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The gate and valve serve as the core operational components of water-saving locks, enduring complex hydrodynamic loads. Their safety and reliability directly impact the safety and efficiency of navigation. With the development of locks towards larger scales and higher water heads, the gate and valve technology has become a critical challenge and decisive factor in constructing large-scale, high-head locks. The article summarizes and analyzes the urgent technical demands posed by the construction of large-scale water-saving ship locks on gates and valves, particularly in terms of high head and large-scale development. It also highlights key challenges related to structural safety, stability, and durability, as well as intelligent and digital monitoring. It proposes future development directions in several key areas, including gate and valve types suitable for ultra-high-head water-saving locks, the integrated “gate-mechanical-electrical-hydraulic” coupling system for large-scale gates and valves, hydraulic safety assurance and resilience enhancement of valves, and field monitoring and intelligent operation and maintenance of gates and valves in water-saving ship locks.

, correspAuthors=Xin WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
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闸阀门是省水船闸的核心运转部件,承受复杂水动力荷载,其安全可靠性直接影响通航安全与效率。随着船闸向大尺度、高水头发展,闸阀门技术已成为高水头大型船闸建设的关键挑战与决定性因素。文章总结分析大型省水船闸建设对闸阀门高水头、大型化发展的迫切技术需求,以及存在的结构安全、稳定耐久、数智监管等关键难题,提出发展适应超高水头大型省水船闸的闸阀门形式、探索大型闸阀门“门-机-电-水”耦合系统、研发输水阀门水动力安全保障与韧性提升技术、建立省水船闸闸阀门野外观测与智慧运维等建议。

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王新,教授级高级工程师,博士研究生导师。南京水利科学研究院航运工程研究室主任。主要从事通航水力学研究。主持国家级和省部级科研课题40余项。获省部级特等奖6项、一等奖5项。出版专著4部。授权发明专利30余件,参编行业标准10项。电子信箱:

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王新,教授级高级工程师,博士研究生导师。南京水利科学研究院航运工程研究室主任。主要从事通航水力学研究。主持国家级和省部级科研课题40余项。获省部级特等奖6项、一等奖5项。出版专著4部。授权发明专利30余件,参编行业标准10项。电子信箱:

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王新,教授级高级工程师,博士研究生导师。南京水利科学研究院航运工程研究室主任。主要从事通航水力学研究。主持国家级和省部级科研课题40余项。获省部级特等奖6项、一等奖5项。出版专著4部。授权发明专利30余件,参编行业标准10项。电子信箱:

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Journal of Performance of Constructed Facilities, 2017, 31(1), doi: 10.1061/(asce)cf.1943-5509.0000896., articleTitle=Numerical investigation of diagonals in miter gates: Looking for the optimum prestressing, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114795613258476, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1200407093535691098, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=25, issue=3, pageStart=755, pageEnd=781, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[18], rfOrder=27, authorNames=Li J M, Hu Y A, Wang X, journalName=Journal of Hydroinformatics, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Li J M, Hu Y A, Wang X, et al. Operation safety evaluation system of ship lock based on extension evaluation and combination weighting method[J]. Journal of Hydroinformatics, 2023, 25(3): 755-781., articleTitle=Operation safety evaluation system of ship lock based on extension evaluation and combination weighting method, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114795676173038, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1200407093535691098, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=173, issue=null, pageStart=718, pageEnd=728, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[19], rfOrder=28, authorNames=Riveros G A, Mahmoud H, Lozano C M, journalName=Engineering Structures, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Riveros G A, Mahmoud H, Lozano C M. Fatigue repair of underwater navigation steel structures using carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP)[J]. Engineering Structures, 2018, 173: 718-728., articleTitle=Fatigue repair of underwater navigation steel structures using carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP), refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114795734893296, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1200407093535691098, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=12, issue=9, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[20], rfOrder=29, authorNames=Lozano C M, Riveros G A, journalName=Materials, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Lozano