Article(id=1200407091526628217, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, issueId=1200407088884216687, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2025.03.008, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1739894400000, receivedDateStr=2025-02-19, revisedDate=1745251200000, revisedDateStr=2025-04-22, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1764128953105, onlineDateStr=2025-11-26, pubDate=1758297600000, pubDateStr=2025-09-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1760630400000, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-10-17, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1764128953105, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774072861027, updator=sys-migrate, issue=Issue{id=1200407088884216687, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, year='2025', volume='4', issue='3', pageStart='4', pageEnd='131', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=1, createTime=1764128952475, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1776074940856, updator=13041195026, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1250512195805725193, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, issueId=1200407088884216687, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1250512195805725194, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, issueId=1200407088884216687, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=现代运河工程科学与技术专刊, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=84, endPage=96, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1200407091790869374, articleId=1200407091526628217, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, language=EN, title=Research Progress and Development Recommendations on Key Technologies for Long-term Stability and Safety Assurance of Modern Canal Slopes, columnId=1149656489310208610, journalTitle=Science and Technology Foresight, columnName=Review and Commentary, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The stability of modern canal slopes is a crucial foundation for ensuring the smooth operation of waterways and supporting regional coordinated development. Focusing on the long-term stability and safety assurance of modern canal slopes, this paper systematically reviews related research achievements both domestically and internationally. It summarizes the current state of research, technological development trends, and major challenges in the field of canal slope stability. Additionally, it analyzes the combined effects of geotechnical properties, natural factors, and human activities on slope stability. The paper explores new technologies and intelligent management strategies for ensuring slope safety in complex environments and high-risk segments. Finally, it provides comprehensive recommendations for the development of key slope protection technologies in modern canal systems, with the aim of offering theoretical support and technical guidance for the construction of modern canal networks.

, correspAuthors=Xilin LÜ, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
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现代运河岸坡稳定性是保障水路畅通及区域协调发展的重要基础。文章主要围绕现代运河岸坡长期稳定性及安全保障关键技术研究方向,系统性梳理了国内外相关研究成果,总结了国内外运河岸坡稳定性领域的研究现状、技术发展趋势及面临的主要挑战,分析了岩土体性质、自然因素与人类活动对岸坡稳定性的综合影响。探讨了应对复杂环境与高风险区段的岸坡安全保障新技术与智能化管理策略,并给出现代运河岸坡防护关键技术综合发展建议,以期为现代运河体系建设提供理论支撑与技术路径参考。

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薛大为,特聘研究员,博士研究生导师。中国土木工程学会土力学及岩土工程分会会青年工作委员会委员,上海市力学学会岩土力学专委会委员,Biogeotechnics、《应用基础与工程科学学报》青年编委。主要从事高阶连续体理论及岩土本构关系、材料稳定性分析理论、跨尺度数值模拟方法的研究。获博士研究生国家奖学金、中冶集团科技进步奖一等奖、同济大学优秀博士学位论文,并入选上海市领军(海外)人才计划。发表论文30余篇。授权国际、国内专利6件,登记国家软件著作权5件。电子信箱:

吕玺琳,教授,博士研究生导师。同济大学土木工程学院地基基础工程研究所所长。美国土木工程师学会(ASCE)计算岩土专委会委员,国际土协(ISSMGE)-TC214、TC222通信委员,中国岩石力学与工程学会岩土地基与结构工程分会常务理事,中国土木工程学会隧道及地下工程分会理事,中国建筑学会工程诊治与运维分会理事,中国力学学会岩土力学专业委员会委员等。Geoenvironmental Disasters副主编,《应用基础与工程科学学报》《地基处理》编委。主要从事土体渐进破坏分析理论、城市地下工程、边坡稳定性、路基沉降控制、智能岩土工程等方面研究。主持国家重点研发计划、国家自然科学基金等项目30余项。获省部级及全国行业学(协)会科技进步奖一、二等奖10余项。出版专著、教材6部。发表论文180余篇。授权发明专利40余件,登记国家软件著作权23件。参编国家、地方及行业标准规范5项。电子信箱:

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薛大为,特聘研究员,博士研究生导师。中国土木工程学会土力学及岩土工程分会会青年工作委员会委员,上海市力学学会岩土力学专委会委员,Biogeotechnics、《应用基础与工程科学学报》青年编委。主要从事高阶连续体理论及岩土本构关系、材料稳定性分析理论、跨尺度数值模拟方法的研究。获博士研究生国家奖学金、中冶集团科技进步奖一等奖、同济大学优秀博士学位论文,并入选上海市领军(海外)人才计划。发表论文30余篇。授权国际、国内专利6件,登记国家软件著作权5件。电子信箱:

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薛大为,特聘研究员,博士研究生导师。中国土木工程学会土力学及岩土工程分会会青年工作委员会委员,上海市力学学会岩土力学专委会委员,Biogeotechnics、《应用基础与工程科学学报》青年编委。主要从事高阶连续体理论及岩土本构关系、材料稳定性分析理论、跨尺度数值模拟方法的研究。获博士研究生国家奖学金、中冶集团科技进步奖一等奖、同济大学优秀博士学位论文,并入选上海市领军(海外)人才计划。发表论文30余篇。授权国际、国内专利6件,登记国家软件著作权5件。电子信箱:

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吕玺琳,教授,博士研究生导师。同济大学土木工程学院地基基础工程研究所所长。美国土木工程师学会(ASCE)计算岩土专委会委员,国际土协(ISSMGE)-TC214、TC222通信委员,中国岩石力学与工程学会岩土地基与结构工程分会常务理事,中国土木工程学会隧道及地下工程分会理事,中国建筑学会工程诊治与运维分会理事,中国力学学会岩土力学专业委员会委员等。Geoenvironmental Disasters副主编,《应用基础与工程科学学报》《地基处理》编委。主要从事土体渐进破坏分析理论、城市地下工程、边坡稳定性、路基沉降控制、智能岩土工程等方面研究。主持国家重点研发计划、国家自然科学基金等项目30余项。获省部级及全国行业学(协)会科技进步奖一、二等奖10余项。出版专著、教材6部。发表论文180余篇。授权发明专利40余件,登记国家软件著作权23件。参编国家、地方及行业标准规范5项。电子信箱:

"}, bioImg=GZnaZpsR1P+UnJCoF/a6qg==, bioContent=

吕玺琳,教授,博士研究生导师。同济大学土木工程学院地基基础工程研究所所长。美国土木工程师学会(ASCE)计算岩土专委会委员,国际土协(ISSMGE)-TC214、TC222通信委员,中国岩石力学与工程学会岩土地基与结构工程分会常务理事,中国土木工程学会隧道及地下工程分会理事,中国建筑学会工程诊治与运维分会理事,中国力学学会岩土力学专业委员会委员等。Geoenvironmental Disasters副主编,《应用基础与工程科学学报》《地基处理》编委。主要从事土体渐进破坏分析理论、城市地下工程、边坡稳定性、路基沉降控制、智能岩土工程等方面研究。主持国家重点研发计划、国家自然科学基金等项目30余项。获省部级及全国行业学(协)会科技进步奖一、二等奖10余项。出版专著、教材6部。发表论文180余篇。授权发明专利40余件,登记国家软件著作权23件。参编国家、地方及行业标准规范5项。电子信箱:

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Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment, 2021, 80(11): 8397-8417., articleTitle=Study on the frost heave mechanism of the water conveyance canal and optimized design of slope protection, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1242114913875858205, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1200407091526628217, awardId=桂科AA23023018, language=CN, fundingSource=资助项目:广西科技重大专项(桂科AA23023018), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1242114913942967070, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1200407091526628217, awardId=RC20230108, language=CN, fundingSource=广西南宁市 “邕江计划” 青年人才专项(RC20230108), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1242114908800750294, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1200407091526628217, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242114908813333207, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1200407091526628217, companyId=1242114908800750294, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1. 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Typical cases of slope failure induced by geotechnical variability in domestic and international projects

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
案例 灾害原因
引江济淮工程 膨胀土和崩解岩
平陆运河马道枢纽基坑 软硬夹层、风化层
苏南运河陵口段 粉砂土层在动水压力下易发生流土、管涌
湛江引调水工程 全风化砂岩与粉质黏土交错分布,开挖困难
苏伊士运河 沙漠和基岩交界处跨地貌单元处稳定性差异巨大
巴拿马运河 玄武岩、沉积岩等火成岩软硬不一,多次出现滑坡事故
), ArticleFig(id=1242114913569674010, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1200407091526628217, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

岩土体差异诱发的典型国内外边坡灾害案例

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
案例 灾害原因
引江济淮工程 膨胀土和崩解岩
平陆运河马道枢纽基坑 软硬夹层、风化层
苏南运河陵口段 粉砂土层在动水压力下易发生流土、管涌
湛江引调水工程 全风化砂岩与粉质黏土交错分布,开挖困难
苏伊士运河 沙漠和基岩交界处跨地貌单元处稳定性差异巨大
巴拿马运河 玄武岩、沉积岩等火成岩软硬不一,多次出现滑坡事故
), ArticleFig(id=1242114913636782875, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1200407091526628217, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Slope types with special geotechnical conditions and their protection measures

