Article(id=1157393074587615306, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, issueId=1157393070754025641, articleNumber=null, orderNo=9, doi=10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2024.01.008, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1700409600000, receivedDateStr=2023-11-20, revisedDate=1706025600000, revisedDateStr=2024-01-24, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753873612304, onlineDateStr=2025-07-30, pubDate=1710864000000, pubDateStr=2024-03-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1711468800000, onlineIssueDateStr=2024-03-27, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753873612304, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774072493930, updator=sys-migrate, issue=Issue{id=1157393070754025641, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, year='2024', volume='3', issue='1', pageStart='100', pageEnd='147', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1710864000000', pubDateStr='2024-03-20', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=1, createTime=1753873611366, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1776075110816, updator='13041195026', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1250512908678017028, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, issueId=1157393070754025641, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=Science and Technology Foresight, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1250512908682211333, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, issueId=1157393070754025641, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=月球及火星等地外行星科考基地建设探索专刊, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=100, endPage=108, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1157393075258703947, articleId=1157393074587615306, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, language=EN, title=Research Status and Development Direction of Lunar Lava Tube Exploration, columnId=1149656489310208610, journalTitle=Science and Technology Foresight, columnName=Review and Commentary, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The construction of scientific research stations is an important goal in current international lunar exploration, and lava tubes are one of the most important candidates for the construction of scientific research stations. This paper discusses the importance of lunar lava tubes as natural caves during the construction of lunar scientific research stations and bases, and reviews the existing understanding of lunar lava tubes in China and abroad, and focuses on the process and significance of lunar lava tube exploration and proposes future development trends for the key challenges in detecting these lava tubes. In addition, in the context of China’s lunar exploration project, this paper proposes a development strategy for China’s future lunar and deep-space exploration endeavors.

, authors=null, authorsList=Chong ZHENG, Qingyun DENG, Mao YE, Fei LI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Fei LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
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建设月球科研站是当今国际上探月的重要目标,熔岩管是科研站的重要候选地之一。文章探讨了月球熔岩管作为天然洞穴对于建设月球科研站和月球基地的重要性,回顾了国内外月球熔岩管的现有认识,重点讨论了其探索过程和研究意义。针对月球熔岩管探测的技术难点,提出了未来发展趋势。结合中国的“嫦娥”系列探月工程,给出了相关建议。

, authors=

郑翀,博士。主要从事月球重力场及内部结构研究。电子信箱:。

李斐,教授。中国绕月探测工程科学应用专家委员会委员,教育部地球物理学类专业教学指导委员会主任。主要从事月球和行星重力场及内部结构研究。获国家科技进步二等奖。发表论文180余篇。电子信箱:。

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郑翀,博士。主要从事月球重力场及内部结构研究。电子信箱:。

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李斐,教授。中国绕月探测工程科学应用专家委员会委员,教育部地球物理学类专业教学指导委员会主任。主要从事月球和行星重力场及内部结构研究。获国家科技进步二等奖。发表论文180余篇。电子信箱:。

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李斐,教授。中国绕月探测工程科学应用专家委员会委员,教育部地球物理学类专业教学指导委员会主任。主要从事月球和行星重力场及内部结构研究。获国家科技进步二等奖。发表论文180余篇。电子信箱:。

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China lunar exploration program[J]. Journal of Deep Space Exploration, 2019, 6(5): 405-416. (in Chinese), articleTitle=China lunar exploration program, refAbstract=The Chang'E-4 probe was successfully soft landed on the far side of the moon for the first time as a human spacecraft on January 3, 2019, while the lunar rover named as "Yutu-2" leaving Chinese footprints on the Moon. So far, 125 lunar exploration activities have been carried out in the world, during which there are two important periods. During the period from 1950s to 1970s, the first round of lunar exploration culminated with the purposes of the race between the two space powers the U. S. and the former Soviet Union. After that, from the end of last century to now, many countries realize the strategic significance of the Lunar exploration, proposing their new lunar exploration plans, which culminated the second round of lunar exploration. Starting from the Chang'E-1 orbiter project in 2004, China has implemented five successful lunar missions, include Chang'E-1, 2, 3, 4, and Lunar Sample Return flight test. All five missions are successful, and great achievements have been made in space technology, space science and application, personal training, and international cooperation. China will continue lunar exploration activities mainly with unmanned Lunar Scientific Research Station.), Reference(id=1242113346472837678, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393074587615306, doi=10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2022.01.002, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=1, issue=1, pageStart=17, pageEnd=27, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[2], rfOrder=2, authorNames=于登云, 马继楠, journalName=前瞻科技, refType=null, unstructuredReference=于登云, 马继楠. 中国深空探测进展与展望[J]. 前瞻科技, 2022, 1(1): 17-27., articleTitle=中国深空探测进展与展望, refAbstract=在简要分析世界主要航天国家和新兴航天国家深空探测进展的基础上,系统梳理了中国深空探测所取得的主要技术和科学进展,对未来的深空探测任务和需要重点突破的主要关键技术提出展望,为后续深空探测发展提供参考。), Reference(id=1242113346548335151, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393074587615306, doi=10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2022.01.002, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=1, issue=1, pageStart=17, pageEnd=27, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[2], rfOrder=3, authorNames=Yu D Y, Ma J N, journalName=Science and Technology Foresight, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Yu D Y, Ma J N. Progress and prospect of deep space exploration in China[J]. Science and Technology Foresight, 2022, 1(1): 17-27. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Progress and prospect of deep space exploration in China, refAbstract=

