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Quantum computing, a pivotal frontier steering the new wave of technological and industrial transformation, necessitates a clear assessment of China’s technological posture and precise strategic planning to secure global scientific and technological competitiveness. This paper examined the international quantum computing technology development landscape and evaluated China’s advancements in this field. Findings indicate that after a decade of rapid development, China has joined the global forefront, leading in photon approaches. Nevertheless, it still trails the U.S. in most fields and requires improvement at the level of fundamental principles and original innovation. The study further underscores external dependencies for China in core materials and equipment, coupled with a shortage of high-level talent. On this basis, the paper proposed a series of measures aimed at strengthening independent innovation and optimizing the talent strategy, providing decision-making references for China to seize the commanding heights in the quantum field in the future.

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量子计算是引领新一轮科技革命与产业变革的战略性前沿领域,厘清我国在该领域的技术态势并制定精准发展路径,对赢得全球科技竞争主动权至关重要。文章通过对国际量子计算技术发展格局的深度剖析,系统评估了我国量子计算技术的发展情况。研究表明,我国经过近10年的快速发展,量子计算整体技术水平跻身全球第一方阵,在光量子等技术路线上领先,但在多数细分方向上与美国仍有差距,在基础原理与原始创新层面有待提高。研究进一步揭示了我国在核心材料、关键设备领域面临的外部制约,以及高端人才储备短缺的严峻挑战。基于此,提出了一系列旨在强化自主创新、优化人才战略的对策,为我国在量子领域抢占未来制高点提供决策参考。

, correspAuthors=任维娟, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
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李爱仙,博士,助理研究员。主要从事耦合量子点的输运特性、纳米体系的非线性光学、量子精密测量及量子科技战略研究。电子信箱:

任维娟,北京量子信息科学研究院科研管理主管。主要从事科技管理及情报研究工作研究。曾参与科学技术部、中国工程院、北京市科学技术委员会等的战略咨询课题,围绕国内外量子计算、量子通信、量子精密测量等技术方向和产业发展形势进行深入的研究,多份研判报告得到领导批示。电子信箱:

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李爱仙,博士,助理研究员。主要从事耦合量子点的输运特性、纳米体系的非线性光学、量子精密测量及量子科技战略研究。电子信箱:

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李爱仙,博士,助理研究员。主要从事耦合量子点的输运特性、纳米体系的非线性光学、量子精密测量及量子科技战略研究。电子信箱:

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任维娟,北京量子信息科学研究院科研管理主管。主要从事科技管理及情报研究工作研究。曾参与科学技术部、中国工程院、北京市科学技术委员会等的战略咨询课题,围绕国内外量子计算、量子通信、量子精密测量等技术方向和产业发展形势进行深入的研究,多份研判报告得到领导批示。电子信箱:

"}, bioImg=f5ZoElQHomAKsNC0wGHKFQ==, bioContent=

任维娟,北京量子信息科学研究院科研管理主管。主要从事科技管理及情报研究工作研究。曾参与科学技术部、中国工程院、北京市科学技术委员会等的战略咨询课题,围绕国内外量子计算、量子通信、量子精密测量等技术方向和产业发展形势进行深入的研究,多份研判报告得到领导批示。电子信箱:

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Analysis on national strategy layout and R & D trend of quantum information field[J]. World Sci-Tech R & D, 2024, 46(1): 21-35. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Analysis on national strategy layout and R & D trend of quantum information field, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114949917508014, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251589836521860, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/PLAW-115publ368/pdf/PLAW-115publ368.pdf, language=null, rfNumber=[3], rfOrder=3, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=National Quantum Initiative Act[EB/OL].(2018-12-21)[2025-12-01]. https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/PLAW-115publ368/pdf/PLAW-115publ368.pdf, articleTitle=National Quantum Initiative Act, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114949976228271, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251589836521860, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=32, issue=11, pageStart=5, pageEnd=10, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[4], rfOrder=4, authorNames=宋海刚, journalName=全球科技经济瞭望, refType=null, unstructuredReference=宋海刚. 欧盟量子技术旗舰计划的部署及组织管理研究[J]. 全球科技经济瞭望, 2017, 32(11):5-10., articleTitle=欧盟量子技术旗舰计划的部署及组织管理研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114950047531440, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251589836521860, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=32, issue=11, pageStart=5, pageEnd=10, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[4], rfOrder=5, authorNames=Song H G, journalName=Global Science,Technology and Economy Outlook, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Song H G. Research on EU’s deployment and management of quantum technology flagship project[J]. Global Science,Technology and Economy Outlook, 2017, 32(11):5-10. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Research on EU’s deployment and management of quantum technology flagship project, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114950123028913, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251589836521860, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/national-quantum-strategy/national-quantum-strategy-accessible-webpage, language=null, rfNumber=[5], rfOrder=6, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=National quantum strategy[EB/OL]. (2023-03-14)[2025-12-01]. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/national-quantum-strategy/national-quantum-strategy-accessible-webpage, articleTitle=National quantum strategy, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114950194332082, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251589836521860, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=https://www.gov.cn/gongbao/content/2016/content_5103134.htm, language=null, rfNumber=[6], rfOrder=7, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=国务院关于印发“十三五”国家科技创新规划的通知[EB/OL].(2016-07-28)[2025-12-01]. https://www.gov.cn/gongbao/content/2016/content_5103134.htm., articleTitle=国务院关于印发“十三五”国家科技创新规划的通知, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114950261440947, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251589836521860, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=https://www.gov.cn/gongbao/content/2016/content_5103134.htm, language=null, rfNumber=[6], rfOrder=8, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Notice of the State Council on Printing and Distributing the National Science and Technology Innovation Plan for the 13th Five-Year Plan Period[EB/OL].(2016-07-28)[2025-12-01]. https://www.gov.cn/gongbao/content/2016/content_5103134.htm. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Notice of the State Council on Printing and Distributing the National Science and Technology Innovation Plan for the 13th Five-Year Plan Period, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114950328549812, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251589836521860, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=https://www.gov.cn/xinwen/2022-01/12/content_5667840.htm, language=null, rfNumber=[7], rfOrder=9, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=国务院印发《“十四五”数字经济发展规划》[EB/OL]. (2022-01-12)[2025-12-01]. https://www.gov.cn/xinwen/2022-01/12/content_5667840.htm., articleTitle=国务院印发《“十四五”数字经济发展规划》, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114950395658677, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251589836521860, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=https://www.gov.cn/xinwen/2022-01/12/content_5667840.htm, language=null, rfNumber=[7], rfOrder=10, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=The State Council Issues the 14th Five-Year Plan for the Development of the Digital Economy[EB/OL]. (2022-01-12)[2025-12-01]. https://www.gov.cn/xinwen/2022-01/12/content_5667840.htm. (in Chinese), articleTitle=The State Council Issues the 14th Five-Year Plan for the Development of the Digital Economy, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114950462767542, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251589836521860, doi=10.1038/s41586-023-06195-1, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=619, issue=7971, pageStart=738, pageEnd=742, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[8], rfOrder=11, authorNames=Cao S R, Wu B J, Chen F S, journalName=Nature, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Cao S R, Wu B J, Chen F S, et al. Generation of genuine entanglement up to 51 superconducting qubits[J]. Nature, 2023, 619(7971), 738-742., articleTitle=Generation of genuine entanglement up to 51 superconducting qubits, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114950534070711, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251589836521860, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=https://www.gov.cn/yaowen/liebiao/202401/content_6924690.htm, language=null, rfNumber=[9], rfOrder=12, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=我国第三代自主超导量子计算机上线[EB/OL]. (2024-01-06)[2025-12-01]. https://www.gov.cn/yaowen/liebiao/202401/content_6924690.htm., articleTitle=我国第三代自主超导量子计算机上线, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114950638928312, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251589836521860, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=https://www.gov.cn/yaowen/liebiao/202401/content_6924690.htm, language=null, rfNumber=[9], rfOrder=13, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=China's third-generation self-developed superconducting quantum computer goes online[EB/OL].(2024-01-06)[2025-12-01]. https://www.gov.cn/yaowen/liebiao/202401/content_6924690.htm. (in Chinese), articleTitle=China's third-generation self-developed superconducting quantum computer goes online, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114952102740409, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251589836521860, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/QMRI_wvOKZdrAD-ggqCOtg, language=null, rfNumber=[10], rfOrder=14, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=北京量子院发布大规模量子云算力集群[EB/OL]. (2024-04-26)[2025-12-01]. https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/QMRI_wvOKZdrAD-ggqCOtg., articleTitle=北京量子院发布大规模量子云算力集群, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114952169849274, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251589836521860, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/QMRI_wvOKZdrAD-ggqCOtg, language=null, rfNumber=[10], rfOrder=15, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Beijing Academy of Quantum Information Sciences launches large-scale quantum cloud computing power cluster[EB/OL]. (2024-04-26)[2025-12-01]. https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/QMRI_wvOKZdrAD-ggqCOtg. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Beijing Academy of Quantum Information Sciences launches large-scale quantum cloud computing power cluster, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114952241152443, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251589836521860, doi=10.1038/s41586-022-04725-x, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=606, issue=7912, pageStart=75, pageEnd=81, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[11], rfOrder=16, authorNames=Madsen L S, Laudenbach F, Askarani M F, journalName=Nature, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Madsen L S, Laudenbach F, Askarani M F, et al. Quantum computational advantage with a programmable photonic processor[J]. Nature, 2022, 606(7912): 75-81., articleTitle=Quantum computational advantage with a programmable photonic processor, refAbstract=A quantum computer attains computational advantage when outperforming the best classical computers running the best-known algorithms on well-defined tasks. No photonic machine offering programmability over all its quantum gates has demonstrated quantum computational advantage: previous machines1,2 were largely restricted to static gate sequences. Earlier photonic demonstrations were also vulnerable to spoofing3, in which classical heuristics produce samples, without direct simulation, lying closer to the ideal distribution than do samples from the quantum hardware. Here we report quantum computational advantage using Borealis, a photonic processor offering dynamic programmability on all gates implemented. We carry out Gaussian boson sampling4 (GBS) on 216 squeezed modes entangled with three-dimensional connectivity5, using a time-multiplexed and photon-number-resolving architecture. On average, it would take more than 9,000 years for the best available algorithms and supercomputers to produce, using exact methods, a single sample from the programmed distribution, whereas Borealis requires only 36 μs. This runtime advantage is over 50 million times as extreme as that reported from earlier photonic machines. Ours constitutes a very large GBS experiment, registering events with up to 219 photons and a mean photon number of 125. This work is a critical milestone on the path to a practical quantum computer, validating key technological features of photonics as a platform for this goal.), Reference(id=1242114952325038524, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251589836521860, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[12], rfOrder=17, authorNames=Litinski D, Nickerson N, journalName=arXiv preprint:2211.15465, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Litinski D, Nickerson N. Active volume:An architecture for efficient fault-tolerant quantum computers with limited non-local connections[DB/OL]. arXiv preprint:2211.15465, 2022., articleTitle=Active volume:An architecture for efficient fault-tolerant quantum computers with limited non-local connections, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114952396341693, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251589836521860, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=131, issue=15, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[13], rfOrder=18, authorNames=Deng Y H, Gu Y C, Liu H L, journalName=Physical Review Letters, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Deng Y H, Gu Y C, Liu H L, et al. Gaussian boson sampling with pseudo-photon-number-resolving detectors and quantum computational advantage[J]. Physical Review Letters, 2023, 131(15): 150601, doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.131.140503., articleTitle=Gaussian boson sampling with pseudo-photon-number-resolving detectors and quantum computational advantage, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114952467644862, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251589836521860, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=https://www.xinhuanet.com/2023-10/11/c_1129911227.htm, language=null, rfNumber=[14], rfOrder=19, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=“九章三号”量子计算原型机问世中国确立算力新里程碑[EB/OL]. (2023-10-11)[2025-12-01]. https://www.xinhuanet.com/2023-10/11/c_1129911227.htm., articleTitle=“九章三号”量子计算原型机问世中国确立算力新里程碑, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114952530559423, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251589836521860, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=https://www.xinhuanet.com/2023-10/11/c_1129911227.htm, language=null, rfNumber=[14], rfOrder=20, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference="Jiuzhang-3" quantum computing prototype comes into being, China establishes new milestone in computing power[EB/OL]. (2023-10-11)[2025-12-01]. https://www.xinhuanet.com/2023-10/11/c_1129911227.htm. (in Chinese), articleTitle="Jiuzhang-3" quantum computing prototype comes into being, China establishes new milestone in computing power, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114952593473984, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251589836521860, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=https://www.sohu.com/a/676312285_348129, language=null, rfNumber=[15], rfOrder=21, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=100量子比特相干光量子计算机“天工量子大脑”发布[EB/OL]. (2023-05-18)[2025-12-01]. https://www.sohu.com/a/676312285_348129., articleTitle=100量子比特相干光量子计算机“天工量子大脑”发布, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114952664777153, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251589836521860, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=https://www.sohu.com/a/676312285_348129, language=null, rfNumber=[15], rfOrder=22, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=100-qubit coherent optical quantum computer "Tiangong Quantum Brain" released[EB/OL]. (2023-05-18)[2025-12-01]. https://www.sohu.com/a/676312285_348129. (in Chinese), articleTitle=100-qubit coherent optical quantum computer "Tiangong Quantum Brain" released, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114952757051842, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251589836521860, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=https://www.phy.pku.edu.cn/info/1031/9949.htm, language=null, rfNumber=[16], rfOrder=23, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=实现基于超图态的光量子信息处理芯片[EB/OL]. (2023-03-25)[2025-12-01]. https://www.phy.pku.edu.cn/info/1031/9949.htm., articleTitle=实现基于超图态的光量子信息处理芯片, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114952836743619, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251589836521860, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=https://www.phy.pku.edu.cn/info/1031/9949.htm, language=null, rfNumber=[16], rfOrder=24, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Realization of an optical quantum information processing chip based on hypergraph states[EB/OL]. (2023-03-25)[2025-12-01]. https://www.phy.pku.edu.cn/info/1031/9949.htm. 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Publications in quantum computing field

