Article(id=1157393074424041661, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, issueId=1157393070754025641, articleNumber=null, orderNo=4, doi=10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2024.01.003, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1700496000000, receivedDateStr=2023-11-21, revisedDate=1706544000000, revisedDateStr=2024-01-30, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753873612266, onlineDateStr=2025-07-30, pubDate=1710864000000, pubDateStr=2024-03-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1711468800000, onlineIssueDateStr=2024-03-27, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753873612265, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774072504296, updator=sys-migrate, issue=Issue{id=1157393070754025641, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, year='2024', volume='3', issue='1', pageStart='100', pageEnd='147', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1710864000000', pubDateStr='2024-03-20', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=1, createTime=1753873611366, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1776075110816, updator='13041195026', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1250512908678017028, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, issueId=1157393070754025641, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=Science and Technology Foresight, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1250512908682211333, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, issueId=1157393070754025641, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=月球及火星等地外行星科考基地建设探索专刊, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=34, endPage=48, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1157393075183210687, articleId=1157393074424041661, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, language=EN, title=Lunar Topographic Survey and Reconstruction and Its Application in Lava Tube Exploration, columnId=1149656489310208610, journalTitle=Science and Technology Foresight, columnName=Review and Commentary, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Lunar lava tubes have a natural underground pipeline structure, providing excellent shelter in high-risk lunar environments such as strong radiation, large temperature variations, and frequent meteorite impacts. This makes them an inevitable choice for establishing extraterrestrial bases like lunar scientific research stations. With the continuous advancement of lunar topographic survey and reconstruction technology, high-precision topographic survey methods and detailed 3D topographic models can provide strong support for the exploration and application potential evaluation of lunar lava tubes. This article summarizes the main tasks of human lunar exploration at different stages and discusses the relationship between lava tubes and the selection and construction of future lunar bases. It also briefly analyzes the current research status of lava tube exploration in China. Furthermore, by analyzing the common exploration methods for lunar lava tubes, the article discusses the current application status, development requirements, and challenges of lunar topographic survey and reconstruction technology in lava tube exploration. In conclusion, the article outlines the prospects for future lunar lava tube exploration and presents recommendations, with a view to promoting global development in lunar lava tube exploration and related scientific research and contributing to the human community in the space journey.

, authors=null, authorsList=Changyu ZHOU, Miyu ZHOU, Yusheng XU, Xiaohua TONG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xiaohua TONG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
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月球的熔岩管洞穴具有天然的地下管道结构,能够在强辐射、大温差和频繁陨石撞击等月面高风险环境中提供良好的庇护,成为了建立月球科研站等地外基地的必然选择。而随着月面形貌勘察重建技术的不断进展,高精度的形貌勘察手段和高精细的三维形貌模型可以为月球熔岩管洞穴的探测与应用潜力的评估提供强有力的支撑。文章总结了人类在月球探测的不同阶段的主要任务,以及熔岩管洞穴与未来月球基地选址和建设的关系,并对中国目前熔岩管洞穴探测的研究现状进行了简要分析。同时,借助对月面熔岩管洞穴的常用探测手段的分析,对月面形貌勘察重建技术在熔岩管探测中的应用现状、发展需求和挑战进行了讨论。最后,对未来月球熔岩管的探测进行了展望并提出建议,以期推动月球熔岩管洞穴探测和相关科学研究的全球发展,为人类命运共同体的太空征程而共同努力。

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周昶宇,博士。主要从事探地雷达信号处理、阵列信号处理及其在月球熔岩管探测方面的应用等研究。电子信箱:。

童小华,教授,中国工程院院士。同济大学副校长。同济大学学术委员会委员,上海市航天测绘遥感与空间探测重点实验室主任,国家自然科学基金创新研究群体项目“航天测绘遥感与深空探测”负责人。主要从事航天测绘遥感与深空探测方面的研究。发表论文100余篇,相关成果应用于嫦娥探月、测绘卫星、高分卫星以及国土资源调查等。电子信箱:。

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周昶宇,博士。主要从事探地雷达信号处理、阵列信号处理及其在月球熔岩管探测方面的应用等研究。电子信箱:。

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周昶宇,博士。主要从事探地雷达信号处理、阵列信号处理及其在月球熔岩管探测方面的应用等研究。电子信箱:。

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童小华,教授,中国工程院院士。同济大学副校长。同济大学学术委员会委员,上海市航天测绘遥感与空间探测重点实验室主任,国家自然科学基金创新研究群体项目“航天测绘遥感与深空探测”负责人。主要从事航天测绘遥感与深空探测方面的研究。发表论文100余篇,相关成果应用于嫦娥探月、测绘卫星、高分卫星以及国土资源调查等。电子信箱:。

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童小华,教授,中国工程院院士。同济大学副校长。同济大学学术委员会委员,上海市航天测绘遥感与空间探测重点实验室主任,国家自然科学基金创新研究群体项目“航天测绘遥感与深空探测”负责人。主要从事航天测绘遥感与深空探测方面的研究。发表论文100余篇,相关成果应用于嫦娥探月、测绘卫星、高分卫星以及国土资源调查等。电子信箱:。