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
岸坡岩土体类型 面临问题 防护措施
崩解岩、风化岩等较软弱岩石 高温季节降雨导致浅层温差过大,软岩发生快速风化 有机基材喷播植草技术
膨胀土 易吸水膨胀失水收缩,导致边坡变形 非膨胀黏性土或水泥改性土换填,双层结构防护方案
冻土 冻胀破坏风险高,长期冻融循环引发结构开裂 土工格室,铰接模压混凝土结构
软黏土 天然强度低,加固桩作用有限 石灰柱加固
表层砂土 砂土结构疏松,黏聚力低,抗冲刷能力差,易受水流侵蚀 聚氨酯型生态稳定剂与砂土混合,生成固化膜包裹砂粒
砂壤土、壤土 土体松散易冲,水位变化导致干湿交替,冲刷剧烈 植被护坡,刚-柔协同护坡
), ArticleFig(id=1242114913712280348, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1200407091526628217, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

特殊岩土体类型岸坡及其防护措施

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
岸坡岩土体类型 面临问题 防护措施
崩解岩、风化岩等较软弱岩石 高温季节降雨导致浅层温差过大,软岩发生快速风化 有机基材喷播植草技术
膨胀土 易吸水膨胀失水收缩,导致边坡变形 非膨胀黏性土或水泥改性土换填,双层结构防护方案
冻土 冻胀破坏风险高,长期冻融循环引发结构开裂 土工格室,铰接模压混凝土结构
软黏土 天然强度低,加固桩作用有限 石灰柱加固
表层砂土 砂土结构疏松,黏聚力低,抗冲刷能力差,易受水流侵蚀 聚氨酯型生态稳定剂与砂土混合,生成固化膜包裹砂粒
砂壤土、壤土 土体松散易冲,水位变化导致干湿交替,冲刷剧烈 植被护坡,刚-柔协同护坡
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现代运河岸坡长期稳定性及安全保障关键技术研究进展与发展建议
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薛大为 1 , 钟一顺 1 , 何茂丰 1 , 鲍成儒 1 , 刘先林 2 , 闫强 3 , 邵羽 2 , 吕玺琳 1,
前瞻科技 | 综述与述评 2025,4(3): 84-96
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前瞻科技 | 综述与述评 2025, 4(3): 84-96
现代运河岸坡长期稳定性及安全保障关键技术研究进展与发展建议
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薛大为1 , 钟一顺1, 何茂丰1, 鲍成儒1, 刘先林2, 闫强3, 邵羽2, 吕玺琳1,
作者信息
  • 1.同济大学土木工程学院地下建筑与工程系,上海 200092
  • 2.广西交通设计集团有限公司,南宁 530029
  • 3.平陆运河集团有限公司,南宁 530029
  • 薛大为,特聘研究员,博士研究生导师。中国土木工程学会土力学及岩土工程分会会青年工作委员会委员,上海市力学学会岩土力学专委会委员,Biogeotechnics、《应用基础与工程科学学报》青年编委。主要从事高阶连续体理论及岩土本构关系、材料稳定性分析理论、跨尺度数值模拟方法的研究。获博士研究生国家奖学金、中冶集团科技进步奖一等奖、同济大学优秀博士学位论文,并入选上海市领军(海外)人才计划。发表论文30余篇。授权国际、国内专利6件,登记国家软件著作权5件。电子信箱:

    吕玺琳,教授,博士研究生导师。同济大学土木工程学院地基基础工程研究所所长。美国土木工程师学会(ASCE)计算岩土专委会委员,国际土协(ISSMGE)-TC214、TC222通信委员,中国岩石力学与工程学会岩土地基与结构工程分会常务理事,中国土木工程学会隧道及地下工程分会理事,中国建筑学会工程诊治与运维分会理事,中国力学学会岩土力学专业委员会委员等。Geoenvironmental Disasters副主编,《应用基础与工程科学学报》《地基处理》编委。主要从事土体渐进破坏分析理论、城市地下工程、边坡稳定性、路基沉降控制、智能岩土工程等方面研究。主持国家重点研发计划、国家自然科学基金等项目30余项。获省部级及全国行业学(协)会科技进步奖一、二等奖10余项。出版专著、教材6部。发表论文180余篇。授权发明专利40余件,登记国家软件著作权23件。参编国家、地方及行业标准规范5项。电子信箱:

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Research Progress and Development Recommendations on Key Technologies for Long-term Stability and Safety Assurance of Modern Canal Slopes
Dawei XUE1 , Yishun ZHONG1, Maofeng HE1, Chengru BAO1, Xianlin LIU2, Qiang YAN3, Yu SHAO2, Xilin LÜ1,
Affiliations
  • 1. Department of Geotechnical Engineering, College of Civil Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
  • 2. Guangxi Communications Design Group Co., Ltd., Nanning 530029, China
  • 3. Pinglu Canal Group Co., Ltd., Nanning 530029, China
出版时间: 2025-09-20 doi: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2025.03.008
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现代运河岸坡稳定性是保障水路畅通及区域协调发展的重要基础。文章主要围绕现代运河岸坡长期稳定性及安全保障关键技术研究方向,系统性梳理了国内外相关研究成果,总结了国内外运河岸坡稳定性领域的研究现状、技术发展趋势及面临的主要挑战,分析了岩土体性质、自然因素与人类活动对岸坡稳定性的综合影响。探讨了应对复杂环境与高风险区段的岸坡安全保障新技术与智能化管理策略,并给出现代运河岸坡防护关键技术综合发展建议,以期为现代运河体系建设提供理论支撑与技术路径参考。

现代运河  /  岸坡稳定性  /  安全评价  /  防护技术

The stability of modern canal slopes is a crucial foundation for ensuring the smooth operation of waterways and supporting regional coordinated development. Focusing on the long-term stability and safety assurance of modern canal slopes, this paper systematically reviews related research achievements both domestically and internationally. It summarizes the current state of research, technological development trends, and major challenges in the field of canal slope stability. Additionally, it analyzes the combined effects of geotechnical properties, natural factors, and human activities on slope stability. The paper explores new technologies and intelligent management strategies for ensuring slope safety in complex environments and high-risk segments. Finally, it provides comprehensive recommendations for the development of key slope protection technologies in modern canal systems, with the aim of offering theoretical support and technical guidance for the construction of modern canal networks.

