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Shipping hubs are critical nodes in the modern canal system. However, their mass concrete structures face severe cracking and durability issues under complex service environments, which directly impact the structural safety and long-term service life of the projects. This paper systematically reviews the research status, development trends, and technical challenges of mass concrete in shipping hubs, centering on the theme of “Efficient, Safe, and Long-life Design of Canal Waterways and Navigation Structures”. It distills the core scientific issues of cracking prevention and long-life design. The paper proposes technical pathways to enhance the crack resistance and durability of concrete under complex service conditions and explores the application prospects of big data and artificial intelligence technologies in the innovative design and performance optimization of concrete materials. This aims to contribute to achieving the national “dual carbon” goals and the long-life development strategy of infrastructure.

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航运枢纽作为现代运河体系的关键节点,其大体积混凝土结构在复杂服役环境下面临严峻的开裂与耐久性问题,直接影响工程的结构安全与长寿命服役。文章围绕“运河航道与通航建筑物高效安全及长寿命设计”主题,系统梳理了航运枢纽大体积混凝土的研究现状和挑战,凝练出开裂防控与长寿命设计的核心科学问题,提出了在复杂服役环境下提升混凝土抗裂性与耐久性的研究展望,并探讨了大数据与人工智能技术在混凝土材料创新设计与性能优化中的应用前景,以期助力实现国家“碳达峰与碳中和”目标与基础设施长寿命发展战略。

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金鸣,副研究员。中国混凝土与水泥制品协会混凝土材料与工程检测分会专家委员会副主任委员。主要从事水工混凝土耐久性劣化机理、寿命预测和传感器研发等研究工作。主持国家自然科学基金、国家重点研发计划青年科学家项目子课题、中国博士后科学基金等项目。获湖北省科学技术进步奖一等奖、教育部高等学校科学研究优秀成果奖自然科学二等奖等奖励。发表论文60余篇。授权发明专利10余件。
电子信箱:

刘加平,东南大学首席教授,中国工程院院士,现代土木工程材料专家。重大基础设施工程材料全国重点实验室主任,中国工程建设标准化协会副理事长,中国混凝土与水泥制品协会副会长,美国混凝土学会(ACI)中国分会副会长,全国混凝土标准化技术委员会副主任委员等。突破了收缩裂缝控制的国际难题,引领了超高性能混凝土的工程化应用,为土木工程建设作出了重要贡献。获国家技术发明奖二等奖1项,国家科技进步奖二等奖4项。获首届国家卓越工程师团队奖、全国创新争先奖、全国五一劳动奖章等荣誉。发表论文200余篇。主/参编标准或规程22项。授权中国发明专利90余件、国际专利14件。电子信箱:

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金鸣,副研究员。中国混凝土与水泥制品协会混凝土材料与工程检测分会专家委员会副主任委员。主要从事水工混凝土耐久性劣化机理、寿命预测和传感器研发等研究工作。主持国家自然科学基金、国家重点研发计划青年科学家项目子课题、中国博士后科学基金等项目。获湖北省科学技术进步奖一等奖、教育部高等学校科学研究优秀成果奖自然科学二等奖等奖励。发表论文60余篇。授权发明专利10余件。
电子信箱:

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金鸣,副研究员。中国混凝土与水泥制品协会混凝土材料与工程检测分会专家委员会副主任委员。主要从事水工混凝土耐久性劣化机理、寿命预测和传感器研发等研究工作。主持国家自然科学基金、国家重点研发计划青年科学家项目子课题、中国博士后科学基金等项目。获湖北省科学技术进步奖一等奖、教育部高等学校科学研究优秀成果奖自然科学二等奖等奖励。发表论文60余篇。授权发明专利10余件。
电子信箱:

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刘加平,东南大学首席教授,中国工程院院士,现代土木工程材料专家。重大基础设施工程材料全国重点实验室主任,中国工程建设标准化协会副理事长,中国混凝土与水泥制品协会副会长,美国混凝土学会(ACI)中国分会副会长,全国混凝土标准化技术委员会副主任委员等。突破了收缩裂缝控制的国际难题,引领了超高性能混凝土的工程化应用,为土木工程建设作出了重要贡献。获国家技术发明奖二等奖1项,国家科技进步奖二等奖4项。获首届国家卓越工程师团队奖、全国创新争先奖、全国五一劳动奖章等荣誉。发表论文200余篇。主/参编标准或规程22项。授权中国发明专利90余件、国际专利14件。电子信箱:

"}, bioImg=239ZNEU08AFGAnCMn67tTA==, bioContent=

刘加平,东南大学首席教授,中国工程院院士,现代土木工程材料专家。重大基础设施工程材料全国重点实验室主任,中国工程建设标准化协会副理事长,中国混凝土与水泥制品协会副会长,美国混凝土学会(ACI)中国分会副会长,全国混凝土标准化技术委员会副主任委员等。突破了收缩裂缝控制的国际难题,引领了超高性能混凝土的工程化应用,为土木工程建设作出了重要贡献。获国家技术发明奖二等奖1项,国家科技进步奖二等奖4项。获首届国家卓越工程师团队奖、全国创新争先奖、全国五一劳动奖章等荣誉。发表论文200余篇。主/参编标准或规程22项。授权中国发明专利90余件、国际专利14件。电子信箱:

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现代运河大体积混凝土开裂防控与长寿命研究现状及展望
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金鸣 1 , 胡张莉 1 , 赵海涛 2 , 王育江 1 , 刘加平 1,
前瞻科技 | 综述与述评 2025,4(3): 23-28
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前瞻科技 | 综述与述评 2025, 4(3): 23-28
现代运河大体积混凝土开裂防控与长寿命研究现状及展望
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金鸣1 , 胡张莉1, 赵海涛2, 王育江1, 刘加平1,
作者信息
  • 1.东南大学材料科学与工程学院,南京 211189
  • 2.河海大学土木与交通学院,南京 210098
  • 金鸣,副研究员。中国混凝土与水泥制品协会混凝土材料与工程检测分会专家委员会副主任委员。主要从事水工混凝土耐久性劣化机理、寿命预测和传感器研发等研究工作。主持国家自然科学基金、国家重点研发计划青年科学家项目子课题、中国博士后科学基金等项目。获湖北省科学技术进步奖一等奖、教育部高等学校科学研究优秀成果奖自然科学二等奖等奖励。发表论文60余篇。授权发明专利10余件。
    电子信箱:

    刘加平,东南大学首席教授,中国工程院院士,现代土木工程材料专家。重大基础设施工程材料全国重点实验室主任,中国工程建设标准化协会副理事长,中国混凝土与水泥制品协会副会长,美国混凝土学会(ACI)中国分会副会长,全国混凝土标准化技术委员会副主任委员等。突破了收缩裂缝控制的国际难题,引领了超高性能混凝土的工程化应用,为土木工程建设作出了重要贡献。获国家技术发明奖二等奖1项,国家科技进步奖二等奖4项。获首届国家卓越工程师团队奖、全国创新争先奖、全国五一劳动奖章等荣誉。发表论文200余篇。主/参编标准或规程22项。授权中国发明专利90余件、国际专利14件。电子信箱:

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Research Status and Prospect of Cracking Prevention and Long Service Life of Mass Concrete in Modern Canal Projects
Ming JIN1 , Zhangli HU1, Haitao ZHAO2, Yujiang WANG1, Jiaping LIU1,
Affiliations
  • 1. School of Materials Science and Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
  • 2. College of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
出版时间: 2025-09-20 doi: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2025.03.002
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航运枢纽作为现代运河体系的关键节点,其大体积混凝土结构在复杂服役环境下面临严峻的开裂与耐久性问题,直接影响工程的结构安全与长寿命服役。文章围绕“运河航道与通航建筑物高效安全及长寿命设计”主题,系统梳理了航运枢纽大体积混凝土的研究现状和挑战,凝练出开裂防控与长寿命设计的核心科学问题,提出了在复杂服役环境下提升混凝土抗裂性与耐久性的研究展望,并探讨了大数据与人工智能技术在混凝土材料创新设计与性能优化中的应用前景,以期助力实现国家“碳达峰与碳中和”目标与基础设施长寿命发展战略。

