Article(id=1157393073585180856, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, issueId=1157393070754025641, articleNumber=null, orderNo=6, doi=10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2024.01.005, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1701360000000, receivedDateStr=2023-12-01, revisedDate=1706284800000, revisedDateStr=2024-01-27, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753873612066, onlineDateStr=2025-07-30, pubDate=1710864000000, pubDateStr=2024-03-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1711468800000, onlineIssueDateStr=2024-03-27, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753873612066, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774072529829, updator=sys-migrate, issue=Issue{id=1157393070754025641, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, year='2024', volume='3', issue='1', pageStart='100', pageEnd='147', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1710864000000', pubDateStr='2024-03-20', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=1, createTime=1753873611366, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1776075110816, updator='13041195026', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1250512908678017028, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, issueId=1157393070754025641, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=Science and Technology Foresight, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1250512908682211333, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, issueId=1157393070754025641, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=月球及火星等地外行星科考基地建设探索专刊, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=62, endPage=73, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1157393074201743547, articleId=1157393073585180856, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, language=EN, title=Intelligent Control and Intelligent Operation Management of Robots in Dim and Low Gravity Environments, columnId=1149656489310208610, journalTitle=Science and Technology Foresight, columnName=Review and Commentary, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In view of the detection requirement in dim and low gravity environments of the south pole of the Moon and the canyons of Mars, it is urgent to explore intelligent and efficient robot control and management methods so that robots can reliably complete complex tasks of planetary exploration, support the construction of lunar and Mars bases, and ensure long-term development. On the basis of elaborating the definition of dim and low gravity environments and analyzing the latest progress of robots, the challenges brought by dim and low gravity environments to planetary exploration robots are discussed, and the development trend of intelligent robot operation in dim and low gravity environments is summarized. Some suggestions on the development of intelligent robot technology are put forward from the perspective of intelligent robot behavior control and intelligent operation management.

, authors=null, authorsList=Chuankai LIU, Jianfeng XIE, Ke WANG, Chu ZHANG, Yi WANG, Peng ZHOU, Xiaoxue WANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Jianfeng XIE, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
†
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针对未来月球南极和火星峡谷等暗弱低重力环境探测需求,研究智能高效的机器人控制与协作管理方法,使机器人能够高可靠地完成星表复杂操作任务,支持月球及火星基地建设与长期驻留开发非常迫切。文章在阐述界定暗弱低重力环境的内涵和分析论述机器人作业最新进展的基础上,探讨了暗弱低重力环境对机器人带来的挑战,总结了暗弱低重力环境下机器人智能作业发展趋势,并从机器人智能化行为控制与智慧化作业管理的角度对机器人智能技术发展提出了建议。

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刘传凯,博士,高级工程师。软件支持团队副总工程师,空间遥操作创新团队负责人。主要从事空间机器人遥操作技术研究。主持国家自然科学基金等项目6项,部委级科研预研项目6项。获部委级科技进步奖二等奖2项、陕西省高校科技优秀成果奖一等奖1项。出版专著2部,发表论文67余篇,授权发明专利21件。某部委级高层次科技创新青年人才。获“探月工程嫦娥四号任务突出贡献者”称号、中国航天基金会“航天贡献奖”。2023年作为“新时代勇攀航天科技高峰的青年人才群体”的典型代表受到中央宣传部表彰宣传。电子信箱:。

谢剑锋,研究员。深空探测任务团队总工程师。主要从事近地及深空探测器精密定规、轨道设计与控制、地外天体遥操作等技术研究。先后参与我国载人航天、月球及深空探测领域的历次飞行控制任务。获部委级科学技术进步奖一等奖3项、二等奖6项。发表论文20余篇,授权发明专利10余件。获“中国载人航天工程突出贡献者”称号。电子信箱:。

, authorsList=刘传凯, 谢剑锋, 王科, 张楚, 王艺, 周鹏, 王晓雪, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=谢剑锋, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
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刘传凯,博士,高级工程师。软件支持团队副总工程师,空间遥操作创新团队负责人。主要从事空间机器人遥操作技术研究。主持国家自然科学基金等项目6项,部委级科研预研项目6项。获部委级科技进步奖二等奖2项、陕西省高校科技优秀成果奖一等奖1项。出版专著2部,发表论文67余篇,授权发明专利21件。某部委级高层次科技创新青年人才。获“探月工程嫦娥四号任务突出贡献者”称号、中国航天基金会“航天贡献奖”。2023年作为“新时代勇攀航天科技高峰的青年人才群体”的典型代表受到中央宣传部表彰宣传。电子信箱:。

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谢剑锋,研究员。深空探测任务团队总工程师。主要从事近地及深空探测器精密定规、轨道设计与控制、地外天体遥操作等技术研究。先后参与我国载人航天、月球及深空探测领域的历次飞行控制任务。获部委级科学技术进步奖一等奖3项、二等奖6项。发表论文20余篇,授权发明专利10余件。获“中国载人航天工程突出贡献者”称号。电子信箱:。

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谢剑锋,研究员。深空探测任务团队总工程师。主要从事近地及深空探测器精密定规、轨道设计与控制、地外天体遥操作等技术研究。先后参与我国载人航天、月球及深空探测领域的历次飞行控制任务。获部委级科学技术进步奖一等奖3项、二等奖6项。发表论文20余篇,授权发明专利10余件。获“中国载人航天工程突出贡献者”称号。电子信箱:。

