Article(id=1200407093057549201, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, issueId=1200407088884216687, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2025.03.004, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1728921600000, receivedDateStr=2024-10-15, revisedDate=1732550400000, revisedDateStr=2024-11-26, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1764128953470, onlineDateStr=2025-11-26, pubDate=1758297600000, pubDateStr=2025-09-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1760630400000, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-10-17, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764128953470, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774072859638, updator=sys-migrate, issue=Issue{id=1200407088884216687, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, year='2025', volume='4', issue='3', pageStart='4', pageEnd='131', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=1, createTime=1764128952475, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1776074940856, updator=13041195026, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1250512195805725193, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, issueId=1200407088884216687, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1250512195805725194, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, issueId=1200407088884216687, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=现代运河工程科学与技术专刊, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=42, endPage=50, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1200407093313401754, articleId=1200407093057549201, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, language=EN, title=Challenges and Scientific Issues of Efficient and Safe Operation of Green Waterway for Modern Canal, columnId=1149656489310208610, journalTitle=Science and Technology Foresight, columnName=Review and Commentary, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The construction of modern canals is the key task of constructing a national comprehensive three-dimensional transportation network in the future. It has extremely important strategic significance in inland navigation. This paper focuses on the theme of “Efficient and Safe Operation of Green Waterways for Modern Canals”, reviews the major challenges of water ecological security and efficient and safe operation of waterways in the construction of modern canal projects, and analyzes relevant research progress. Furthermore, it summarizes five urgent scientific issues, including the ecological response mechanism of the corridor habitat of large-scale canal projects, the canal ecological regulation mechanism integrating water quality, habitat, and landscape, the multi-physical process and regulation mechanism of high-density ship movement and saltwater intrusion, the complex hydrodynamic coupling mechanism and navigation safety regulation of the waterway between locks, and the formation mechanism of complex flow patterns at the intersection of stem stream and tributaries and the navigation safety guarantee mechanism. It will help realize the construction of a green and low-carbon modern canal project and provide scientific and technological support for the high-quality construction of the national comprehensive three-dimensional transportation network.

, correspAuthors=Shengfa YANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
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现代运河是国家综合立体交通网的重要组成部分,在内河航运中具有极其重要的战略地位和作用。文章围绕“现代运河绿色航道高效安全运行”的主题,梳理分析了现代大型运河工程建设面临的水生态安全与航道高效安全运行等方面的重大挑战及国内外相关研究进展,总结凝练了大型运河工程廊道生境的生态响应机制、融合水质-生境-景观的运河生态调控机制、高密度船舶运动-盐水入侵多物理过程及调控机制、船闸间航道复杂水动力耦合机理与通航安全调控、干支流交汇复杂流态形成机理与通航安全保障机制等5个亟须解决的关键科学问题,助力绿色低碳现代运河工程建设,以期为国家综合立体交通网的高质量建设提供科技支撑。

, correspAuthors=杨胜发, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
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杨胜发,教授,博士研究生导师。重庆交通大学副校长。国家内河航道整治工程技术研究中心执行主任,入选国家百千万人才工程、国家有突出贡献中青年专家、享受国务院政府特殊津贴专家。中国水利学会港航专业委员会副主任,国际航运协会内河信息服务工作组中国组组长。主要从事长江上游及平陆运河绿色航道建设研究。获省部级特等奖、一等奖等10余项。出版专著5部,发表论文100余篇。授权发明专利40件。电子信箱:

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杨胜发,教授,博士研究生导师。重庆交通大学副校长。国家内河航道整治工程技术研究中心执行主任,入选国家百千万人才工程、国家有突出贡献中青年专家、享受国务院政府特殊津贴专家。中国水利学会港航专业委员会副主任,国际航运协会内河信息服务工作组中国组组长。主要从事长江上游及平陆运河绿色航道建设研究。获省部级特等奖、一等奖等10余项。出版专著5部,发表论文100余篇。授权发明专利40件。电子信箱:

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杨胜发,教授,博士研究生导师。重庆交通大学副校长。国家内河航道整治工程技术研究中心执行主任,入选国家百千万人才工程、国家有突出贡献中青年专家、享受国务院政府特殊津贴专家。中国水利学会港航专业委员会副主任,国际航运协会内河信息服务工作组中国组组长。主要从事长江上游及平陆运河绿色航道建设研究。获省部级特等奖、一等奖等10余项。出版专著5部,发表论文100余篇。授权发明专利40件。电子信箱:

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Saltwater intrusion in the estuary area threatens the use of freshwater resources. If river discharge increases to a critical value, then saltwater intrusion frequency and salinity level decreases. In this study, long-term river discharge and tidal range data in the Yangtze River Estuary (YRE) and salinity data obtained in the upper South Branch of the YRE were used to analyze the characteristics of different variables and the basic law of their interactions. Two methods, namely, the material analysis method and empirical models, were applied to determine the critical river discharge for saltwater intrusion control. Results are as follows: (1) the salinity might exceed the drinking water standard of China when the river discharge was less than 30,000 m3/s. Approximately 69% of salinity excessive days occurred when the river discharge was less than 15,000 m3/s; (2) the tidal range in the YRE roughly varied in sinusoidal pattern with a 15-day cycle length. Exponential relationship existed between daily salinity (chlorinity) and daily mean tidal range. Combining these two features with the cumulative frequency statistics of tidal ranges, it was showed that notable saltwater intrusion occurred when the tidal range was more than 2.7 m at Qinglonggang station. Moreover, the critical discharge was found to be slightly higher than 11,000 m3/s; (3) various of empirical models for salinity prediction could be chosen to calculate the critical discharge. The values obtained by different models were in the range of 11,000-12,000 m3/s; (4) the proposed critical discharge to reduce notable saltwater intrusion was 11,500 m3/s. After the Three Gorges Reservoir operation, the minimum river discharge into the YRE in 2008-2017 was below the critical discharge, thereby suggesting an increase in the minimum river discharge by reservoir regulation in drought periods.

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Comparison of salt-proof technology of sea-entering locks (100% when Pinglu Canal Youth Lock is not salt-proof)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
防咸措施 咸水入侵率/% 淡水损耗率/% 工程造价/% 运行成本/% 船闸运行效率/%
气幕法 40~50 50~60 100.15 105 100
置换法 5 10~30 >200.00 150 50~60
咸水箱法 5~7 5~10 >300.00 200 40~50
现有集咸坑法 5~10 150~200 101.00 105 80~90
灌泄一体集咸坑法 5~10 45~100 101.20 100 100
), ArticleFig(id=1242114877712564412, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1200407093057549201, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

主要入海船闸防咸技术对比(以平陆运河青年船闸无防咸时为100%)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
防咸措施 咸水入侵率/% 淡水损耗率/% 工程造价/% 运行成本/% 船闸运行效率/%
气幕法 40~50 50~60 100.15 105 100
置换法 5 10~30 >200.00 150 50~60
咸水箱法 5~7 5~10 >300.00 200 40~50
现有集咸坑法 5~10 150~200 101.00 105 80~90
灌泄一体集咸坑法 5~10 45~100 101.20 100 100
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现代运河绿色航道高效安全运行的挑战及科学问题
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杨胜发 1, 2, , 胡江 1, 2 , 童思陈 1, 2 , 王丽 1, 2 , 姜蕾 1, 2
前瞻科技 | 综述与述评 2025,4(3): 42-50
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前瞻科技 | 综述与述评 2025, 4(3): 42-50
现代运河绿色航道高效安全运行的挑战及科学问题
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杨胜发1, 2, , 胡江1, 2, 童思陈1, 2, 王丽1, 2, 姜蕾1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.重庆交通大学河海学院,重庆 400074
  • 2.国家内河航道整治工程技术研究中心,重庆 400074
  • 杨胜发,教授,博士研究生导师。重庆交通大学副校长。国家内河航道整治工程技术研究中心执行主任,入选国家百千万人才工程、国家有突出贡献中青年专家、享受国务院政府特殊津贴专家。中国水利学会港航专业委员会副主任,国际航运协会内河信息服务工作组中国组组长。主要从事长江上游及平陆运河绿色航道建设研究。获省部级特等奖、一等奖等10余项。出版专著5部,发表论文100余篇。授权发明专利40件。电子信箱:

通信作者:

Challenges and Scientific Issues of Efficient and Safe Operation of Green Waterway for Modern Canal
Shengfa YANG1, 2, , Jiang HU1, 2, Sichen TONG1, 2, Li WANG1, 2, Lei JIANG1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1. School of River and Ocean Engineering, Chongqing Jiaotong University, Chongqing 400074, China
  • 2. National Engineering Research Center for Inland Waterway Regulation, Chongqing 400074, China
出版时间: 2025-09-20 doi: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2025.03.004
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现代运河是国家综合立体交通网的重要组成部分,在内河航运中具有极其重要的战略地位和作用。文章围绕“现代运河绿色航道高效安全运行”的主题,梳理分析了现代大型运河工程建设面临的水生态安全与航道高效安全运行等方面的重大挑战及国内外相关研究进展,总结凝练了大型运河工程廊道生境的生态响应机制、融合水质-生境-景观的运河生态调控机制、高密度船舶运动-盐水入侵多物理过程及调控机制、船闸间航道复杂水动力耦合机理与通航安全调控、干支流交汇复杂流态形成机理与通航安全保障机制等5个亟须解决的关键科学问题,助力绿色低碳现代运河工程建设,以期为国家综合立体交通网的高质量建设提供科技支撑。

现代运河  /  绿色航道  /  强非恒定流调控  /  支流入汇治理  /  通航安全

The construction of modern canals is the key task of constructing a national comprehensive three-dimensional transportation network in the future. It has extremely important strategic significance in inland navigation. This paper focuses on the theme of “Efficient and Safe Operation of Green Waterways for Modern Canals”, reviews the major challenges of water ecological security and efficient and safe operation of waterways in the construction of modern canal projects, and analyzes relevant research progress. Furthermore, it summarizes five urgent scientific issues, including the ecological response mechanism of the corridor habitat of large-scale canal projects, the canal ecological regulation mechanism integrating water quality, habitat, and landscape, the multi-physical process and regulation mechanism of high-density ship movement and saltwater intrusion, the complex hydrodynamic coupling mechanism and navigation safety regulation of the waterway between locks, and the formation mechanism of complex flow patterns at the intersection of stem stream and tributaries and the navigation safety guarantee mechanism. It will help realize the construction of a green and low-carbon modern canal project and provide scientific and technological support for the high-quality construction of the national comprehensive three-dimensional transportation network.