大体积混凝土  /  抗裂性能  /  耐久性能  /  防控方法  /  智能设计

Shipping hubs are critical nodes in the modern canal system. However, their mass concrete structures face severe cracking and durability issues under complex service environments, which directly impact the structural safety and long-term service life of the projects. This paper systematically reviews the research status, development trends, and technical challenges of mass concrete in shipping hubs, centering on the theme of “Efficient, Safe, and Long-life Design of Canal Waterways and Navigation Structures”. It distills the core scientific issues of cracking prevention and long-life design. The paper proposes technical pathways to enhance the crack resistance and durability of concrete under complex service conditions and explores the application prospects of big data and artificial intelligence technologies in the innovative design and performance optimization of concrete materials. This aims to contribute to achieving the national “dual carbon” goals and the long-life development strategy of infrastructure.

mass concrete  /  cracking resistance  /  durability  /  prevention and control methods  /  intelligent design
金鸣, 胡张莉, 赵海涛, 王育江, 刘加平. 现代运河大体积混凝土开裂防控与长寿命研究现状及展望. 前瞻科技, 2025 , 4 (3) : 23 -28 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2025.03.002
Ming JIN, Zhangli HU, Haitao ZHAO, Yujiang WANG, Jiaping LIU. Research Status and Prospect of Cracking Prevention and Long Service Life of Mass Concrete in Modern Canal Projects[J]. Science and Technology Foresight, 2025 , 4 (3) : 23 -28 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2025.03.002
现代运河作为国家重大基础设施的重要组成部分,在国家综合立体交通网络中占据重要地位。《国家综合立体交通网规划纲要》《交通强国建设纲要》明确提出,到2035年要建成包括平陆运河在内的2.5万km高等级航道[1]。平陆运河作为连接北部湾国际枢纽港与西江黄金水道的关键通道,不仅大幅缩短了内河船只的通航时间,还将强力推动西部经济的跨越式发展,成为中国区域经济一体化与“一带一路”倡议实施的重要驱动引擎。与此同时,现代运河的建设在保障国家能源安全、优化交通网络布局等方面也起到了至关重要的战略性作用。
航运枢纽作为现代运河体系的核心节点,其服役安全性是运河长期高效运行的关键。大体积混凝土是枢纽工程的材料基石,但在复杂、严酷的服役环境下,特别是高温、湿热等极端条件中,混凝土面临较高的开裂风险。开裂不仅削弱混凝土结构的整体性,还加速了腐蚀性介质的渗透[2-3],导致混凝土胶凝组分的分解和钢筋锈蚀,进一步威胁结构适用性和耐久性。因此,提升航运枢纽大体积混凝土的抗裂性与耐久性已成为亟需解决的核心问题。