C M, Riveros G A. Effects of adhesive bond-slip behavior on the capacity of innovative FRP retrofits for fatigue and fracture repair of hydraulic steel structures[J]. Materials, 2019, 12(9), doi: 10.3390/ma12091495., articleTitle=Effects of adhesive bond-slip behavior on the capacity of innovative FRP retrofits for fatigue and fracture repair of hydraulic steel structures, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114795793613554, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1200407093535691098, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2015, volume=62, issue=1, pageStart=14, pageEnd=25, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[21], rfOrder=30, authorNames=Ehlers S, Le Sourne H, Buldgen L, journalName=Ship Technology Research, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Ehlers S, Le Sourne H, Buldgen L, et al. A review of technical solutions and simulation approaches for ship collisions with lock gates[J]. Ship Technology Research, 2015, 62(1): 14-25., articleTitle=A review of technical solutions and simulation approaches for ship collisions with lock gates, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114795869111028, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1200407093535691098, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2013, volume=18, issue=5, pageStart=423, pageEnd=443, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[22], rfOrder=31, authorNames=Buldgen L, Le Sourne H, Rigo P, journalName=International Journal of Crashworthiness, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Buldgen L, Le Sourne H, Rigo P. Fast strength assessment of mitre gates to ship impact[J]. International Journal of Crashworthiness, 2013, 18(5): 423-443., articleTitle=Fast strength assessment of mitre gates to ship impact, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114795940414198, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1200407093535691098, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=null, issue=11, pageStart=100, pageEnd=107, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[23], rfOrder=32, authorNames=李姣, 张洁, 骆真波, journalName=水运工程, refType=null, unstructuredReference=李姣, 张洁, 骆真波, . 船舶撞击作用下人字闸门损伤特征及影响因素分析[J]. 水运工程, 2024(11): 100-107., articleTitle=船舶撞击作用下人字闸门损伤特征及影响因素分析, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114796011717368, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1200407093535691098, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=null, issue=11, pageStart=100, pageEnd=107, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[23], rfOrder=33, authorNames=Li J, Zhang J, Luo Z B, journalName=Port Waterway Engineering, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Li J, Zhang J, Luo Z B, et al. Analysis on damage characteristics and influencing factors of miter gates under ship impact[J]. Port Waterway Engineering, 2024(11): 100-107. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Analysis on damage characteristics and influencing factors of miter gates under ship impact, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114796095603450, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1200407093535691098, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[24], rfOrder=34, authorNames=An Y H, Gu R, Cui R T, journalName=Ocean Engineering, refType=null, unstructuredReference=An Y H, Gu R, Cui R T, et al. Nonlinear dynamic response analysis and assessment for miter gate subjected to ship impact[J]. Ocean Engineering, 2024, 310, doi: 10.1016/j.oceaneng.2024.118799., articleTitle=Nonlinear dynamic response analysis and assessment for miter gate subjected to ship impact, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114796158518012, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1200407093535691098, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=null, issue=11, pageStart=139, pageEnd=145, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[25], rfOrder=35, authorNames=林宁, 冀温源, 覃仕华, journalName=水运工程, refType=null, unstructuredReference=林宁, 冀温源, 覃仕华, . 新型船闸闸门重力消能式防撞装置试验研究[J]. 