modern canal  /  green waterway  /  regulation of strong unsteady flow  /  tributary inflow management  /  navigation safety
杨胜发, 胡江, 童思陈, 王丽, 姜蕾. 现代运河绿色航道高效安全运行的挑战及科学问题. 前瞻科技, 2025 , 4 (3) : 42 -50 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2025.03.004
Shengfa YANG, Jiang HU, Sichen TONG, Li WANG, Lei JIANG. Challenges and Scientific Issues of Efficient and Safe Operation of Green Waterway for Modern Canal[J]. Science and Technology Foresight, 2025 , 4 (3) : 42 -50 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2025.03.004
现代运河工程是新时代交通基础设施领域的代表性重大工程,是国家内河高等级航道网“四纵四横两网”的重要组成,在现代国家交通体系建设中具有极其重要的战略意义。现代运河工程实现主要水系连通,不但深刻改变中国的水运和综合交通运输格局,推动区域经济协调发展,同时也将改变地理、地缘格局,塑造新的经济带,成为未来中国经济发展最为重要的引擎之一。
美国、德国、比利时等全世界50多个国家共建有500多条现代运河。最具代表性的有连通太平洋和大西洋的巴拿马运河,全长82 km,克服水位落差26 m,缩短航程约8 500 km;连接地中海和红海的苏伊士运河,全长193 km,缩短欧亚航程5 500 km;德国的美因—多瑙运河,全长171 km,沿线有16座船闸。中国正在建设的平陆运河将直接开辟中国西部地区运距最短的出海通道,较经广州出海缩短560 km。此外,浙赣粤运河、汉湘桂运河、江淮运河等纵向水运通道正在规划建设。总体而言,相比欧美国家,中国现代运河建设处于起步阶段,相关科学问题和关键技术尚需进一步研究。
现代运河工程打破天然水系屏障,改变了天然河流水系格局,扰动原有生态系统稳定性,具有较高的生态风险,面临水生态安全与航道高效安全运行等方面的重大挑战。在现代生态环境保护和节能减碳理念下,系统梳理现代运河绿色航道高效安全运行亟须解决的关键科学问题,助力绿色低碳现代运河工程建设,以期为国家综合立体交通网的高质量建设提供科技支撑。
为了维持和改善河流生物多样性和生态系统功能,从20世纪80年代开始进行河流生境定量评估研究[1]。河流廊道的生境会因取水或流量改变而造成水文变化,会因筑坝、裁弯取直而造成形态损害[2]。当前,国际上很多国家已经形成了较为成熟的河流生境评估系统,如美国环保局针对不同水体类型建立的水生态健康评价体系[3]、瑞典环保署提出了河岸带河道环境普查指标体系[4]、英国环境研究理事会提出了河流生态环境调查评价体系[5]等。近年来,国内一些机构,如北京大学深圳研究生院、南京水利科学研究院等,尝试对长江、珠江、澜沧江、太湖流域河网等水系建立相应的河流生境评估体系,以探求河流生态修复及河流健康管理的新途径[6-8]。但这些评估方法大多针对单一流域河流廊道的生境评价,同时评估尺度较小,对于跨流域运河工程廊道典型生境的评价方法还鲜有涉及。尤其是平陆运河同时跨越沙坪河流域和钦江流域(图1),对其生境进行准确评价将变得更加困难,传统的评价方法也具有一定的局限性。
1938年德国首先提出了“近自然河溪治理”的概念,标志着河流生态修复研究的开端[9]。近年来,很多国家先后开展了综合性河流生境修复。德国斯图加特大学提出了聚焦鱼类栖息地和水质净化的河流生境恢复项目[10];美国环保局开展了河流、湖泊等生境修复项目[3];多瑙河保护国际委员会制定了多瑙河流域管理计划[11];中国科学院针对性提出中国大运河香河段湿地恢复措施[12];长江科学院研发了底栖生境修复关键技术[13];中国水利水电科学研究院制定了河湖生态系统保护与修复工程技术导则;交通运输部规划研究院在运河生态保护与修复方面开展大量研究工作,制定了内河航道绿色养护技术指南。但是,目前河流生态修复技术大多聚焦单一河流或河段,侧重河岸管理、水质管理、河流内生境改善和流量改善,对于新修建的跨流域大型运河工程形成的新廊道的水生态修复技术缺乏深入研究。因此,亟须研究运河工程影响下,同时具备水质净化、生境替代和景观营造的水生态修复技术。