After analyzing the progress in deep space exploration of major aerospace countries and emerging ones in the world, this paper systematically summarizes the main scientific and technological achievements regarding deep space exploration in China. Moreover, it provides an outlook on future deep space exploration and main key technologies. This review can serve as reference for the follow-up development of deep space exploration in China.

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Data obtained from lunar orbit and earth‐based observations have been used to extend the detailed characterizations derived from Apollo and Luna sample return missions to other parts of the moon. Mare volcanism occurred over a period of about 1.3 billion years (b.y.), from about 3.8 to about 2.5 b.y. ago, although the absolute age of the youngest flows is not known. An early Ti‐rich mare phase (Apollo 11 and Apollo 17 type basalts) flooded large areas of the eastern portion of the lunar near side in the early Imbrian Period (about 3.5–3.8 b.y. ago). An intermediate age, less Ti‐rich phase (Apollo 12 and Apollo 15 type basalts) flooded widespread areas of the moon predominantly in the middle to late Imbrian Period (about 3.0–3.5 b.y. ago). Finally, a second Ti‐rich phase (unsampled by Apollo and Luna) flooded portions of Mare Imbrium and the western maria in the early Eratosthenian Period (about 2.5–3.0 b.y. ago). Features associated with mare deposits and processes include lobate scarps, sinuous rilles, domes, cones, dark halo craters, collapse craters, kipukas, lava terraces, mare ridges, and volcanic complexes. The very fluid nature of lunar lavas, their voluminous and extensive flows, and the dominance of volcanic landforms of nonexplosive origin all strongly indicate that lunar eruptions and deposits are most similar to terrestrial basaltic flood and Hawaiian eruptions. Volcanic morphologic features, deposit volumes, extrusion rates, and association of many sources with major crustal fractures all suggest that mare lavas originated at subcrustal depths and worked their way to the lunar surface through a passive but fractured lunar crust. Lavas preferentially infilled the existing low regions of the moon, apparently in a hydrostatic mode. Since lunar impact basins produce most of the topographic lows, mare deposits are concentrated in and around these features. The lunar crust acted essentially as a passive platform on which mare lavas were emplaced. Far side mare deposits are patchy but are concentrated on the floors of the largest basins. Thicker far side crust and hydrostatic emplacement of mare lavas may explain the lack of extensive far side deposits even in deep basins. Individual maria had a history of filling largely determined by the geometry and state of degradation of the basins in which they occur. Mare deposits are generally less than about 2 km in thickness but probably approach 6–8 km locally in the center of some mare basins. The process of filling took place over extensive periods of time and produced complex deposits. 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Hydroxyl/water production processes may feed polar cold traps and make the lunar regolith a candidate source of volatiles for human exploration.), Reference(id=1242113347840180803, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393074587615306, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2012, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=139, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[19], rfOrder=23, authorNames=Haruyama J, Morota T, Kobayashi S, journalName=Lunar holes and lava tubes as resources for lunar science and exploration, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Haruyama J, Morota T, Kobayashi S, et al. Lunar holes and lava tubes as resources for lunar science and exploration[M]// Badescu V. Moon. 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Gravity field of the Moon and gravity survey on the lunar surfac[J]. Bulletin of National Natural Science Foundation of China, 2022, 36(6): 851-858. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Gravity field of the Moon and gravity survey on the lunar surfac, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242113348402217548, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393074587615306, doi=10.1126/science.1259866, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2015, volume=347, issue=6227, pageStart=1226, pageEnd=1229, url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1259866, language=null, rfNumber=[26], rfOrder=32, authorNames=Xiao L, Zhu P M, Fang G Y, journalName=Science, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Xiao L, Zhu P M, Fang G Y, et al. A young multilayered terrane of the northern Mare Imbrium revealed by Chang’e-3 mission[J]. Science, 2015, 347(6227): 1226-1229., articleTitle=A young multilayered terrane of the northern Mare Imbrium revealed by Chang’e-3 mission, refAbstract=\n In more active periods of the Moon's history, volcanic eruptions created lava plains that formed layers of dark basalt. Without subsurface probing, we can only examine the most recent flows. After the soft landing of the Chang'E-3 spacecraft, Xiao\n et al.\n made penetrating radar measurements of the lunar crust with the Yutu rover. Several subsurface layers suggest multiple geologic processes at play throughout the crustal history, including multiple lava flows and the weathering-induced creation of dust and rocky debris.\n), Reference(id=1242113348456743501, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393074587615306, doi=null, pmid=17796552, pmcid=null, year=1969, volume=166, issue=3903, pageStart=384, pageEnd=385, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[27], rfOrder=33, authorNames=Nance R L, journalName=Science, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Nance R L. Gravity: First measurement on the lunar surface[J]. Science, 1969: 166(3903): 384-385., articleTitle=Gravity: First measurement on the lunar surface, refAbstract=The gravity at the landing site of the first lunar-landing mission has been determined to be 162,821.680 milligals from data telemetered to earth by the lunar module on the lunar surface. The gravity was measured with a pulsed integrating pendulous accelerometer. These measurements were used to compute the gravity anomaly and radius at the landing site.), Reference(id=1242113348519658062, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393074587615306, doi=10.1016/0031-9201(71)90040-9, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1971, volume=4, issue=3, pageStart=193, pageEnd=196, url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/0031920171900409, language=null, rfNumber=[28], rfOrder=34, authorNames=Nance R L, journalName=Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Nance R L. Gravity measured at the Apollo 12 landing site[J]. Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, 1971: 4(3): 193-196., articleTitle=Gravity measured at the Apollo 12 landing site, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1242113344769950251, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393074587615306, awardId=42030110, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(42030110), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1242113342597300739, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393074587615306, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242113342605689348, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393074587615306, companyId=1242113342597300739, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1. Chongqing Satellite Network System Co. 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State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242113342681186824, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393074587615306, companyId=1242113342668603910, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.武汉大学测绘遥感信息工程国家重点实验室,武汉 430079)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1242113344161776165, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393074587615306, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Lunar lava tube Rima Mairan, figureFileSmall=nihsFdWcgHj8yrwxxMUw/g==, figureFileBig=l5UPrC+kOlcTEdjPj1sYAQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242113344224690726, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393074587615306, language=CN, label=图1, caption=月球的Rima Mairan熔岩管, figureFileSmall=nihsFdWcgHj8yrwxxMUw/g==, figureFileBig=l5UPrC+kOlcTEdjPj1sYAQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242113344396657191, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393074587615306, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Position of the moonquake meter, figureFileSmall=MQmsEJ6zAuQdCEx7E9VXnA==, figureFileBig=GWkKjPrv6dPhROPUibYEWQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242113344472154664, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393074587615306, language=CN, label=图2, caption=月震仪部署示意图, figureFileSmall=MQmsEJ6zAuQdCEx7E9VXnA==, figureFileBig=GWkKjPrv6dPhROPUibYEWQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242113344539263529, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393074587615306, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Candidates of potential lava tubes