水运工程, 2024(11): 139-145., articleTitle=新型船闸闸门重力消能式防撞装置试验研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114796225626878, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1200407093535691098, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=null, issue=11, pageStart=139, pageEnd=145, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[25], rfOrder=36, authorNames=Lin N, Ji W Y, Qin S H, journalName=Port Waterway Engineering, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Lin N, Ji W Y, Qin S H, et al. Test study on new type of gravity energy dissipation collision prevention device for ship lock gate[J]. Port Waterway Engineering, 2024(11): 139-145. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Test study on new type of gravity energy dissipation collision prevention device for ship lock gate, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114796292735744, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1200407093535691098, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2025, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[26], rfOrder=37, authorNames=Li J M, Wang X, Hu Y A, journalName=Ships and Offshore Structures, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Li J M, Wang X, Hu Y A, et al. Performance of the Xiangjiaba ship lift chamber anti-collision device under impact by a design ship[J]. Ships and Offshore Structures, 2025, doi: 10.1080/17445302.2025.2463125., articleTitle=Performance of the Xiangjiaba ship lift chamber anti-collision device under impact by a design ship, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114796376621826, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1200407093535691098, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2006, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[27], rfOrder=38, authorNames=中华人民共和国交通部, journalName=船闸启闭机设计规范: JTJ 309—2005, refType=null, unstructuredReference=中华人民共和国交通部. 船闸启闭机设计规范: JTJ 309—2005[S]. 北京: 人民交通出版社, 2006., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114796431147780, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1200407093535691098, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2006, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[27], rfOrder=39, authorNames=Ministry of Communications of the People's Republic of China, journalName=Code for design of headstock gears of shiplocks: JTJ 309—2005, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Ministry of Communications of the People's Republic of China. Code for design of headstock gears of shiplocks: JTJ 309—2005[S]. Beijing: China Communications Press, 2006., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114796502450950, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1200407093535691098, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2013, volume=null, issue=12, pageStart=151, pageEnd=154, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[28], rfOrder=40, authorNames=王新, 严秀俊, journalName=水运工程, refType=null, unstructuredReference=王新, 严秀俊. 船闸平板输水阀门动力优化及流激振动特性分析[J]. 水运工程, 2013(12): 151-154., articleTitle=船闸平板输水阀门动力优化及流激振动特性分析, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114796565365512, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1200407093535691098, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2013, volume=null, issue=12, pageStart=151, pageEnd=154, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[28], rfOrder=41, authorNames=Wang X, Yan X J, journalName=Port Waterway Engineering, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Wang X, Yan X J. Dynamic optimization and flow-induced vibration study on plate valve of ship lock[J]. Port Waterway Engineering, 2013(12): 151-154. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Dynamic optimization and flow-induced vibration study on plate valve of ship lock, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114796661834506, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1200407093535691098, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=null, issue=10, pageStart=73, pageEnd=79, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[29], rfOrder=42, authorNames=王新, 严秀俊, 李媛, journalName=水运工程, refType=null, unstructuredReference=王新, 严秀俊, 李媛. 中高水头船闸平面阀门设计与工程实践[J]. 