船闸盐水入侵防治技术是河口船闸建设最重要的研究课题。世界上多座船闸采用集咸坑法防咸。典型的如荷兰三角洲研究所采用集咸坑加气幕防咸法应用于泰尔讷曾(Terneuzen)船闸,取得不错的防咸效果,但其排咸效率相对较低,淡水损耗率较高[14-17]。国内众多学者在长江、钱塘江等天然河口开展了盐水入侵研究[18-20]。基于海河船闸气幕防咸试验研究,重庆交通大学提出了平陆运河青年船闸淡水节约型防咸工程措施,如表1所示[21]。现有流体数值模型,如Delft3D、FLUENT、MIKE,尚不能同步开展船闸运行-船舶运动-盐水入侵等多物理过程耦合的模拟。巴拿马运河在设计阶段模拟计算认为盐水不会上溯至加通湖,然而实际运行后加通湖发生盐水入侵[22]。总体来看,目前针对入海口盐水入侵问题的研究,主要集中在盐淡水异重流运动机理、径流对盐水入侵的抑制作用、潮汐的盐度输运效应等方面,大型江海连通运河因航道尺度有限,船舶运动、径潮流和船闸灌泄水等多因素复杂物理过程对盐水入侵的影响较大,还需对相关科学问题开展深入探索。
大型运河高水头船闸充泄水时,在运河枢纽间将产生强非恒定流过程。非恒定波在传播过程中与枢纽泄流、船行波叠加,形成显著的波-流耦合运动,将对靠泊、进出引航道的船舶,以及船闸人字门产生不利影响。现有研究表明,大型枢纽、船闸泄流非恒定流可在航道内形成长达数百公里的长波,当长波波前比降(即波面坡度)达到阈值后,波前水体不再稳定并产生次波。次波随泄水长波推进主要呈现波状光滑次波、波状破碎次波和破碎次波3种形态。由于次波波高可能大幅超过长波,对建筑物施加频率较高的冲击荷载,容易在人字门前形成较大的反向荷载,形成波长与船舶长度相近等特征,危害往往更大[23]。Li等[24]对波状次波整个发展过程进行了研究,发现在次波发展的后期阶段,尽管波面几乎平坦,但是其通过之后水面仍然具有波动特征。Zheng等[25]基于矩形水平渠道物理模型,对波状次波演进过程进行了研究,阐述了波状次波在静水中传播的独特特征,并分析了与波状水跃、渐进波、孤立波之间的差异。在波流-船舶耦合运动方面,Shi等[26]通过物理模型试验,研究了系泊船舶在横向长周期波浪作用下的运动响应特性,发现船舶的运动响应具有周期性,对比揭示了系泊船在混合波(具有不同的高频和低频能量)和长周期波作用下运动响应的差异[27]。Jiao等[28]研究了船舶在方形波浪中航行时的运动响应,系统分析了不同波长的方形波浪对船舶非线性运动响应的影响。
平陆运河建设过程中,对马道枢纽—企石枢纽两船闸间15 km航道非恒定流的特性开展了初步探索,结果表明,上游船闸泄水和下游船闸灌水的非恒定流在两闸间航道传播振荡,沿程水位瞬时变幅为-0.73~0.80 m,将对大型船舶航行产生明显的影响。而京杭运河中1 000 t级以下船舶船行波引起的水体晃荡或是涌浪高度可达0.5 m以上,对船舶稳定性带来较大威胁;像平陆运河这种现代大型运河,5 000 t级船舶快速航行产生的船行波引起的水体晃荡则更加剧烈。迄今为止,对于现代运河枢纽间航道强非恒定流、大尺度船行波耦合后的复杂流动还未有过公开报道,其对大型船舶的作用机理及航道高效安全运行控制机制尚不明确。
无论对于山区河道、平原河道还是入海口河道,由于流动边界条件的剧烈变化或是汇流关系的变化,常常出现复杂的水流流态问题。关于支流汇入干流引起的复杂流态研究,可追溯至20世纪40年代[29],而通常的研究则基于概化河道断面进行[30]。人工大型运河的开挖建设,无疑将引起沿线支流入汇运河干流的复杂流态问题。例如,已开工建设的平陆运河,沿线支流就有26条,且支流与运河干流的入汇常呈缠绕状关系(图2)。
