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Modern canals are critical infrastructure for national water security, basin resource optimization, and ecological protection. In the multifaceted context of the “Dual Carbon” Goals, rural revitalization strategy, regional coordinated development strategy, and digital transformation, traditional canal construction and operation modes are no longer sufficient to meet the diverse demands of the new era. It is essential to build a modern integrated canal system centered on intelligent construction and digital operation. This paper reviews the functional requirements and technological progress of modern canals, systematically examines the evolution of canal construction and operation management, and elaborates on the development concepts and scientific principles of intelligent construction and digital operation. It proposes that modern canal engineering must transition from traditional experience-based methods to digital, intelligent, and ecological approaches. Through an in-depth discussion of the key issues, development recommendations, and priority tasks related to intelligent construction and digital operation technology, the paper clarifies the direction for progress. Core breakthroughs include the adoption of multi-source digital twin technology, the design and integrated optimization of intelligent inspection equipment, the predictive maintenance theory for modern canal engineering, and the theory of collaborative development of intelligent construction and digital operation. These advances aim to promote high-quality development in the canal sector, forming a modern canal technology and management framework that meets national strategic and sustainable development needs.

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现代运河是国家水安全保障、流域资源优化调配及生态环境保护的重要基础设施。在区域协调发展战略及数字化转型等多重背景下,传统运河建设与运行模式已难以满足新时代的多样化需求,亟须以智能建造和智慧运维为核心,构建现代化综合运河系统。文章结合现代运河的功能需求与技术发展现状,系统回顾了运河建设与运行管理的演变历程,阐述了智能建造与智慧运维的发展理念及科学内涵,提出了现代运河工程需从传统经验型向数字化、智能化、生态化模式转型的总体要求。剖析了现代运河智能建造与智慧运维技术的关键问题、发展建议与重点任务。为推动运河领域高质量发展,应以多源数字孪生技术、智能巡检装备设计与集成优化、现代运河工程预测性维护理论和智能建造与智慧运维的协同发展理论为核心技术突破点,建立满足国家战略需求与可持续发展要求的现代运河技术与管理体系。

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张明,博士研究生。主要从事智能建造、建筑机器人、数字孪生及混合现实方面的相关研究。发表论文10篇。电子信箱:

骆晓伟,教授。中国青年科技工作者协会会员。ASCE-ASME Journal of Risk and Uncertainty in Engineering Systems Part A: Civil Engineering、Smart Construction等期刊副主编。主要从事建筑信息模型、安全技术与管理、建筑机器人、人机协作、数字孪生、大数据分析、增强/虚拟现实、建筑能源管理和生命周期评估等研究。曾任美国土木工程师学会(ASCE)大中华分会主席。获中国国家自然科学基金、香港研究资助局、香港科技及创新基金、广东省自然科学基金、深圳市科技创新委员会等资助。电子信箱:

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张明,博士研究生。主要从事智能建造、建筑机器人、数字孪生及混合现实方面的相关研究。发表论文10篇。电子信箱:

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张明,博士研究生。主要从事智能建造、建筑机器人、数字孪生及混合现实方面的相关研究。发表论文10篇。电子信箱:

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骆晓伟,教授。中国青年科技工作者协会会员。ASCE-ASME Journal of Risk and Uncertainty in Engineering Systems Part A: Civil Engineering、Smart Construction等期刊副主编。主要从事建筑信息模型、安全技术与管理、建筑机器人、人机协作、数字孪生、大数据分析、增强/虚拟现实、建筑能源管理和生命周期评估等研究。曾任美国土木工程师学会(ASCE)大中华分会主席。获中国国家自然科学基金、香港研究资助局、香港科技及创新基金、广东省自然科学基金、深圳市科技创新委员会等资助。电子信箱:

"}, bioImg=cqfwMEyEgwykftichsPTow==, bioContent=

骆晓伟,教授。中国青年科技工作者协会会员。ASCE-ASME Journal of Risk and Uncertainty in Engineering Systems Part A: Civil Engineering、Smart Construction等期刊副主编。主要从事建筑信息模型、安全技术与管理、建筑机器人、人机协作、数字孪生、大数据分析、增强/虚拟现实、建筑能源管理和生命周期评估等研究。曾任美国土木工程师学会(ASCE)大中华分会主席。获中国国家自然科学基金、香港研究资助局、香港科技及创新基金、广东省自然科学基金、深圳市科技创新委员会等资助。电子信箱:

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(in Chinese), articleTitle=Research on conservation strategy of water heritages based on investigation of the grand canal in China, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114866018844681, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1200407091837006719, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=null, issue=6, pageStart=1, pageEnd=11, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[2], rfOrder=2, authorNames=刘宁, journalName=水运工程, refType=null, unstructuredReference=刘宁. 平陆运河工程建设关键问题研究与思考[J]. 水运工程, 2024(6): 1-11., articleTitle=平陆运河工程建设关键问题研究与思考, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114866119507979, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1200407091837006719, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=null, issue=6, pageStart=1, pageEnd=11, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[2], rfOrder=3, authorNames=Liu N, journalName=Port & Waterway Engineering, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Liu N. 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(in Chinese), articleTitle=Research and contemplation on key issues in construction of Pinglu Canal Project, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114866195005453, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1200407091837006719, doi=10.15302/J-SSCAE-2024.04.020, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=26, issue=4, pageStart=210, pageEnd=221, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[3], rfOrder=4, authorNames=肖建庄, 俞才华, 夏冰, journalName=中国工程科学, refType=null, unstructuredReference=肖建庄, 俞才华, 夏冰, . 运河工程低碳建造基本技术问题及对策[J]. 中国工程科学, 2024, 26(4): 210-221., articleTitle=运河工程低碳建造基本技术问题及对策, refAbstract=探讨运河工程低碳建造面临的基本技术问题并提出技术发展应对策略,有助于完善我国运河工程低碳建造的理论与技术,为未来的国际国内运河工程建设提供参考。本文概要梳理了我国古代运河工程和现代运河的建设情况,从重大基础设施低碳发展共性、运河工程低碳建造个性的角度明确了运河工程低碳建造的必要性。新时期运河工程建造的难点是在保障运河工程可靠性的基础上提升建造低碳性,因而运河工程低碳建造的基本技术问题集中在低碳性保障方面;依托平陆运河这一世纪工程的低碳技术攻关实践,着重凝练了运河建筑材料高效运用、运河新旧构件高效利用、运河多维固废循环再生、运河耐久性保障及沿线生物多样保护、运河施工与运维低能耗等基本技术问题。提出了由减量化、再利用、循环再生、韧性化、可再生能源构成的5R低碳建造技术框架,精准应对运河工程低碳建造的基本技术问题。运河工程低碳建造处于起步阶段,建议学术界和工程界持续保持对这一新兴领域的关注、思考与研究。), Reference(id=1242114866295668751, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1200407091837006719, doi=10.15302/J-SSCAE-2024.04.020, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=26, issue=4, pageStart=210, pageEnd=221, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[3], rfOrder=5, authorNames=Xiao J Z, Yu C H, Xia B, journalName=Strategic Study of CAE, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Xiao J Z, Yu C H, Xia B, et al. 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Exploring the fundamental technical problems and countermeasures will help improve the theories and technologies regarding the low-carbon construction of canal engineering (LCCCE) and provide references for future canal construction. This study reviews the history of canal engineering in China and clarifies the necessity of LCCCE from the perspectives of engineering commonality and canal individuality. The difficulty of canal engineering in the new situation is to improve low-carbon construction on the basis of ensuring reliability. Therefore, the fundamental technical problems of LCCCE focus on low-carbon security. Based on the practice of low-carbon technology research in the century-long project of the Pinglu Canal, this study focuses on the following fundamental technical problems: (1) efficient application of canal building materials, (2) efficient utilization of old and new structures, (3) multi-dimensional recycling of solid wastes, (4) durability guarantee and biodiversity protection of canals, and (5) low-energy consumption in canal construction, operation, and maintenance. A low-carbon construction technology framework consisting of “reduce, reuse, recycle, resilience, and renewable energy” (5R) is proposed to accurately address the fundamental technical problems of LCCCE. The LCCCE is still in its infancy, and it is recommended that the academic and engineering communities continue to focus on this emerging field.

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现代运河智能建造与智慧运维研究现状及关键科学问题
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张明 1, 2 , 董蕴豪 1 , 潘佳 3 , 骆晓伟 1, 2,
前瞻科技 | 综述与述评 2025,4(3): 74-83
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前瞻科技 | 综述与述评 2025, 4(3): 74-83
现代运河智能建造与智慧运维研究现状及关键科学问题
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张明1, 2 , 董蕴豪1, 潘佳3, 骆晓伟1, 2,
作者信息
  • 1.香港城市大学建筑学及土木工程系,香港 999077
  • 2.香港城市大学深圳研究院,深圳 518057
  • 3.香港大学计算机科学系,香港 999077
  • 张明,博士研究生。主要从事智能建造、建筑机器人、数字孪生及混合现实方面的相关研究。发表论文10篇。电子信箱:

    骆晓伟,教授。中国青年科技工作者协会会员。ASCE-ASME Journal of Risk and Uncertainty in Engineering Systems Part A: Civil Engineering、Smart Construction等期刊副主编。主要从事建筑信息模型、安全技术与管理、建筑机器人、人机协作、数字孪生、大数据分析、增强/虚拟现实、建筑能源管理和生命周期评估等研究。曾任美国土木工程师学会(ASCE)大中华分会主席。获中国国家自然科学基金、香港研究资助局、香港科技及创新基金、广东省自然科学基金、深圳市科技创新委员会等资助。电子信箱:

通信作者:

Research Status and Key Scientific Issues of Intelligent Construction and Smart Operation and Maintenance of Modern Canals
Ming ZHANG1, 2 , Yunhao DONG1, Jia PAN3, Xiaowei LUO1, 2,
Affiliations
  • 1. Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
  • 2. Shenzhen Research Institute, City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518057, China
  • 3. Department of Computer Science, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, China
出版时间: 2025-09-20 doi: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2025.03.007
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现代运河是国家水安全保障、流域资源优化调配及生态环境保护的重要基础设施。在区域协调发展战略及数字化转型等多重背景下,传统运河建设与运行模式已难以满足新时代的多样化需求,亟须以智能建造和智慧运维为核心,构建现代化综合运河系统。文章结合现代运河的功能需求与技术发展现状,系统回顾了运河建设与运行管理的演变历程,阐述了智能建造与智慧运维的发展理念及科学内涵,提出了现代运河工程需从传统经验型向数字化、智能化、生态化模式转型的总体要求。剖析了现代运河智能建造与智慧运维技术的关键问题、发展建议与重点任务。为推动运河领域高质量发展,应以多源数字孪生技术、智能巡检装备设计与集成优化、现代运河工程预测性维护理论和智能建造与智慧运维的协同发展理论为核心技术突破点,建立满足国家战略需求与可持续发展要求的现代运河技术与管理体系。

现代运河  /  智能建造  /  智慧运维  /  协同发展

Modern canals are critical infrastructure for national water security, basin resource optimization, and ecological protection. In the multifaceted context of the “Dual Carbon” Goals, rural revitalization strategy, regional coordinated development strategy, and digital transformation, traditional canal construction and operation modes are no longer sufficient to meet the diverse demands of the new era. It is essential to build a modern integrated canal system centered on intelligent construction and digital operation. This paper reviews the functional requirements and technological progress of modern canals, systematically examines the evolution of canal construction and operation management, and elaborates on the development concepts and scientific principles of intelligent construction and digital operation. It proposes that modern canal engineering must transition from traditional experience-based methods to digital, intelligent, and ecological approaches. Through an in-depth discussion of the key issues, development recommendations, and priority tasks related to intelligent construction and digital operation technology, the paper clarifies the direction for progress. Core breakthroughs include the adoption of multi-source digital twin technology, the design and integrated optimization of intelligent inspection equipment, the predictive maintenance theory for modern canal engineering, and the theory of collaborative development of intelligent construction and digital operation. These advances aim to promote high-quality development in the canal sector, forming a modern canal technology and management framework that meets national strategic and sustainable development needs.