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号 国家 论文数量/篇 占比/%
1 中国 19 489 26.74
2 美国 16 803 22.86
3 德国 8 146 11.08
4 日本 6 734 9.16
5 英国 4 093 5.57
6 韩国 3 903 5.31
7 印度 3 746 5.10
8 法国 3 566 4.85
9 加拿大 2 978 4.05
), ArticleFig(id=1242114949229642150, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251589836521860, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

量子计算领域论文发表情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号 国家 论文数量/篇 占比/%
1 中国 19 489 26.74
2 美国 16 803 22.86
3 德国 8 146 11.08
4 日本 6 734 9.16
5 英国 4 093 5.57
6 韩国 3 903 5.31
7 印度 3 746 5.10
8 法国 3 566 4.85
9 加拿大 2 978 4.05
), ArticleFig(id=1242114949292556711, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251589836521860, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Patent applications and grants in quantum computing field

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号 国家 专利申请数量/件 专利授权数量/件
1 中国 23 667 4 948
2 美国 18 263 10 716
3 日本 11 861 7 597
4 法国 7 513 6 379
5 德国 5 111 6 792
6 英国 1 960 1 208
7 加拿大 1 723 866
8 韩国 1 860 1 342
), ArticleFig(id=1242114949355471272, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1218251589836521860, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

量子计算领域专利申请及授权情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号 国家 专利申请数量/件 专利授权数量/件
1 中国 23 667 4 948
2 美国 18 263 10 716
3 日本 11 861 7 597
4 法国 7 513 6 379
5 德国 5 111 6 792
6 英国 1 960 1 208
7 加拿大 1 723 866
8 韩国 1 860 1 342
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全球量子计算技术研究进展与发展建议
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李爱仙 , 范琼 , 刘静 , 刘玉龙 , 汪海锋 , 韩清珍 , 任维娟
前瞻科技 | 综述与述评 2025,4(4): 11-20
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前瞻科技 | 综述与述评 2025, 4(4): 11-20
全球量子计算技术研究进展与发展建议
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李爱仙 , 范琼, 刘静, 刘玉龙, 汪海锋, 韩清珍, 任维娟
作者信息
  • 北京量子信息科学研究院, 北京 100193
  • 李爱仙,博士,助理研究员。主要从事耦合量子点的输运特性、纳米体系的非线性光学、量子精密测量及量子科技战略研究。电子信箱:

    任维娟,北京量子信息科学研究院科研管理主管。主要从事科技管理及情报研究工作研究。曾参与科学技术部、中国工程院、北京市科学技术委员会等的战略咨询课题,围绕国内外量子计算、量子通信、量子精密测量等技术方向和产业发展形势进行深入的研究,多份研判报告得到领导批示。电子信箱:

通信作者:

Research Status and Development Suggestions for Global Quantum Computing Technology
Aixian LI , Qiong FAN, Jing LIU, Yulong LIU, Haifeng WANG, Qingzhen HAN, Weijuan REN
Affiliations
  • Beijing Academy of Quantum Information Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
出版时间: 2025-12-20 doi: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2025.04.001
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量子计算是引领新一轮科技革命与产业变革的战略性前沿领域,厘清我国在该领域的技术态势并制定精准发展路径,对赢得全球科技竞争主动权至关重要。文章通过对国际量子计算技术发展格局的深度剖析,系统评估了我国量子计算技术的发展情况。研究表明,我国经过近10年的快速发展,量子计算整体技术水平跻身全球第一方阵,在光量子等技术路线上领先,但在多数细分方向上与美国仍有差距,在基础原理与原始创新层面有待提高。研究进一步揭示了我国在核心材料、关键设备领域面临的外部制约,以及高端人才储备短缺的严峻挑战。基于此,提出了一系列旨在强化自主创新、优化人才战略的对策,为我国在量子领域抢占未来制高点提供决策参考。

量子计算  /  超导  /  光量子  /  离子阱  /  中性原子  /  硅基半导体  /  拓扑

Quantum computing, a pivotal frontier steering the new wave of technological and industrial transformation, necessitates a clear assessment of China’s technological posture and precise strategic planning to secure global scientific and technological competitiveness. This paper examined the international quantum computing technology development landscape and evaluated China’s advancements in this field. Findings indicate that after a decade of rapid development, China has joined the global forefront, leading in photon approaches. Nevertheless, it still trails the U.S. in most fields and requires improvement at the level of fundamental principles and original innovation. The study further underscores external dependencies for China in core materials and equipment, coupled with a shortage of high-level talent. On this basis, the paper proposed a series of measures aimed at strengthening independent innovation and optimizing the talent strategy, providing decision-making references for China to seize the commanding heights in the quantum field in the future.