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Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets, 2012, 117(E12), doi:10.1029/2011JE003926., articleTitle=GLD100: The near‐global lunar 100 m raster DTM from LROC WAC stereo image data, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242113415158764293, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393074424041661, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2013, volume=42, issue=6, pageStart=853, pageEnd=860, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[37], rfOrder=52, authorNames=李春来, journalName=测绘学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=李春来. 嫦娥一号三线阵CCD数据摄影测量处理及全月球数字地形图[J]. 测绘学报, 2013, 42(6): 853-860, 868., articleTitle=嫦娥一号三线阵CCD数据摄影测量处理及全月球数字地形图, refAbstract=CCD立体相机是搭载在嫦娥一号探测器上的主要载荷之一,用于获取空间分辨率为120m的前视、正视与后视三个不同视角的月表三线阵遥感影像数据。嫦娥一号总共获取了1000多轨图像数据,图像覆盖了全月面。利用三线阵数据,采用摄影测量方法可以解算出月面点的平面位置和高程,从而构建全月球数字高程模型。在嫦娥一号三线阵CCD数据的摄影测量处理中,我们解决了月面纹理匮乏、低反照率、低对比度影像的匹配,三线阵区域网平差,全月球平差,无控制点月面定位等一系列关键技术问题,生产出了空间分辨率500m的DEM数据,DEM数据覆盖了全月球范围,平面位置精度和高程精度分别为192m(1σ)和120m(1σ)。在此基础上,制作了全月球数字地形图,主要包括月球正射影像图(DOM)、月球数字高程模型图(DEM)和月球数字等高线图等,正射影像图的空间分辨率为120m,数据完整,色调一致,图像清晰,层次丰富;数字高程模型图空间分辨率为500m,数字等高线图等高距为500m,地形细节表达层次分明、清晰可辨,能清晰分辨出撞击坑底部、撞击坑或山脉侧壁、月海平面等月面地形特征的详细细节。通过比较,全月球数字地形图数据在数据覆盖和完整性、平面位置精度、高程精度、空间分辨率等方面均明显好于国际现有全月球数字地形数据。), Reference(id=1242113415221678854, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393074424041661, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2013, volume=42, issue=6, pageStart=853, pageEnd=860, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[37], rfOrder=53, authorNames=Li C L, journalName=Acta Geodaetica et Cartographica Sinica, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Li C L. 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Science, 2009, 323(5916): 897-900., articleTitle=Lunar global shape and polar topography derived from Kaguya-LALT laser altimetry, refAbstract=A global lunar topographic map with a spatial resolution of finer than 0.5 degree has been derived using data from the laser altimeter (LALT) on board the Japanese lunar explorer Selenological and Engineering Explorer (SELENE or Kaguya). In comparison with the previous Unified Lunar Control Network (ULCN 2005) model, the new map reveals unbiased lunar topography for scales finer than a few hundred kilometers. Spherical harmonic analysis of global topographic data for the Moon, Earth, Mars, and Venus suggests that isostatic compensation is the prevailing lithospheric support mechanism at large scales. However, simple rigid support is suggested to dominate for the Moon, Venus, and Mars for smaller scales, which may indicate a drier lithosphere than on Earth, especially for the Moon and Venus.), Reference(id=1242113415435588361, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393074424041661, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2010, volume=40, issue=3, pageStart=294, pageEnd=306, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[40], rfOrder=56, authorNames=李春来, 刘建军, 任鑫, journalName=中国科学: 地球科学, refType=null, unstructuredReference=李春来, 刘建军, 任鑫, 等. 嫦娥一号图像数据处理与全月球影像制图[J]. 中国科学: 地球科学, 2010, 40(3): 294-306., articleTitle=嫦娥一号图像数据处理与全月球影像制图, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242113415511085834, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393074424041661, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2010, volume=40, issue=3, pageStart=294, pageEnd=306, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[40], rfOrder=57, authorNames=Li C L, Liu J J, Ren X, journalName=Scientia Sinica (Terrae), refType=null, unstructuredReference=Li C L, Liu J J, Ren X, et al. The global image of the Moon by the Chang’e-1: Data processing and lunar cartography[J]. Scientia Sinica (Terrae), 2010, 40(3): 294-306. (in Chinese), articleTitle=The global image of the Moon by the Chang’e-1: Data processing and lunar cartography, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242113415586583307, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393074424041661, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2010, volume=37, issue=18, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[41], rfOrder=58, authorNames=Smith D E, Zuber M T, Neumann G A, journalName=Geophysical Research Letters, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Smith D E, Zuber M T, Neumann G A, et al. Initial observations from the lunar orbiter laser altimeter (LOLA)[J]. 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Planetary and Space Science, 2013, 86: 33-44., articleTitle=Numerical modelling of impact crater formation associated with isolated lunar skylight candidates on lava tubes, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242113415733383949, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393074424041661, doi=10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2022.01.002, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=1, issue=1, pageStart=17, pageEnd=27, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[43], rfOrder=60, authorNames=于登云, 马继楠, journalName=前瞻科技, refType=null, unstructuredReference=于登云, 马继楠. 中国深空探测进展与展望[J]. 前瞻科技, 2022, 1(1): 17-27., articleTitle=中国深空探测进展与展望, refAbstract=在简要分析世界主要航天国家和新兴航天国家深空探测进展的基础上,系统梳理了中国深空探测所取得的主要技术和科学进展,对未来的深空探测任务和需要重点突破的主要关键技术提出展望,为后续深空探测发展提供参考。), Reference(id=1242113415800492814, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393074424041661, doi=10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2022.01.002, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=1, issue=1, pageStart=17, pageEnd=27, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[43], rfOrder=61, authorNames=Yu D Y, Ma J N, journalName=Science and Technology Foresight, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Yu D Y, Ma J N. Progress and prospect of deep space exploration in China[J]. Science and Technology Foresight, 2022, 1(1): 17-27. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Progress and prospect of deep space exploration in China, refAbstract=

After analyzing the progress in deep space exploration of major aerospace countries and emerging ones in the world, this paper systematically summarizes the main scientific and technological achievements regarding deep space exploration in China. Moreover, it provides an outlook on future deep space exploration and main key technologies. This review can serve as reference for the follow-up development of deep space exploration in China.

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Comparison of lunar lava tube detection methods

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
探测方法 分辨率/m 最大探测深度/km 搭载平台 是否实现对熔岩管的探测
重力探测 3×104 60.00 轨道器 已实现
雷达探测 100 5.00 轨道器 已实现
探地雷达 1~5 0.05 着陆器或巡视器 尚未实现
), ArticleFig(id=1242113409790055117, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393074424041661, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

熔岩管探测方法对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
探测方法 分辨率/m 最大探测深度/km 搭载平台 是否实现对熔岩管的探测
重力探测 3×104 60.00 轨道器 已实现
雷达探测 100 5.00 轨道器 已实现
探地雷达 1~5 0.05 着陆器或巡视器 尚未实现
), ArticleFig(id=1242113409861358286, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393074424041661, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Main lunar orbiters and their remote sensing image data in China and abroad

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
轨道器名称 国家 发射年份 光学传感器 空间分辨率/m
克莱门汀(Clementine) 美国 1994 可见光相机
高分辨率相机
200
7~20
月亮女神(SELENE/Kaguya) 日本 2007 地形相机 10
嫦娥一号(CE-1) 中国 2007 立体相机 120
月船一号(Chandrayaan-1) 印度 2008 地形测绘相机 5
月球勘测轨道器(LRO) 美国 2009 窄角相机
宽角相机
0.5~2.0
100
嫦娥二号(CE-2) 中国 2010 立体相机 1.5~7
月船二号(Chandrayaan-2) 印度 2019 高分辨率相机 0.32
嫦娥七号(CE-7) 中国 计划 立体相机 0.5
), ArticleFig(id=1242113409924272847, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393074424041661, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