modern canals  /  intelligent construction  /  digital operation  /  collaborative development
张明, 董蕴豪, 潘佳, 骆晓伟. 现代运河智能建造与智慧运维研究现状及关键科学问题. 前瞻科技, 2025 , 4 (3) : 74 -83 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2025.03.007
Ming ZHANG, Yunhao DONG, Jia PAN, Xiaowei LUO. Research Status and Key Scientific Issues of Intelligent Construction and Smart Operation and Maintenance of Modern Canals[J]. Science and Technology Foresight, 2025 , 4 (3) : 74 -83 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2025.03.007
运河作为人工水利系统的重要组成部分,自古以来在促进区域经济发展、交通运输畅通、水资源保障以及生态环境保护等方面发挥了不可替代的作用。随着时代的推进,现代运河的功能逐渐由以灌溉和航运为主的单一用途,向集供水调控、生态修复与综合利用为一体的多功能系统迈进[1]。当前,构建国家水网、建设交通强国、培育发展新质生产力、推动国内国际双循环是以习近平同志为核心的党中央立足国情、面向全局、着眼未来作出的重大战略部署。加快构建现代化基础设施体系、实施国家重大水运工程将为中国高质量发展和综合国力提升提供重要支撑。作为世界上拥有最庞大水网体系的国家,中国在历史上积累了丰富的运河建设与管理经验[2-4]。然而,现代运河面临日益严峻的复杂挑战,其建设与运维需求已远超传统运河体系的应对能力。从建造阶段来看,传统运河建设涉及大量的物料运输、机械加工和土方工程,造成高能耗和显著的碳排放。从运维阶段来看,长距离运河的水文水质实时监测、跨区域调水的协同管理及生态压力的有效调控,仍是亟待突破的核心难点。特别是在全球气候变化趋势加剧及“碳达峰与碳中和”(简称“双碳”)目标背景下,现代基础设施系统的绿色化、低碳化和高效化已成为重要的发展方向。上述问题直接制约着运河的建造质量、管理效率及生态协调性,无法满足中国在经济社会快速发展阶段对高效、安全、绿色运河工程体系的需求。
在新技术快速发展的背景下,现代运河正向智能化方向迈进,智能建造与智能运维已成为关键突破领域。通过数字化与智能化技术赋能运河建造与运维,成为实现基础设施现代化升级的一项关键内容。特别是在中国长远发展战略中,现代运河在区域经济一体化、高效水资源利用、实现“双碳”目标等方面的作用引起了高度重视[5]。现代运河的建设理念逐步从“水利工程”向“流域综合调控体系”转变,建设的目标不仅限于通航功能,还包括生态健康、减灾抗灾、沿线城乡发展的综合目标。在此背景下,运河工程智能建造与运维(通过数字化、智能化手段赋能建设全流程和运行管控体系)已成为建设技术转型的重点领域。智能建造主要利用人工智能、大数据、物联网、无人装备和数字孪生等技术,通过数据驱动和生命周期监控,提高施工效率、降低环境影响,并确保建筑质量及工程安全。智能运维则聚焦于运河建成后通过智能感知、智能决策与优化调度等手段实现运河效益的最大化,同时提高资源利用效率、降低运维成本。智能建造与运维的有机结合极大地推动了现代运河从传统水利工程向信息化、数字化、智能化转型。这不仅是工程技术的革新,也是新时代经济社会可持续发展的重要需求。
基于以上背景,文章系统梳理现代运河智能建造与运维的国内外研究现状,重点关注数字孪生、人工智能、无人装备等技术在运河建设和管理中的应用,并结合工程实际与社会需求,探讨智能运河系统发展中存在的关键科学问题。例如,多源异构数据的融合与协同、复杂系统的动态优化与控制、智能设备的集成评估体系构建等。文章旨在为国内外学术界和工程实践提供全面的参考,明确现代运河智能化发展的技术路径及研究方向,以期为中国乃至全球现代运河的高效、智能、绿色发展贡献理论与技术支持。
现代运河智能建造是运河工程发展的重要方向,围绕数字化设计、智能化施工和自动化装备技术,逐步实现运河建设过程中从传统人工施工向机械化、信息化、智能化的转变。与传统建造方式相比,智能建造强调全过程的数字技术应用、设备自动化、数据驱动优化,以及施工调度与风险预警能力,能够显著提升建设安全、施工效率,节约资源和降低能耗。在全球范围内,现代运河工程的智能建造技术已取得了一些阶段性成果,尤其是在施工过程建模、智能化监控和自动化施工装备协同等方面表现突出。
1)数字化设计与智能建模优化