quantum computing  /  superconducting  /  photon  /  ion trap  /  neutral atom  /  silicon-based semiconductor  /  topology
李爱仙, 范琼, 刘静, 刘玉龙, 汪海锋, 韩清珍, 任维娟. 全球量子计算技术研究进展与发展建议. 前瞻科技, 2025 , 4 (4) : 11 -20 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2025.04.001
Aixian LI, Qiong FAN, Jing LIU, Yulong LIU, Haifeng WANG, Qingzhen HAN, Weijuan REN. Research Status and Development Suggestions for Global Quantum Computing Technology[J]. Science and Technology Foresight, 2025 , 4 (4) : 11 -20 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2025.04.001
量子计算是通过构建并主动操控遵循量子力学原理的量子比特来实现信息处理的技术方案,它具备经典计算无法比拟的信息承载能力和超强并行处理能力,能在特定计算问题上提供指数级计算加速。20世纪后半叶,以半导体工业为代表的第一代量子技术带来的信息科技革命,为人类的生产生活带来了颠覆性的改变,塑造了当今信息时代的基本形态。目前正快速发展、以量子计算为核心的第二代量子技术,极有可能为人类社会带来不亚于信息科技革命的深远影响,为现有信息产业及依赖其发展的相关产业带来重大颠覆性技术创新,并改写包括国家安全在内诸多领域的基本运行规则。美国《新兴科技趋势报告(2016—2045年)》[1]中将“量子计算”列为未来最值得关注的20项科技发展趋势之一,认为量子计算机的出现将会给气候模拟、药物研发及材料科学等其他研究方向带来巨大的进步。量子计算技术的研究与突破,不仅具有重大的战略意义,也蕴含着独特的科学价值,正逐渐成为全球科技竞争的焦点。
近年来,世界主要科技强国都高度重视量子计算技术发展,纷纷出台一系列量子战略计划[2],投入大量人力物力进行科研攻关和基础设施建设,试图争夺或保持本国在量子计算等量子信息核心前沿科技发展中的领导地位。例如,美国《国家量子计划法案》[3]、欧盟《量子技术旗舰计划》[4]、英国《国家量子战略》[5],以及中国“十三五”规划[6]、“十四五”规划[7]等,均把量子计算机的前沿研究和实用化进程作为未来10年甚至更长时间的远景目标。
自1980年量子计算机概念被提出后,经过40余年的发展,量子计算机硬件有多条依托不同物理平台的技术路线在激烈竞争,这些技术正处于理论研究与工程实践、应用探索与产业化发展深度融合的关键阶段。中国在量子计算领域取得了显著成就,如在超导量子比特、光量子计算、离子阱技术等方向实现了重要突破,但与发达国家相比,仍存在核心技术和设备依赖进口、自主创新能力不足、高端人才短缺等问题。需要深入分析国内外量子计算技术的发展现状,对比各技术路径的优劣,结合我国的科研基础和新型举国体制优势,提出具有针对性的发展建议。
量子计算整体处于基础研究阶段,基础理论有待完善,硬件技术路线存在诸多不确定性,大多处于原理验证和科学探索阶段,目前主要有超导、光量子、离子阱、中性原子、硅基半导体、和拓扑6条技术路线,其他还有金刚石色心、核磁共振体系等。量子计算技术从实验室走向成熟产品,到形成市场和广泛应用,还有较长的距离,不排除某些技术路线最终失败或新兴技术路线弯道超车的可能性。
经过多年的演进,量子计算的理论基础和架构已趋于成熟。然而,考虑到当前技术条件的局限性,量子计算基础理论研究依然面临若干重大问题,主要包括探索更高效的量子算法,发展量子纠错及错误缓解策略,降低量子噪声的影响,设计优化量子操作系统等。
量子算法是量子计算能够展现出超越传统计算机潜力的核心,从Shor算法的提出到Grover搜索算法的发展,量子算法已经在大数分解、数据库搜索等领域显示出显著优势。随后,变分量子本征求解器(Variational Quantum Eigensolver,VQE)、量子近似优化算法(Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm,QAOA)及量子机器学习算法等创新性研究进一步扩展了量子计算在理论和应用层面的潜力。近期,变分量子算法(Variational Quantum Algorithms,VQA)被广泛研究。VQA通过在量子计算机上运行参数化量子电路,再将参数优化的计算部分利用经典优化器介入处理,实现了经典-量子混合运算模式,该模式可以将复杂的问题利用较浅的量子线路完成,其应用包括寻找基态和激发态、含时量子模拟及优化等。变分量子算法是一个快速发展的领域。研究人员也对QAOA进行了多方探索,该算法是一种极具发展前景的变分量子算法,尤其在当前阶段,可利用含噪硬件求解组合优化问题,具备良好的通用性与发展潜力。QAOA可以应用的场景包括最大割问题、最大独立集问题,特别是具有广泛应用场景的二次无约束二进制优化(Quadratic Unconstrained Binary Optimization,QUBO)问题等,可以利用现有硬件测试该算法是否可用于解决实际问题。
量子纠错技术的发展被认为是实现可靠量子计算的关键。研究者提出了Shor编码、CSS编码、高错误阈值的表面编码、具有常数编码率和线性编码距离的量子低密度奇偶校验编码、拥有动态生成逻辑量子比特的Floquet编码等多种量子纠错方案,旨在通过逻辑量子比特的纠错操作保障计算的准确性。量子纠错已形成较为成熟的理论体系,几十比特量级的简单量子纠错码基本已被全部发现,但由于量子纠错对操控精度要求较高,且量子纠错盈亏平衡点的核心前提是量子器件的比特数需具备可扩展性,而当前尚不具备这样的技术条件,因此量子纠错目前基本仍处于初期验证测试阶段。