国内外主要月球轨道器及其搭载的遥感影像数据

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
轨道器名称 国家 发射年份 光学传感器 空间分辨率/m
克莱门汀(Clementine) 美国 1994 可见光相机
高分辨率相机
200
7~20
月亮女神(SELENE/Kaguya) 日本 2007 地形相机 10
嫦娥一号(CE-1) 中国 2007 立体相机 120
月船一号(Chandrayaan-1) 印度 2008 地形测绘相机 5
月球勘测轨道器(LRO) 美国 2009 窄角相机
宽角相机
0.5~2.0
100
嫦娥二号(CE-2) 中国 2010 立体相机 1.5~7
月船二号(Chandrayaan-2) 印度 2019 高分辨率相机 0.32
嫦娥七号(CE-7) 中国 计划 立体相机 0.5
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月面形貌勘察重建及其在熔岩管探测中的应用与展望
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周昶宇 1 , 周米玉 1 , 徐聿升 1, 2 , 童小华 1, 2, †
前瞻科技 | 综述与述评 2024,3(1): 34-48
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前瞻科技 | 综述与述评 2024, 3(1): 34-48
月面形貌勘察重建及其在熔岩管探测中的应用与展望
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周昶宇1 , 周米玉1, 徐聿升1, 2, 童小华1, 2, †
作者信息
  • 1.同济大学测绘与地理信息学院,上海 200092
  • 2.上海市航天测绘遥感与空间探测重点实验室,上海 200092
  • 周昶宇,博士。主要从事探地雷达信号处理、阵列信号处理及其在月球熔岩管探测方面的应用等研究。电子信箱:。

    童小华,教授,中国工程院院士。同济大学副校长。同济大学学术委员会委员,上海市航天测绘遥感与空间探测重点实验室主任,国家自然科学基金创新研究群体项目“航天测绘遥感与深空探测”负责人。主要从事航天测绘遥感与深空探测方面的研究。发表论文100余篇,相关成果应用于嫦娥探月、测绘卫星、高分卫星以及国土资源调查等。电子信箱:。

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†
†
Lunar Topographic Survey and Reconstruction and Its Application in Lava Tube Exploration
Changyu ZHOU1 , Miyu ZHOU1, Yusheng XU1, 2, Xiaohua TONG1, 2, †
Affiliations
  • 1. College of Surveying and Geoinformatics, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
  • 2. The Shanghai Key Laboratory of Space Mapping and Remote Sensing for Planetary Exploration, Shanghai 200092, China
出版时间: 2024-03-20 doi: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2024.01.003
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月球的熔岩管洞穴具有天然的地下管道结构,能够在强辐射、大温差和频繁陨石撞击等月面高风险环境中提供良好的庇护,成为了建立月球科研站等地外基地的必然选择。而随着月面形貌勘察重建技术的不断进展,高精度的形貌勘察手段和高精细的三维形貌模型可以为月球熔岩管洞穴的探测与应用潜力的评估提供强有力的支撑。文章总结了人类在月球探测的不同阶段的主要任务,以及熔岩管洞穴与未来月球基地选址和建设的关系,并对中国目前熔岩管洞穴探测的研究现状进行了简要分析。同时,借助对月面熔岩管洞穴的常用探测手段的分析,对月面形貌勘察重建技术在熔岩管探测中的应用现状、发展需求和挑战进行了讨论。最后,对未来月球熔岩管的探测进行了展望并提出建议,以期推动月球熔岩管洞穴探测和相关科学研究的全球发展,为人类命运共同体的太空征程而共同努力。

月球探测  /  摄影测量与遥感  /  熔岩管洞穴  /  形貌勘察重建

Lunar lava tubes have a natural underground pipeline structure, providing excellent shelter in high-risk lunar environments such as strong radiation, large temperature variations, and frequent meteorite impacts. This makes them an inevitable choice for establishing extraterrestrial bases like lunar scientific research stations. With the continuous advancement of lunar topographic survey and reconstruction technology, high-precision topographic survey methods and detailed 3D topographic models can provide strong support for the exploration and application potential evaluation of lunar lava tubes. This article summarizes the main tasks of human lunar exploration at different stages and discusses the relationship between lava tubes and the selection and construction of future lunar bases. It also briefly analyzes the current research status of lava tube exploration in China. Furthermore, by analyzing the common exploration methods for lunar lava tubes, the article discusses the current application status, development requirements, and challenges of lunar topographic survey and reconstruction technology in lava tube exploration. In conclusion, the article outlines the prospects for future lunar lava tube exploration and presents recommendations, with a view to promoting global development in lunar lava tube exploration and related scientific research and contributing to the human community in the space journey.