在现代运河智能建造中,项目的数字化设计和优化建模是实现智能化施工的基础。数字化设计主要是通过先进的建模技术对运河施工场景进行数字化表达与仿真,以确保施工前期的设计优化、资源协调以及环境适应[6]。近年来,基于建筑信息模型(Building Information Model, BIM)和地理信息系统(Geographic Information System, GIS)的联合应用成为智能建造领域的重要研究方向。BIM技术以其高精度、多维度的信息表达能力扩展了传统二维图纸的局限,能够对运河设施的几何形态、物理特性及施工关系进行精准描述,并支持三维可视化环境下的细致设计与过程控制。美国巴拿马运河第3套船闸工程中通过BIM技术对包括闸门变形、电机运行及结构稳定性的多目标优化设计进行了统一建模与验证,不仅提前发现并规避了施工中的关键问题,还显著缓解了设计与施工之间的脱节现象[7]。而GIS技术则通过数字化处理大范围空间信息(如地形、水文和土壤特性),与BIM技术结合能够提供从宏观区位到微观结构的全景式数据支撑。例如,南水北调中线一期工程中结合运用了BIM-GIS技术进行精细化水流模拟与土方开挖路径优化,显著提升了施工效率,并降低了工程对沿线自然资源的扰动[8]。此外,人工智能算法与模拟仿真方法被广泛应用于施工过程中的动态路径规划和资源分配优化。例如,采用人工智能优化算法,可在虚拟模型中针对不同施工场景自动生成最优的设备调配方案和施工顺序,从而确保人、机、料等关键要素的高效协同。通过构建多维度数字化模型,整合几何设计、材料特性、施工流程等关键信息,从而实现运河全生命周期的设计优化、施工模拟与动态可视化。
2)数字孪生智能建造技术
数字孪生(Digital Twin, DT)技术是现代运河智能建造领域的核心驱动技术之一。在水利工程领域引入DT技术,为复杂运河系统的动态管理提供了新的范式。通过将工程实体实时映射到数字空间,数字孪生技术实现了物理与虚拟世界的无缝连接,不仅可以精准预测施工中的潜在风险,还能够动态指导施工过程中的资源分配和策略调整[9]。当前,数字孪生系统已在国内外多个大型水利工程中得到尝试性应用。例如,在荷兰Delta运河系统的改造项目中,数字孪生技术被用于实时模拟沿线防洪结构的地应力变化,为施工技术参数的动态调整提供科学依据[10]。在中国长江三峡库区治理工程中,基于数字孪生的施工监管平台集成了多源传感数据,涵盖了地形、边坡稳定性及施工机械运行状态等多维信息,通过虚拟环境中的动态模拟与施工场景的迭代预演,有效降低了施工的不确定性和风险[11]。不仅如此,数字孪生的可视化能力使相关人员能够更直观地了解施工进展及潜在问题,从而提高了多方协作效率。此外,数字孪生技术在运河建造中的应用还包括虚实结合下的智能施工流程优化。例如,通过对水文动态、基坑开挖、边坡稳定性等影响因素的建模分析,数字孪生能够为施工方案提供全流程的动态优化支持。这一技术特别适用于运河施工中因地质条件复杂引发的无法预期的突发问题,为工程安全性与施工精准性提供了有力保障。
3)自动化施工装备及建造技术
运河工程的建设通常面临地形复杂、水文条件多变、施工周期长等诸多挑战,传统的施工装备和技术难以适应智能化建造的要求。为实现智能建造目标,国内外近年来在自动化施工装备研发上投入了大量精力,尤其是在大规模土方开挖、结构施工和精细作业等领域,无人化、智能化施工装备得到了系统化应用[12-13]。无人驾驶施工设备逐渐成为运河建设中的技术核心之一。这类设备结合了卫星导航、遥控制造技术及人工智能路径规划技术,能够根据工程地质的实时反馈动态调整施工任务。而智能推土机和压实设备则通过传感器实时监测施工表层状态,并反馈至调度中心进行施工参数优化,以减少资源浪费、降低施工误差。水下智能机器人技术为运河护岸工程和深水基础施工提供了重要支持,基于图像识别和水下声呐技术的智能机器人被广泛用于水下结构检查、土体状态检测、疏浚设备控制等任务,尤其在不适合人工接触的危险环境下表现出较大的应用潜力。此外,以无人机为核心的自动化巡查设备也在施工阶段得到了广泛应用。无人机能够快速采集高精度的施工进展数据,并通过光学影像建立实景三维模型,对施工精度、预算超支及边坡失稳等进行智能分析。在运河工程的施工模拟和反馈优化领域,无人机及多种自动化设备的协同系统化应用正在逐步实现。
4)智能监测与数据集成
在现代运河智能建造的过程中,施工现场往往需要从多个维度采集实时数据,以分析施工进展、判断施工安全状态和环境变化。多源感知网络的构建为数据采集提供了基础支撑。具体而言,工程施工中通常综合利用地质雷达、分布式光纤传感器、物联网设备等多类监测仪器,获取运河开挖区域的边坡稳定性、地下水流动、土壤含水量及混凝土结构健康状况等核心信息[14-17]。例如,中国南水北调中线水利枢纽工程中,通过部署分布式光纤和地质传感器实现了大规模基坑开挖过程中的动态监控[18]。施工状态监测数据通过无线传输网关传递至中央服务器,再结合智能算法对风险因素进行识别与预测评价,大大提高了施工效率与施工安全性。与此同时,多源数据融合方法的发展进一步为基于大数据的施工分析与决策提供了支撑。例如,针对运河智能建造中的异构数据融合问题,当前研究逐渐采用多模态学习方法和多尺度关联挖掘技术,从不同数据维度(如施工进展、地质参数、设备运行状态)中提取关联性特征,为优化施工资源分布和调整施工流程提供了科学依据。
1)智能感知与运河全域监测