水运工程, 2019(10): 73-79., articleTitle=中高水头船闸平面阀门设计与工程实践, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114796720554764, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1200407093535691098, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=null, issue=10, pageStart=73, pageEnd=79, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[29], rfOrder=43, authorNames=Wang X, Yan X J, Li Y, journalName=Port Waterway Engineering, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Wang X, Yan X J, Li Y. Design and project application of plate valve in medium high-head ship lock[J]. Port Waterway Engineering, 2019(10): 73-79. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Design and project application of plate valve in medium high-head ship lock, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114796787663630, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1200407093535691098, doi=10.1007/s42241-019-0079-0, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=32, issue=2, pageStart=337, pageEnd=344, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[30], rfOrder=44, authorNames=Wang X, Hu Y A, Zhang J M, journalName=Journal of Hydrodynamics, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Wang X, Hu Y A, Zhang J M. Experimental study of anti-cavitation mechanism of valve lintel natural aeration of high head lock[J]. Journal of Hydrodynamics, 2020, 32(2): 337-344., articleTitle=Experimental study of anti-cavitation mechanism of valve lintel natural aeration of high head lock, refAbstract=In view of the serious valve top gap cavitation problem of Datengxia high head single-lift ship lock, the 1:1 scale slice experimental method, which can truly describe the gap flow characteristics, has been adopted for the investigation of the valve top gap cavitation characteristics and the anti-cavitation mechanism of natural aeration. Three kinds of cavitation, namely, throat, mainstream inner, and valve plate, are determined and have occurred step-by-step in the gap section because of the development of the cavitation. The anti-cavitation mechanism of the natural aeration measure increases the pressure of the gap flow through ventilation, eliminates the mainstream inner and valve plate cavitation, and weakens the throat cavitation. The negative pressure zone of the gap section gradually extends with the development of cavitation until the gap section is filled with a stable -10 m water head. When the natural aeration measure is employed, the pressure of the gap section approximately reaches the -2 m water head, and the cavitation disappears. The systematic tests reveal the quadratic polynomial relationship between the pressure of the gap and the ventilation per meter width. The pressure, which corresponds to the maximum value of ventilation at the beginning of the gap, approximately reaches the -2 m water head, and pressure and ventilation reach the equilibrium state limit. When the pressure of the gap increases when the valve is opened, the ventilation gradually decreases until the natural aeration stops. The gap section length for high head valves has a great effect on natural aeration and should be long enough to maintain the stable negative pressure of the gap, whereas the throat width has minimal effect. Results are beneficial to the anti-cavitation design of the high head lock valve.), Reference(id=1242114796863161104, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1200407093535691098, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=null, issue=12, pageStart=140, pageEnd=144, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[31], rfOrder=45, authorNames=邢述炳, 王进, 顾海瑞, journalName=水运工程, refType=null, unstructuredReference=邢述炳, 王进, 顾海瑞. 船闸平面阀门主轨道技术进展[J]. 水运工程, 2017(12): 140-144., articleTitle=船闸平面阀门主轨道技术进展, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114796938658578, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1200407093535691098, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=null, issue=12, pageStart=140, pageEnd=144, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[31], rfOrder=46, authorNames=Xing S B, Wang J, Gu H R, journalName=Port Waterway Engineering, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Xing S B, Wang J, Gu H R. Technology development of main track of plane valve in ship lock[J]. Port Waterway Engineering, 2017(12): 140-144. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Technology development of main track of plane valve in ship lock, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114797018350356, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1200407093535691098, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[32], rfOrder=47, authorNames=Wei Z Y, Mei D C, Wei Z, journalName=Journal of Alloys and Compounds, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Wei Z Y, Mei D C, Wei Z, et al. Microstructure and mechanical properties of the (Al1/6Cr1/6Nb1/6Ta1/6Ti1/3)O2 high-entropy ceramic coating prepared by laser cladding[J]. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2024, 995, doi: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2024.174850., articleTitle=Microstructure and mechanical properties of the (Al1/6Cr1/6Nb1/6Ta1/6Ti1/3)O2 high-entropy ceramic coating prepared by laser cladding, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114797081264918, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1200407093535691098, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2015, volume=null, issue=10, pageStart=118, pageEnd=124, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[33], rfOrder=48, authorNames=陈琼, 李云, 刘本芹, journalName=水运工程, refType=null, unstructuredReference=陈琼, 李云, 刘本芹, . 船闸人字闸门水动力特性研究进展[J]. 水运工程, 2015(10): 118-124., articleTitle=船闸人字闸门水动力特性研究进展, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114797144179478, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1200407093535691098, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2015, volume=null, issue=10, pageStart=118, pageEnd=124, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[33], rfOrder=49, authorNames=Chen Q, Li Y, Liu B Q, journalName=Port Waterway Engineering, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Chen Q, Li Y, Liu B Q, et al. Research progress in hydrodynamic characteristics of miter gate[J]. Port Waterway Engineering, 2015(10): 118-124. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Research progress in hydrodynamic characteristics of miter gate, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114797211288343, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1200407093535691098, doi=10.3969/j.issn.0254-0150.2022.08.015, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=47, issue=8, pageStart=107, pageEnd=113, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[34], rfOrder=50, authorNames=赵新泽, 王兴华, 徐翔, journalName=润滑与密封, refType=null, unstructuredReference=赵新泽, 王兴华, 徐翔, . 石墨润滑下人字闸门底枢摩擦副摩擦学性能[J]. 润滑与密封, 2022, 47(8): 107-113., articleTitle=石墨润滑下人字闸门底枢摩擦副摩擦学性能, refAbstract=为研究石墨润滑条件下各参数对人字闸门底枢摩擦副摩擦磨损性能的影响,采用UMT-2多功能摩擦磨损试验机进行销-盘摩擦副试验,模拟闸门底枢低速重载工况条件,研究不同摩擦速度、石墨粒径下不同表面粗糙度人字闸门底枢摩擦副的摩擦磨损性能。试验结果表明:在不同转速工况下,表面粗糙度为0.8 μm的摩擦副采用粒径10 μm石墨颗粒润滑时润滑性能最优,表面粗糙度为2.0 μm的摩擦副采用粒径21 μm石墨颗粒润滑时润滑性能最优;随着转速增加,摩擦副摩擦因数与磨损量均增加。研究表明,石墨粒径大小和摩擦副表面粗糙度共同影响摩擦副摩擦学性能,这为闸门底枢的固体润滑剂选择和摩擦参数设计提供理论依据。), Reference(id=1242114797270008601, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1200407093535691098, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=47, issue=8, pageStart=107, pageEnd=113, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[34], rfOrder=51, authorNames=Zhao X Z, Wang X H, Xu X, journalName=Lubrication Engineering, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhao X Z, Wang X H, Xu X, et al. Tribological properties of friction pair of bottom pivot of miter gate under graphite lubrication[J]. Lubrication Engineering, 2022, 47(8): 107-113. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Tribological properties of friction pair of bottom pivot of miter gate under graphite lubrication, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114797341311771, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1200407093535691098, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2000, volume=null, issue=9, pageStart=40, pageEnd=42, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[35], rfOrder=52, authorNames=朱国纲, 卞兆盛, journalName=水运工程, refType=null, unstructuredReference=朱国纲, 卞兆盛. 提高人字闸门焊接接头疲劳强度的探讨[J]. 水运工程, 2000(9): 40-42., articleTitle=提高人字闸门焊接接头疲劳强度的探讨, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114797412614941, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1200407093535691098, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2000, volume=null, issue=9, pageStart=40, pageEnd=42, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[35], rfOrder=53, authorNames=Zhu G G, Bian Z S, journalName=Port Waterway Engineering, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhu G G, Bian Z S. Investigation and discussion on improving fatigue strength of welded joint of miter gate[J]. Port Waterway Engineering, 2000(9): 40-42. 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现代运河省水船闸大型闸阀门研究进展及发展建议