modern canal  /  slope stability  /  safety assessment  /  protection technologies
薛大为, 钟一顺, 何茂丰, 鲍成儒, 刘先林, 闫强, 邵羽, 吕玺琳. 现代运河岸坡长期稳定性及安全保障关键技术研究进展与发展建议. 前瞻科技, 2025 , 4 (3) : 84 -96 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2025.03.008
Dawei XUE, Yishun ZHONG, Maofeng HE, Chengru BAO, Xianlin LIU, Qiang YAN, Yu SHAO, Xilin LÜ. Research Progress and Development Recommendations on Key Technologies for Long-term Stability and Safety Assurance of Modern Canal Slopes[J]. Science and Technology Foresight, 2025 , 4 (3) : 84 -96 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2025.03.008
自18世纪工业革命以来,全球社会经历了经济繁荣与技术飞速发展历程。作为重要的水路交通设施,运河在全球经济中扮演着不可替代的角色[1]。运河岸坡的长期稳定性是制约水运设施可持续发展的重要因素[2]。近年来,多个运河及调水工程沿线发生岸坡失稳灾害,造成严重经济损失和基础设施损坏。例如,巴拿马运河在施工期间因不同岩性地层的透水性差异,围堰出现多次垮塌。在南水北调东线工程中,沿线膨胀土岸坡在极端天气和波浪引发的干湿循环作用下发生裂隙扩展,使部分河段出现滑塌,影响输水安全。京杭大运河某些拓宽河段因人类施工扰动,引发岸坡失稳,甚至导致沿岸基础设施受损。这些案例表明,复杂地质条件、极端水文气候及人类工程活动的交互作用,使得运河岸坡的长期稳定性问题日益突出。因此,在现代运河建设中,亟须加强对岸坡长期稳定性的系统性研究,提出更具针对性的安全保障关键技术。
欧盟《水框架指令》明确提出河流治理需要综合考虑生态保护与水利功能,特别关注岸坡稳定性对生态系统和经济活动的深远影响。美国通过《水资源发展法》,加强对运河及其相关基础设施的维护,结合生态修复技术和现代防灾措施,提升水利设施的适应性与韧性。荷兰则引入数字孪生和生态护坡先进技术,实现运河岸坡的综合治理与可持续发展。当前,中国正在积极规划和建设现代化运河体系,以适应国家经济社会发展的新需求。特别是在“一带一路”倡议、南水北调工程、长江经济带发展战略及区域协调发展政策的推动下[3],现代运河体系建设被赋予更高的国家战略意义。例如,南水北调东线与中线工程的建设和运行,不仅极大缓解了华北地区的水资源短缺问题,也为中国跨流域调水工程提供了重要经验,凸显了现代运河体系在优化水资源配置和支撑区域发展中的作用。此外,平陆运河作为近年来启动建设的重点工程,旨在连接长江经济带和粤港澳大湾区两大经济核心区域,打造贯通南北的现代水运大动脉,是中国运河发展历史中的新高度,如图1所示。然而,这些重大工程沿线地质、气候条件的复杂性给岸坡安全维护带来了极大挑战。运河所经部分区域湿润多雨,暴雨洪水频发,导致岸坡滑塌、侵蚀风险较高,同时还涉及软土沉降、工程施工扰动等引起的变形失稳问题[4]。这说明现代运河岸坡安全的维护不仅是确保工程运行稳定的技术性任务,更是关乎经济发展、生态保护和区域协调发展的综合性战略课题[5]
1)岩土体性质
中国各地区的岩土体具有显著的空间异质性[6]。长期水流冲刷会溶蚀岩土体中亲水性和可溶性矿物,破坏胶结结构,削弱整体强度。此外,岩土体交界面常形成软弱滑动面,受干湿循环影响易发生错动,导致岸坡失稳。颗粒级配也是影响稳定性的关键因素,级配不均匀时,细颗粒易流失,形成流沙现象,引发强度退化[7]。当岸坡沿线岩土体具有高压缩性和大渗透系数时,岸坡失稳风险将显著增加[8]。水下部分岩土体长期饱和,水侵作用降低抗剪强度,边坡更易受侵蚀,尤其在水位上升阶段,软弱岩土可能崩解,形成侵蚀龛,并进一步引发大规模失稳甚至塌陷。此外,地质活动引起的断裂褶皱构造也不容忽视,具体取决于斜坡与褶皱的方向关系,以及地质运动引起的岩体结构的破坏程度。其中,褶皱方向与岸坡顺向时,其节理结构沿边坡方向倾斜,在受到扰动后更容易失稳发生滑坡。跨地貌单元的影响同样不能忽视,跨地貌单元处的渗流场突变、应力场突变、岩性突变等问题极易引起岸坡失稳事故。由岩土体差异引起的部分典型国内外运河岸坡失稳案例如见表1
2)自然因素