现代运河数字运维的基础是由多维传感器构成的智能化感知网络。该网络结合物联网技术、分布式光纤传感器、水下声呐测量装置、高精度激光扫描仪和气象监测设备等多类传感装置,实现了对运河系统运行状况及其周边环境的全面实时监测。通过智能感知与多源数据融合,可形成全域覆盖、高时空分辨率、动态响应的数字化监测体系,为运河运维提供全方位的数据支撑。分布式光纤传感器主要用于监测运河关键设施(如堤坝、渠段及航道护坡)的应力、变形及温度等信息,可实现长距离、广覆盖、高精度的应力-位移-温度一体化监测。在南水北调中线工程中,该技术有效支撑了对大规模输水管线和渠道沿线地质安全的实时监测。此外,水下声呐传感器能够精准探测水下的泥沙沉积、输水渠底裂隙及外来障碍物分布,适用于对通航运河的航道安全和疏浚规划分析,已在珠江流域运河整治工程中取得显著成效。多源时空数据的集成化监测是复杂运河系统健康状态评估的重点方向。通过将流量、水位、温度和水质等多维环境变量与气象、地质灾害风险等外部信息统一整合,能够动态捕捉复杂运行条件下的运河实时响应与长期演化特征。例如,结合无人机遥感监测和边缘计算技术,可在短时间内生成区域运河三维模型,用于识别堤岸边坡位置的潜在隐患;高分辨率遥感数据与地面监测数据相结合的动态监测框架,则可实现全流域范围内集中用水、输水和生态用水变量的精确控制。这些技术的引入显著提高了以海量数据为基础的态势感知精度,也为数字化运维平台的构建提供了先决条件。
2)基于大数据的运维分析与优化
在基于大数据与人工智能(Artificial Intelligence, AI)技术的驱动下,运河数字运维系统在态势监测、风险预测和设施健康诊断方面取得了显著进展。例如,依托机器学习和深度学习算法,能够实现对运河设施(如闸门、泵站等)运行状态的精确诊断,并通过历史数据的深度挖掘,建立关键设备的寿命预测模型,中东某国家的跨区域输水运河项目采用了基于AI的水泵设备故障预测系统,显著降低了运营成本。数据驱动的流域调度优化模型逐步实现了多目标协同,尤其是在面向调水、通航与生态的动态管理中应用强化学习算法,可以大幅提升调控效率。针对运河沿线闸门、水泵、堤坝和护岸等关键设施运行状况,依托大数据分析与机器学习算法,构建准确的健康状态评估与故障早期预测模型成为研究热点。例如,通过收集长期运行的应力、振动及运行环境多维监测数据,应用神经网络模型进行故障模态识别,可形成设备损伤特征的时间序列智能分析能力,实现对闸门运行疲劳、泵站机械部件老化的精准预测与异常事件位置的自动识别。在长江下游枢纽调度设施管理中,结合多因素预测模型的预警系统成功避免了闸门局部受力超过阈值所引发的突发性故障。基于物联网和无线传感技术的网络系统能够监控水质变化(如溶解氧、电导率和有机物质量分数)及周边生态条件变化(如植被覆盖率和气象条件)。依托高空遥感影像及无人机对重点区域实施宏观监测,可有效弥补地面传感系统的局限,进一步提升监测精度与信息全面性。多源数据感知能力的加强,为运河数字运维提供了前所未有的动态控制基础,但同时也带来了大数据管理、异构数据处理及实时响应计算效率等新挑战,对数据融合与智能化分析提出了更高要求。
3)数据驱动的智慧运维
数据驱动的智慧运维是现代运河数字运维技术的核心,通过高效数据分析与智能优化为运行调控和设施养护提供决策支持。运河运行数据具有多输入、多变量和动态非线性的复杂性,对数据整合和模式识别提出了高要求。数字孪生技术通过将现实与虚拟世界耦合,提供了全生命周期管理的信息化解决方案。数字孪生运维平台借助多源数据和虚拟建模仿真分析运河系统的静态结构和动态运行,推动管理从被动维护向主动优化转型。例如,南水北调东线工程通过GIS与运河模型构建了数字孪生监控平台,提升了系统应急响应与运行可靠性。在欧洲,莱茵河运河系统通过虚拟孪生模型对设备工作状态进行仿真,调控实施时间缩短了30%以上[19]。深度学习和故障诊断算法能够预测设备故障,增强学习算法则可帮助实现多变量协同控制与动态调节,如跨区域输水运河采用自动水位控制方案,降低了泵站能耗与生态破坏。
4)生态协同优化中的智能运维
现代运河不仅是重要的水利运输基础设施,同时也是区域生态系统的关键组成部分。在以“绿色发展”为导向的高质量发展要求下,中国一些运河工程逐步采用数字化技术加强对生态系统的监控与保护。现代数字运维技术中的一项重要任务在于实现运河功能效益利用与生态环境保护的协同优化。在运河运行期间,调水节奏、流量大小、污染物扩散与周边生态环境变化息息相关,但传统运维模式在高效经济性与环境敏感性之间难以达到平衡。欧洲一些国家基于物联网技术的水生态自适应干预系统已广泛应用于航道修复工程,通过先进算法在水资源利用与水生生物多样性保护间实现动态平衡。现代运河数字运维技术通过构建实时动态感知网络、融合大数据分析决策与数字孪生技术,显著提升了运河运行管理的智能化水平。在实际应用中,实现对设施运行、水量调度及生态环境治理的全方位优化,为保障运河安全、高效与可持续发展起到重要作用。
面向现代运河智能建造和智慧运维体系建设要求,构建现代运河智能建造和智慧运维系统面临着理论与技术上的诸多挑战,主要体现在以下4个方面。
1)复杂环境与运河工程智能设计优化理论