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School of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou 341000, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1242113506904969216, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393073585180856, authorId=1242113506753975294, language=CN, stringName=王艺, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=3, address=3.江西理工大学电气工程与自动化学院,赣州 341000, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1242113505646679007, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393073585180856, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242113505667650528, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393073585180856, companyId=1242113505646679007, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3. School of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou 341000, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242113505676039137, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393073585180856, companyId=1242113505646679007, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.江西理工大学电气工程与自动化学院,赣州 341000)])]), Author(id=1242113506963689474, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393073585180856, orderNo=5, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1242113507051769860, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393073585180856, authorId=1242113506963689474, language=EN, stringName=Peng ZHOU, firstName=Peng, middleName=null, lastName=ZHOU, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=4, address=4. College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1242113507114684421, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393073585180856, authorId=1242113506963689474, language=CN, stringName=周鹏, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=4, address=4.重庆大学机械与运载工程学院,重庆 400044, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1242113505738953699, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393073585180856, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242113505747342308, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393073585180856, companyId=1242113505738953699, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4. College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242113505755730917, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393073585180856, companyId=1242113505738953699, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4.重庆大学机械与运载工程学院,重庆 400044)])]), Author(id=1242113507185987591, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393073585180856, orderNo=6, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1242113508670771210, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393073585180856, authorId=1242113507185987591, language=EN, stringName=Xiaoxue WANG, firstName=Xiaoxue, middleName=null, lastName=WANG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1. Beijing Aerospace Control Center, Beijing 100094, China
2. Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Aerospace Flight Dynamics, Beijing 100094, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1242113508737880075, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393073585180856, authorId=1242113507185987591, language=CN, stringName=王晓雪, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1.北京航天飞行控制中心,北京 100094
2.航天飞行动力学技术重点实验室,北京 100094, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1242113505462129624, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393073585180856, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242113505470518233, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393073585180856, companyId=1242113505462129624, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1. Beijing Aerospace Control Center, Beijing 100094, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242113505478906842, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393073585180856, companyId=1242113505462129624, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.北京航天飞行控制中心,北京 100094)]), AuthorCompany(id=1242113505550210011, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393073585180856, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242113505554404316, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393073585180856, companyId=1242113505550210011, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2. 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Development and prospect of Chinese deep space exploration[J]. Space International, 2018(10): 4-10. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Development and prospect of Chinese deep space exploration, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242113510772117540, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393073585180856, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2016, volume=3, issue=2, pageStart=108, pageEnd=113, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[2], rfOrder=2, authorNames=于登云, 孙泽洲, 孟林智, journalName=深空探测学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=于登云, 孙泽洲, 孟林智, 等. 火星探测发展历程与未来展望[J]. 深空探测学报, 2016, 3(2): 108-113., articleTitle=火星探测发展历程与未来展望, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242113510830837797, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393073585180856, doi=10.15982/j.issn.2095-7777.2016.02.002, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2016, volume=3, issue=2, pageStart=108, pageEnd=113, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[2], rfOrder=3, authorNames=Yu D Y, Sun Z Z, Meng L Z, journalName=Journal of Deep Space Exploration, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Yu D Y, Sun Z Z, Meng L Z, et al. The development process and prospects for Mars exploration[J]. Journal of Deep Space Exploration, 2016, 3(2): 108-113. (in Chinese), articleTitle=The development process and prospects for Mars exploration, refAbstract=As one of the nearest earth-like planets from earth, Mars exploration is the second hottest point after the lunar exploration of deep space exploration. Based on the review of Mars exploration history, the exploration planning for the future and the key technologies to face are discussed, but also the corresponding enlightenment and prospects are given, the possible research on Mars exploration which can be carried out and advices for China's Mars exploration missions are proposed in this paper.), Reference(id=1242113510893752358, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393073585180856, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2016, volume=3, issue=4, pageStart=307, pageEnd=314, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[3], rfOrder=4, authorNames=于登云, 吴学英, 吴伟仁, journalName=深空探测学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=于登云, 吴学英, 吴伟仁. 我国探月工程技术发展综述[J]. 深空探测学报, 2016, 3(4): 307-314., articleTitle=我国探月工程技术发展综述, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242113510960861223, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393073585180856, doi=10.15982/j.issn.2095-7717.2016.04.002, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2016, volume=3, issue=4, pageStart=307, pageEnd=314, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[3], rfOrder=5, authorNames=Yu D Y, Wu X Y, Wu W R, journalName=Journal of Deep Space Exploration, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Yu D Y, Wu X Y, Wu W R. Review of technology development for Chinese lunar exploration program[J]. Journal of Deep Space Exploration, 2016, 3(4): 307-314. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Review of technology development for Chinese lunar exploration program, refAbstract=Before the year of 2020,the Chinese Lunar Exploration Program will be implemented in three steps of "Orbiting the Moon,Landing the Moon and Returning from the Moon". This paper shows that the engineering and scientific goal, implementation result and the major technical achievement for the Chang'e-1,Chang'e-2,Chang'e-3 and Chang'e-5 Circumlunar Return and Reentry missions. After that,this paper gives the developing trends of Lunar Exploration Program and system ideas and framework of the future lunar missions.), Reference(id=1242113511044747304, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393073585180856, doi=10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2022.01.002, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=1, issue=1, pageStart=17, pageEnd=27, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[4], rfOrder=6, authorNames=于登云, 马继楠, journalName=前瞻科技, refType=null, unstructuredReference=于登云, 马继楠. 中国深空探测进展与展望[J]. 前瞻科技, 2022, 1(1): 17-27., articleTitle=中国深空探测进展与展望, refAbstract=在简要分析世界主要航天国家和新兴航天国家深空探测进展的基础上,系统梳理了中国深空探测所取得的主要技术和科学进展,对未来的深空探测任务和需要重点突破的主要关键技术提出展望,为后续深空探测发展提供参考。), Reference(id=1242113511103467561, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393073585180856, doi=10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2022.01.002, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=1, issue=1, pageStart=17, pageEnd=27, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[4], rfOrder=7, authorNames=Yu D Y, Ma J N, journalName=Science and Technology Foresight, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Yu D Y, Ma J N. Progress and prospect of deep space exploration in China[J]. Science and Technology Foresight, 2022, 1(1): 17-27. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Progress and prospect of deep space exploration in China, refAbstract=

After analyzing the progress in deep space exploration of major aerospace countries and emerging ones in the world, this paper systematically summarizes the main scientific and technological achievements regarding deep space exploration in China. Moreover, it provides an outlook on future deep space exploration and main key technologies. This review can serve as reference for the follow-up development of deep space exploration in China.