lunar exploration  /  photogrammetry and remote sensing  /  lava tube  /  topographic survey and reconstruction
周昶宇, 周米玉, 徐聿升, 童小华. 月面形貌勘察重建及其在熔岩管探测中的应用与展望. 前瞻科技, 2024 , 3 (1) : 34 -48 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2024.01.003
Changyu ZHOU, Miyu ZHOU, Yusheng XU, Xiaohua TONG. Lunar Topographic Survey and Reconstruction and Its Application in Lava Tube Exploration[J]. Science and Technology Foresight, 2024 , 3 (1) : 34 -48 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2024.01.003
月球作为地球唯一的天然卫星,深化对月球的科学认知,对研究月球起源和形成及月球的资源开发有着非常重要的意义,更有助于人类未来拓展潜在生存空间的探索。对月球的探测可以帮助人们对地月系统乃至整个太阳系的演化历史形成更为全面的系统理论,拓展对宇宙的科学认知[1]。同时,月球丰富的矿物资源,是地球稀缺资源的重要补充。例如,月球上存在大量的被认为是21世纪人类社会的完美能源氦-3[2]。此外,月球有特殊的自然环境,是进行基础科学实验、特殊生物制品、特种新型材料试验和生产的天然场所[3]。月球无大气、无磁场、背面无地球光反射等条件为建造高精度天文观测台,进行天体物理学、引力波物理学、中微子物理学和高能物理等观测和实验提供了理想场所[4]。月球更是人类进行深空探测的良好跳板。通过月球探测能够不断发展并完备深空探测技术、系统以及飞行操作和探索技术,以降低未来火星及更远任务的风险并提高生产力。可以说,月球就是人类迈向更远的外层星际空间的理想中转站[5]。因此,需要通过对月球的探测来实现对月球的全面认知和利用,以月球科研站为代表的地外基地的建设是达成上述目标的必经阶段,而月面的熔岩管洞穴是建立月面基地的热点候选区域。文章结合月球探测中月面形貌勘察重建技术及其在熔岩管洞穴探测中的应用,对月面形貌勘察重建技术在熔岩管洞穴探测中的应用现状、发展需求和挑战进行分析讨论,最后对中国未来月球熔岩管探测进行展望并提出建议,助力中国未来月球探测任务中科研站基本型的选址与建设规划。
形貌测绘是对月球进行探测和科学研究的基础。以高分辨率的数字高程模型(Digital Elevation Model, DEM)和数字地面模型(Digital Terrain Model, DTM)为代表的形貌数据描述了月球表面的高低起伏,有助于识别和表征地形地貌,为月球探测提供空间信息支撑,对执行探测着陆巡视建站任务的选址评估尤为重要,对着陆器定位、科学目标指定、路径规划和导航定位也具有重要意义[6]。月面的三维形貌测绘一直是重要支柱性研究工作,贯穿绕月观测、着陆返回和建立月球基地这3个月球探测的主要阶段。中国探月工程从2004年开始实施到2020年“嫦娥五号”携月球样品返回地球,已经圆满完成了探月工程一期、二期、三期“绕、落、回”的目标任务。在未来的探月工程四期任务中,包含了达到建设科研站基本型的目标,而对月球表面地形的形貌测绘是月球科研站建设的重要基础。
绕月观测阶段通过绕月轨道器搭载的各类遥感平台对月面环境、地形地貌、地质构造等,获取相应的遥感观测数据,对月面的三维形貌和地质成分信息进行测绘制图和分析研究。国内外包含测图任务的月球轨道器主要有美国早期1966—1967年发射的月球轨道器(Lunar Orbiter)系列[7]、1994年发射的“克莱门汀”(Clementine)探测器[8]、2009年美国重返月球计划发射的月球勘测轨道器(Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter, LRO)[9],日本2007年发射的“月亮女神”(SELENE/Kaguya)探测器[10],印度2008年发射的“月船一号”(Chandrayaan-1)轨道器[11],以及中国探月工程的“嫦娥一号”(2007年)和“嫦娥二号”(2010年)[12]。中国未来计划的“嫦娥七号”任务将包括轨道器、着陆器、巡视器、飞跃器等多个平台,以实现对月球南极环境与资源的综合勘查。这些月球轨道器一般都搭载有光学相机和激光雷达等传感器,用于获取全月或局部高分辨率月面地形。分辨率和几何定位精度差异较大的海量轨道器探测数据在月面部分区域已经形成了多重覆盖的良好态势。国内外研究机构利用月球轨道器遥感数据制作了不同分辨率和不同精度的全月或局部月球形貌产品。目前月球的全月形貌产品包括:全月球模型GLTM2[13]、月球统一控制网ULCN2005[14]、全月地形模型CLTM-s01[15]、CE1TMap2009[16]等。
而着陆巡视(包含载人登月)阶段的任务是进一步开展就位科学研究,探索月球资源的潜在利用价值。巡视器的发展由1970年开始。“月球巡视车一号”(Moonwalker 1)被苏联成功发射后,人类已经成功将4台无人巡视器送上月球。其中,“玉兔号”月球车于2013年在月球正面成功着陆并完成大量抵近探测任务,这标志着中国成为第3个成功开展月球巡视的国家。而2019年成功着陆的“玉兔二号”月球车则是人类首次实现的月球背面着陆和巡视[17]。地形三维形貌重建是巡视器安全行走与可靠探测的基础,其主要是利用搭载的导航、全景和避障相机获取的双目立体影像进行三维制图,获取巡视器周围较大范围的地形信息,最终形成如DEM、数字正射影像图(Digital Orthophoto Map, DOM)、地表粗糙度图、坡度图等制图产品。