现代运河建设面临复杂条件、多专业协同和施工高质量要求等问题,传统建造范式已无法满足需求。智能建造技术以“数据驱动+智能装备”为基础,结合人工智能、物联网和大数据分析,实现全生命周期建设优化与动态调控[20]。然而,目前仍缺乏统一的理论体系与有效实践路径。在复杂环境下,亟须研究运河智能化系统设计与动态优化建造。首先,面对地质、地貌和水文条件的非线性特性,需构建多维度、多因子耦合的设计优化模型,利用AI算法进行力学优化,确保运河结构的稳定性与适应性。其次,在施工过程中需发展感知与交互技术,实现实时数据采集与动态反馈。其挑战在于高效整合多源异构数据,并融合智能设备、运算速度与施工工艺。最后,在装备方面,智能装备向无人化、自动化转型时面临感知精度、实时调节和能耗控制等技术难题。智能建造的核心在于构建全过程动态控制与优化体系,结合理论建模与工程实践,构建“感知-分析-反馈-优化”闭环系统,将推动智能建造技术的应用。
2)多维感知与动态反馈的智能施工技术
传统运河施工依赖线性流程与人工巡检,难以应对施工环境的动态扰动,导致施工质量难以保障。智能建造则依托统筹全面的感知网络和实时动态反馈决策能力,在施工流程中实现动态优化,确保效率与质量的双重提升[21]。首先,施工中地应力场、水流场等多场耦合,如何利用物联网分布式传感技术和实时感知形成无缝数据监控系统是基础问题。例如,长距离运河施工需均匀监测不同断面的压力、水文变化和地基应力,而单点感知技术难以掌握全局,要求更高的传感布置与数据精度。其次,智能建造依赖实时数据耦合分析与模型计算。如何基于实时数据优化施工方案,并实现自动调整(如机械参数、工序优化),其闭环智能控制的有效性需进一步研究。最后,施工协调性问题仍需解决。传统运河工程分工协同信息传递分散,需发展基于多目标优化算法的协同调控机制,提升施工效率与资源利用率。
3)智能装备与自动化施工的核心研发
智能建造装备作为运河工程施工的核心技术支撑,决定了施工的高精度和高效率。大型运河项目对装备的自主化和智能化提出更高要求,但现有技术在复杂地貌中仍存在适应性差、精准施工能力弱和高能耗等问题。首先,装备须具备自主感知能力,通过激光雷达、深度摄像头和传感器等多模态技术,实现精准环境建模,提升决策支持。其次,在无人或少人化施工背景下,需构建基于智能调度和动态任务分配的多装备协同系统,处理大规模场地的平行施工问题。面临的挑战包括装备联网通信、任务响应和能耗优化。最后,装备的绿色设计成为重点,提升能效比、优化能源使用并减少施工过程中的碳排放成为智能装备研发的重要任务。
4)基于数字孪生的全生命周期动态感知
现代运河作为跨流域的重要工程设施,其运行长期处于复杂多变的自然与人为环境中。如何在全寿命期内精准掌握结构健康状态是智慧运维的核心问题。大尺度、长距离运河的全面数据覆盖需依赖分布式传感系统,整合水位、流速、压力、温度等多变量监测,实现广域感知。基于此,需结合人工智能算法对监测数据进行降噪、特征提取与状态评估,自动识别潜在风险,构建大数据病害诊断框架。在自然灾害或极端天气下,确保感知设备稳定运行并及时反馈数据是关键问题。运河的运行预测与调控优化目标是实现水资源调度与设施管理,然而多变量耦合作用使预测模型复杂,需有效融合分布式传感数据与历史数据。特别在突发事件(如洪水、坝闸损坏等)中,应建立多目标优化机制,实现水量调节、航道利用与安全运行的动态平衡。智慧运维技术应构建融合感知、AI分析与动态优化的体系,实现结构健康监测、风险识别、动态预测与高效调控的协同发展,保障运河系统的安全、稳定与高效运行。
1)现代运河多源数据融合及数字孪生
基于数字孪生技术,研发高效的数据融合算法,整合传感器网络、卫星遥感、无人机监测及天气预报等多源数据,构建统一数据管理方案并开发融合算法。针对复杂环境及多目标需求,研究面向全生命周期的系统性理论框架,包括多场耦合设计、动态优化方法及智能建模技术,实现精准适应性设计。进一步揭示运河结构的健康演化规律,建立预测模型与状态评估体系,并构建基于大数据与AI的动态预测理论,支撑建造与运维。集成实时数据与历史数据,实现全面感知、动态监控与智能维护,提升决策支持系统的准确性与响应速度。
2)智能巡检装备设计与集成优化
围绕现代运河建设的需求,重点研发适用于复杂环境的智能施工装备和技术体系,提升自适应能力与智能化水平,推动无人化施工与装备群协同技术。开发全过程智能建造系统,通过动态反馈机制提升施工质量与效率。针对运河的维护与监控需求,研发融合数字孪生技术的智能巡检装备,实时映射运河物理状态并更新数字孪生模型。集成传感器、无人机、无人船及水下机器人等技术,分析巡检数据,预测结构问题与运营风险,并调整数字孪生模型。
3)现代运河工程预测性维护理论方法
构建覆盖全生命周期的动态感知与健康诊断技术体系,推动运河运行的数字化和精细化管理。建立分布式监测网络,实现水位、流量、温度等多维度实时感知,满足跨流域、长距离的监测需求。开发融合历史与实时数据的智能诊断技术,进行多目标建模与预测,提高结构运行安全性与精度。研究数据管理策略以优化存储与检索,应用机器学习与大模型算法进行工程状态预测,支持精确的预测性维护决策。
4)智能建造与智慧运维的协同发展理论