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称 经度/(°E) 纬度/(°N) 长度/km
Schröter Extension -54.0 24.0 60
Rima Mairan -46.0 36.0 170
Rima Marius -54.0 17.0 50
Marius Hills Skylight -58.0 14.0 60
Rima Aristarchus -47.0 27.0 100
Mairan-Rumker N-S -51.0 41.0 90
Mairan-Rumker E-W -54.0 41.0 180
Wollaston D -49.0 35.0 80
Hershel E -35.5 33.5 20
Rima Delisle 128.0 31.0 50
Cavelerius E -80.5 8.5 75
), ArticleFig(id=1242113344610566698, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393074587615306, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

潜在熔岩管候选

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称 经度/(°E) 纬度/(°N) 长度/km
Schröter Extension -54.0 24.0 60
Rima Mairan -46.0 36.0 170
Rima Marius -54.0 17.0 50
Marius Hills Skylight -58.0 14.0 60
Rima Aristarchus -47.0 27.0 100
Mairan-Rumker N-S -51.0 41.0 90
Mairan-Rumker E-W -54.0 41.0 180
Wollaston D -49.0 35.0 80
Hershel E -35.5 33.5 20
Rima Delisle 128.0 31.0 50
Cavelerius E -80.5 8.5 75
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月球熔岩管探测研究现状与发展方向
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郑翀 1, 2 , 邓青云 2 , 叶茂 2 , 李斐 2, †
前瞻科技 | 综述与述评 2024,3(1): 100-108
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前瞻科技 | 综述与述评 2024, 3(1): 100-108
月球熔岩管探测研究现状与发展方向
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郑翀1, 2 , 邓青云2, 叶茂2, 李斐2, †
作者信息
  • 1.重庆星网网络系统研究院有限公司,重庆 401123
  • 2.武汉大学测绘遥感信息工程国家重点实验室,武汉 430079
  • 郑翀,博士。主要从事月球重力场及内部结构研究。电子信箱:。