), Reference(id=1242113511166382122, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393073585180856, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=6, issue=5, pageStart=405, pageEnd=416, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[5], rfOrder=8, authorNames=吴伟仁, 刘继忠, 唐玉华, journalName=深空探测学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=吴伟仁, 刘继忠, 唐玉华, 等. 中国探月工程[J]. 深空探测学报, 2019, 6(5): 405-416., articleTitle=中国探月工程, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242113511216713771, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393073585180856, doi=10.15982/j.issn.2095-7777.2019.05.001, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=6, issue=5, pageStart=405, pageEnd=416, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[5], rfOrder=9, authorNames=Wu W R, Liu J Z, Tang Y H, journalName=Journal of Deep Space Exploration, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Wu W R, Liu J Z, Tang Y H, et al. China lunar exploration program[J]. Journal of Deep Space Exploration, 2019, 6(5): 405-416. (in Chinese), articleTitle=China lunar exploration program, refAbstract=The Chang'E-4 probe was successfully soft landed on the far side of the moon for the first time as a human spacecraft on January 3, 2019, while the lunar rover named as "Yutu-2" leaving Chinese footprints on the Moon. So far, 125 lunar exploration activities have been carried out in the world, during which there are two important periods. During the period from 1950s to 1970s, the first round of lunar exploration culminated with the purposes of the race between the two space powers the U. S. and the former Soviet Union. After that, from the end of last century to now, many countries realize the strategic significance of the Lunar exploration, proposing their new lunar exploration plans, which culminated the second round of lunar exploration. Starting from the Chang'E-1 orbiter project in 2004, China has implemented five successful lunar missions, include Chang'E-1, 2, 3, 4, and Lunar Sample Return flight test. All five missions are successful, and great achievements have been made in space technology, space science and application, personal training, and international cooperation. China will continue lunar exploration activities mainly with unmanned Lunar Scientific Research Station.), Reference(id=1242113511288016940, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393073585180856, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=65, issue=24, pageStart=2577, pageEnd=2586, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[6], rfOrder=10, authorNames=裴照宇, 刘继忠, 王倩, journalName=科学通报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=裴照宇, 刘继忠, 王倩, 等. 月球探测进展与国际月球科研站[J]. 科学通报, 2020, 65(24): 2577-2586., articleTitle=月球探测进展与国际月球科研站, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242113511363514413, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393073585180856, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=65, issue=24, pageStart=2577, pageEnd=2586, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[6], rfOrder=11, authorNames=Pei Z Y, Liu J Z, Wang Q, journalName=Chinese Science Bulletin, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Pei Z Y, Liu J Z, Wang Q, et al. Overview of lunar exploration and international lunar research station[J]. Chinese Science Bulletin, 2020, 65(24): 2577-2586. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Overview of lunar exploration and international lunar research station, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242113511426428975, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393073585180856, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=24, issue=1, pageStart=10, pageEnd=14, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[7], rfOrder=12, authorNames=Wu W R, journalName=Aerospace China, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Wu W R. International lunar research station[J]. Aerospace China, 2023, 24(1): 10-14., articleTitle=International lunar research station, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242113511489343536, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393073585180856, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=7, issue=3, pageStart=278, pageEnd=289, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[8], rfOrder=13, authorNames=刘德赟, 张熇, 杨帅, journalName=深空探测学报(中英文), refType=null, unstructuredReference=刘德赟, 张熇, 杨帅, 等. 月球极区钻取采样技术[J]. 深空探测学报(中英文), 2020, 7(3): 278-289., articleTitle=月球极区钻取采样技术, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242113511543869489, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393073585180856, doi=10.15982/j.issn.2095-7777.2020.20191101008, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=7, issue=3, pageStart=278, pageEnd=289, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[8], rfOrder=14, authorNames=Liu D Y, Zhang H, Yang S, journalName=Journal of Deep Space Exploration, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Liu D Y, Zhang H, Yang S, et al. Research of drilling and sampling technique for lunar polar region exploration[J]. Journal of Deep Space Exploration, 2020, 7(3): 278-289. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Research of drilling and sampling technique for lunar polar region exploration, refAbstract=According to China’s lunar exploration program,after completing lunar soil sample return mission of Chang’E-5,in-situ exploration and sample return exploration will be carried out for the lunar polar region,and the exploration of material composition,resource distribution and existing form in the lunar polar region will be important scientific objectives for the follow-up lunar exploration missions. Because of the special environmental characteristics of the lunar polar region,there is a great possibility of the existence of water-bearing lunar soils in the form of icy soil. The study of sampling technology for such objects will strongly support the demonstration and implementation of future lunar exploration missions,which has great engineering significance. Based on the investigation and analysis of the characteristics of the lunar polar region and the sampling techniques of lunar icy soil,the key drilling and sampling techniques of the lunar icy soil in the polar region are proposed,and the key technical approaches are clarified. The design idea of samplers for both in-situ detection mission and sample return mission is proposed,and the research progress is introduced.), Reference(id=1242113511606784050, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393073585180856, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2014, volume=34, issue=11, pageStart=35, pageEnd=41, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[9], rfOrder=15, authorNames=吴玉香, 刘春燕, 文尚胜, journalName=光学学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=吴玉香, 刘春燕, 文尚胜. 基于CIE天空模型计算任意时间天空亮度分布[J]. 光学学报, 2014, 34(11): 35-41., articleTitle=基于CIE天空模型计算任意时间天空亮度分布, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242113511745196083, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393073585180856, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2014, volume=34, issue=11, pageStart=35, pageEnd=41, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[9], rfOrder=16, authorNames=Wu Y X, Liu C Y, Wen S S, journalName=Acta Optica Sinica, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Wu Y X, Liu C Y, Wen S S. 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(in Chinese), articleTitle=Calculation of sky luminance distribution at arbitrary time based on the CIE sky model, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242113513192230964, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393073585180856, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=53, issue=4, pageStart=127, pageEnd=142, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[10], rfOrder=17, authorNames=甘红, 魏广飞, 张伟伟, journalName=中国科学: 物理学力学天文学, refType=null, unstructuredReference=甘红, 魏广飞, 张伟伟, 等. 基于嫦娥7号探测任务概念设计的月球南极光照条件和电场环境研究[J]. 中国科学: 物理学力学天文学, 2023, 53(4): 127-142., articleTitle=基于嫦娥7号探测任务概念设计的月球南极光照条件和电场环境研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242113515125805109, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393073585180856, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=53, issue=4, pageStart=127, pageEnd=142, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[10], rfOrder=18, authorNames=Gan H, Wei G F, Zhang W W, journalName=Scientia Sinica (Physica,Mechanica & Astronomica), refType=null, unstructuredReference=Gan H, Wei G F, Zhang W W, et al. Lunar polar illumination and electrical field environment simulation based on a conceptual design for China’s Chang’e-7 mission[J]. Scientia Sinica (Physica,Mechanica & Astronomica), 2023, 53(4): 127-142. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Lunar polar illumination and electrical field environment simulation based on a conceptual design for China’s Chang’e-7 mission, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242113515197108279, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393073585180856, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=8, issue=80, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[11], rfOrder=19, authorNames=Arm P, Waibel G, Preisig J, journalName=Science Robotics, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Arm P, Waibel G, Preisig J, et al. Scientific exploration of challenging planetary analog environments with a team of legged robots[J]. Science Robotics, 2023, 8(80), doi: 10.1126/scirobotics.ade9548., articleTitle=Scientific exploration of challenging planetary analog environments with a team of legged robots, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242113515276800056, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393073585180856, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[12], rfOrder=20, authorNames=Halford A, Savage S, Walsh B, journalName=Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society. Washington, D. C.: American Astronomical Society, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Halford A, Savage S, Walsh B, et al. Artemis, Gateway, the return to the Moon and forward to Mars for Heliophysics[C]// Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society. Washington, D. C.: American Astronomical Society, 2022., articleTitle=Artemis, Gateway, the return to the Moon and forward to Mars for Heliophysics, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242113515343908921, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393073585180856, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=https://www.nasa.gov/viper/rover, language=null, rfNumber=[13], rfOrder=21, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=The rover: Key features[R/OL]. [2024-01-26]. https://www.nasa.gov/viper/rover., articleTitle=The rover: Key features, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242113515402629178, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393073585180856, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20210015009, language=null, rfNumber=[14], rfOrder=22, authorNames=Colaprete A, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Colaprete A. Volatiles investigating polar exploration rover (VIPER)[R/OL]. (2021-04-30) [2024-01-26]. https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20210015009., articleTitle=Volatiles investigating polar exploration rover (VIPER), refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242113515478126651, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393073585180856, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[15], rfOrder=23, authorNames=Matthies L, Daftry S, Tepsuporn S, journalName=2022 IEEE Aerospace Conference (AERO), refType=null, unstructuredReference=Matthies L, Daftry S, Tepsuporn S, et al. Lunar rover localization using craters as landmarks[C]// 2022 IEEE Aerospace Conference (AERO). Piscataway: IEEE Press, 2022, doi: 10.1109/AERO53065.2022.9843714., articleTitle=Lunar rover localization using craters as landmarks, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242113515574595644, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393073585180856, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2006, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[16], rfOrder=24, authorNames=Maimone M, Biesiadecki J, Tunstel E, journalName=Washington, D.C.: NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Maimone M, Biesiadecki J, Tunstel E, et al. Surface navigation and mobility intelligence on the Mars Exploration Rovers[R]. Washington, D.C.: NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory, 2006., articleTitle=Surface navigation and mobility intelligence on the Mars Exploration Rovers, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242113515679453245, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393073585180856, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=8, issue=6, pageStart=582, pageEnd=591, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[17], rfOrder=25, authorNames=张辉, 卢皓, 于天一, journalName=深空探测学报(中英文), refType=null, unstructuredReference=张辉, 卢皓, 于天一, 等. “祝融号”火星车遥操作技术[J]. 