应对此挑战,需要从全局层面推动大体积混凝土材料的创新升级,实现多学科融合,优化材料的服役性能。这不仅能够显著延长结构的使用寿命、降低维护成本,助力国家“碳达峰与碳中和”(简称“双碳”)目标的实现,还可为未来航运枢纽及其他基础设施的建设提供强有力的技术示范与引领,进一步提升中国在全球基础设施建设领域的技术竞争力和国际影响力。
全球基础设施建设正加速迈向长寿命化,混凝土长期服役成为各国应对基础设施老化的核心战略。日本“基础设施长寿化计划”与韩国“超级桥梁200计划”分别通过技术创新延长桥梁和道路的使用寿命至200年。要实现航运枢纽大体积混凝土的长寿命,必须从开裂风险评估、劣化机理分析和耐久性设计等方面开展创新研究,开发高性能的材料体系,形成高抗裂、高耐久的混凝土解决方案。
目前,大体积混凝土的早期裂缝主要由温度收缩、自收缩等问题共同引发,特别是在复杂结构中,这些应力会显著加剧裂缝形成。现有的温控与水化反应调控技术在降低温度梯度和减小裂缝产生风险方面取得了显著进展[4-5],但裂缝控制仍受制于材料内部的多场耦合效应。通过对水化速率的精确控制与膨胀剂的合理设计,工程师们构建了多因素耦合的开裂风险预测模型[6],为混凝土配比优化提供了理论支持。同时,分形韧化理论的发展为提升材料高强韧特性、延缓裂缝扩展提供了新思路,显著提高了极端条件下大体积混凝土的抗裂性能。然而,如何在复杂的服役环境中进一步完善抗裂机制与预测模型,依然是亟待攻克的科学问题。
在耐久性方面,复杂侵蚀环境中的多因素劣化机理研究逐渐深入。混凝土在海水侵蚀、酸性水腐蚀及高速水流冲刷下,服役性能大幅下降[7-9]。当前的研究显示,氯离子侵入、钙溶蚀和水流冲磨过程,与混凝土孔隙结构和水化产物的演变密切相关,借助多场耦合的模拟和加速劣化试验研究,逐步建立了混凝土内部物质传输与微结构损伤的动态模型[10-12]。基于这一模型,耐久性设计正在从传统的经验判断逐步过渡到量化计算阶段。然而,复杂侵蚀环境下中/低热硅酸盐水泥(简称中/低热水泥)、粉煤灰等特殊胶凝材料混凝土的劣化速率和寿命预测,仍需通过更深层次的研究来揭示。
相比大坝使用的C15/20水工混凝土,航运枢纽工程中使用的C30/35混凝土具有更高的强度等级,但伴随着更大的水化热和自收缩。在高温环境中,水化热产生的温度应力与干缩应力叠加,形成显著的温度梯度,进一步加剧了内外变形差异,增加开裂风险。例如,船闸、挡墙等结构中钢筋强约束区域,混凝土变形受限,显著增加裂缝产生与扩展的风险。虽然膨胀剂和中热硅酸盐水泥等材料在一定程度上缓解了温度应力,但在复杂条件下,这些措施效果仍有限。材料配比优化、外加剂改性和施工工艺改进,仍是提高抗裂性能的关键措施。
此外,C30/35混凝土在抗氯离子侵蚀、耐酸性水腐蚀及抗冲磨劣化性能方面弱于C40/45海工混凝土,其较高的渗透性加速了外界环境中腐蚀性介质的侵入,导致过早诱发钢筋锈蚀。在高频水流冲击的泄水闸和消能池等结构部位,混凝土表面在高速水流的持续作用下,易发生水力冲刷、空蚀磨损及表面剥蚀等损伤现象,造成混凝土的性能衰退。中/低热水泥与粉煤灰为主要胶凝材料的混凝土,在复杂侵蚀环境下的抗介质渗透性和耐冲磨性能尚未得到充分验证,且现行设计方法多以单一性能为目标,需大量试验反复试配,且未关注复杂环境多种因素协同作用下的混凝土性能演变,导致在设计过程中难以实现真正的性能优化。
因此,亟须突破以传统经验主导的设计范式,建立基于混凝土材料组成与微结构的环境-材料-性能量化关联模型,结合人工智能技术构建多目标协同优化设计方法,实现抗裂、抗侵蚀和抗冲磨性能的协同提升,最终形成理论模型-智能算法-工程验证的全链条创新体系,以制备长寿命水工大体积混凝土。
航运枢纽工程中的大体积混凝土开裂主要受到温度应力、干缩应力和荷载应力的多重驱动,这些应力因素在复杂服役条件下进一步加剧裂缝的产生。开裂过程既是外部环境、施工工艺等多因素耦合作用的结果,也是材料内在抗裂能力的反映。关键在于研究开裂驱动力与材料抗力的共生机制,明确如何通过多场调控实现温度应力和干缩应力的协同控制(图1)。系统梳理混凝土材料的物理、化学性能在水化过程中的演变规律,揭示外部环境与内部结构之间的复杂耦合关系,从而提出协同抗裂的调控机制,确保在极端条件下的高效抗裂性能。
航运枢纽工程大体积混凝土在服役过程中,长期暴露于盐分侵蚀、酸性水腐蚀及高频水流冲击等多因素耦合的复杂环境中,导致其从微观尺度到宏观尺度的渐进性劣化,呈现出显著的多尺度传递特征。解决问题的关键在于揭示环境侵蚀因素与混凝土材料水化产物、微结构的交互机制,打通“微观损伤-介观演化-宏观失效”的劣化传递路径。同时,通过胶凝材料体系设计、纳米改性及微结构调控技术,实现混凝土抗侵蚀、耐冲磨性能的协同提升[13],为复杂环境下混凝土高耐久性设计提供支撑。