    李斐,教授。中国绕月探测工程科学应用专家委员会委员,教育部地球物理学类专业教学指导委员会主任。主要从事月球和行星重力场及内部结构研究。获国家科技进步二等奖。发表论文180余篇。电子信箱:。

通信作者:

†
†
Research Status and Development Direction of Lunar Lava Tube Exploration
Chong ZHENG1, 2 , Qingyun DENG2, Mao YE2, Fei LI2, †
Affiliations
  • 1. Chongqing Satellite Network System Co. Ltd., Chongqing 401123, China
  • 2. State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China
出版时间: 2024-03-20 doi: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2024.01.008
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建设月球科研站是当今国际上探月的重要目标,熔岩管是科研站的重要候选地之一。文章探讨了月球熔岩管作为天然洞穴对于建设月球科研站和月球基地的重要性,回顾了国内外月球熔岩管的现有认识,重点讨论了其探索过程和研究意义。针对月球熔岩管探测的技术难点,提出了未来发展趋势。结合中国的“嫦娥”系列探月工程,给出了相关建议。

月球  /  熔岩管  /  重力探测

The construction of scientific research stations is an important goal in current international lunar exploration, and lava tubes are one of the most important candidates for the construction of scientific research stations. This paper discusses the importance of lunar lava tubes as natural caves during the construction of lunar scientific research stations and bases, and reviews the existing understanding of lunar lava tubes in China and abroad, and focuses on the process and significance of lunar lava tube exploration and proposes future development trends for the key challenges in detecting these lava tubes. In addition, in the context of China’s lunar exploration project, this paper proposes a development strategy for China’s future lunar and deep-space exploration endeavors.