量子噪声是量子计算研究中的一大难题。现有的量子系统普遍存在多种噪声,这些噪声会对量子门操作和量子电路造成干扰。为了应对这一问题,研究者开发了随机基准测试(Randomized Benchmarking, RB)、交叉熵基准测试(Cross-Entropy Benchmarking, XEB)和信道谱基准测试(Channel Spectral Benchmarking, CSB)等多种方法,以评估和优化量子门操作的精度。量子体积的概念也被提出,其用于衡量量子处理器处理随机量子电路的能力。量子噪声的存在要求量子计算系统必须具备有效的错误处理机制。在这方面,零噪外推(Zero Noise Extrapolation, ZNE)、概率错误消除(Probabilistic Error Cancellation, PEC)、抗噪量子相位估计算法(Noise-Resilient Phase Estimation, NRPE)等技术被提出,以减轻噪声的影响。
量子操作系统的开发是量子计算机实现和优化过程中的核心环节,其聚焦于量子编译理论和量子芯片的校准与验证理论,通过软硬件的紧密配合,旨在为量子计算机提供高效、稳定、可靠的运行环境,实现对量子计算资源的高效管理和调度。该方向的研究不仅对量子计算机的性能优化至关重要,也为量子计算技术的实际应用和普及打下了坚实的基础。
超导技术路线主要基于超导约瑟夫森结构造的扩展二能级系统,具备可扩展、易操控和与集成电路工艺兼容等优势,受到众多科研机构、科技巨头和初创企业的重视,科研成果丰富。目前,国际上该领域进展最快的是IBM公司和Google公司。2023年,IBM公司发布了133量子比特可扩展芯片Heron,平均两比特门保真度达到99.6%,同时推出模块化量子计算机,结合可扩展低温基础设施和经典服务器,实现了超级计算架构。苏黎世联邦理工学院基于超导量子电路完成了无漏洞贝尔实验。Coogle公司使用超导量子处理器模拟操控非阿贝尔任意子,并通过非阿贝尔编织实现了任意子纠缠态。Rigetti公司推出84位超导量子处理器Ankaa-1。日本富士通公司和理化学研究所发布64比特超导量子计算机。国内中国科学技术大学成功实现了51超导量子比特簇态制备和验证[8],刷新了当时所有量子系统中真纠缠比特数目的世界纪录。2024年初,本源量子计算科技(合肥)股份有限公司(简称本源量子)宣布,其自主研发的中国第三代超导量子计算机“本源悟空”正式上线运行[9]。北京量子信息科学研究院联合中国科学院物理研究所、清华大学发布大规模量子云算力集群,可用物理比特数达到590个以上,平均两比特门保真度达到97%以上,其中保真度最高的芯片达到了99%,综合指标进入国际前列[10]
光量子路线利用光子的偏振、相位等自由度进行量子比特编码,其具有相干时间长、可室温运行和测控相对简单等优点,可分为逻辑门型光量子计算和专用光量子计算两类。近年来,以玻色采样和相干伊辛等为代表的专用光量子计算近年来的研发成果较多。2022年,Xanadu公司构建了一台名为Borealis的光量子计算机[11],该计算机可以通过测量多达216个纠缠光子的行为开展计算,其在36 μs内完成的高斯玻色取样任务,即便是当前最好的超级计算机,也至少需要9 000年才能完成。PsiQuantum公司研究团队提出了一种基于光子量子计算机的主动体积编译技术,通过光学元件和光学干涉来实现量子比特和量子门的纠错,能够将量子算法的执行速度提升至通用架构的近50倍,并可自动优化网络结构和资源分配[12]。2023年,中国科学技术大学联合团队发布255光子的“九章三号”光量子计算原型机[13],其求解高斯玻色取样数学问题的速度是当时全球最快的超级计算机的1016倍,再度刷新了光量子信息技术的世界纪录[14]。北京玻色量子科技有限公司(简称玻色量子)发布100量子比特相干光量子相干伊辛机“天工量子大脑”,与中国移动合作开展算力调度优化等任务可行性验证[15]。2024年,北京大学物理学院现代光学研究所的王剑威和龚旗煌团队在硅基集成光量子芯片上演示了基于超图态的量子信息处理与量子计算[16]
离子阱技术路线利用电荷与磁场间产生的交互作用力约束带电离子,通过激光或微波进行相干操控,具有比特天然全同、操控精度高和相干时间长等优点。2023年,Quantinuum公司发布全连接量子比特离子阱原型机Model H2,其单比特和双比特量子逻辑门保真度达到99.997%和99.8%,量子体积达到524 288,刷新业界最新纪录。2024年,微软公司和Quantinuum公司展示了目前最可靠的逻辑比特,其错误率为物理比特的1/800。微软公司的量子比特虚拟化系统和Quantinuum公司的离子阱硬件已无错误地运行了超过14 000次实验。Quantinuum公司的离子阱量子处理器的双量子门保真度达99.9%,量子体积为1 048 576。这一成果超越了当前含噪中等量子规模时代,转向了容错量子计算,使用逻辑比特来抵御噪声,并维持更长的计算时间。国内华翊博奥(北京)量子科技有限公司(简称华翊量子)发布37位离子阱量子计算原型机HYQ-A37,成为国内代表性成果[17]
中性原子技术路线利用光镊或光晶格囚禁原子,激光激发原子至里德堡态进行逻辑门操作或量子模拟演化,相干时间和操控精度等特性与离子阱技术路线相似,在规模化扩展方面更具优势,未来有望在量子模拟等方面率先突破应用。2023年,加州理工学院展示了量子橡皮擦纠错新方法,使激光照射下的错误原子发出荧光,实现错误定位,以便进一步纠错处理,系统纠缠率提升10倍。普林斯顿大学基于相似擦除原理,将门操作错误转化为擦除错误,有效提升了逻辑门保真度。哈佛大学基于里德堡阻塞机制控制方案,在60个铷原子阵列中实现了99.5%双比特纠缠门保真度,超过表面码纠错阈值。Atom Computing公司发布1 225原子阵列中性原子量子计算原型机,该原型机成为首个突破千量子比特的系统。QuEra公司、哈佛大学、麻省理工学院和美国国家标准与技术研究院在48个逻辑量子比特上执行复杂的纠错量子算法;在60个中性原子量子比特上实现99.5%的双量子门保真度。2024年,中性原子量子计算机开发商Pasqal公司在其一个具有2 080个陷阱位的量子计算装置中成功捕获约1 110个原子。这一突破标志着Pasqal公司在量子优越性和可扩展量子处理器方面迈出关键一步。国内中科酷原科技(武汉)有限公司(简称中科酷原)发布国内首台原子量子计算机——汉原1号[18],可用量子比特数目达到100个以上,利用微波实现单比特量子门保真度大于99.9%。
硅基半导体技术路线利用量子点中的囚禁单电子或空穴构造量子比特,通过电脉冲实现对量子比特的驱动和耦合,具有制造、测控与集成电路工艺兼容等优势。2023年,新南威尔士大学实现新型触发器(flip-flop)硅基量子比特。美国霍华德·休斯HRL实验室提出硅编码自旋量子比特的通用控制方案。2024年,Diraq公司挖掘出量子计算机在更高温度下运行的潜力,使量子处理器能够在比以往高20倍的温度下正常运行,同时维持高精度,助力开发更强大的兼具成本效益与节能特性的量子计算机系统。中国科学技术大学实现硅基锗量子点超快调控,自旋翻转速率超过1.2 GHz[19]。Intel公司发布12位硅基自旋量子芯片Tunnel Falls。浙江大学在半导体纳米结构中创造了一种新型量子比特[20]