深空探测学报(中英文), 2021, 8(6): 582-591., articleTitle=“祝融号”火星车遥操作技术, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242113515775922238, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393073585180856, doi=10.15982/j.issn.2096-9287.2021.20210108, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=8, issue=6, pageStart=582, pageEnd=591, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[17], rfOrder=26, authorNames=Zhang H, Lu H, Yu T Y, journalName=Journal of Deep Space Exploration, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhang H, Lu H, Yu T Y, et al. Teleoperation technology of Zhurong Mars rover[J]. Journal of Deep Space Exploration, 2021, 8(6): 582-591. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Teleoperation technology of Zhurong Mars rover, refAbstract=Restricted by the delay of TT&C communication link,communication bandwidth and relay communication arc,interplanetary space teleoperation technology is different from Earth Moon space teleoperation technology. The mission characteristics,technical difficulties and flight control design constraints of the Mars rover teleoperation are summarized. Aiming at solving the technical problems of the first interplanetary space teleoperation of China,this paper studied and established the Mars rover teleoperation control mode and key technology system,put forward the overall design method and system architecture of the Mars rover Teleoperation system,and designed the Mars rover teleoperation flight control mode and implementation process. The method proposed in this paper has been successfully applied to the teleoperation mission of Zhurong Mars rover. Zhurong Mars rover always maintains efficient movement and exploration,and the 100 d teleoperation mileage exceeds 1 kilometer,which verifies the correctness and effectiveness of this method,and lays a technical foundation for follow-up interplanetary space teleoperation missions.), Reference(id=1242113515843031103, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393073585180856, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2015, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[18], rfOrder=27, authorNames=Francis R, Estlin T, Gaines D, journalName=2015 IEEE Applied Imagery Pattern Recognition Workshop (AIPR), refType=null, unstructuredReference=Francis R, Estlin T, Gaines D, et al. AEGIS autonomous targeting for the Curiosity rover’s ChemCam instrument[C]// 2015 IEEE Applied Imagery Pattern Recognition Workshop (AIPR). Piscataway: IEEE Press, 2015, doi: 10.1109/AIPR.2015.7444544., articleTitle=AEGIS autonomous targeting for the Curiosity rover’s ChemCam instrument, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242113515931111488, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393073585180856, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[19], rfOrder=28, authorNames=Rieber R, McHenry M, Twu P, journalName=2022 IEEE Aerospace Conference (Aero), refType=null, unstructuredReference=Rieber R, McHenry M, Twu P, et al. Planning for a martian road trip-the Mars 2020 mobility systems design[C]// 2022 IEEE Aerospace Conference (Aero). Piscataway: IEEE Press, 2022, doi: 10.1109/AERO53065.2022.9843375., articleTitle=Planning for a martian road trip-the Mars 2020 mobility systems design, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242113515989831745, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393073585180856, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[20], rfOrder=29, authorNames=Daftry S, Chen Z, Cheng Y, journalName=2023 IEEE Aerospace Conference. Montana, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Daftry S, Chen Z, Cheng Y, et al. LunarNav: Crater-based localization for long-range autonomous lunar rover navigation[C]// 2023 IEEE Aerospace Conference. Montana. Piscataway: IEEE Press, 2023, doi: 10.1109/AERO55745.2023.10115640., articleTitle=LunarNav: Crater-based localization for long-range autonomous lunar rover navigation, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242113516052746306, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393073585180856, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[21], rfOrder=30, authorNames=Kolvenbach H, Bellicoso D, Jenelten F, er al, journalName=14th International Symposium on Artificial Intelligence, Robotics and Automation in Space (i-SAIRAS 2018), refType=null, unstructuredReference=Kolvenbach H, Bellicoso D, Jenelten F, er al. Efficient gait selection for quadrupedal robots on the Moon and Mars[C]// 14th International Symposium on Artificial Intelligence, Robotics and Automation in Space (i-SAIRAS 2018). Madrid: ESA Conference Bureau, 2018, doi: 10.3929/ethz-b-000261939., articleTitle=Efficient gait selection for quadrupedal robots on the Moon and Mars, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242113516178575427, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393073585180856, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=5459, pageEnd=5466, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[22], rfOrder=31, authorNames=Kolvenbach H, Hampp E, Barton P, journalName=2019 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS), refType=null, unstructuredReference=Kolvenbach H, Hampp E, Barton P, et al. Towards jumping locomotion for quadruped robots on the Moon[C]// 2019 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS). 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Journal of Terramechanics, 2010, 47(4): 261-274., articleTitle=Mobility performance of a rigid wheel in low gravity environments, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242113517717884997, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393073585180856, doi=10.1177/0278364920913945, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=39, issue=7, pageStart=797, pageEnd=811, url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0278364920913945, language=null, rfNumber=[24], rfOrder=33, authorNames=Niksirat P, Daca A, Skonieczny K, journalName=International Journal of Robotics Research, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Niksirat P, Daca A, Skonieczny K. The effects of reduced-gravity on planetary rover mobility[J]. International Journal of Robotics Research, 2020, 39(7): 797-811., articleTitle=The effects of reduced-gravity on planetary rover mobility, refAbstract=One of the major challenges faced by planetary exploration rovers today is the negotiation of difficult terrain, such as fine granular regolith commonly found on the Moon and Mars. Current testing methods on Earth fail to account for the effect of reduced gravity on the soil itself. This work characterizes the effects of reduced gravity on wheel–soil interactions between an ExoMars rover wheel prototype and a martian soil simulant aboard parabolic flights producing effective martian and lunar gravitational accelerations. These experiments are the first to collect wheel–soil interaction imagery and force/torque sensor data alongside wheel sinkage data. Results from reduced-gravity flights are compared with on-ground experiments with all parameters equal, including wheel load, such that the only difference between the experiments is the effect of gravity on the soil itself. In lunar gravity, a statistically significant average reduction in traction of 20% is observed compared with 1 g, and in martian gravity an average traction reduction of 5–10% is observed. Subsurface soil imaging shows that soil mobilization increases as gravity decreases, suggesting a deterioration in soil strength, which could be the cause of the reduction in traction. Statistically significant increases in wheel sinkage in both martian and lunar gravity provide additional evidence for decreased soil strength. All of these observations (decreased traction, increased soil mobilization, and increased sinkage) hinder a rover’s ability to drive, and should be considered when interpreting results from reduced-load mobility tests conducted on Earth.), Reference(id=1242113517805965382, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393073585180856, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2011, volume=116, issue=E7, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[25], rfOrder=34, authorNames=Arvidson R E, Ashley J W, Bell III J F, journalName=Journal of Geophysical Research: Planets, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Arvidson R E, Ashley J W, Bell III J F, et al. Opportunity Mars rover mission: Overview and selected results from Purgatory ripple to traverses to Endeavour crater[J]. 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Highly dynamic quadruped locomotion via whole-body impulse control and model predictive control[DB/OL]. arXiv prerints: 1909.06586, 2019., articleTitle=Highly dynamic quadruped locomotion via whole-body impulse control and model predictive control, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242113518061817931, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393073585180856, doi=10.1109/TRO.2021.3084374, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=38, issue=1, pageStart=317, pageEnd=328, url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9453856/, language=null, rfNumber=[28], rfOrder=37, authorNames=Rudin N, Kolvenbach H, Tsounis V, journalName=IEEE Transactions on Robotics, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Rudin N, Kolvenbach H, Tsounis V, et al. Cat-like jumping and landing of legged robots in low gravity using deep reinforcement learning[J]. 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Science Robotics, 2020, 5(47), doi: 10.1126/scirobotics.abc5986., articleTitle=Learning quadrupedal locomotion over challenging terrain, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242113518196035661, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393073585180856, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=7, issue=62, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[30], rfOrder=39, authorNames=Miki T, Lee J, Hwangbo J, journalName=Science Robotics, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Miki T, Lee J, Hwangbo J, et al. Learning robust perceptive locomotion for quadrupedal robots in the wild[J]. 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Research on robot localization based on active lighting sensors[D]. Hangzhou: Zhejiang University, 2022. (in Chinese), articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242113518422528080, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393073585180856, doi=10.1007/s11263-020-01418-8, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=129, issue=4, pageStart=1153, pageEnd=1184, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[32], rfOrder=42, authorNames=Liu J Y, Xu D J, Yang W H, journalName=International Journal of Computer Vision, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Liu J Y, Xu D J, Yang W H, et al. Benchmarking low-light image enhancement and beyond[J]. 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Common ambient illuminance values on the ground