在月球上建立人类长期存在的基地的概念可以追溯到20世纪50年代后期。美国提出的“Lunex项目”旨在月面下建立永久空军基地。苏联的月球探险航天器(LEK)计划建立将航天员和货物运送到月球的主要运输系统。2006年美国航空航天局(National Aeronautics and Space Administration, NASA)宣布了其全球探索战略和月球建筑研究的计划。自2006年起,日本航空航天局(Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, JAXA)计划在2020年左右进行人类登月计划,到2030年将实现载人登月基地建设。中国也制定了建立位于月球南极地区的国际月球科研站(International Lunar Research Station, ILRS)的计划,并且已得到了国际上诸多国家的参与[18]。国际月球科研站将在近10年完成基础开发,并在21世纪30年代进行任务的扩展。最终在2036—2045年实现人类在月球南极的长期居住。然而,月球表面的恶劣环境,导致人类在月球表面建立科研站面临着如频繁的陨石撞击和较强的宇宙辐射等各种潜在威胁。因此月球科研站的选址是目前科研站建设的首要任务之一。
月面熔岩管的形成机制与地球熔岩管相似,通常是由月球上的火山活动产生。这些管道在月球表面呈现各种形态,广泛分布在月球的月海和高地地区。根据目前的月面火山活动痕迹推断,月面之下的熔岩管可能呈现出不同的形状,包括圆柱形、椭圆形或不规则形状,坡度范围为0.4°~6.5°,其尺寸也多种多样,从几米到数公里不等。在重力不稳定塌陷前宽度可能达到500 m,深度范围也广泛,通常在数百米到数千米之间。此外,由于受到陨石等天体的撞击作用、地质构造运动、地震及自身重力导致顶部坍塌等因素的影响,月面的熔岩管普遍存在着塌陷的现象,形成很长的、管道形状的、洞穴弯曲的坍塌链和天窗(Skylight)结构[19-20]。图1为静海区域的熔岩管天窗的遥感影像和重建的三维结构示意图[19]。从图1中可以看出,该熔岩管洞穴的地下部分具有明显的中空结构。与深度和直径比较小的普通撞击坑不同,塌陷后熔岩管可能会形成天窗式结构,其特点为结构下部与中空的熔岩管洞穴相连,并伴有不规则的底部形态[21]。此外,熔岩管洞穴的塌陷口一般具有向内倾斜的斜坡。斜坡外缘没有撞击坑但有明显的环状隆起和堆积的溅射物[21]。图2为普通撞击坑与熔岩管塌陷后形成的天窗的剖面结构对比。
相较于在月面直接进行科研站等月球基地的建设,在月球熔岩管内建立初步的月球基地有着得天独厚的优势。研究显示,宇宙射线和太阳辐射无法穿透并达到月面6 m以下的熔岩管的内部,而对于位于月面1 m以下的熔岩管,其内部环境基本不会受到太阳耀斑和太阳粒子事件(Solar Particle Event, SPE)的影响[22]。同时,熔岩管上方的玄武岩和月壤堤为科研平台供了良好的遮蔽,可以很好地抵御月球尘埃和陨石撞击。
目前国际上已经核实了8个位于不同月海区域、2个位于高地区域和潜在的位于月球北极的熔岩管洞穴[20]。相较于传统的地表天窗结构寻找,近年的研究更加集中于对熔岩管地下结构的探究。主要采用的手段包括基于绕月轨道器的重力探测、基于绕月轨道器的雷达探测(Lunar Radar Sounder, LRS)和基于月面巡视器的探地雷达探测。表1中列出3种方法的特点对比。
近年来,基于绕月轨道器搭载雷达探测的方法在熔岩管探测领域变得流行起来,其中SELENE/Kaguya搭载的LRS采集了大量月球雷达数据。这些数据最深可达月球表面以下5 km,为月球熔岩管的探测提供了坚实的基础。由于该探测器使用的信号频段较低,其分辨率还不能达到描述熔岩管几何尺寸和形状的要求。现阶段的主要研究方向为识别雷达图像中的候选熔岩管。其中,日本与意大利的多个科研团队提出了基于仿真模型对比的熔岩管识别手段,并分别建立了基于雷达信号的熔岩管识别标准[22⇓-24]。
尽管LRS系统可以大范围采集月壤下的信息,但局部10 m级的探测手段依然不可或缺。由于探地雷达在各类地质科学工程实践领域的成功,近年来越来越多的研究开始集中于使用探地雷达对地球熔岩管的探测,以服务于未来月球熔岩管的探测。目前,对于该问题的研究主要聚焦于探地雷达对地球现存熔岩管和月球上的小型地下空洞结构描述。在国际上,Esmaeili等[25]于2020年使用探地雷达和其他工具来绘制加利福尼亚州拉瓦贝兹国家纪念碑(美国)中的熔岩管道。这项研究收集了两个管道的探地雷达数据并指出深度和宽度较容易通过探地雷达获取,而当管状结构不规则时,其顶部下表面和底部的反射的信号处理是最具挑战性的。Ding等[26]基于重庆地区的喀斯特地貌对月球熔岩管的结构和宜居性进行了研究,验证了在熔岩管中使用原位技术的可能性。詹涛等[27]对镜泊湖世界地质公园熔岩管分布进行了研究,并讨论了该地区主熔岩管和“气道”的成因。黄毓铭等[28]使用多种地球物理探测手段,推断出南宁地铁三号线一拟建车站附近存在多个溶洞,该研究表明探地雷达可对高密度电法的盲区进行成像。这些工作充分利用了中国丰富的地质资源,以对比研究的形式为未来的月面小型熔岩管探测计划提供了科学依据。
上述方法主要针对于亚公里级的熔岩管探测。对于数公里级尺度的大范围探测,重力探测是十分有效的手段。其中,NASA的“圣杯号”(Gravity Recovery and Interior Laboratory, GRAIL)提供了迄今为止最高分辨率的月球重力数据。“圣杯号”也称“重力恢复与内部实验室”,是一项双航天器任务,涉及将两个相同的航天器放置在绕月球轨道上,以利用高质量的重力场映射来确定月球的内部结构。该任务是NASA“探索技术研发计划”中的第11项任务。当这两个航天器飞越地球引力增加的地区时,它们会略微朝着彼此靠近或远离,同时一台仪器会测量它们的相对速度的变化,从而提供关于月球重力场的关键信息。这项任务的计划持续时间为3个月并成功地揭示多个强有力的候选熔岩管,它们要么是已知月球峡谷的延伸;要么与最近发现的天窗洞穴相对应[29-30]。
与美国、日本等国家相比,目前中国在熔岩管探测领域的研究仍处于跟跑地位。由于月球熔岩管洞穴是中国未来月球国际科研站基本型的重要候选建站地点,中国对与月球熔岩管的研究主要集中于在熔岩管洞穴内建立科研站基本型的可行性分析。