拓扑技术路线利用拓扑材料,有可能实现具有高保真量子比特、快速门操作和单模块架构的量子计算系统。2021年,微软公司Azure Quantum团队提出“拓扑能隙协议”(Topological Gap Protocol, TGP),并将其作为量子传输测量中拓扑相位的识别标准。2022年,在砷化铟-铝异质结构中观察到 30 μeV 的拓扑能隙。2023年5月9日,Quantinuum公司通过其32Q 离子阱量子计算系统H2创造并控制非阿贝尔任意子。2023年5月11日,Google量子团队在Nature发表研究成果,宣称首次使用其超导量子处理器来创建和编织非阿贝尔任意子,并通过编码创建了3个逻辑量子比特的任意子纠缠态。国内,中国科学技术大学潘建伟团队在国际上首次通过量子调控的方法在超冷原子体系中发现了拓扑量子物态中的准粒子——任意子,并通过主动控制两类任意子之间的交换和编织,证实了任意子的分数统计特性[21],向实现拓扑量子计算的方向迈出了重要一步。
Web of Science检索数据显示,截至2024年4月2日,全球量子计算相关论文共计73 499篇。中国在量子计算领域的论文发表量排名第一,全球占比约26.74%,美国排名第二,全球占比约22.86%。但在高被引论文方面,中国的高被引论文数量与欧美仍有一定差距[22]。因量子计算领域国际合作广泛,论文统计时存在重复计算的情况,部分领先国家的论文发表情况见表1
根据2024年麦肯锡量子技术监测报告[23],中国、美国和日本在量子计算领域的专利申请数量远超其他国家,但中国的专利授权量与美国和日本的差距较大(表2)。除由于专利审查和授权存在一定的时间滞后外,也说明我国提交的专利质量水平参差不齐,专利的创新性及技术方案等仍存在一定的差距。
量子计算作为前沿技术,预示着计算机科学领域的新一轮革命。它凭借独特的计算方式,为解决传统计算难以攻克的难题提供了新可能,同时也面临诸多挑战。
超导量子计算在架构上可以分为3个层面,包括超导量子处理器、测控系统及量子算法实现,核心技术主要体现在量子处理器和测控系统上。量子处理器制备主要包括光刻、沉积、刻蚀、封装及表征测试等关键技术。量子处理器的控制依赖于极低温测试平台、室温电子学控制系统、软件控制系统的构建,未来还将用到低温电子学控制系统等。① 量子纠错方案是未来实现容错量子计算的必要工具。目前超导量子计算领域研究中主流的量子纠错方案,例如表面编码、玻色编码等,均由国外科学家首先提出和实施,中国研究者更多在跟随和改进,没有提出原创性的纠错方案。② 量子处理器封装技术是实现数百量子比特及更多比特集成的关键工艺。目前超导硅通孔(Through-Silicon Via, TSV)封装工艺尚处在研发的初期阶段,麻省理工学院、Rigetti公司等国外研究组已实现量子芯片正反面的简单信号互联,正在进一步发展TSV工艺以实现量子芯片的三维堆叠集成。国内已有苏州晶方半导体科技股份有限公司,江苏长电科技股份有限公司,华进半导体封装先导技术研发中心有限公司等企业实现了较为成熟的半导体TSV封装工艺,但超导TSV工艺还有待突破。
光量子计算的关键技术主要分为3类:一是与量子光源制备相关的技术,包括脉冲共振荧光技术产生单光子源、自发参量下转换技术产生压缩态光源、片上集成量子光源等;二是与集成光学芯片的加工测试有关的技术,包括飞秒激光直写、深紫外光刻、干(湿)刻蚀技术、光芯片仿真、光电封装等;三是与高效率光子探测相关的技术,包括超导纳米线单光子探测技术、基于过渡边缘传感器(Transition-Edge Sensors, TES)的光子数可分辨探测技术等。在核心技术方案上,我国有许多实质性贡献,如2013年实现的量子点脉冲共振荧光技术,已成为量子点单光子源领域的标准技术[24]
离子阱量子计算的关键技术包括离子阱设计及加工技术、高保真度的量子相干控制技术、超高真空处理技术、微纳加工及激光加工技术、低温恒温技术、超稳激光频率锁定技术、寻址操控技术、量子态测量技术等。我国在离子阱量子计算方面处于世界领先水平,但稍落后于美国最顶尖的研究组,主要差距在于支撑性硬件技术和设备,如离子阱的微纳加工工艺、多通道声光调制器性能等,如高端的多通道声光调制器(通道数 ≥64、带宽 ≥100 MHz)自主研发能力不足,且因美国的出口管制形成事实性禁运,导致目前能相干操控的离子数落后于世界顶尖水平。
中性原子量子计算的关键技术包括无缺陷单原子阵列的制备技术、冷原子量子比特相干时间延长技术、高保真度单比特量子逻辑门操控技术、高保真度两比特量子逻辑门操控技术、原子量子比特的互联技术等。在基于量子逻辑门的原子量子计算方面,我国处于世界第一梯队。从量子计算体系的5个最基础指标来看,我国在逻辑门操控的保真度和相干时间方面具有优势[25],虽然在原子量子比特数目和比特连接度方面略有落后,但有自身特色,整体水平与国际持平。当前国内外争夺的焦点将集中在对原子阵列进行量子逻辑门的操控,演示量子加速的量子算法,我国在这方面还欠缺针对原子体系优化的理论研究。
我国在半导体量子计算领域虽已取得从无到有的突破,同时在某些方面取得创新性进展,但整体来看,受限于起步基础薄弱,我们离国际最高水平还有较大差距,包括材料质量、器件制备工艺、比特操控保真度及比特数量等。除半导体量子计算本身所涉及的量子过程之外,其产业链条上下游配套领域同样需要重点关注:一方面,面临核心设备依赖进口的问题;另一方面,除了波形序列设置和比特操控层面的优化外,还需重视低温电子学的发展和应用,关注和推动测控电路与量子芯片低温集成的发展。
拓扑量子计算的关键技术包括优质材料(如高质量半导体和超导体等)的外延生长技术、高质量微纳器件和芯片的制备技术、低温低噪零能态测量技术、宇称或电荷量子测控技术、大规模芯片设计和制备技术等。拓扑态的出现需要强磁场环境,因此需要解决在较强磁场下仍然能保持高品质因子的微波谐振腔这一难题。目前国际上对该领域也开展了初步研究,集中在纳米线与超导微波共面波导耦合领域,利用微波光子信号读出纳米线中量子比特的状态。
