的相对位置不发生改变,以便对每个离子进行单独操控。离子晶格稳定性主要受真空腔中残余的背景气体分子碰撞的影响。当囚禁区域的温度降低至10 K以下时,低温材料通过冷泵效应可以将背景气体分子吸附于其表面,从而降低背景气体分子密度。同时,在低温下,背景气体分子的动能进一步降低,其碰撞对于离子晶格的影响也随之减小。基于上述原理,清华大学和华翊量子团队已经利用冷阱技术实现了512离子二维晶格的稳定囚禁(图2),其稳定性相比于此前常用的室温离子阱获得了显著提升[52],并且具备构型变化后将其快速恢复的能力[4]
在离子阱系统中,通常利用聚焦激光束照射各个离子来实现独立寻址。二维离子阵列中的任意离子独立寻址,可以通过一对正交放置的声光偏转器(Acousto-Optic Deflector, AOD)分别控制光束在两个空间方向的偏转来实现(图3[53]。改变施加于声光偏转器上射频信号的数量和频率,可以相应地改变出射激光的数量和方向,从而实现二维离子阵列中被寻址离子数量和空间分布的灵活调控。该方案复用了寻址激光和操控系统,具备更优异的可扩展性。基于该寻址方案,清华大学段路明研究组首次在二维离子阵列中实现了具备独立寻址能力的高保真度通用量子逻辑门,包含任意离子的单比特门以及任意离子对之间的量子纠缠逻辑门[53];华翊量子团队进一步实现了对包含100离子的二维离子阵列的独立寻址操控,将寻址的串扰错误率抑制到约1%。
为了执行量子纠错,需要在量子线路中实时对一部分量子比特进行测量,以监测所发生的错误;为了维持离子阵列的稳定,需要利用一部分不编码量子信息的离子对其他编码量子比特的离子进行协同冷却;此外,未来把二维离子阵列方案与离子-光子量子网络方案结合以实现进一步的规模化时,还需要部分离子用于产生与光子的量子纠缠。上述这些关键应用都要求离子阱中拥有两种不同功能的离子,其中一种用于进行信息存储和量子计算,称作“计算离子”;另一种用于协同冷却、状态测量、离子-光子纠缠态制备等辅助性操作,称作“辅助离子”。上述协同冷却、状态测量、离子-光子纠缠态制备等过程中辅助离子会通过自发辐射随机产生大量光子,这些光子若被近邻的计算离子吸收,则会破坏计算离子上的信息,造成串扰错误。为解决这一问题,此前国际上主流的方案是用两种不同种类的离子分别实现计算离子和辅助离子,如Yb和Ba两种不同的元素[54],或40Ca和43Ca这两种不同的同位素[55]。由于不同离子的跃迁频率差异巨大,一种离子发出的光子不会被另一种离子吸收,因此避免了串扰错误。但这一方案破坏了离子量子比特的全同性,需要对两种离子的数量和相对位置进行精细调控,这对于大规模离子晶格来说极为困难,其原因包括离子装载过程中离子数量和位置具有随机性,以及操控电极数量有限,缺乏足够的自由度去操控每个离子的位置。另外,不同种类离子的质量差异还降低了协同冷却效率,不利于离子阵列的稳定与高保真度的量子操控[56]
为了解决上述异种离子带来的困难,近年来由清华大学段路明团队[57]和美国多所高校联合团队[58]分别提出的一种新方案受到了广泛的关注。该方案采用同种离子的不同亚稳态能级来实现所需的计算离子和辅助离子,即基于同种离子的双重量子比特编码技术。如图4所示,以171Yb+为例,可以在S1/2基态和长寿命的F7/2亚稳态中分别选取1对超精细结构能级用于编码两种类型的量子比特,称为S-量子比特和F-量子比特。如图4(a)所示,可以利用寻址激光(Individual Addressing Beams)将部分离子转化成F-量子比特,那么利用全局激光(Global Beams)对剩下的S-量子比特进行量子操作时,不会干扰F-量子比特。利用该方案,研究人员实验验证了对S-量子比特进行协同冷却、量子态初始化和测量、量子逻辑门、离子-光子纠缠等操作时,对F-量子比特的串扰错误率均低于容错量子计算的阈值[57,59]。此外,如图4(b)所示,两种类型的量子比特还可利用激光实现快速相干转换,从而支持按需选择计算离子和辅助离子的位置和数量,保证了离子的全同性和方案的可扩展性。
量子计算作为未来信息技术的战略制高点,已成为全球科技竞争的核心领域之一。离子阱系统凭借其长相干时间、高保真度门操作和全连通性等优势,成为最有希望实现通用量子计算的路线之一。我国在离子量子计算领域已取得一系列突破性进展,但在量子逻辑门保真度、量子纠错等领域与国际领先水平相比仍存在一定差距。为进一步推动我国离子量子计算技术的发展,分别从技术和产业层面提出发展建议。