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
环境条件 烈日直射的
地面
晴天背
阴处
日光灯 阴天的室外地面 阴天的
室内
路灯 月夜 星光 黑夜
光照度/lux 100 000 10 000 5 000 50~500 5~50 5 0.02~0.300 0.000 3 0.001~0.020
是否为暗弱 否 否 否 否 是 是 是 是 是
), ArticleFig(id=1242113510260412447, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393073585180856, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

地面常见环境的光照度

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
环境条件 烈日直射的
地面
晴天背
阴处
日光灯 阴天的室外地面 阴天的
室内
路灯 月夜 星光 黑夜
光照度/lux 100 000 10 000 5 000 50~500 5~50 5 0.02~0.300 0.000 3 0.001~0.020
是否为暗弱 否 否 否 否 是 是 是 是 是
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暗弱低重力环境下机器人智能控制与智慧作业管理
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刘传凯 1, 2, 3 , 谢剑锋 1, 2, † , 王科 4 , 张楚 1 , 王艺 3 , 周鹏 4 , 王晓雪 1, 2
前瞻科技 | 综述与述评 2024,3(1): 62-73
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前瞻科技 | 综述与述评 2024, 3(1): 62-73
暗弱低重力环境下机器人智能控制与智慧作业管理
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刘传凯1, 2, 3 , 谢剑锋1, 2, † , 王科4, 张楚1, 王艺3, 周鹏4, 王晓雪1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.北京航天飞行控制中心,北京 100094
  • 2.航天飞行动力学技术重点实验室,北京 100094
  • 3.江西理工大学电气工程与自动化学院,赣州 341000
  • 4.重庆大学机械与运载工程学院,重庆 400044
  • 刘传凯,博士,高级工程师。软件支持团队副总工程师,空间遥操作创新团队负责人。主要从事空间机器人遥操作技术研究。主持国家自然科学基金等项目6项,部委级科研预研项目6项。获部委级科技进步奖二等奖2项、陕西省高校科技优秀成果奖一等奖1项。出版专著2部,发表论文67余篇,授权发明专利21件。某部委级高层次科技创新青年人才。获“探月工程嫦娥四号任务突出贡献者”称号、中国航天基金会“航天贡献奖”。2023年作为“新时代勇攀航天科技高峰的青年人才群体”的典型代表受到中央宣传部表彰宣传。电子信箱:。

    谢剑锋,研究员。深空探测任务团队总工程师。主要从事近地及深空探测器精密定规、轨道设计与控制、地外天体遥操作等技术研究。先后参与我国载人航天、月球及深空探测领域的历次飞行控制任务。获部委级科学技术进步奖一等奖3项、二等奖6项。发表论文20余篇,授权发明专利10余件。获“中国载人航天工程突出贡献者”称号。电子信箱:。

通信作者:

†
†
Intelligent Control and Intelligent Operation Management of Robots in Dim and Low Gravity Environments
Chuankai LIU1, 2, 3 , Jianfeng XIE1, 2, † , Ke WANG4, Chu ZHANG1, Yi WANG3, Peng ZHOU4, Xiaoxue WANG1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1. Beijing Aerospace Control Center, Beijing 100094, China
  • 2. Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Aerospace Flight Dynamics, Beijing 100094, China
  • 3. School of Electrical Engineering and Automation, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology, Ganzhou 341000, China
  • 4. College of Mechanical and Vehicle Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
出版时间: 2024-03-20 doi: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2024.01.005
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针对未来月球南极和火星峡谷等暗弱低重力环境探测需求,研究智能高效的机器人控制与协作管理方法,使机器人能够高可靠地完成星表复杂操作任务,支持月球及火星基地建设与长期驻留开发非常迫切。文章在阐述界定暗弱低重力环境的内涵和分析论述机器人作业最新进展的基础上,探讨了暗弱低重力环境对机器人带来的挑战,总结了暗弱低重力环境下机器人智能作业发展趋势,并从机器人智能化行为控制与智慧化作业管理的角度对机器人智能技术发展提出了建议。

星表探测  /  暗弱低重力环境  /  机器人智能控制  /  机器人作业管理

In view of the detection requirement in dim and low gravity environments of the south pole of the Moon and the canyons of Mars, it is urgent to explore intelligent and efficient robot control and management methods so that robots can reliably complete complex tasks of planetary exploration, support the construction of lunar and Mars bases, and ensure long-term development. On the basis of elaborating the definition of dim and low gravity environments and analyzing the latest progress of robots, the challenges brought by dim and low gravity environments to planetary exploration robots are discussed, and the development trend of intelligent robot operation in dim and low gravity environments is summarized. Some suggestions on the development of intelligent robot technology are put forward from the perspective of intelligent robot behavior control and intelligent operation management.