Moon  /  lava tube  /  gravity detection
郑翀, 邓青云, 叶茂, 李斐. 月球熔岩管探测研究现状与发展方向. 前瞻科技, 2024 , 3 (1) : 100 -108 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2024.01.008
Chong ZHENG, Qingyun DENG, Mao YE, Fei LI. Research Status and Development Direction of Lunar Lava Tube Exploration[J]. Science and Technology Foresight, 2024 , 3 (1) : 100 -108 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2024.01.008
随着人类不断发展与壮大,地球上尚未开发的空间与资源日益减少,因此开拓地外空间是人类生存发展的必然选择。而月球作为地球唯一的天然卫星、太阳系内第十五大自然卫星,是人类探测深空的必经之地。自20世纪美国和苏联探月竞赛以来,到2019年1月3日中国“嫦娥四号”实现人类首次在月球背面软着陆为止,全球各个国家共实施了117次无人探月任务和9次载人探月任务,成功率约为53%,其中中国完成5次探月任务,成功率为100%[1]。
近年来,月球探测进入了一个全新的阶段。中国、美国、日本、印度等国家及欧洲航天局等机构纷纷加入进来[2]。2020年12月17日,中国“嫦娥五号”成功完成月面采样返回任务,中国成为继美国、苏联之后世界上第3个完成月球采样任务的国家。随着越来越多的月球探测任务的开展,科学家获取了更高精度、更高分辨率的多源探测数据,基于多样化的月球数据,有效推动了月球科学研究的进展。这为中国更深入地了解月球提供了重要的支撑。然而,尽管中国已构建了初步的月球形成与演化模型,但对于月球的认知仍然十分有限。目前,美国、俄罗斯等国家已完成的探月任务主要集中在月球正面区域,仅中国的“嫦娥四号”成功完成了月球背面着陆探测任务。同时,探测任务所获的数据也更多是针对月球浅表层特征,缺乏对深部月球的探测。因此,现有的探测能力限制了月球研究的进一步发展,为了深入探测月球,开发利用月球资源,世界各航天大国开始考虑在月球上建立科研站,为开展长期就位观测提供平台。
在月球上建立长期科研站,保证科研站能顺利运行,选址问题是关键。月球表面环境复杂,宇宙射线照射、极端温度变化,以及大量小型陨石撞击等情况均会对月球科研站的建设以及随后的人类活动造成阻碍。把科研站建在月面以下,是避免月面极端环境影响的有效方式。熔岩管作为月球上天然存在的洞穴,成为了未来建立月球科研站的重要选址之一[3]。开展月球熔岩管探测,设计熔岩管开发方案,预研相关技术,对于中国开发月球、探索深空有重要战略意义。
熔岩管是通过熔融岩浆流动过程形成的一种独特洞穴。当高温岩浆从火山喷发并流经地表时,熔岩流的表面最先冷却凝固,形成厚厚的外壳。这层外壳起到隔热作用,使内部熔岩保持高温,并持续流淌很长距离。随着岩浆源区供给的结束,岩浆也停止了流动,因此形成一个坚固中空的管道,即熔岩管[4]。
地球是太阳系中火山活动最为剧烈的天体之一,因此熔岩管在地球绝大部分玄武岩火山区均有发现[5]。例如,在中国境内,黑龙江与海南的第四纪火山岩区发现有熔岩管;在海外地区,韩国济州岛、美国亚利桑那火山区、墨西哥第四纪火山区也发现不同规模的熔岩管。
与地球相似,月球上的火山活动也形成了熔岩管。月球低重力、地质环境稳定等条件也使得月球熔岩管更容易保持完好。针对月球熔岩管的研究已经开展了数十年,在美国“阿波罗”系列任务开展期间,通过分析“月球轨道器5号”(Lunar Orbiter 5)拍摄的照片,在月球马里乌斯山(Marius Hills)区域发现了潜在的熔岩管[6]。随着更多探月任务的实施,通过大量清晰的月球影像数据发现月球表面存在天窗(Sky Lights)和深洞(Pits),它们证明了月球熔岩管的真实存在[7]。Kaku等[8]通过分析日本“月亮女神”号(SELENE/Kaguya)的探地雷达数据,发现月球马里乌斯山存在一个长达50 km的巨大熔岩管洞穴。这一发现极大地激发了科研人员继续研究月球熔岩管的热情。
早在20世纪60年代,通过遥感影像、地质地貌学分析以及与地球熔岩管区域进行比较研究,科学家认为月球熔岩管可能就是尚未坍塌的月溪[9]。Head[10]通过分析熔岩管与月溪之间的潜在联系,表明熔岩流对月溪的形成具有重大意义。通过分析遥感影像数据也发现,熔岩管主要分布在月溪附近,甚至与月溪相连。而月溪主要分布在月海中。因此,相较于月球高地等区域,月海中月溪区域中存在熔岩管的可能性更大。月球风暴洋北部是中国“嫦娥五号”的着陆区,拥有月球上最年轻的月海玄武岩单元[11],该区域有复杂的月溪系统,如Rima Sharp月溪、Rima Mairan月溪[12],是未来探测熔岩管的重点区域之一。