1)提升比特数规模
当前离子阱系统的量子比特数量仍局限于数十个量级,离实用量子算法需求的百万比特数规模还相距甚远。须重点发展基于高维晶体的离子量子计算架构,通过二维离子量子比特阵列,将单个离子阱系统中的量子比特数快速提升至数千个。未来再结合离子-光子量子网络技术,将多个独立的离子阱系统纠缠起来,进一步提升量子比特规模。
2)优化量子操控质量
当前已经在小规模离子阱系统中实现了优于容错阈值的量子操作,但是如何在包含成百上千离子的系统中实现高保真度量子操作是本领域需要攻克的难题。以下4方面将是提升的重点:① 优化量子逻辑门设计,开发对系统参数噪声更加不敏感的逻辑门方案,降低囚禁频率、激光频率等参数噪声的影响;② 提升核心设备性能与稳定性,如研制具备更高功率的激光器,提升激光功率、频率与相位稳定性等;③ 优化独立寻址操控技术,提升寻址效率同时降低寻址串扰错误率;④ 发展量子纠错与容错量子计算,进一步降低操作错误率对算法输出结果的影响。
1)构建“产学研用”协同创新生态
支持科研机构与企业联合建设离子量子计算开放平台,共享基础工艺和测试环境;鼓励下游企业开放场景,在诸如金融建模、量子化学等领域实施“揭榜挂帅”应用项目,通过实际应用场景推动技术迭代。
2)完善产业链关键环节
推动核心部件国产化,针对离子阱系统的激光系统、成像系统、高精度信号源等进口依赖部件,设立专项攻关计划,培育国内供应链,扶持国内企业突破高端激光芯片、高效率成像芯片、低噪声放大技术等关键领域。推进标准化体系建设,牵头制定离子量子计算行业标准,避免技术路线碎片化。
量子计算在众多复杂问题上相比经典计算具备显著优势,是世界各国科技竞争的前沿阵地。离子阱系统在基础量子操作方面性能优异,是最有希望实现通用量子计算的物理平台之一,但距离未来实用化的通用容错量子计算机依然面临规模化的挑战。二维离子阵列结合离子-光子量子网络技术将是离子量子计算规模化的优选方案,已经取得了重要的进展。我国在离子量子计算方向的研究起步较晚,还需进一步加强该领域的研究投入、培养相关领域的科研人才。同时,我国离子量子计算产业生态较为脆弱,还需要强力的政策引导发展,解决上游供应能力不足和下游需求欠缺等问题。
  • 国家科技创新2030重大项目(2021ZD0301601)
  • 新基石科学基金会(新基石研究员)
  • 北京市科技计划(Z241100004224034)
  • 北京市科技计划(Z251100000425007)
  • 北京市“高创计划”青年人才托举工程
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doi: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2025.04.002
  • 接收时间:2025-01-22
  • 出版时间:2025-12-20
  • 发布时间:2025-12-30
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  • 收稿日期:2025-01-22
  • 修回日期:2025-09-12
基金
国家科技创新2030重大项目(2021ZD0301601)
新基石科学基金会(新基石研究员)
北京市科技计划(Z241100004224034)
北京市科技计划(Z251100000425007)
北京市“高创计划”青年人才托举工程
作者信息
    1 华翊博奥(北京)量子科技有限公司, 北京 100176
    2 清华大学交叉信息研究院, 北京 100084
    3 合肥国家实验室, 合肥 230088
    4 新基石科学实验室, 北京 100084

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表12种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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