planetary exploration  /  dim and low gravity environments  /  intelligent control of robots  /  operation management of robots
刘传凯, 谢剑锋, 王科, 张楚, 王艺, 周鹏, 王晓雪. 暗弱低重力环境下机器人智能控制与智慧作业管理. 前瞻科技, 2024 , 3 (1) : 62 -73 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2024.01.005
Chuankai LIU, Jianfeng XIE, Ke WANG, Chu ZHANG, Yi WANG, Peng ZHOU, Xiaoxue WANG. Intelligent Control and Intelligent Operation Management of Robots in Dim and Low Gravity Environments[J]. Science and Technology Foresight, 2024 , 3 (1) : 62 -73 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2024.01.005
继“绕、落、回”三步走战略完成以后,中国探月工程进入了“勘、研、用”的新发展阶段。与此同时,中国行星探测工程也在同步推进,计划于2028年实施火星采样返回,之后执行火面登陆、建造火星基地[1⇓-3]。当前国际上也在开展以月球为中心的探测工作,以美国“阿尔忒弥斯(Artemis)计划”为代表,计划于2024年前把航天员送往月球南极并返回,建立常态化驻留与地月往返机制,打造月球门户(绕月轨道上的第1个空间站)和安装“Artemis”基地(1个月球地面站),为未来的火星载人登陆任务铺就道路。欧洲航天局和俄罗斯、韩国、日本、阿联酋等国家提出各自的月球探测和基地建造计划[4-5],推进实施月球南极永久阴影区及大型冷阱和天然熔洞等更深、更复杂区域和地貌的探测任务。探测模式也由巡视、采样逐步转向勘察、挖掘、开采、建造、月面科学实验等多样化模式[5⇓⇓-8]。最新的印度“月船三号”探测器于2023年8月23日成功着陆在月球南极附近,并释放“Pragyan”月球车,开启了对月球南极的探测考察。“Pragyan”月球车已经发现了包括硫在内的多种物质的存在。人类对月球南极等未知复杂区域的探测与深度认知正在加速推进。
月球南极永久阴影区及大型冷阱、月球/火星天然熔洞和火星峡谷等复杂地貌,受到太阳高度角、阴阳分界、半密闭遮挡等因素影响,呈现出暗弱低重力特性。暗弱低重力复杂特性对未来月面长期勘测、资源开发利用和基地建设带来新的困难与挑战。在星表高真空、低光照(暗弱)、高低温变化、低重力等特性的影响下,机器人的感知能力、行为特性将表现出新特点。克服暗弱特性的影响实现对环境的感知与认知、解决低重力下行为不确定度高的问题实现对机器人的可靠控制,是机器人在月球及火星表面长期作业和高效完成各类任务的必然要求。因此,研究机器人在暗弱低重力环境下的感知特点与行为特性,探索机器人在暗弱低重力环境中感知—规划—决策—控制一体化的智能作业方法,是提升机器人适应未知极端环境、应对复杂多样化任务、自主快速应变与高效决策、持续进化学习评估和多机协同作业管理等能力的关键,为未来月球及火星表面的长周期、常态化作业提供理论基础。
暗弱低重力环境包含暗弱和低重力两种特性,前者以光的强度进行表征,后者以重力水平进行表征。其中,光的强度是指对被照射区域的照明效果,可以用光照度来进行衡量,表示单位面积上的光通量,单位为lux。较高的光照度意味着更亮的照明条件,而较低的光照度则表示较暗的照明条件。表1总结了地面常见环境的光照度。
由表1可知,暗弱环境大致可定义为阴天的室内以及更加昏暗的环境条件。从光照度上定义,50 lux以下的环境大致可认为是暗弱环境。在无照度计的情况下,可借鉴基于CIE(国际照明委员会)天空模型[9]的光照度计算方法来评估月球和火星表面是否为暗弱环境。中国即将探测的月球南极太阳高度较低,太阳光近乎平行于月面照射,导致形成长而高的阴影区域。这些区域为典型的暗弱环境。据甘红等[10]对2024年1月1日—2026年12月31日共3年的平均光照率预测统计计算,月球南极Shackleton撞击坑附近的平均光照率可达到80%。在地面条件下,有研究机构使用180 W的发光二极管以87°的高照明角度照射来模拟月球南极真实照明条件(图1[11]),这也为通过模拟手段研究机器人在暗弱环境中的作业提供重要参考。
探测环境的重力水平一般与星球的大小和密度有关。火星半径只有地球的一半,表面重力只有地球的1/3;月球半径约为地球半径的27.3%,表面重力约为地球的1/6。当机器人在火星、月球表面行驶和作业时,低重力导致机器人与火壤或月壤的黏附力减小,使得机器人在运动过程中更容易滑移和跳跃,影响自身的操作与控制。另外,小行星探测也是当前国际深空探测的热点方向。由于小行星体积和质量远小于地球,重力场特性也受到不规则形状、非均匀密度等因素影响,表现较为复杂,整体呈弱引力特点。这导致探测器在小行星表面无法着陆,只能处于“若即若离”的附着状态,甚至需要施加向下的冲压力或者接触抓持力,才能确保探测器能够附着于小行星表面工作。因此,低重力特性对探测模式和机器人作业行为的影响与实际探测对象密切相关。文章主要关注机器人在月球与火星表面作业时受到暗弱低重力特性影响而产生的行为控制不确定性问题。
世界各国对星球暗弱低重力环境的探测相继展开。最新月球探测计划将任务重点集中在月球南极的永久阴影区。近年来,世界掀起了“重返月球”的探测热潮。美国“阿尔忒弥斯计划”和印度的“月船三号”均将探测区域定位在月球南极永久阴影区附近。美国“阿尔忒弥斯计划”提出月面基地(图2[12]),其中美国航空航天局(National Aeronautics and Space Administration, NASA)将“阿尔忒弥斯计划”分为多个阶段实施。第1阶段计划发送月球极地勘察车(Volatiles Investigating Polar Exploration Rover, VIPER)[13],将对月球南极水冰和其他资源位置及浓度进行近距离探测,建立月球水资源分布图[14];第2阶段计划将月球地形车(Lunar Terrain Vehicle, LTV)送往月球极区表面,搭载航天员长距离行驶或者在无人状态下远程行驶[15],实现有人和无人模式的双重探测。印度的“月船三号”于2023年8月率先着陆月球南极,已经开启了探测之旅。为满足在月球南极暗弱低重力环境长期勘察的要求,探测器的自主作业能力需有极大提升,成为影响探测活动实施效率的核心要素。
探测器的作业模式正在向着自主化和智能化的方向发展。人工智能技术的快速发展及其在星表探测中的应用,为各类新型机器人进入月球及深空实施作业提供了有效手段。星表机器人作业模式也将从以地面遥操作为主的弱智能模式逐步发展为自主为主、地面支持管理为辅的高级智能模式,机器人的行为智能程度将得到大幅提升。在早期的月球探测任务中,受到机器人智能化水平、地月传输带宽和地面计算能力等因素限制,各国将探测器任务操作的安全性放在首位,对探测效率和任务复杂度要求不高。在这一阶段以地面遥操作支持或者航天员驾驶的探测模式为主,如苏联的“月球车一号”“月球车二号”,美国的阿波罗系列载人月球车。随着科技的发展与进步,星表机器人的工作模式逐渐发展为遥操作+自主导航[16]相结合的模式,星表机器人的工作效率得到显著提高。以美国的“勇气号”“机遇号”“好奇号”火星车和中国的“玉兔二号”月球车、“祝融号”火星车为典型代表[17]。近年来,星表机器人的计算能力进一步增强,使其能够处理更加复杂的计算,活动能力也更加自主。2021年着陆火星的美国“毅力号”火星车[18-19]配置了更强的计算单元,建立了多线并行的图像数据处理、信息感知系统和更加精细的行驶安全性评价机制,大大提升了火星车的自主导航能力。
探测器改进设计重点考虑暗弱环境探测、高速率通信以及协同作业的新要求。月球极地勘察车“VIPER计划”于2024年着陆于月球南极,携带1个钻头和3台光谱仪器,用于通过钻探和光谱探测寻找水冰。为了能够更好地在月球南极暗弱环境中工作,VIPER配备前探照灯,并配合相机使用,以满足探索黑暗陨石坑内部、月球极端明暗环境时的光照需求;同时也配备自主导航子系统,能够感知月球表面环境,实现精准定位和避障行驶。为了实现月地协同探测,VIPER安装了高增益天线,支持直接对地(Direct-to-Earth, DTE)通信。为保证VIPER行驶的安全性,地面操作人员可以采用复杂、动态路径规划和行驶航路点规划确定VIPER的行驶路线,并以近实时交互操作来进行控制(图3[14])。LTV具备航天员驾驶行进和长距离导航能力。LTV主要依靠地面基于高分率卫星数字高程模型(Digital Elevation Model, DEM)规划路线实现长距离行驶,具有更强的自主感知和定位能力。地面可以基于卫星影像建立长距离导航的支持能力。Daftry等[20]开发了两种基于陨石坑的定位算法,使得日间定位误差缩小至5 m以内。