针对航运枢纽工程复杂服役环境和严苛的应力条件,研究中/低热水泥混凝土在多重环境因素与荷载作用下的开裂机制。研究中/低热水泥混凝土材料与环境交互作用机制,分析收缩应力与荷载应力的叠加效应,揭示混凝土裂缝产生与扩展机理。基于分形韧化理论,提出延缓混凝土微结构中裂缝扩展的调控方法,形成抗防一体化的混凝土裂缝控制技术。研究温控、养护等技术对混凝土抗裂性的影响,创新外加剂与施工工艺的结合范式,形成材料-结构-环境一体化的抗裂性提升方案,保障大体积混凝土结构的高抗裂性能。
研究复杂侵蚀环境因素耦合作用下中/低热水泥混凝土宏-微观性能和微-细观结构的演变规律,探明混凝土渗透性能、抗侵蚀性能、力学性能等宏观性能与孔结构、物相组成、界面过渡区等微-细观结构与性能之间的内在联系,掌握混凝土在不同尺度下的劣化机制。建立中/低热水泥混凝土抗侵蚀、抗冲磨性能与组成、微结构之间的构效关系,通过优化配合比设计,调控组成与微结构,实现复杂服役环境下混凝土耐久性的多维度提升和长寿命保障。
基于大数据与人工智能技术,发展水工大体积混凝土的智能化配比设计与性能调控优化方法。结合混凝土结构在实际环境中的长期监测数据,利用人工智能算法动态平衡强度、变形、耐久性多目标性能,实现抗裂性与耐久性协同的配比设计。基于典型大体积混凝土构件,以水化-温-湿-力耦合模型的模拟数据为支撑,构建材料-结构一体化设计体系[14]图2)。通过数据驱动优化混凝土材料制备流程和现场施工方案,提升材料性能调控和质量控制的准确性,保障材料长期服役表现和混凝土结构的整体性能。结合监测与反馈机制,动态调整材料设计策略,应对复杂环境的不确定性,为航运枢纽工程提供精准高效的技术支撑,推动水工混凝土工程数字化与智能化发展。
航运枢纽工程作为现代运河体系的重要组成部分,其长期服役的安全性和耐久性对国家交通网络的高效运转至关重要。面对复杂的服役环境和严苛的施工条件,大体积混凝土的抗裂与耐久性设计成为亟待突破的关键领域。通过对开裂驱动力与抗裂机制、复杂侵蚀环境下的多尺度劣化机理等关键科学问题的深入研究,能够为大体积混凝土材料的创新提供理论依据,并推动抗裂、抗侵蚀性能的协同提升。同时,结合智能化设计与数据驱动的优化技术,实现施工过程的精准控制,发展基于材料-结构一体化的系统性解决方案,既能保障工程的高效运行,又能实现节能减排的目标。
未来,针对现代航运枢纽的挑战性需求,亟须进一步推动多学科交叉与前沿技术的融合,打破传统材料与施工工艺的局限,构建面向长寿命、高耐久的混凝土设计体系。这不仅有助于航运枢纽工程的质量提升和安全保障,也将为中国基础设施建设领域提供国际领先的技术支撑和示范,助力国家重大工程建设迈向更高水平。
  • 国家自然科学基金(52293430)
  • 国家自然科学基金(52379118)
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2025年第4卷第3期
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doi: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2025.03.002
  • 接收时间:2024-10-15
  • 出版时间:2025-09-20
  • 发布时间:2025-10-17
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  • 收稿日期:2024-10-15
  • 修回日期:2025-02-28
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国家自然科学基金(52293430)
国家自然科学基金(52379118)
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    1.东南大学材料科学与工程学院,南京 211189
    2.河海大学土木与交通学院,南京 210098

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表12种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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