在近期研究中,肖龙等[21]总结了最新探测成果,并在前人研究的基础上,对月面熔岩管各类探测内容进行了分析,初步设计了探测方案,同时提出了3处熔岩管洞穴作为未来科学探测和月球基地建设的候选目标。刘进军等[31]对月球国际科研站的建设也提出了具体的原则和标准,并指出熔岩管是建站的理想场所。石耀霖等[32]对中国拟建设的国际科研站在固体月球动力学研究方面的一些关键科学问题提出一些设想,并提出熔岩管研究的重要性。此外,对于熔岩管辨别的研究也开始涌现,其中Zhu等[30]于2023年对传统基于布格重力梯度(Bouguer Gravity Gradients)的GRAIL数据处理方法进行了地形矫正改良,使得这项研究所提出的改进型布格重力梯度法同时对月面地貌造成的重力异常和月面下的重力异常敏感,较传统方法对东西向和南北向分布的熔岩管有着更高的识别能力。这项研究证明了马里乌斯山(Marius Hills)附近的熔岩管存在的可能性,并且推测出该熔岩管在空间上长约60 km、宽约9 km、中心高程为55 m、埋深达地下550 m。同时,“嫦娥七号”也将搭载米级分辨率多极化雷达,这将使中国在月球永久阴影区的探测领域走向世界前列。由于熔岩管底部结构和普通坑洞存在明显的区别,熔岩管底部的塌陷结构将产生明显的电磁散射特征[33]。当雷达进行天底观测时,由于天窗不完全位于测线下方,天底偏角将不再产生如常规空洞的二面角反射。当熔岩管底部塌陷结构较为粗糙时,漫散射将会占主导地位从而形成散射特征,以此便可在永久阴影区内进行熔岩管天窗的主动探测。根据这些散射特征,也可以计算出熔岩管的几何形状,为未来的国际月球科研站提供数据支持。
除了基于重力探测、雷达探测和探地雷达这3种对熔岩管洞穴的探测手段,月面的形貌勘察重建技术在熔岩管洞穴的探测中也起着重要的作用。以形貌勘察重建为核心的熔岩管洞穴的探测方法依赖于高精度的月面形貌三维重建,以及基于精细形貌模型的天窗结构的探测与识别。
在月球三维形貌的重建方面,主流的月面三维重建技术主要包括基于轨道器影像的摄影测量方法、基于激光测高数据的插值算法及联合多源遥感数据的融合算法[34]。
轨道器影像处理方面,一般流程为构建遥感影像的成像几何模型、区域网平差、影像密集匹配、空间前方交会,最终获得制图产品。“月船一号”轨道器上搭载的三线阵地形测图相机(Terrain Mapping Camera, TMC)在约100 km高度的月球轨道上对月球表面从前视、正视、后视3个视角获取遥感影像,在人类历史上第1次获得了空间分辨率为5 m的月球影像数据。Arya等[35]为研究Oceanus Procellarum月海内岩熔管附近的地形地貌特征和地质年代,利用TMC立体影像基于摄影测量处理制作了局部地形。LRO轨道器上搭载的宽角相机(Wide Angle Camera, WAC)可在50 km高度的环月轨道上获取分辨率为100 m的月球影像。Scholten等[36]经过对6.9万个立体像对的摄影测量处理,在79°S~79°N范围内制作了100 m分辨率的地形产品GLD100。“嫦娥一号”轨道器搭载的三线阵相机通过1 000多次的月球绕飞获取了覆盖全月的影像数据,影像分辨率为120 m。李春来[37]择优选取了其中628轨数据进行摄影测量处理,最终构建了平面定位精度、高程精度和分辨率分别为192、120和500 m的全月数字高程模型。JAXA利用SELENE上搭载的(Terrain Camera, TC)地形相机拍摄的立体影像制作了全月10 m分辨率的DTM,高程精度约10 m[10]。德国宇航中心(Deutsches Zentrum für Luft-und Raumfahrt, DLR)利用LROC的窄角相机(Narrow Angle Camera, NAC)获取的异轨立体影像制作了局部区域2 m分辨率的DTM[38]。
激光测高数据处理方面,一般流程为激光测高数据噪声去除、偏差纠正、插值、获得制图产品。NASA基于“克莱门汀”激光测高数据制作的全月球模型GLTM2,径向测量精度约为130 m,空间分辨率约为2.5°,但局部区域数据覆盖不全[13]。Araki等[39]利用Kaguya激光高度计(Laser Altimeter, LALT)在轨工作期间获取的约670万个测高标称精度为5 m的测距值,生成了1.8 km分辨率的全月地形产品。李春来等[40]利用“嫦娥一号”激光高度计(Laser AltiMeter, LAM)观测的约912万个测高数据,经无效数据剔除、系统偏差纠正、几何定位、滤波及插值处理后,制作了分辨率为3 km的全月数字高程模型,其平面定位精度和高程精度分别为445 m和60 m。LRO轨道器上搭载的激光高度计(Lunar Orbiter Laser Altimeter, LOLA)采用特殊的五点阵列模型获取卫星测高数据。Smith等[41]对利用LOLA在不同纬度地区获取的疏密程度不同的超65亿个激光点经过交叉点平差处理后,在全月不同纬度区域生成了分辨率分别为5、10、20、30、60及100 m的全月数字高程模型产品,平面定位精度和高程精度分布分别为20 m和1 m。
多源遥感数据融合处理方面主要是以激光测高数据和光学影像为代表。通过两种数据源之间的配准,以及产品的融合来获得最终制图产品。例如,国家天文台利用“嫦娥二号”立体相机影像,并在极区结合CE-1/LAM和LRO/LOLA激光数据,制作了分辨率分别为7、20和50 m的全月地形产品CE2TMap2015[16]。
基于月面形貌的熔岩管洞穴探测可以分成基于二维影像探测与三维形貌探测两种方式。早期的探测以二维光学影像为主,通过探测天窗结构来发现熔岩管洞穴。相比于重力探测和雷达探测的探测方式,光学遥感影像具有更高的空间分辨率。此外,如图3所示,光学遥感影像也可以提供更准确的纹理与结构细节。表2列出了国内外主要月球轨道器及其搭载的遥感影像数据相关属性。可以看出,以不同类型相机为代表的光学传感器普遍具有较高的空间分辨率。然而,月面天窗结构与普通陨石撞击坑在平面相似的几何特征,难以进行准确判断。同时,仅有平面影像无法利用三维信息对疑似天窗结构的垂直剖面进行分析,无法对熔岩管洞穴的暴露结构和坍塌状态进行精细的判读和分析。
近年来,随着搭载新型传感器的对月观测任务的执行,以及以立体摄影测量为代表的三维重建技术的发展,利用高分辨率的光学遥感数据已经能够实现高精细的月面形貌的三维重建,甚至在局部区域已经可以实现像素级的高分辨率形貌模型生成,这极大地提升了基于月面形貌的熔岩管探测手段的准确性及获取信息的丰富程度[42]。基于三维形貌的探测方法通过分析月球表面的地貌特征和形态,尤其熔岩管所独有的天窗结构,可寻找熔岩管的大体位置。基于高分辨率的三维形貌模型,可以根据坑与天窗的三维结构差异精确地区分撞击坑与熔岩管洞穴。同时,三维形貌模型可以提供对天窗结构的精确描述,便于对熔岩管洞穴的深陷或不规则的底部形态以及内倾的斜坡进行判断和分析,从而对其利用价值进行相应的评估,服务于未来的月球科研站选址任务。目前,已有的相关的研究包括裸露在地表且无天窗结构的哈德利月溪(Rima Hadley),有较为简单天窗结构且有重力恢复数据佐证的马里乌斯山孔洞(Marius Hills Hole),也有处于月球背面、具有复杂天窗结构且周围没有特殊地形地貌的智海深坑(Mare Ingenii Pit),以及具有典型天窗结构、被认为是熔岩管入口但尚未得到充分研究的静海深坑(Mare Tranquillitatis Pit)等。图4为一个智海深坑区域熔岩管洞穴三维形貌重建的案例。由该案例可以看出,利用形貌勘查重建技术,使用光学遥感影像,可以有效地对熔岩管存在的潜在区域进行大范围的精确三维形貌重建。同时在熔岩管洞穴的天窗区域,可以获得精细的局部三维形貌模型。相对于雷达成像和重力反演获得的探测结果,其较高精度可以满足相关几何结构尺寸的精确测量需求。然而,从重建的结果中,也可以明显看到存在的缺陷,即光学遥感影像上无法直接观测到的区域及阴影区域,未能成功地实现三维结构的重建。这也是基于光学影像的形貌勘察重建技术的固有缺陷之一。通常情况下,可以通过融合不同传感器获取的多源遥感数据的融合应用来解决这一问题,实现熔岩管完整三维结构的形貌重建。