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王新 1, , 薛淑 1 , 何俊辉 2 , 钟林斌 2 , 陈志宏 3 , 严秀俊 1
前瞻科技 | 综述与述评 2025,4(3): 108-117
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前瞻科技 | 综述与述评 2025, 4(3): 108-117
现代运河省水船闸大型闸阀门研究进展及发展建议
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王新1, , 薛淑1, 何俊辉2, 钟林斌2, 陈志宏3, 严秀俊1
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  • 1.南京水利科学研究院,南京 210029
  • 2.平陆运河集团有限公司,南宁 530022
  • 3.江苏省高港船闸管理所,泰州 225321
  • 王新,教授级高级工程师,博士研究生导师。南京水利科学研究院航运工程研究室主任。主要从事通航水力学研究。主持国家级和省部级科研课题40余项。获省部级特等奖6项、一等奖5项。出版专著4部。授权发明专利30余件,参编行业标准10项。电子信箱:

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Research Progress and Development Recommendations on Large-scale Water-saving Ship Lock Gate and Valve in Modern Canals
Xin WANG1, , Shu XUE1, Junhui HE2, Linbin ZHONG2, Zhihong CHEN3, Xiujun YAN1
Affiliations
  • 1. Nanjing Hydraulic Research Institute, Nanjing 210029, China
  • 2. Pinglu Canal Group Co., Ltd., Nanning 530022, China
  • 3. Jiangsu Gaogang Ship Lock Management Office, Taizhou 225321, China
出版时间: 2025-09-20 doi: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2025.03.010
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闸阀门是省水船闸的核心运转部件,承受复杂水动力荷载,其安全可靠性直接影响通航安全与效率。随着船闸向大尺度、高水头发展,闸阀门技术已成为高水头大型船闸建设的关键挑战与决定性因素。文章总结分析大型省水船闸建设对闸阀门高水头、大型化发展的迫切技术需求,以及存在的结构安全、稳定耐久、数智监管等关键难题,提出发展适应超高水头大型省水船闸的闸阀门形式、探索大型闸阀门“门-机-电-水”耦合系统、研发输水阀门水动力安全保障与韧性提升技术、建立省水船闸闸阀门野外观测与智慧运维等建议。

现代运河  /  省水船闸  /  闸阀门  /  结构形式  /  劣化机制  /  韧性提升

The gate and valve serve as the core operational components of water-saving locks, enduring complex hydrodynamic loads. Their safety and reliability directly impact the safety and efficiency of navigation. With the development of locks towards larger scales and higher water heads, the gate and valve technology has become a critical challenge and decisive factor in constructing large-scale, high-head locks. The article summarizes and analyzes the urgent technical demands posed by the construction of large-scale water-saving ship locks on gates and valves, particularly in terms of high head and large-scale development. It also highlights key challenges related to structural safety, stability, and durability, as well as intelligent and digital monitoring. It proposes future development directions in several key areas, including gate and valve types suitable for ultra-high-head water-saving locks, the integrated “gate-mechanical-electrical-hydraulic” coupling system for large-scale gates and valves, hydraulic safety assurance and resilience enhancement of valves, and field monitoring and intelligent operation and maintenance of gates and valves in water-saving ship locks.

modern canals  /  water-saving ship lock  /  gate and valve  /  structure type  /  degradation mechanism  /  toughness improvement
王新, 薛淑, 何俊辉, 钟林斌, 陈志宏, 严秀俊. 现代运河省水船闸大型闸阀门研究进展及发展建议. 前瞻科技, 2025 , 4 (3) : 108 -117 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2025.03.010
Xin WANG, Shu XUE, Junhui HE, Linbin ZHONG, Zhihong CHEN, Xiujun YAN. Research Progress and Development Recommendations on Large-scale Water-saving Ship Lock Gate and Valve in Modern Canals[J]. Science and Technology Foresight, 2025 , 4 (3) : 108 -117 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2025.03.010
运河作为人工开挖的航道,在促进区域水网互联、提升航运效率和服务交通强国战略中具有重要地位。近年来,随着中国高等级航道网的加快建设,一批现代运河工程陆续推进,对通航建筑物提出了更高要求[1]。省水船闸作为通航建筑物的主要形式之一,其规模、水头和技术指标不断突破,已成为影响运河航运效能与水资源利用率的关键环节。
闸阀门作为省水船闸的核心控制设备,其性能直接关系到船闸运行的可靠性、安全性与节水效率。随着省水船闸正朝着大型化、高水头化方向发展,传统闸阀门在结构设计、水力特性、材料抗蚀及运行控制等方面面临一系列严峻挑战,已成为制约高水头大型省水船闸技术发展的瓶颈。文章立足于现代运河省水船闸建设需求,系统梳理大型省水船闸闸阀门的技术特点、研究进展与关键难题,并对其未来发展方向提出建议,以期为提升中国省水船闸技术水平和推动重大工程建设提供参考。
通航建筑物是实现河流渠化、沟通不同水系的重要水工建筑形式,是内河水运网的节点控制工程。通航建筑物经历了近2 000年的发展,主要包括船闸和升船机两种形式。船闸历史悠久、数量最多。美国和苏联在船闸方面研究较早,而中国近年船闸建设发展迅速,先后建成了规模最大和技术最复杂的三峡双线连续五级船闸(总水头113 m)、水头最高的单级大型船闸——大藤峡船闸(水头40.25 m)、最大的内河船闸群——西江长洲四线船闸等代表性工程,船闸建设技术取得了长足的进步。