当运河穿越地势起伏较大的山区时,地表径流加速会显著增强对岸坡的冲刷与侵蚀,尤其在弯曲河段,可形成悬壁结构,易发生剪切或倾覆破坏[9]。此外,高速水流的水动力对土体起到搬运作用,尽管土体沿河道迁移速率会随流量增大而降低,但这种搬运作用还是会不同程度塑造河道形态[10]。运河水的化学特性亦会影响岸坡稳定性。研究表明,酸性及高盐溶液可改变岩土体的物理力学性质,降低其稳定性[11]。降雨也是影响岸坡稳定性的关键因素之一,弱降雨可形成气-水薄膜,阻碍渗透,强降雨易软化土体,降低抗剪强度,并通过水位变化破坏原有渗流平衡,引发失稳[12]。极端降雨事件在全球气候变化背景下愈发频繁,使岸坡受灾风险进一步加剧。例如,在南水北调东线沿线,暴雨导致岸坡土体饱和,使局部区域发生滑塌,影响输水干渠的运行。巴拿马运河在季节性强降雨期间,岸坡土体受水渗透影响强度急剧降低,引发大规模滑坡,影响船舶通航。
运河水位的季节性变化导致的干湿循环可诱发裂隙,为渗流提供通道,特别是在膨胀土区域,膨胀应力作用下易形成浅层剥落和后缘裂隙扩展,削弱坡体整体性和抗滑能力[13]。此外,基质吸力的消散进一步降低抗剪强度,增加浅层滑坡和局部失稳的风险[14]。地震作用同样是岸坡失稳的重要因素,地震波传播引起的惯性力可能使土体颗粒发生相对运动,当超过抗剪强度时即发生失稳。同时,地震诱发的超孔隙水压力可降低土体强度,而山体崩塌、泥石流等次生灾害堆积额外荷载,加剧坡体下滑,进一步降低岸坡稳定性[15]。运河跨越多个纬度地区时,温度和气候环境的显著变化和岩土体性质的耦合影响也不容忽视。这些自然因素对边坡稳定性的影响如图2所示。
3)人类活动
人类活动对岸坡稳定性具有复杂影响。运河开挖、农业开发及交通基础设施建设均可能改变岸坡土体的应力分布。在运河开挖过程中,坡脚开挖易导致应力集中,并因卸载效应加剧边坡失稳风险[16]。河道拓宽时,反复爆破可能使岸坡内部岩土体发生累积性位移,导致水平应力增大、垂直应力峰值振荡,进而降低抗滑能力,加剧岸坡破坏[17]。农业活动,如土豆种植,由于根系提供的约束强度弱于土体原有强度,易造成水土流失,削弱土体抗侵蚀能力,进而影响边坡稳定性[18]
运河沿线的交通基础设施亦会对岸坡稳定性产生不利影响。交通荷载的瞬时性、长期循环性及累积性作用均可能导致边坡失稳,尤其当动应力超过土体抗剪强度时会引发滑动[19]。桥基结构进一步改变振动波传播特性,增强竖向振动能量,使其影响范围扩大。此外,桥基还会引起动应力重新分布,在底端形成应力集中区,显著降低岸坡的整体稳定性。
1)模型试验
模型试验可在不同尺度上复现边坡的地形地质、自然环境及荷载作用,模拟失稳全过程已成为研究边坡稳定性的经典方法。近年来,国内外学者广泛开展岸坡模型试验,系统论证了水位升降[20]、风浪及船体运动引发的波浪侵蚀[21]、地震活动[22]、坡顶荷载作用[23]对岸坡长期稳定性的影响。虽然开展物理模型试验能够直观地获得边坡的失稳全过程及最终破坏模式,但存在成本较高、操作复杂等局限性,且相似比和尺度效应的影响可能导致模型试验结果偏离真实边坡响应。
2)理论方法
边坡稳定性理论分析方法主要包括极限平衡法和极限分析法。极限平衡法基于刚体极限平衡理论,自20世纪50年代起广泛应用,假设滑动面发生刚性滑动破坏,并通过计算切应力与抗剪强度评估稳定性安全系数[24-26]。为提高该方法在运河岸坡稳定性分析中的适用性,研究者进一步考虑了水体侵蚀等影响因素[27]。极限分析法作为土体塑性理论的延伸,通过构建静力许可场和运动许可场获得下限解和上限解,弥补了极限平衡法可能导致的评估误差[28-30]。然而,理论方法往往基于简化的假设条件实现边坡安全系数的快速计算和稳定性初步评估,但其对选用参数的敏感性较高,且难以准确反映实际边坡运动模式的复杂性和非线性特征。
3)数值方法
自20世纪70年代以来,数值方法在边坡失稳过程模拟与影响因素分析中得到广泛应用,主要包括有限元法、有限差分法、离散元法、物质点法及其组合使用。有限元法通过满足静力平衡与应变相容条件,能够模拟复杂地质地形条件下边坡的受力与变形特性,并可处理非连续性问题和多种荷载工况[31]。有限差分法通过离散网格点计算变量变化,可有效模拟渗流场、应力分布及变形特性,适用于规则网格结构[32]。离散元法基于颗粒或块体的动力分析,适用于裂隙发育、不连续性强及大变形的边坡问题[33]。物质点法结合拉格朗日与欧拉描述,实现边坡全过程失稳模拟,消除网格畸变问题[34],并能够与强度折减法、水土耦合效应结合,提高边坡安全性评估和降雨入渗模拟的精度[35]。虽然通过数值方法能够模拟边坡表面及内部的应力应变响应,并确定边坡的潜在破坏面,但模拟结果的准确性取决于所选取的岩土材料本构模型及输入参数是否合理。
4)人工智能技术