推动智能建造与智慧运维跨阶段的协同发展,构建全生命周期的数据链与信息流,实现设计、建造与运维阶段的数据共享与闭环反馈。开发一体化管理系统,将建造阶段的动态建模与运维阶段的健康诊断紧密结合,提高信息整合与协作效率。强化绿色智能技术的双向应用,优化资源效率与设施绿色效益,形成全生命周期绿色发展模式。建设智慧运维试验区,探索大规模监测、多目标调控与健康管理机制,为全国推广积累经验。加强产学研用合作,推动技术转化与全链条创新体系建设。
1)强化基础理论研究,构建智能建造与智慧运维的系统性理论体系
运河建造和运行中涉及多学科交叉问题,如复杂场景下的工程耦合效应、动态优化的多目标决策模型等,是当前技术发展的主要瓶颈。因此,应重点加强运河工程智能化建设和运行管理的基础理论研究,特别是在多场耦合建模、水工结构健康演化规律、多维动态传感与复杂系统决策算法等领域。应设立与数字孪生、人工智能及大数据计算相关的专项研究计划,系统化探索复杂流域背景下大规模工程的智能化发展路径。
2 )加快关键技术研发,完善智能建造与智慧运维的技术链条
针对运河智能建造和运行的实际难题,聚焦高精度动态感知、数字孪生建模、智能施工协同优化、运行调控预测等重点技术难点,加快前沿技术迭代,建立覆盖“设计-施工-运维”全过程的技术体系。例如,在智能建造中需研发适应复杂条件的新型智能装备,实现全自动化、高精度施工;在智慧运维中需构建面向全生命周期的多尺度管理平台,推动感知技术、人工智能算法等工具的深度融合。特别是数字孪生技术作为智能建造和智慧运维的核心支撑,应完善其多尺度模型构建、实时动态响应和场景化运用能力,使数字孪生成为贯穿建造和运维全过程的有力工具。
3 )加强数据资源整合,推动信息互联共享与闭环管理
智能建造需要为智慧运维提供基础性的数据信息,而智慧运维也将为后续建设提供反向反馈机制。因此,应建立运河工程全生命周期的数据标准化与资源化管理体系,从工程规划到运行管理,实现不同阶段、不同主体间的数据信息实时共享与互联互通。通过创新数据整合、传递和应用技术,构建多维度、可追溯的数字管理链条。同时,设立覆盖运河工程的数据安全与管理机制,确保跨部门跨区域信息共享中的数据隐私与网络安全。
4 )推进绿色发展,实现生态与工程建设的深度融合
在“双碳”目标下,运河智能建造和智慧运维须全面融入绿色发展理念。在建造阶段,推广“低碳”施工技术,加强施工过程中的能源优化与资源节约。在运行阶段,重点研究水资源调控与流域生态保护的协同方法,建立生态流量保障机制,减少运河运行对周边环境的扰动。同时,持续探索智能化手段对运河设施的节能效益和生态服务功能的提升作用。例如,通过智能监控和优化算法减少能耗、提升航运效率,在生态保护前提下实现运河运行价值最大化。
深入推进现代运河智能建造与智慧运维技术的发展是构建国家水安全保障体系的重要组成部分。现代运河工程在水资源合理配置、生态环境保护和综合交通运输体系中仍发挥着重要的骨干作用,是国家重大战略实施的基础设施保障。在全生命周期、多维协同的理念下,亟待创新构建以智能建造和智慧运维深度融合为核心的现代运河系统,引领水利工程高质量发展,为服务国家重大战略和可持续发展目标提供强有力支撑。目前,现代运河智能建造与智慧运维在理论体系构建、关键技术研发、综合验证平台搭建及全面推广应用等方面仍存在诸多不足。建议学术界和工程界进一步加大对这一新兴领域的关注与投入,加强跨领域合作与创新,尽快完善中国运河工程智能建造和智慧运维理论与技术体系,更好地支撑国内外未来运河工程的可持续建设与发展。
  • 国家自然科学基金(51778553)
  • 深圳市自然科学基金(基础研究专项)(JCYJ20220818101019039)
  • 中国香港研究资助局协作研究金(C7080-21GF)
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2025年第4卷第3期
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doi: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2025.03.007
  • 接收时间:2024-12-09
  • 出版时间:2025-09-20
  • 发布时间:2025-10-17
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  • 收稿日期:2024-12-09
  • 修回日期:2025-02-22
基金
国家自然科学基金(51778553)
深圳市自然科学基金(基础研究专项)(JCYJ20220818101019039)
中国香港研究资助局协作研究金(C7080-21GF)
作者信息
    1.香港城市大学建筑学及土木工程系,香港 999077
    2.香港城市大学深圳研究院,深圳 518057
    3.香港大学计算机科学系,香港 999077

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Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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