这里的多源遥感数据,除了测绘相机或着陆导航相机获取的光学影像以外,正如前文已经介绍的,近年来激光测高数据与合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar, SAR)数据也被广泛地应用于三维形貌模型的重建中。例如,Carrer等在2022年提出一种基于高分辨SAR的洞穴天窗结构探测方法[40]。相比于光学影像,激光测高数据具有更全面的覆盖范围,可以用于月球永久阴影区内的熔岩管探测。而SAR数据还可以通过InSAR技术为三维形貌模型的微小形变进行监测,为熔岩管洞穴的结构稳定性评估提供支撑。当然,基于形貌的月面熔岩管洞穴探测方法往往受限于地表特征的可见性和分辨率,难以准确确定熔岩管的位置和内部结构,还需要进一步与重力探测和雷达探测等手段进行联合。
近些年来,各国都将月面下熔岩管探测列为对月探测的发展重点,并且陆续公布了针对月球熔岩管洞穴的探测方法和结果。这些方法基于各类平台和不同类型的传感器,具有不同的特点。以NASA的GRAIL为代表的重力恢复法可以从宏观上证明月面下重力缺失的存在,尽管其分辨率较低,但是目前多项研究表明马里乌斯山峰天窗附近存在着较为明显的重力缺失[30]。对使用雷达探测方法来说,以JAXA的LRS为代表的低频雷达测量可以获得更为准确的地下信息。2017年,Kaku等使用LRS数据进行月面下熔岩管辨别后,各国开始了大量关于针对熔岩管的雷达信号处理研究[22,24]。然而结果表明,由于分辨率和月面复杂的散射机制的限制,对于LRS的数据处理需要更为先进的信号处理手段[24]。以Esmaeili等为代表的使用探地雷达进行熔岩管探测是目前的热点之一[25]。与基于绕月轨道器平台的重力恢复法和雷达探测法会受到月面地貌的干扰不同,基于巡视器平台的探地雷达可以直接测量月面以下的地质结构。然而,由于探地雷达的部署依赖于巡视器的行驶轨迹,难以直接大范围地测量潜在熔岩管的位置。面对未来中国深空探测任务的需求和国际月球科研站基本型的建设目标[43],基于月面形貌勘察重建技术的熔岩管探测将面临两大需求和三大挑战。
1)远期发展:中国航天强国建设的需求
中国始终把发展航天事业作为国家整体发展战略的重要组成部分。《2021中国的航天》白皮书明确指出,在未来的5年中国航天将立足新发展阶段,开启全面建设航天强国新征程,为服务国家发展大局、在外空领域推动构建人类命运共同体、促进人类文明进步作出更大贡献。为此,中国需要继续实施重大科技工程,提升航天综合实力,尤其是重点推进行星探测和月球探测等重大工程。对月探测作为深空探测总项目的关键一环,在中国未来的深空探测计划中起到决定性作用。而作为对月探测的重要任务之一,对月面的形貌勘察重建是核心技术之一,需要进一步提升遥感数据的自主获取能力、重建技术的创新能力及形貌产品的应用能力,在月面熔岩管探测这一重要的科研与工程的热点领域做出突破,实现从航天大国到航天强国的转变。
2)近期任务:国际月球科研站建设的需求
月球是离地球最近的天然卫星,也是人类向深空探索的重要跳板。2016年,NASA公布了重返月球计划,旨在于2024年建立永久月球基地。2020年7月,中国和俄罗斯两国航天机构确定了未来国际月球科研站的合作。各航天强国不约而同地将以月球科研站为代表的地外基地的建设作为深空探测的科学前沿。基于月球实地环境可以开展多项基础科学实验和前沿技术验证,可为中国乃至全人类未来深空探测和太空开发提供重要的科学和技术支撑。然而,月球科研站的建设和运营需要解决许多技术挑战,其中基地的选址与结构建造是核心瓶颈之一,其可行的解决方案与月面熔岩管洞穴的探测和研究密切相关。为此,需要进一步开展相关领域的技术创新,包括但不限于形貌勘察技术、虚拟现实系统、原位建造技术等,以期为月球科研站的建设提供选址与建造的技术支撑,为科研站建设工作的推进提供支持。
中国对于月球熔岩管的探测和研究起步相对较晚。依托探月工程前期所获取的大量光学遥感数据,中国在月面形貌测图方面已经取得了显著的成果,完成了月面地形地貌的高精度测绘及可视化表达[34,37,42]。这些都将为熔岩管的探测与相关研究提供宝贵的数据支持。但是对标当前世界一流水平和航天强国要求,中国基于月面形貌勘察的熔岩管探测工作存在差距与不足。现有研究与应用的挑战体现在以下方面。
1)高性能轨道器遥感平台的研发与应用相对于美国、日本等国家有所滞后
相对于美国、日本等国家而言,目前中国月球轨道器遥感平台的发射规划与搭载传感器的性能还处于跟跑地位。尤其是对于亚米级分辨率的月球轨道器光学遥感相机的研发与应用,需要进一步加快相关的规划与进度。依托于高分辨率遥感影像数据,针对月球形貌勘察的熔岩管探测方法将具有更高的空间分辨率和测量精度,可以有效地区分熔岩管的天窗结构和普通撞击坑导致的月面塌陷。同时,借助于重建的高精细三维形貌模型,可以进一步对熔岩管洞穴的三维结构信息进行精确的分析和评估。中国未来的探月任务规划中,也应进一步推进高精度激光高度计与合成孔径雷达等设备的搭载,以期为月面高精度地形地貌信息的获取、测量和重建带来更大的助力。
2)月球大范围多源遥感数据的分发与应用策略需要优化
月面大范围高分辨率遥感数据获取难度较高,其获取的遥感数据相比地球而言,数据本身具有更高的复杂性和质量不确定性,普遍需要对不同类型平台和传感器的数据分别进行处理和解析。这也导致了不同类型数据的分发渠道有差异、基于不同类型数据的研究缺少交叉、不同遥感数据产品的应用相对独立。例如,针对矿物探测的研究多局限于光谱遥感数据的应用,而针对形貌勘察重建的研究多局限于光学遥感数据,缺少多源遥感数据的交叉研究与融合应用。而以熔岩管探测为代表的研究,迫切地需要多源遥感数据的融合应用。为此,对月遥感数据应建立面向各高等研究机构的数据中心,以便进行存储、管理和检索,以加强多源数据的共享与交叉应用,在熔岩管的探测领域,推进多种遥感解析手段的交叉验证,进一步提升探测结果的可靠性与准确性。