在船闸发展过程中,考虑到水资源分布不均衡、水资源综合高效利用、建设运维节能减排等因素,出现了多种省水形式的船闸,如多级船闸、双线互通船闸和带省水池船闸等,其中带省水池的省水船闸在运河通航中应用最为广泛[2]。省水船闸是运河枢纽工程适应节水需求的必然选择。省水船闸源于19世纪法国,在国外已有百年的研究历史。德国是世界上省水船闸数量最多的国家。莱茵河—多瑙河运河航道全长171 km,共布置有16座船闸,其中13座为省水船闸。巴拿马运河船闸受水量影响很大,因枯水期缺水常导致无法正常通航,因此船闸省水技术应用尤为典型。新建第三线船闸为连续三级,每级布置3个省水池,省水率可达到87%。中国早在20世纪50—60年代已开展省水船闸研究和设计,包括长江三峡[3]、郑家岗、乌江银盘、大藤峡[4]、白市、白马、巴江口、彭水等多个省水船闸工程,但到21世纪才建成了长洲三四线船闸、飞来峡二三线船闸等互灌互泄方式省水船闸,直至近期才在山东小清河复航工程中建成了带省水池的省水船闸[5]。目前,多座省水船闸正在设计和建设中,包括在建的平陆运河马道和企石双线省水船闸(最大省水船闸群)、百色省水船闸(梯形断面省水池)等。省水船闸研究主要集中在总体布置[6]、输水系统[7]、船闸结构[8]和运行控制[9]等方面。总体上,中国省水船闸技术需求量大,处于发展阶段,但尚缺乏实践经验。
省水船闸一直向着更大尺度、更高水头方向快速发展。巴拿马运河新建船闸闸室宽度已达55 m;基尔运河北海侧两线大型船闸宽度也达到了42 m。中国省水船闸最大闸室宽度为34 m。平陆运河马道和企石30 m级水头省水船闸即将建成,而白市、彭水二线、沙沱二线等工程已开展60 m级水头省水船闸方案研究;金沙江下游高坝直航更是启动了100 m级省水船闸可行性研究。省水船闸不仅能够节水,还可以有效减小充泄水运行水头,期望采用可靠性更高的高水头省水船闸替代升船机方案。未来跨水系运河建设对60 m级水头及更高水头的大型省水船闸技术需求迫切。
闸阀门(工作闸门和输水阀门)作为船闸的重要运转件,已成为船闸安全高效运行的关键。工作闸门是设在上、下闸首上的活动挡水设备,其形式选择与技术进步,始终与水运工程的发展需求紧密相连。在1958年京杭运河第一期整治工程中,刘山、邵伯、施桥3个梯级船闸需承受双向水头而采用横拉闸门结构型式。由于横拉闸门具有水下支承运转件易损坏、闸门抗倾覆稳定性较差、闸首土建结构复杂、高频率维修经常造成断航等缺点,逐渐被三角闸门所替代。三角闸门因其具有能承受双向水头,可在动水时启闭,启闭力小,使用灵活等优点,使其在感潮河段的低水头中小型船闸上得到广泛应用(占比10%以上)[10]。例如,20世纪70—90年代投入使用的樊川船闸、谏壁船闸、九圩港船闸等,均采用三角闸门。自本世纪初以来,人字闸门因其结构合理、启闭效率高,尤其适用于高水头(30 m以上)大型船闸,成为国内外应用最广泛的门型(占比超过70%),且该门型设计与制造能力不断取得突破。例如,2003年建成的三峡船闸,第一闸首人字闸门创造了国内外36 m最大淹没水深记录。2020年建成的大藤峡船闸,其下闸首人字闸门成为世界最大船闸闸门(34 m门宽、47.5 m门高)。2025年批复建设的三峡水运新通道,其人字闸门的口门宽度将增大到40 m。
输水阀门是指设在船闸输水廊道中或工作闸门输水孔口上用来控制灌、泄水的阀门,主要分为平面阀门和反向弧形阀门两种形式。阀门形式的选择与水头提升紧密相关,以适应不同水力条件的需要。中低水头(30 m以下)船闸多采用平面阀门,例如,平陆运河30 m级水头省水船闸设置有三级省水池,输水阀门最大水头10.76 m,适合采用平门阀门。而高水头船闸则优先选用反向弧形阀门,例如,60 m级水头的白市省水船闸最大输水水头23.84 m,更适合采用反向弧形阀门。随着省水船闸向大尺度、超高水头方向发展,阀门工作状态愈加复杂。阀门设计已不仅关乎启闭可靠性,更直接影响到闸室充泄水效率及过闸船舶的停泊安全,是现代船闸工程的关键技术瓶颈之一。
省水船闸与普通船闸相比,上下闸首及布置于闸首的工作闸门和输水阀门基本相同,不同的是省水船闸在闸室与省水池之间还有控制互相充泄水的连通廊道和阀门,使得省水船闸的输水阀门具有以下特点。
(1)输水阀门数量多。为了提高阀门的正常运行保证率,闸室与省水池连通廊道通常布置两扇阀门,其中一扇作为备用阀门,并兼做检修阀门。以平陆运河马道枢纽省水船闸为例,其采用三级省水池与互灌互泄设计,如图1图2所示。每级省水池与闸室之间设置两支连通输水廊道,共4扇输水阀门,三级即布置12扇阀门,再加上上、下闸首4扇阀门,则一座带三级省水池的省水船闸需要布置16扇输水阀门,是普通船闸的4倍。
(2)阀门启闭次数多、耗时长。在充泄水运行中,普通船闸仅需要上下闸首阀门启闭1次,而平陆运河省水船闸闸室与三级省水池之间需要逐级输水,多组阀门逐级启闭4次,阀门启闭运行和输水需要较长时间,在实现省水的情况下会降低一定的船闸运行效率。
(3)阀门双向输水工作。闸室与省水池之间通过连通廊道相互输水,连通阀门需要不断进行正向和反向输水,即承受双向水头、双向止水和双向输水,阀门长期在正反交变荷载的复杂条件下运行。
目前在建的平陆运河马道和企石大型省水船闸已经达到了国内外最高水平,人字闸门高度接近40 m。省水船闸人字闸门技术存在以下问题:① 高水头大型省水船闸使人字闸门的尺度和重量大幅增大[11],闸门自重偏心力矩和扭转变形显著增大,对闸门底枢运转件耐久性提出了更高的要求,底枢蘑菇头的磨损破坏问题突出,直接影响闸门安全平稳运行。② 大型人字闸门“挡水高应力-启闭低应力”长期循环变化易发生局部结构疲劳破坏。例如,美国80%的船闸已投运60年以上,闸门结构疲劳损伤问题日益加剧;中国的葛洲坝船闸投运40余年,人字闸门底部主梁下翼缘出现了不同程度的裂缝[12]。③ 随着人字闸门尺度和通航船舶吨级的增大,人字闸门受到船舶撞击发生严重事故的风险增大,防撞安全也是人字闸门面临的关键技术难题。
人字闸门支承运转件磨损问题十分复杂,磨损是表层点蚀、基层锈蚀与磨损共同作用的过程,这对支承装置的综合性能提出了很高的要求。一方面,支承装置基材通常选用综合性能较好的优质碳素钢或合金钢[13];另一方面,还要对基材表面采取强化处理工艺,以获得更好的耐磨和耐腐性能。传统的表面强化工艺有淬火、镀铬、渗氮处理等,淬火易产生较大的温度应力和淬火变形,表层硬度高但抗冲击韧性不足;镀铬则属于重污染工艺,镀铬层较薄,与基材融合强度不高,镀层表面呈脆性,易发生脱落开裂,且镀层表面易出现针孔,使内部基材出现锈蚀,耐久性较差;在船闸超大型三角闸门底枢蘑菇头表面防护工艺中已应用了激光熔覆技术,取得了较好的效果[14]
针对人字闸门长期运行疲劳损伤问题,研究主要集中在人字闸门结构受力与疲劳分析[15]、应力变化规律监测分析、船闸运行技术状态评估[16]、结构裂缝修复处理等。美国曾针对船闸人字闸门焊缝疲劳寿命评估中传统方法的不足,通过12个全尺寸试样疲劳测试构建了更准确的应力-生命周期(S-N)曲线。人字闸门运行中背拉杆受力状态经常变化,甚至发生松弛振荡。背拉杆预应力对人字闸门受力状态和疲劳寿命有一定影响。背拉杆需要调整寻找合适的预应力[17]。为合理分析人字闸门服役状态,提出集应力、变形、裂纹、腐蚀、振动、跳动量等一系列指标在内的人字闸门运行技术状态评估方法[18]。针对门体结构开裂,中国采用止裂孔、补焊及局部加强措施处理;美国研究提出新型复合修理材料,并开展计算和试验论证[19-20]
针对闸门防撞安全问题,部分国家已提出相应的船闸闸门抗撞设计标准(如德国DIN 19704、法国CETMEF指南、美国陆军工程兵团EM1110-2-3402手册等),多基于刚性结构假设,未充分考虑闸门的弹塑性变形[21]。在分析方法方面,基于超单元法的简化分析方法通过分解结构变形模式,实现了局部压溃与整体弯曲行为的耦合分析,为早期设计阶段提供了快速评估工具[22]。此外,国内外学者在冲击作用下闸门的动态响应方面取得了一系列成果[23]。研究发现,船舶速度、吨位、碰撞位置和角度等因素对人字闸门的动态响应、能量耗散和损伤情况均有影响[24]。荷兰采用“智能变形合金+液压缓冲”系统,使鹿特丹船闸可抵御万吨级船舶5 m/s撞击;美国应用模块化橡胶护舷,但吸能效率仅为40%~50%;欧洲推行基于数字孪生的实时监测体系,动态评估闸门剩余承载力。国内研制了重力消能式防撞装置在西江长洲三四线船闸应用,借助拦阻索与配重系统的协作机制,将3 000 t级船舶的撞击动能高效转化为势能,展现出强大的拦截能力[25],还有多座大型升船机船厢防撞装置的研发与应用[26],也为船闸防撞技术的发展开拓了新的思路。
由于省水船闸输水阀门数量多,且需依次启闭,为提高船闸的运行效率,需要加快阀门的启闭运行速度。以平陆运河带三级省水池的省水船闸为例,为达到一次过闸输水时间15 min,尺寸为5.5 m×6.5 m(孔口宽×高)的平面阀门需要在1 min时间内完成启门、在0.5 min内完成闭门,阀门开启和关闭的运行速度分别达到8 m/min和16 m/min,远超出规范中液压启闭机启闭运行速度限值(4 m/min)[27]。平面阀门快速启闭运行在快速液压启闭机技术与可靠性验证、阀门快速启闭运行水动力安全、双向输水平面阀门启闭力及影响因素、大型平面阀门流激振动与空化特性、阀门止水及轨道支承结构可靠性等方面带来一系列技术问题。
针对输水阀门快速启闭运行难题,平陆运河省水船闸开展了平面阀门快速液压启闭机系统研发,并先后组织进行了液压启闭机全尺度卧缸空载试验、竖缸额定荷载试验、液压启闭机与阀门一体化试验。通过千余组不间断模拟运行测试,全面论证了平面阀门快速启闭运行特性、快速运行减速的缓冲效果、油缸内部活塞杆与缓冲套等元件的磨损情况。样机试验表明,快速液压启闭机运行良好,能够满足工程应用要求,在3 000 kN大容量快速液压启闭机方面取得了重要创新突破,不仅给平陆运河省水船闸建设提供技术支撑,也为未来拟建的多座省水船闸阀门快速启闭运行设计提供参考。