Chappaz等[13]为了探测月球上潜在的熔岩管,结合重力梯度法以及交叉相关性(Cross Correlation)法,提出了一种利用自由空气异常与布格异常搜索完整熔岩管的算法,可以突出月球重力场中负的线型特征。基于该算法,他们提出了11条潜在熔岩管(表1[13]),在所有潜在熔岩管中,最长的熔岩管是位于月球吕姆克区域(Rumker Region)的Mairan-Rumker E-W熔岩管,其长度约为180 km。潜在熔岩管中第二长的是位于风暴洋北部区域的Rima Mairan。图1显示了Rima Mairan月溪区域的熔岩管Rima Mairan在月球上的位置。该熔岩管位于314°E、36°N附近,东西走向,长度大约为170 km,此区域位于月球风暴洋(Oceanus Procellarum)北部,雨海(Mare Imbrium)的西部,靠近“嫦娥五号”着陆区,此处拥有复杂的月溪系。针对Rima Mairan熔岩管,郑翀[14]基于月球重力场模型GRGM1200b RM1,使用正则化的三维重力反演方法重构了该熔岩管的几何结构,其截面最有可能表现为宽3.5 km、高1.3 km的弓形。这些熔岩管长达几十到100 km、截面宽度可达数千米,同时还能保持稳定[15]。熔岩管形成的巨大地下空间,是未来人类开发月球,建设月球基地的重要选址之一。
(1)作为地下洞穴,熔岩管内部温度较为稳定,适宜人类开展工作。月表温度变化范围极大,在“阿波罗15号”着陆点,温度最低可达-171 ℃、最高可达111 °C;在“阿波罗17号”着陆点,温度最低可达-181 °C、最高可达101 °C[16]。近300 °C的温度变化,会给人类在月球上的活动造成巨大困扰。虽然目前没有直接测量到熔岩管内部的昼夜温度温差,但通过比较月面光照区与塌陷洞穴内的温度差,可以估算熔岩管内的温度在-20~30 °C[17]。熔岩管内稳定的温度,是人类开展各类活动的有力保障。
(2)熔岩管可以有效屏蔽带电月尘对人类活动产生的影响。与地球不同,月球缺乏大气层保护,各类宇宙射线、太阳风会直接作用在月球表面,从而使得月球表面的尘土带电。在经历日出、日落时,月球上带电月尘往往会发生定向运动,这种现象会影响各类月球探测器正常工作。熔岩管内部作为永久阴影区,则规避了这种现象。
(3)陨石撞击及撞击产生的溅射物等均会对人类月球活动产生巨大威胁,而熔岩管可以作为天然屏障,保护在月球上活动的人类免受影响。
(4)探测熔岩管还具有重要的科学意义。首先,月球上可能存在水或羟基,但是这些物质在月球表面并不容易保存。熔岩管作为永久阴影区,是探测月球挥发成分的重要区域之一[18]。其次,构成熔岩管的月球玄武岩大部分形成于30亿年前[19]。熔岩管的内部岩壁成分也并未被风化作用所侵蚀,因此,熔岩管样本是研究月球壳幔分异、岩浆演化的重要样本。最后,地外天体上的洞穴具有重要的天体生物学意义。例如,火星洞穴就是寻找生物标记的重要场所之一[20]。虽然月球上并未找到确切的生物存在的证据,但是熔岩管内稳定的环境,也可以成为开展地外生物实验的极佳场所。
综上所述,完整的月球熔岩管是天然洞穴。在洞穴内建立月球基地,可以避免月球表面上的极端环境对人类活动产生的影响,包括极端温度变化、宇宙射线照射及大量小型陨石撞击等。研究熔岩管还可以为回答月球上火山活动的持续时间、月球表面的月海单元如何产生以及岩浆来源于月球何处等科学问题提供帮助。为了满足中国月球探测的计划,并结合“嫦娥”系列工程未来的任务需求,深入开展月球熔岩管的研究十分迫切。
目前,研究月球主要使用轨道观测数据,这类数据均存在分辨率不足、测量精度不高的问题。此外,月球本身的特性也限制了地球物理方法在月球上的应用。这些问题给月球熔岩管探测带来了极大挑战。月球熔岩管探测具体技术难点可以总结为以下两点。
1)探测月球内部手段有限
在地球物理反演中,地震、重力、磁场、电场等数据各具优势,在探求地球内部结构中发挥着重要作用。但是,在月球上,由于人类还难以开展大范围的就位测量,使得各类地球物理数据的获取受到极大限制。月球上的月震数据主要来源于美国“阿波罗”系列任务开展期间布设的地震仪,这些月震仪仅分布在月球正面,且于1977年停止工作(图2)。月球本身是一个弱磁体,基于电磁场的反演方法难以有效发挥作用。人类为数不多的月球着陆,曾经也携带过雷达探测器,但雷达的穿透深度有限,能够获取浅层物态,对1 km深度以下的物性结构则无能为力。目前,判断月球熔岩管是否存在主要通过在遥感影像中寻找天窗,通过天窗定位熔岩管。
但是熔岩管并不是都有天窗。在月球上,地质环境稳定、重力小,形成熔岩管顶部的材料强度足够支撑熔岩管保持完整。这意味着只有发生陨石撞击、月震、潮汐力作用、岩浆二次喷发等情况[6]才会形成天窗。月球上存在没有被天窗暴露的熔岩管。这种情况极大地限制了月球熔岩管的探测。因此,发展新的探测手段,克服当前技术存在的缺陷,可以极大地提高熔岩管探测效率,为开发利用熔岩管提供基础。
2)已有数据难以支撑进一步研究
重力场是星球内部物质分布的客观反映。月球重力场模型提供了全月球的重力场信息,目前,重力法成为了研究月球内部结构的主要手段[21]。
2011年9月,美国喷气推进实验室(Jet Propulsion Laboratory, JPL)主导发射了“圣杯号”(Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory, GRAIL)月球探测任务[22]。通过加入GRAIL观测数据,月球重力场模型的阶次大幅提高,在原来165阶次的基础上[23],大幅提高至420阶次。随着观测数据的不断积累,月球重力场模型的阶次也不断提高。目前精度最高的月球重力场模型可达1 200阶次,月面辨率已达4.5 km×4.5 km[24]。