近年来,人工智能技术在边坡稳定性分析中的应用取得了显著进展,为复杂边坡问题提供了新的解决方案。人工神经网络通过输入层、隐藏层和输出层构成,以强大的非线性拟合能力处理多维数据,从而预测稳定状态或计算安全系数[36],尽管对训练数据质量和规模要求较高,但在非线性问题中表现突出[37]。支持向量机则基于回归统计理论,通过构建影响因素与边坡稳定状态的关联进行稳定性分析[38]。研究表明,采用神经网络核和径向基函数核的支持向量机模型比线性核更具精度[39]。为弥补单一人工智能技术的局限性,研究逐渐转向混合智能方法,如结合多模态学习样本与支持向量机对边坡位移进行合成分析,以提升稳定性评估的准确性[40]。此外,人工智能与传统数值方法结合的路径也为边坡稳定性分析提供了进一步发展的可能性。人工智能方法在处理海量边坡监测数据时具有显著的优势,而在边坡稳定性评估方面,其性能会受到训练数据质量和数量的直接影响,且部分人工智能模型可解释性一般、泛化能力有限。
上述4类方法相互关联、相辅相成,模型试验可为理论方法和数值方法提供试验数据及现象验证,理论方法为数值方法奠定理论基础,而数值方法与理论方法可为人工智能模型提供训练数据,如图3所示。
随着工业化发展,边坡防护技术不断创新,工程防护措施日益多样。例如,混凝土或钢筋混凝土支护墙可防止土体滑动,锚杆与钢筋桁架可增强支撑稳定性,土工布与土工格栅可提高抗拉抗压能力,喷射混凝土和钢丝网可减少土石滑落,排水管道和排水沟可降低水分影响[41-43]。采用大直径钻孔桩结合抗剪支护结构的方式,可以显著提高岸坡在动载作用下的稳定性。这些方法主要依靠人工结构与物理手段防止滑坡或塌方。随着生态保护意识增强[44],自然生态性防护措施逐渐受到重视[45],强调利用生态系统提高边坡稳定性,同时保护环境[46-48]。现代边坡防护趋向工程性与生态性结合,如挡土墙配合植被种植和生态毯覆盖,不仅稳定边坡、预防灾害,还可修复生态,为边坡治理提供更全面的解决方案。这些传统的防护技术往往可以很好地应对常规岩土体、降雨、地震及人类活动对岸坡长期稳定性的影响。典型边坡防护方式总结如图4所示。
然而,针对跨越多个纬度和气候区的长线运河工程,沿线岩土体复杂,仅依靠传统方法难以完全保障岸坡稳定性。例如,在南水北调工程中,膨胀土边坡通常采用非膨胀黏性土或水泥改性土换填,辅以土工格栅加筋和土工袋处理,并通过水泥砂浆抹面或植草强化[49]。然而,在实践中发现,采用这种常规防渗层在地下水位以下及水位变动带适应性较差;采用双层结构防护方案则可兼顾防渗、排水与隔温功能[50]。对于极软和软黏土边坡,加固桩作用有限,而石灰柱可成为更有效的防护方案。更多的特殊岩土体岸坡分类及防护措施如表2所示。而对于岸坡岩土体差异显著交错分布情形,通常通过融合多种防护措施,以期达到综合安全保障的目的。
此外,现代运河安全保障防护需关注船舶运行和运河沿线气候显著变化带来的水流冲刷和水位变化的影响[51-53]。水流反复冲刷与波动易导致侵蚀,尤其在水位剧烈变化或高流速情况下,水动力冲击加剧侵蚀。浮动防波堤可有效削减船舶波浪,减少岸坡受损。针对极端降雨及季节性水位变动因素,防护策略主要集中在防渗和排水措施,如铺设防渗膜、注入水泥浆液或设置截流墙。生态护坡方面,水位波动会影响植物根系加固效应,夏季干燥时水文加固作用增强,而秋冬春季则以传统加固效应为主。在寒冷地区,则采用土工格室的互锁作用提高抗剪能力,有效应对冻胀问题[54],但长期冻融循环可能导致其变形开裂。此时,铰接模压混凝土结构可通过尼龙绳拉拔作用闭合裂缝,减少泄渗[55]
1)复杂地质环境下的多尺度力学响应及失稳机制识别
运河沿线岩土体的非均质性、层理及软弱夹层对岸坡稳定性影响显著,但现有分析方法多基于均质假设,难以高性能刻画多尺度力学行为、大变形及滑移破坏演化过程,导致其在工程分析计算时精度受限。边坡的微观结构劣化和局部失稳到整体渐进破坏时域过程仍缺乏系统量化。此外,复杂地质条件下的防护技术适应性研究不足,软弱地层、冻融循环区的长期稳定性评估仍待优化。
2)极端水文气候条件下岸坡稳定性的多因素耦合演化机制
极端降雨、干湿循环、地下水位波动及地震等因素的协同作用机制尚不明确,现有研究多集中于单一因素影响,未充分解析多因素非线性耦合效应。特别是暴雨诱发的渗流失稳和干湿循环引起的裂隙扩展等仍缺乏精准模拟。此外,岸坡在突发水位波动、强震作用下的动态失稳机制仍需深入研究。现有评估方法多基于长期统计,难以预测短时极端事件下的灾变响应。
3)人工智能技术在岸坡稳定性评估中的适用性与泛化能力不足
人工智能技术的引入在一定程度上提高了岸坡稳定性分析的效率与精度,但其应用仍受到训练数据质量、样本可获取性及模型泛化能力的制约。由于外部环境的复杂性,目前的人工智能模型难以有效处理极端气候条件下的岸坡动力学演化特征,对数据驱动的风险预测能力仍有待优化。融合人工智能与物理特性的多尺度预测方法仍需进一步研究,以提高岸坡稳定性评估的精确度和适应性。
4)工程性与生态性岸坡防护体系的长期适应性不足
传统刚性防护措施在复杂地质条件下的适应性较差,尤其在地下水位以下和水位波动带,难以有效应对长期波浪作用、水流冲刷、渗透变形及岸坡侵蚀带来的边坡稳定性问题。尽管生态护坡在近年受到关注,但其在极端气候条件下的长期有效性及稳定性尚未得到充分验证,尚缺乏科学的设计优化体系与智能监测技术支撑,难以在不同地质与水文条件下实现精准适配。