针对平面阀门运行中复杂的水动力学问题,研究者在改善水流条件、平稳启闭运行和增强阀门结构抗振性能方面开展阀门结构体型优化设计研究,提出了双面板平面阀门结构及合理的底缘形式[28-29],可为省水船闸平面阀门设计所参考。平面阀门启闭力通常较大,尤其当阀门尺寸较大时,在阀门启闭力中由水流引起的下吸力和上托力最难确定,规范取值不宜直接采用,一般通过物理模型试验测试获得。当在船闸运行中发生意外事故时,需要输水阀门能够及时动水关闭。一方面,要求阀门能够在无启闭机下压力条件下依靠自重实现动水闭门,宜对阀门适当配重以确保其无条件动水闭门。长洲四线船闸群、桥巩船闸、旁海船闸、平陆运河马道和企石船闸的平面阀门均采用了阀门内部配重措施。另一方面,需要掌握因快速闭门和水流惯性引起的作用在阀门水平方向上的冲击荷载,即水动力荷载系数(冲击荷载与初始挡水荷载的比值)大小及其对阀门运行安全的影响。平陆运河省水船闸平面阀门水动力学模型试验表明,事故紧急动水闭门引起的水动力荷载系数最大值达1.8,远大于常规船闸正常速度动水闭门的水动力荷载系数(最大1.1~1.3),需以此水动力荷载系数复核阀门门叶-支承-橡胶止水结构的受力特性。对于中高水头船闸阀门,需要论证阀门空化特性并研究防空化措施,通常通过减压模型试验研究阀门空化特性,主要利用门楣自然通气措施解决阀门空化问题[30],对于双向输水的平面阀门需要在阀门的上下游门楣同时布置掺气减蚀装置。
平面阀门主轨道承受主滚轮较大的水平压力和冲击力,在长期不间断的动水启闭运行中,轨道大多发生严重磨损。统计多座船闸平面阀门发现,一个大修周期(10年)内轨道平均磨损量约10 mm[31]。轨道磨损会引起滚轮受力严重不均、阀门启闭运行卡阻或跳动、阀门启闭力显著增大等问题,为提高滚轮与轨道的抗磨性能,平面阀门的设计从整体式轨道,到外挂式镶面板可拆卸轨道,再到嵌入式镶面板可拆卸轨道,越来越便于维护。轨道踏面材料选用也不断改进,早期采用Q345钢或ZG270-500铸钢作为直接磨损踏面,随后发展为经调质处理的45钢作为镶面板,再改进为经渗氮处理的38CrMoAl钢作为镶面板,使得轨道踏面耐磨性能逐步增强。近年来,为提高主轨镶面板表面耐磨性能,研究者在选用较好钢材的基础上开展防护工艺研究,探讨了陶瓷/石墨烯涂层、激光熔覆[32]等工艺的抗磨性能,并在多座船闸陆续应用。
1)省水船闸高水头大型化发展
在中国现代运河发展规划中,沟通不同水系需要跨越分水岭,省水船闸的水头将从目前平陆运河省水船闸的30 m级增至60 m级,甚至达到百米级。然而,目前工作闸门和输水阀门仅有40 m级水头的应用经验,现有的闸阀门形式能否满足超高水头条件,如何优化改进或提出新型闸阀门结构形式,以适应省水船闸高水头大型化发展需求,是目前面临的技术挑战之一。
2)省水船闸闸阀门水动力安全
省水船闸闸阀门在运行中存在复杂的流固耦合问题,而目前省水船闸闸阀门相关研究与实践较少,亟须厘清闸阀门与水流之间的相互作用[33],进而从水力学和结构两个方面优化,以保障闸阀门安全平稳运行。尤其在船闸工作水头较大、阀门快速启闭运行等不利条件下,亟待解决双向输水交变水动力荷载、流激振动、空化空蚀、大型人字闸门动水阻力矩及振动特性等难题。
3)省水船闸长期服役耐久性提升
随着水运工程建造标准的不断提高,“平安百年”品质工程理念已深入人心。现代运河建设对混凝土工程、金属结构工程等设计寿命提出更高要求。针对船闸工程中常见的闸阀门运转件磨损[34]、门体局部开裂[35]、大面积锈蚀等问题,如何在材料、结构、工艺等方面进一步创新研发,以提高闸阀门的耐久性和服役年限,是面临的技术挑战之一。
4)现代运河省水船闸数智化监管
构建数字化、网络化、智能化的智慧交通体系是交通强国建设的重点任务,是现代运河工程建设数智化的重要发展方向。省水船闸闸阀门是船闸运行乃至整条航路通航的关键设备设施,其数量众多且工作于水面以下恶劣环境。如何将传统建设运维与新兴人工智能技术相融合,实现闸阀门建设期及运行期技术状态智能监管,保障其长期安全可靠运行,是目前面临的技术挑战之一。
1)超高水力指标复杂条件下闸阀门设计技术创新
针对省水船闸工作水头、船闸尺度不断增大给工作闸门和输水阀门带来的巨大挑战,重点开展超高指标条件下人字闸门结构受力安全分析,提出大型人字闸门结构优化布置[36],探讨人字闸门应用的合理边界,包括闸室宽度、工作水头等指标范围[37],研究高水头大型双向输水阀门形式及布置,建立大型闸阀门结构动态优化设计技术。
2)省水船闸闸阀门运行流固耦合瞬态响应机制
针对省水船闸闸阀门运行中复杂的流固耦合问题,重点开展闸阀门启闭运行过程结构与水流双向耦合作用机制研究,通过超大型人字闸门在不同的淹没水深、启闭方式等条件下流固耦合瞬态动力学模拟,揭示门前门后水位涌高与跌落、人字闸门动水阻力矩变化规律及影响因素[38],研究运河水位波动引起人字闸门漂移机理,探讨双向输水阀门启闭运行流固耦合振动与应对措施。
3)闸阀门全寿命期劣化机制与模拟预测
针对闸阀门长期服役耐久性提升技术挑战,重点开展超大型人字闸门高应力低周疲劳损伤机制、闸阀门支承结构磨损发展演变机制与先进修复技术、闸阀门支承与运转件表面防护工艺[39]、盐水入侵环境条件下闸阀门结构腐蚀机制与模拟预测、水生物对闸阀门腐蚀影响机制与应对措施等方面研究探索,揭示闸阀门全寿命期技术状态劣化机制,构建闸阀门状态演变数值模拟预测方法。
4)闸阀门运行安全智能监测评估预警与保障措施
针对闸阀门建设运维智能监管技术挑战,重点开展闸阀门技术状态感知[40]、诊断、评估、预警、维护、修复全面系统的智慧管理技术研究,具体包括恶劣环境条件下闸阀门全寿命期安全监测技术[41]、闸阀门运行故障智能诊断与综合评估方法、技术状态指标预警阈值与安全控制标准、科学先进的维护技术及便于维护的设计方案等。
1)发展适应超高水头大型省水船闸闸阀门形式
为适应超高水头大型省水船闸建设,亟须发展新型闸阀门形式。在工作闸门方面,加快超高水头潜孔式弧形闸门关键技术研究,并制定和完善适用于潜孔式弧形闸门的设计规范、制造标准、检测规程和健康评估标准,形成具有自主知识产权的技术体系。对于输水阀门,需要明确平面阀门的合适工作水头范围,优化创新弧形阀门布置形式,满足超高水头双向挡水与输水需求。
2)探索大型闸阀门“门-机-电-水”耦合系统
发展超大型人字闸门和高水头快速输水阀门“门体-启闭机-电气-水流”多专业交叉耦合系统,增强多分系统协同作用机制,创新大容量快速液压启闭机油缸密封缓冲件及液压系统。依托省水船闸工程,跟踪检验快速启闭机长期运行稳定性与耐久性,优化阀门快速启闭系统设计及人字闸门变速启闭运行方式,实现启闭机械与闸阀门一体化高效安全运转。
3)研发输水阀门水动力安全保障与韧性提升技术
阀门正反向输水高速水流空化振动是制约其向超高水头应用的重要因素,需要发展超高水头输水阀门水动力安全保障与韧性提升技术。研究双向输水阀门空化振动特性、影响因素及防空化减振措施,构建输水阀门防空化技术体系,优化输水阀门结构门体-吊杆-支承系统设计[43],研发“关节轴承-导槽”“滚轮-轨道”等运转件耐磨防护工艺,发展输水阀门韧性综合提升技术。
4)建立省水船闸闸阀门野外观测与智慧运维平台
为保障省水船闸长期安全高效运行并提升运维管理水平,亟须促进闸阀门长期观测与智慧运维发展。建立现代运河省水船闸野外观测站,研究闸阀门运行技术状态长期演化规律,构建闸阀门运行故障或事故典型特征及性能劣化过程数据库,研发基于机器学习数据驱动与机理模型相融合的闸阀门运行状态预测及寿命评估方法,建设闸阀门运行维护数字孪生智能监管平台。
随着交通强国战略的实施,多条现代运河正在规划或建设,闸阀门作为现代运河工程重要的基础设施——省水船闸的核心运转件,其安全可靠运行直接关系到船闸的通航安全与效率。省水船闸输水阀门具有数量多、启闭速度快、双向输水等突出特点,其运行水动力条件十分复杂,现代运河建设在大型省水船闸闸阀门领域存在一系列技术难题。近几年,围绕平陆运河大型省水船闸闸阀门技术问题,在快速液压启闭机研发与可靠性验证、阀门快速启闭双向运行水动力安全、阀门止水及轨道支承结构耐久性等方面取得了重要研究进展,但总体上,中国在省水船闸运行实践方面仍缺乏经验,相关的研究成果还需要进一步检验。随着现代运河省水船闸向更大尺度、超高水头发展,闸阀门面临着更为严峻的技术挑战,将成为高水头大型省水船闸建设的决定性影响因素。
当前大型省水船闸闸阀门逐渐迈向智能化、高可靠性与长寿命的深度融合,其研究重点聚焦于复杂水动力荷载精准预测、极端水力条件下流固耦合机理揭示、空化与空蚀防护技术研发、结构优化与轻量化设计及智能监测与安全评估,发展趋势体现在智能化与数字化赋能、多学科协同与跨界融合。然而,这些研究方向仍相对分散,尚未形成系统化的解决方案,亟须构建成熟、可靠、可推广的技术体系,为超高水头大型省水船闸建设提供核心装备技术支撑。
  • 广西科技重大专项(桂科AA23062035)
  • 江苏省水利科技项目(2024042)
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2025年第4卷第3期
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doi: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2025.03.010
  • 接收时间:2025-05-07
  • 出版时间:2025-09-20
  • 发布时间:2025-10-17
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  • 收稿日期:2025-05-07
  • 修回日期:2025-07-03
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广西科技重大专项(桂科AA23062035)
江苏省水利科技项目(2024042)
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    1.南京水利科学研究院,南京 210029
    2.平陆运河集团有限公司,南宁 530022
    3.江苏省高港船闸管理所,泰州 225321

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表12种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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