现代运河高效安全运行对航道尺度和水流条件的要求高,同时支干交汇问题突出,主要表现在支流数量增加、支干落差增大、入汇关系及水动力复杂。例如,平陆运河沿线支流入汇,与干流航道落差从几米至数十米,在支流突发洪水情况下,进一步恶化入汇口的通航水流条件,威胁船舶的通航安全,尚需对支流入汇的复杂流动及其对船舶的影响和控制机制进行深入探讨。
现代大型运河工程建设环境极为复杂。为打破水系间大型分水岭的阻隔,需要开挖山岭和修建梯级枢纽克服流域间的水位差。为了适应大型船舶通航要求,需要大幅改变现有河道格局,实施裁弯取直、河道拓宽加深工程,或者是穿越山区、平原、湖区、洪泛区、近海岸区等新开河槽实施江海连通工程。这些使得现代大型运河工程建设面临水生态安全与航道高效安全运行如何保障的巨大挑战。
在运河水生态安全方面,相较单一流域及既有稳定的河流生态系统,运河工程重塑河流、水系格局,面临生境突变、生态系统再形成的复杂过程。在裁弯取直段,水体净化能力降低;在梯级开发段,鱼类栖息地压缩,生物栖息地破碎化严重;在江海连通段,则面临生物与盐水入侵带来的水质、生态和环境风险。在运河航道安全高效运行方面,相比长江、西江等大型自然河流发展的高等级航道,运河断面尺度小(双向航行航道断面系数η小至3~4,长江最小值大于20),船闸灌泄强非恒定流、大型船舶船行波在船闸间运河航道不易耗散,多种因素耦合叠加,致使运河航道通航水动力条件极其复杂,船舶操纵困难;而支流洪水入汇引起运河航道横流加大,缩窄有效航道断面、恶化通航水流条件,直接威胁船舶航行安全[31]
现代运河建设是现在及未来较长一段时间内国家综合立体交通网络建设的关键任务。“四横四纵”水运网中的江淮运河已经试运行。“世纪工程”平陆运河也已经开工建设。规模更大、建设难度更高的浙赣粤运河、湘桂运河已经开始前期论证。而国外诸如“一带一路”节点上的柬埔寨扶南德佐运河、泰国克拉运河等也都在如火如荼地开展相关论证。因此,抓住现代运河发展机遇,积极开展现代运河绿色航道水生态安全与高效安全通航相关基础科学理论和控制技术的研究,在该领域取得一批高水平的原创性研究成果并引领国际学术前沿与创新,解决现代运河工程在建造和运维过程中面临的复杂难题,助力实现绿色低碳运河工程建设,对国家内河航运发展战略至关重要。
跨流域运河工程建设打破了既有的稳定生态系统,对周边水域和生物多样性的影响显著。运河新生态系统处于再形成过程中,涉及生态敏感区类型多样,生态系统存在诸多不确定性,水生态安全风险巨大。因此,亟须围绕跨流域大型运河工程廊道生境变化及生态响应机制涉及的科学问题,阐明大型运河工程廊道重要生物类群的生境特征,开发廊道生境模拟分析技术,解析大型运河工程对廊道生境及水生态的影响,构建水生态安全评估及保障技术体系,为跨流域运河工程水生态安全保障奠定基础。
运河裁弯取直段原有河道水动力条件减弱,具有牛轭湖特征,水体富营养化风险较高。运河梯级开发段具有原河道长期处于干涸及支流瀑布式入汇特征,压缩了鱼类栖息地,阻塞了鱼类洄游通道,现有的技术体系难以有效解决运河影响下的水生态问题。因此,亟须围绕融合水质-生境-景观的运河生态调控机制科学问题,研发适合运河工程的湿地生态修复技术和鱼类生境营造技术,化解运河工程建设影响下水体富营养化风险,促进底栖、鱼类等生物种群恢复及对变化生境的适应性。
江海连通运河建设引起盐水入侵,影响入海河口段的供水安全及咸淡水交汇段生物种群分布。船闸盐淡水掺混过程复杂,模拟难度大,传统数值模型对多物理过程模拟难度大、效率低,现有技术难以量化船舶运动对盐水入侵的影响,通常忽略船舶影响。国内船闸防咸技术研究应用还不成熟;国外防咸技术运行效率低、淡水损耗率高。因此,亟须研究船舶运动-盐水入侵多物理过程和入海河口段船闸高效防咸技术,减缓入海河口段盐水入侵的生态环境影响,为保障入海河口船闸库区内饮水安全提供技术支撑。
1)船闸间航道复杂水动力耦合机理
现代运河高水头船闸运行短时下泄强非恒定流波在下游传递过程中,或者是下游船闸快速灌水非恒定流向上游传递过程中,均易引起运河流速、水位等水动力条件突变,加之枢纽泄流影响叠加,极大恶化航道、船闸口门区通航水力条件;而诸如5 000 t级大型船舶快速航行产生的船行波在运河有限尺度下形成大尺度涌浪,加剧运河水体晃荡的能量积聚,导致波浪不易耗散,极大地危害了船舶稳定性。运河高效、安全通航亟须攻克强非恒定流在两船闸间传播衰减特性及其与运河大尺度船行波的耦合机理,探明运河复杂水动力条件的形成机制。