我国量子计算与美国的差距主要体现在核心基础材料、关键设备、通用核心器件等的进口依赖上。而美国对我国的打压和制裁却在不断加码。2021年11月24日,科大国盾量子技术股份有限公司(简称国盾量子)及其子公司上海国盾量子信息技术有限公司,与中国科学技术大学合肥微尺度物质科学国家研究中心,一同被列入美国实体清单。这一决定,无疑是对中国量子科技领域的一次重大打击,同时也反映出中美科技竞争的日趋激烈。2022年8月,拜登签署《2022年芯片与科学法案》[26],该法案旨在加大对高精密半导体工艺仪器、设备、技术的管制,以维护美国的科技霸主地位,这无疑加剧了全球半导体产业的紧张局势。2022年10月,美国对华技术禁令范围进一步扩大,矛头直指量子计算和人工智能软件。此举无疑是要在量子计算和人工智能领域遏制中国的崛起。2024年,5月9日,美国商务部宣布将37个中国实体加入“实体清单”。根据美国商务部公布的理由,其中22个实体是因为获取或试图获取美国原产物项用于发展量子技术能力而被列入。这直接导致相关单位除无法采购量子计算领域的核心实验设备外,现有相关设备的稳定运行也无法得到保障。
麦肯锡研究报告显示[23],2023年全球拥有量子技术硕士学位的院校情况如下:美国16所,德国6所,西班牙5所,英国8所,俄罗斯新增3所,捷克2所,瑞士2所,荷兰2所,澳大利亚2所,其他国家和地区12所,共计58所,较2022年的50所增加了16%。欧盟已成为量子技术人才最集中的地区,美国次之。自教育部2020年首次增设量子信息科学专业以来,已陆续批准中国科学技术大学、国防科技大学等10余所院校开设量子信息科学专业。但量子科技作为前沿技术,其高端人才的培养周期较长,约为10年。同时,量子科技涉及物理、数学、计算机等多个学科的交叉融合,学术门槛高,技术范围广,需要跨学科的创新、整合能力。这导致目前全球尚未建立充足的人才蓄水池,人才效应不能立竿见影。
当前,我国量子信息科学人才紧缺,高端量子计算人才更是凤毛麟角。与国际水平相比,我国量子计算人才的数量更显不足[27]。例如,IBM实验室量子计算专业人才有2 000余人,而国内专业量子计算人才仅千人左右[28]。而量子信息科学的进步和相关技术产业的兴起,更是扩大了量子计算人才需求的缺口。根据麦肯锡的研究,量子计算领域的职位空缺远多于合格的量子人才候选人,每3个量子职位空缺只有1个合格的量子人才候选人。这种情况预计将持续恶化,到2025年,甚至只有不到50%的量子计算工作可以得到填补[29]
围绕量子信息基础理论和重大科学问题,加强量子纠错、量子比特操控和量子加密算法等基础研究。同时,考虑到量子计算技术及所依赖的关键支撑技术、核心设备和材料等将面临封锁或禁运风险,需部署从材料、设备到量子计算软硬系统的全部自主化,全面提升量子科技领域原始创新能力,推动重大共性关键技术突破。
量子计算部分技术路线研究已经从实验室的原理验证走向工程化试制阶段,从量子计算的发展趋势上看,未来要同步提高量子比特的质量和数量,增加量子线路的深度和广度,以满足后续复杂量子算法的需求;从量子计算的硬件载体上看,经过多年的发展现已逐步收敛到超导、光量子、离子阱、原子、半导体、拓扑等技术路线,但不排除未来其他新技术路线的崛起。因此,建议从多个层面布局多元技术路线,避免因某一技术路线遭遇难以逾越的技术“鸿沟”,导致前期投入付诸东流,错失突破机会。
为确保我国在量子计算领域的竞争力,必须优先考虑人才队伍建设。建议绘制量子计算人才资源地图,了解量子计算生态系统劳动力需求和分布,统筹我国量子计算人才,形成“合力”集中攻关;同时,建立和完善人才培养体系,加强“造血能力”,在本土培养具有国际竞争力的量子科技人才,并与学术界和工业界合作开发行业特定的高等教育计划,并建立候选人才管道以填补关键人才缺口。
加强与国际同行在量子计算领域的交流与合作,共同推动全球量子计算技术的发展。建立与国际知名企业和研究机构的合作机制,共同开展量子计算技术的研发和应用探索。通过合作提升我国量子计算技术的国际影响力和竞争力。同时,积极参与量子计算领域国际标准的制修订工作,推动我国量子计算技术标准的国际化进程。
量子计算是新一轮科技革命和产业革命的前沿领域,已成为主要科技强国科技博弈的战略高地。我国在量子计算领域整体处于国际第一梯队,但美国等对我国量子领域的技术封锁日趋严密,我国发展自主可控量子技术的需求极为迫切。因此,必须把握时代脉搏,持续加大研发力度,突破关键技术,保障供应链安全。同时,通过多元化的人才培养和国际合作,拓宽技术视野,提高创新能力,为我国量子计算事业的长远发展奠定坚实基础。在迎接挑战中不断前行,以期在全球科技竞争中占据有利地位,助力国家科技进步和经济社会发展的伟大征程。
  • 北京市财政科技经费
  • 北京市科技计划(Z221100005922006)
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doi: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2025.04.001
  • 接收时间:2025-09-05
  • 出版时间:2025-12-20
  • 发布时间:2025-12-30
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  • 收稿日期:2025-09-05
  • 修回日期:2025-10-31
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北京市科技计划(Z221100005922006)
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    北京量子信息科学研究院, 北京 100193

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genus
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species
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Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
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Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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