尽管月球重力场模型精度不断提高,但是基于轨道摄动数据解算的重力场模型在可靠性上依然存在问题。首先,模型低阶项包含不确定度,不同解算策略会导致不同模型的低阶项数值差距较大[25]。其次,在重力信号中,阶次越高的重力场位系数反映埋藏深度越浅的内部特征结构,但是月球重力场模型的高阶项信噪比较低,其中的噪声对真实信号干扰严重。理论上,800阶次以上的重力场模型位系数代表了月面以下2 km深度的特征结构,熔岩管就位于该深度,真正由熔岩管产生的重力信号被观测噪声所掩盖[14]。最后,月球重力卫星轨道均为东西走向,这导致重力场模型对南北走向的熔岩管产生的重力信号更为敏感,容易忽略东西走向熔岩管产生的重力信号。
此外,月球重力场模型4.5 km×4.5 km的分辨率依然不足以支撑全面熔岩管探测。并非所有熔岩管都像Rima Mairan熔岩管长达170 km,大量熔岩管顶部宽度仅为几十米到数百米之间[26]。这些熔岩管宽度小、埋藏浅、开发难度较低,应该是未来熔岩管探测的主要目标。
目前,探测月球熔岩管的主要技术难点集中在手段有限、数据局限性大两个方面。造成这些问题的主要原因在于登月困难。如今,世界各国均把登月定为重要目标。美国计划于2024年10月发射“阿尔忒弥斯3号”(Artemis III),在月球上开展各类地球物理观测。而中国的“嫦娥三号”“嫦娥四号”“嫦娥五号”任务都实现了月面软着陆,并携带多种观测设备采集了大量数据。因此,在未来开展月球就位测量,可以突破目前月球观测数据的局限,极大推进月球熔岩管探测工作。
1)定位熔岩管:开展月球重力测量
熔岩管的探测目前还是以遥感影像为主,通过定位天窗来定位熔岩管。考虑影像数据自身的局限性,结合了重力场的熔岩管探测则具有广阔的发展前景。目前,关于重力场月球熔岩管探测还处于起步阶段。当前的月球重力场数据就是制约其发展的关键之一。为了进一步发挥重力场在熔岩管探测工作中的优势,就必须提高月球重力场数据的精度、分辨率与可靠性。
假设月球上存在一个宽1 km、高250 m的熔岩管剖面。熔岩管内部中空密度为0,与外部物质的密度差为2.2 g/cm3。正演结果显示,当重力场观测精度超过15 mGal(1 mGal=10-5 m/s2),就可以精确定位该熔岩管,并约束其几何形态。而目前的重力场模型很难达到这样的分辨率与测量精度要求。
在地球上,实地开展重力测量,是获取高精度重力数据最为可靠的手段。与之类似,为了提高月球重力数据的质量,开展月球重力就位测量是最为行之有效的方法。早在“阿波罗”系列任务开展期间,美国就已经开展了月球重力测量实验,但是实验结果并不理想,获得的数据不能直接用于实际研究[27-28]。李斐等[25]利用中国的“嫦娥四号”着陆器“玉兔二号”上携带的两台加速度计观测数据,计算了月球表面的重力加速度值,但是结果中包含大量误差,实际作用有限。
从众多已经开展的实验中可以提炼出月球重力测量的关键点:一是要具备登陆月球的能力;二是要为开展月球重力测量设计专门的重力仪,并尽可能提高仪器的可靠性。如此看来,中国目前毫无疑问具备了开展月球重力测量的先决条件。首先,中国已经完成了月球表面软着陆,着陆器也有能力携带各类观测设备。其次,中国已有众多单位开展了重力仪研制,有能力自主开发月球使用的特种重力仪。
重力探测作为地球物理勘探的重要手段,可以在月球熔岩管探测中发挥重要作用。中国需要把握住当前机遇,以“嫦娥”系列探月工程为依托,利用国内已有的重力仪研制成果,抓紧推进月球重力测量工作,进而实施月球熔岩管探测,为月球基地的选址工作打下坚实基础。
2)深入熔岩管:洞穴探测机器人
在定位熔岩管后,为了更好开发利用该类地下空间,还需要更加深入地探索熔岩管。例如,熔岩管外部周围情况特征,包括地形地貌、地质条件、熔岩管埋深等;熔岩管内物质组成,这类信息有助于开展地质研究,可以加深对月球火山、撞击及风化的认识;熔岩管内部几何结构,包括熔岩管底部特征、熔岩管管壁特征等;熔岩管内部环境特征,包括内部温度、辐射强度、是否存在水和挥发分等。
采取洞穴探测机器人直接进入熔岩管洞穴,是解决熔岩管内部探测最直接的方案。在地球上,智能机器人的发展已较为成熟。通过直接在洞穴内降落数个探测机器人,并给每个机器人赋予不同的探测任务并搭载相关载荷,就能开展洞穴探测。
洞穴机器人的载荷应该包括以下几种。全景相机与照明系统:高清晰度的相机可以直接获取熔岩管内部影像。避障及导航系统:参考现有的无人驾驶技术,可以采用图像识别与雷达技术相结合的方式为探测机器人提供导航及避障能力。三维激光雷达:该系统通过扫描,构建熔岩管内部三维模型。光谱仪等成分分析设备:针对熔岩管内部物质开展分析,特别是熔岩管内部矿物成分分析,以及挥发分分析。通信设备:洞穴内大部分区域为月球永久阴影区,需要专门搭载设备用于与洞穴外的中继设备传输数据、保障机器人的能源供给等。其他探测设备:包括但不限于温度计、用于探测古磁场的地磁计、用于监测月尘的监测仪等。
上述方案中所涉及的技术均为成熟度较高的技术。但是月球熔岩管是一个人类从未踏足的位置区域,其内部环境可能极为复杂。熔岩管内可能存在大量坍塌后的岩石,堵塞熔岩管内部,对机器人的探索产生影响。为了保证洞穴探测机器人完成任务,需要设计强大的避障能力,这对相关产业提出了极高的要求。