2)船闸间航道复杂水动力对船舶的作用机制
运河航道尺度有限,断面系数小、航行阻力大,大型船舶在强非恒定波及船行波耦合后的复杂水动力作用下运动受限,船身控制难度极大,严重影响船舶的通航安全和航道高效运行,尤其会船条件下极易发生碰撞、倾覆等船舶事故。亟须攻克运河船闸间航道复杂水动力下船舶的受力特性与运动响应机理,揭示船舶失事机制,提出船舶安全航行标准。
3)船闸间航道复杂水动力的调控机制
针对现代运河船闸间航道复杂水动力下通航安全控制的迫切需求,亟须开展基于船闸新型灌泄水系统的非恒定流削减方法,基于断面形态改造的运河航道船行波、涌浪控制方法,以及枢纽-船闸-船舶联合的复杂水动力控制与通航安全保障优化运行方法。
当支流入汇流量陡增,则会引起干流航道流态紊乱、横流加大,恶化支流口通航水流条件,直接威胁船舶航行安全。因此,迫切需要开展支流口复杂流动形成机理及碍航控制机制研究,提出大型船舶高效安全通航的航道控制阈值,为运河通航安全提供保障。
现代运河作为国家高等级航道网核心,是沟通水系的大通道,跨越多个流域,问题复杂性高。现代大型运河工程建设面临的水生态安全与航道高效安全运行等方面的重大挑战,亟须在生态修复技术及通航安全保障技术方面开展科技攻关。
1)整体布局,发挥行业关键作用
现代运河建设安全保障技术作为国家科技战略规划的重点之一,纳入交通强国试点、科学技术部和交通运输部科技创新需求和重点专项研发计划等,引领行业在该领域的创新方向。
2)鼓励交叉融合,强化创新驱动
强化科技创新资源配置方式,实施协同推进机制创新和运行模式创新。支持有条件的企业牵头承担国家重大科技项目,联合科研院所、高校开展生态修复技术、通航安全保障技术等共性关键技术研发,突破关键核心技术。
3)强化试点示范,推动标准体系建设
推动形成一批达到应用阶段的运河水生态安全及通航运行保障新技术、新方法、新模型,从规划、建设、运营和管理等层面研究提出基于绿色航道高效安全运行的现代运河建设相关技术标准体系。
《内河航运发展纲要》提出,2035年基本建成现代化内河航运体系。现代运河建设是现在及未来较长一段时间内国家综合立体交通网络建设的关键任务,在现代国家体系建设中具有极其重要的战略意义。现代大型运河工程建设面临水生态安全与航道高效安全运行如何保障等巨大挑战,亟须解决大型运河工程廊道生境的生态响应机制、融合水质-生境-景观的运河生态调控机制、高密度船舶运动-盐水入侵多物理过程及调控机制、船闸间航道复杂水动力耦合机理及通航安全调控机制及干支流交汇复杂流态等关键科学问题,化解现代运河工程在建造和运维过程中面临的复杂难题,为国家综合立体交通网的高质量建设提供科技支撑。
  • 国家重点研发计划(2023YFC3208800)
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2025年第4卷第3期
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doi: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2025.03.004
  • 接收时间:2024-10-15
  • 出版时间:2025-09-20
  • 发布时间:2025-10-17
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  • 收稿日期:2024-10-15
  • 修回日期:2024-11-26
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国家重点研发计划(2023YFC3208800)
作者信息
    1.重庆交通大学河海学院,重庆 400074
    2.国家内河航道整治工程技术研究中心,重庆 400074

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表12种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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