3)基于光学遥感影像月面形貌精细重建技术存在瓶颈
目前使用光学遥感影像对月面熔岩管天窗结构的探测与重建技术,已经在几个热点地区的熔岩管探测活动中得到了广泛的研究[20]。但是,受制于光学遥感手段的穿透能力与观测范围限制,在使用光学影像进行熔岩管的形貌精细重建过程中,无法对未观测到区域的结构进行探测和重建,只能满足局部的熔岩管识别,在绝大多数情况下无法探测地下结构的情况。亟须进一步开展多源遥感手段(激光、雷达)的应用和观测平台(轨道器平台、巡视器平台)的规划与研发,实现熔岩管洞穴的全方位观测与重建结构的补全。例如,通过激光测高获取的高精度高程测量结果,提升熔岩管洞穴阴影区域的三维形貌重建精度,获取完整的内部三维结构。通过雷达遥感的熔岩管洞穴空腔的探测与结果,可以与光学遥感的熔岩管天窗结构探测重建相互验证、融合补全。
综合世界熔岩管探测发展战略以及结合中国实际情况,未来中国月球熔岩管探测领域建议面向以下4个方向发展。
1)强化多源数据的融合使用
中国在月球探测领域已经拥有多种传感器,如高分辨率光学影像、激光测高计。此外,未来中国也将发射各种类型的探月雷达和其他先进传感器。通过融合各类传感器的数据,可以更全面地了解月球表面和地下的情况,提高熔岩管探测的精度和可靠性。例如,可以将摄影测量法获取的形貌分析信息与重力恢复法得到的地质信息进行融合,以便更准确地识别熔岩管的特征和位置。在更小的尺度上,绕月轨道雷达的数据也可以与月球巡视器所搭载的探地雷达数据进行分辨率和探测范围上的互补,以达到熔岩管结构形态和走向分布的同步探测。值得注意的是,发展探测深度为百米级的环绕器穿透型雷达具备极高的工程价值。但在系统设计上势必要有别于现有的星载探地雷达系统。系统应使用低VHF(Very High Frequency,甚高频)波段并具有较高的分数带宽。此外,由于在轨系统硬件的限制,雷达将不可避免地使用全方向性天线,由此产生的如天底偏角(Off-nadir Angle)杂波问题将严重影响雷达成像质量,因此杂波抑制算法也至关重要[33]。然而,此类杂波抑制算法将降低距离向分辨率,因此设计百米级探测深度的环绕器穿透型雷达将是未来熔岩管探测的重点与难点。
2)推动探测方式的多样化
目前,中国的月球探测方式相对单一,主要依赖于轨道器遥感手段。然而,为了更深入地了解月球熔岩管的内部结构和性质,需要采取多种探测方式相结合的方式。例如,利用轨道器进行大范围、高效的普查;利用飞跃器进行局部详查和精细探测;利用巡视器搭载的探地雷达和钻孔设备进行实地勘察和取样分析等;也可以在月球表面和月面下布设被动传感器以实现月球数据的实时采集。这样可以充分发挥不同探测器的优势和特点,提高探测效率和精度。
3)开展原位建造技术的预研
未来,中国可以在月球熔岩管探测的基础上,开展月球环境下的原位建造以及3D打印技术的研究与应用验证。利用月球表面的资源进行原位建造和3D打印基础设施、设备等,降低人类在月球上生存和工作的难度和成本,促进月球科学研究和人类探索进程的发展。同时,这些基础设施也可以作为熔岩管探测和维护的技术支持平台,进一步提升中国在月球探测领域的综合实力。
4)加大人才培养和国际交流力度
由于中国在月球熔岩管探测领域的起步较晚,相关人才相对较少。因此,中国需要加大人才培养力度,通过加强与国际合作、设立专项研究基金、提供更多的实践机会等方式,培养一批专门从事月球熔岩管探测和研究的青年专家队伍。同时,也可以鼓励企业和高校联合培养相关人才,加强产学研合作,推动中国月球探测领域的整体发展。月球科学是全球性的研究领域,通过加强国际合作与交流,可以共享全球的资源、技术和数据,提升中国在月球探测领域的国际影响力。此外,还可以与其他国家的月球探测项目进行合作,共同开展熔岩管探测方面的研究和数据分析,推动月球科学研究的全球发展。
月球作为地球唯一的卫星,一直是人类太空探索活动的热点与前哨。在人类的太空探索过程中,针对月球的探测任务取得了许多重要成果,并且步入了开展月球着陆采样返回与建立月球科研站的全新阶段。月面熔岩管洞穴具有天然地下管道结构,能够对月面的宇宙射线照射、温差变化极大、频繁陨石撞击等高风险环境提供良好的庇护,使之成为建立月球基地的优秀候选区域。随着月面形貌勘察重建技术的不断进展,基于高精度的月面遥感影像的勘察手段可以为熔岩管的探测提供有力帮助。同时,高精细的三维形貌模型有助于了解月球熔岩管的空间结构和形成机制,便于开展对熔岩管应用潜力的推断,为未来月球探测任务的规划和选址提供强有力的支持。中国针对月球熔岩管洞穴的探测研究相对于美国、日本等国家起步较晚,但也已取得了显著成果。在未来的月球探测与科研任务中,建议进一步加强轨道器和巡视器上搭载的多传感器获取的多源数据的融合使用,推动探测方式的多样化,并及时启动相关的专项探测计划。同时,开展基于熔岩管洞穴环境的原位建造技术的预研与工程实践,提前为后续的基于熔岩管的月球基地建设打下良好的基础。最后,还应进一步加大人才培养力度,加强国际合作与交流,推动月球科学研究的全球发展,为人类命运共同体的太空征程共同努力。
  • 国家自然科学基金(42221002)
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doi: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2024.01.003
  • 接收时间:2023-11-21
  • 出版时间:2024-03-20
  • 发布时间:2024-03-27
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  • 收稿日期:2023-11-21
  • 修回日期:2024-01-30
基金
国家自然科学基金(42221002)
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    1.同济大学测绘与地理信息学院,上海 200092
    2.上海市航天测绘遥感与空间探测重点实验室,上海 200092

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表12种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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