发展建议的概念框架如图5所示。具体包括以下4个方面。
1)构建多尺度多物理场耦合的岸坡稳定性分析与预测体系
针对复杂地质环境下的多尺度力学响应,建立涵盖颗粒尺度到工程尺度的多尺度耦合力学模型,综合考虑水土耦合、应力变形演化及长期运营,分析滑移破坏演化及大变形过程中不同尺度力学行为对岸坡稳定性的影响。发展基于高性能计算的预测方法,并结合高精度数值模拟与现场监测数据,突破大变形数值模拟与超前优化分析的瓶颈,实现岸坡全生命周期的精准评估与长期安全管理。
2)发展极端水文气候条件下岸坡失稳演化研究与防控技术
针对极端水文气候条件下的多因素耦合作用,建立岸坡稳定性演化模型,阐明极端降雨、洪涝、干旱、地震及水位波动等因素对岸坡剪切强度下降、裂隙扩展及渗流失稳的影响机制。依托长期现场监测和物理试验,完善极端环境下岸坡失稳演化的定量描述。研发高效稳定的防灾调控技术,提高岸坡对极端水文气象事件的适应性与韧性,增强现代运河体系的抗灾能力。
3)提升人工智能技术在岸坡安全监测与预测中的适用性
针对人工智能技术在岸坡稳定性评估中的适用性与泛化能力问题,推动人工智能与传统稳定性分析方法的深度融合,建立高质量多源数据监测体系,提高智能计算方法对复杂地质环境的适应性和预测精度。优化数据采集与处理流程,提高人工智能模型的泛化能力,构建智能监测预警系统,实现岸坡变形渗流及稳定性风险的实时感知与动态调控,提高运河岸坡安全管理的科学性和精准性。
4)构建兼具适应性与可持续性的生态-工程协同防护体系
针对工程性与生态性防护体系的长期适应性不足,优化刚柔结合的复合防护体系,推动生态护坡与工程防护的深度融合,提升复杂环境下的防护适应性。加强植被护坡、生物加固与水土保持技术研究,提高其在极端气候和复杂水文条件下的长期稳定性。研发特殊岩土体定制化防护技术,优化施工工艺与材料选择,提高防护措施的适用性和长期可靠性,为现代运河的可持续运行提供支撑。
现代运河岸坡的安全保障是水运基础设施长期稳定运行与区域协调可持续发展的关键。然而,在地质环境高度复杂、极端水文气候事件频发及人类工程活动日益密集的背景下,岸坡长期稳定性面临多重挑战。受岩土体空间异质性、多物理场非线性耦合作用、传统数值分析方法适应性不足及人工智能泛化能力有限等因素影响,现有岸坡稳定性评估与防护体系在新时期复杂工况下仍存在理论空白与技术瓶颈。
为提升现代运河岸坡的安全保障能力,应以全寿命期稳定性为核心目标,聚焦多尺度岩土响应与失稳演化过程,深入揭示极端水文气象与地质非连续性耦合下的岸坡失稳关键机制,构建统一的稳定性评价理论与指标体系。在软弱地基、高侵蚀敏感区等重点区域,应重点突破复杂地质条件下的高精度数值模拟技术、工程-生态复合防护结构优化设计及基于多源数据融合的智能监测与风险预警系统。最终,推动形成一套适应多源扰动、多尺度演化、多目标约束的新型岸坡稳定性理论方法体系,为中国现代运河体系的长期安全运行与智慧化管理提供强有力的技术支撑,并助力水运工程向绿色、智能和可持续方向加速转型。
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2025年第4卷第3期
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doi: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2025.03.008
  • 接收时间:2025-02-19
  • 出版时间:2025-09-20
  • 发布时间:2025-10-17
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  • 收稿日期:2025-02-19
  • 修回日期:2025-04-22
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资助项目:广西科技重大专项(桂科AA23023018)
广西南宁市 “邕江计划” 青年人才专项(RC20230108)
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    1.同济大学土木工程学院地下建筑与工程系,上海 200092
    2.广西交通设计集团有限公司,南宁 530029
    3.平陆运河集团有限公司,南宁 530029

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表12种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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