在技术高速发展的时代,中国开展月球熔岩管探测工作具有深远的意义。探测熔岩管可以为建设月球基地提供支撑。这不仅有助于人类深入探索未知的宇宙,增进对月球及其宇宙环境的认识,还能推动中国空间科学技术的发展,培养一批优秀的科技人才,提升中国在国际航天领域的地位。此外,开展月球探测还有利于增进国际合作与交流,让中国在国际航天领域中发挥更大的作用,共同推进太空探索事业的发展。熔岩管是未来中国深空探测中的一角,也是目前亟待探索的新目标。
1)持续加大新型探月装备的研发力度
为了深入开展月球探测,持续加大新型探月装备的研发力度至关重要,尤其是针对月球熔岩管的探测技术。熔岩管作为月球上的一种特殊地质结构,具有重要的科研价值。为了准确探测熔岩管的内部结构和特征,需要研发高精度、高稳定性的探测仪器。此外,对于月球车和智能探月机器人的研发也需要不断加强,以适应在熔岩管区域复杂地形中的探测需求。随着技术的不断进步,深空探测也将成为未来的发展方向。因此,持续的装备研发和技术创新对于推动中国深空探测事业的发展具有重要意义。
2)提升探测任务的可靠性和探测数据的精度
深空探测的精度和可靠性是保证探测成果的关键因素。2019年7月,印度的“月船二号”着陆器在进行月面软着落时,因发生反转故障,坠毁在月球表面。美国“游隼号”月球着陆器因为燃料泄漏,并未成功实施月球着陆。2024年1月,日本的智能月球探测着陆器“SLIM”(Smart Lander for Investigating Moon)完成了月球表面软着陆,但是“SLIM”在着陆以后立即遭遇了电力故障,太阳能帆板无法产生电力,这一情况极大影响了该任务的正常实施。中国应从这些失败的任务中吸收经验,不断提升探测设备的可靠性,包括各种传感器、控制系统和执行机构等,保障中国深空探测任务的实施。同时,现有的月球探测数据依然存在不确定性,限制了月球研究的进一步发展。中国应该围绕探月数据的处理与再挖掘开展研究,保证新数据的准确性,提升现有数据的可用性。只有保证任务成功,获取的数据有效,才能高效完成月球熔岩管的探测与开发。
3)拓展深空探测领域和发展新的探测目标
月球熔岩管探测是开展深空探测的第一步,在开发利用月球熔岩管的同时,中国应该从月球熔岩管探测中总结经验,加快布局下一步深空探测任务。欧洲航天局早在2004年发射的“罗塞塔号”彗星探测器已于2014年成功登陆67P彗星。日本的“隼鸟1号”“隼鸟2号”也完成了小行星探测任务。在中国“天问1号”任务成功实施之后,“天问2号”任务也把探测目标转向太阳系内的小天体。“天问2号”任务计划完成小行星2016HO3的采样返回任务,该任务的成功完成将会为中国深空探测事业树立新的里程碑。此外,中国不仅要关注太阳系内天体,还应关注太阳系外的天体。美国的“旅行者1号”即将飞出太阳系,说明人类有能力进行系外探测。中国也需要布局系外探测,为人类未来的发展打下基础。同时,中国应该根据国家战略需求和技术进步情况,适时调整探测计划和目标,以满足不同阶段的需求。
总之,中国的深空探测行业需要在概念创新和技术突破方面不断努力,不断提升自身的研发实力和技术水平,以满足国家战略需求并推动人类对宇宙的探索和发展。
随着各国不断提出探月计划,月球已经成为世界未来研究的重点方向之一。美国、欧盟、日本相继提出了建设月球基地的任务;中国在“探、登、驻”三步走计划已经完成“探”的任务规划之后,登上月球、建设月球基地已成为当下新的前进方向。熔岩管作为月球上的洞穴,天然具备建设月球基地的条件。在月球内部探测手段有限的前提下,重力探测具有极高的优越性。因此,应充分把握当前机遇,发挥自身优势,早日推进月球熔岩管的重力探测工作,助力中国深空探测事业的长远发展。
  • 国家自然科学基金(42030110)
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doi: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2024.01.008
  • 接收时间:2023-11-20
  • 出版时间:2024-03-20
  • 发布时间:2024-03-27
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  • 收稿日期:2023-11-20
  • 修回日期:2024-01-24
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国家自然科学基金(42030110)
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    1.重庆星网网络系统研究院有限公司,重庆 401123
    2.武汉大学测绘遥感信息工程国家重点实验室,武汉 430079

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表12种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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