中国探月工程也已对月球南极永久阴影区探测开展系统性布局。中国探月工程四期任务主要通过“嫦娥七号”和“嫦娥八号”两次任务进行实施,利用巡视月球车、多足飞跃器和智能操控机器人,实现对月球南极的长期巡视探测、大型冷阱底部勘察和月面资源的开采利用;利用着陆器、月球车和智能操控机器人初步组建无人月球科研站的基本型。为了提升探测实施效率,“嫦娥七号”月球车将具备每次自主行驶数十米到百米的能力,并且能够实现自主采样与研判分析。另外,探月工程四期任务携带的飞跃器能在地面辅助操控下从月面自主飞入大型冷阱(陨石坑),在底部着陆后自主开展足式移动探测与采样。研究智能学习、自主控制和地面支持的探测器/机器人赋能技术将是保证探测器在复杂环境下安全开展探测任务的关键。
未来在月球和火星表面暗弱低重力环境中执行长期、大范围、深度探测任务对机器人智能化发展与应用提出迫切需求。从当前发展水平看,月球及火星表面探测机器人智能化水平有限,提高星表探测机器人的自主驾驶能力、自主故障检测能力、有效载荷数据处理和任务规划及执行能力将是未来发展的必然要求。
月球和火星等星球表面光照条件和重力水平将影响机器人的作业。尤其是机器人在月球南极阴影区、大型冷阱底部、月球/火星熔洞、火星峡谷工作时,会受暗弱和低重力因素的双重影响,使得机器人作业面临众多新挑战,主要表现在环境感知、能源供给和行为控制等方面。
1)暗弱环境影响感知能力与定位精度
暗弱环境导致机器人难以实现对地形的全面感知,降低导航和定位精度。暗弱光照条件使视觉相机捕获的图像可见度低,偏色和噪声增多,使机器人对环境元素的感知和精确定位变得非常困难,影响星表机器人对外界环境的判断,很大程度上限制了其自主导航能力。同时,未来月面和火面基地建设任务需要航天器能够精准着陆于目标区,以实现多次天地往返运输来满足基地建造和长期运行所需的补给,这对航天器的感知能力和定位精度提出更高的要求。由此可见,如何实现机器人在暗弱环境中的全面感知和精确定位是未来星球探测任务面临的一项挑战。
2)暗弱环境影响机器人能源补给
暗弱环境使电力驱动星球探测机器人的能源补给变得更加困难。暗弱环境导致机器人的太阳能帆板无法获取足够的光源,电能补给受限将制约机器人的作业时间和机动能力。为降低机器人在暗弱环境中工作的能耗,需要对机器人行为能耗特性进行分析,选择能耗更低的方式进行行为控制[21-22]。因此,亟待研究暗弱环境中机器人新型能源供应方式和低重力下机器人低能耗的行为控制方法以缓解机器人能源供给难的问题。
3)低重力影响机器人移动性能
低重力环境给机器人的移动性能带来诸多不确定性。月球重力环境整体表现为低重力,并存在重力异常区域,在微观层面使星壤的孔隙比、相对密度等特性参数发生变化,星壤变得松软;在宏观层面使机器人与星壤之间的相互作用力和地球重力下存在差异。研究表明,低重力使轮式机器人的机动性能恶化[23-24],“勇气号”和“机遇号”火星车在执行任务时均发生严重的陷车[25]。因此,如何提高机器人在低重力环境下的移动作业能力仍是未来星球探测任务关注的重点和亟待解决的问题。
4)暗弱低重力耦合影响控制鲁棒性
暗弱低重力耦合特性对机器人控制鲁棒性提出更高要求。暗弱环境降低机器人的感知能力,使机器人误入危险区的概率增加;低重力环境影响机器人的力学特性,导致运动学和动力学参数与地面环境下的存在差异,增加移动性能的不确定性。因此,提高控制系统的鲁棒性,使机器人能够更好地适应复杂地形环境和处理各类突发情况,是实现安全探测的关键。虽然诸多基于模型和智能的控制方法可以实现地面机器人的鲁棒控制[26⇓⇓⇓-30],但是针对星表数据样本少的现状如何设计适用于暗弱低重力复杂环境的高鲁棒控制器,实现暗弱低重力环境的精准模拟和地面控制器到星表应用的有效迁移,是当前面临的极大难题。
机器人在星表暗弱低重力环境中执行移动、勘察、开采、建造等作业任务,受到暗弱低重力特性的影响较为突出,让机器人具备更强的环境适应、任务执行与随机应变能力是提升星表作业能力的关键。针对暗弱低重力对星表探测机器人带来的挑战,下面从作业智能化的角度总结机器人未来在月球极区、冷阱、熔洞等复杂环境中探测呈现的新发展趋势,并分别从机器人行为智能、多机协作智能和人机跨域混合智能3方面阐述星表机器人智能化作业对提高探测能力和作业效率的有利影响。
当前,星表机器人作业很大程度上依靠地面遥操作支持,智能化水平和作业实施效率较低。未来的星表作业任务涉及广域多样化场景、机器人复杂动作和机器人与星壤交互,通过星地大回路的动作控制难以实现机器人的高效作业。机器人行为智能是在认知环境和自身状态的基础上,自主规划各类作业动作,通过基本动作的组合实现机器人行为层面的智能,以实现暗弱低重力条件下机器人自适应高效探测。具体包括自主调整光源亮度与相机感光度、自主获取适宜的环境数据、自主绕障规划与安全移动、自主进行样品选择与挖掘采集等。机器人行为智能的主要发展方向包括3方面。
(1)增强机器人对复杂特性的感知能力。月球南极、大型冷阱及天然熔洞等星表环境的暗弱低重力特性,给机器人环境感知和行驶安全带来了很大的挑战。主动补光技术[31]可以增强机器人周围局部区域的光照度,从而使得作业范围内的目标、障碍等元素可见能辨。图像增强技术[32]对暗弱图像进行预处理,增强星表机器人对暗弱条件下目标的分辨能力。增加对暗弱特性不敏感传感器的使用[33⇓-35],如激光测距传感器,建立多源信息融合感知能力,使机器人能在未知非结构化、凹凸崎岖环境中精确感知与避让,避免发生沉陷和摔跤的危险。
(2)增强机器人的自主规划与决策能力。在星球表面暗弱低重力环境中开展复杂作业,依靠地面规划、星上机器人执行的方式难以满足长期、常态和大规模任务的要求。必须建立机器人在星球表面的自治能力,即机器人能够自主认知环境、补给能源、规划任务和决策行为,以确保机器人在星表极端环境中长期生存和工作。
(3)增强机器人对作业技能的学习能力。机器人在星表暗弱低重力环境中长期勘测与操作,是对未知环境持续深化认知、作业技能不断积累提升的过程。当前对星表环境的认知有限,基于传统动力学模型和有限认知训练的智能体模型在星表环境中应用存在一定的局限性。为机器人建立强大的容错能力和学习进化能力,是实现机器人星表作业行为智能的重要方向。基于本体、外部感知的端到端学习为星表探测机器人在暗弱低重力环境中安全运行提供有效技术支撑。
当前,星表机器人作业主要以单体作业模式为主,机器人独立执行任务的复杂性不高。未来的星表探测任务,尤其是暗弱等极端条件下的复杂作业任务,依靠单个机器人可能难以完成,需要多种功能各异机器人或者携带不同载荷的同构机器人共同协作完成。多个机器人在机器人行为智能基础上,通过认知理解、智能分配和彼此交互,实现群体协同勘察、协作装配、分布式决策等,以提升机器人在复杂未知环境中的协同作业能力和任务执行效率。多机器人协作智能的主要发展方向包括3方面。
(1)创新设计适用于星表极端环境的特种机器人。目前,月面和火面机器人均采用轮式移动机构,采样机器人主要采用钻取或铲挖的方式。未来的星表资源开采和基地建造需要多个机器人之间的协作完成作业任务[36]。针对大范围勘察、铲挖开采、原料运输、设施建造等任务类型设计勘察机器人、开采机器人、运输机器人、球形机器人、腿式机器人等多种不同形态和功能的异构机器人。
(2)创新设计星表长期作业的多机器人协作模式。星表暗弱低重力环境多机器人协同作业的核心是关注功能互补性、职能冗余性和任务拓展性。首先建立通用化的移动平台,如轮式、足式、轮足一体和飞跃弹跳等移动平台;其次建立具有标准化接口的功能各异的工具载荷,如挖铲、打钻工具、X射线探测仪、微距相机、表面成型扫描仪等。通过平台+载荷的模式实现机器人协同作业的灵活组合与功能多变,进一步实现对各类复杂作业的支持和未知任务的拓展。
(3)创新设计多机协同作业的天地一体管理模式。相比于星表机器人,地面系统掌握更多的分布式数据、全局性信息,更多元的历史经验库,以及更强大的计算资源和人力智慧资源。地面规划机器人作业任务、分派任务、设计多机器人协同作业模式,并能够平行仿真和监视机器人的作业行为,为星表多机器人长期协同作业提供后盾支持。
未来机器人在星表暗弱低重力环境展开作业将具备行为智能和协作智能能力。地面多元高效的交互支持能力为地面和星表人机跨域混合智能模式建立基础,能够更好地将各类新技能和知识经验传授给机器人。人机跨域混合智能模式在地面建立星表作业同步仿真、平行推演、技能训练的数字化仿真系统,将人类智慧通过数字系统嵌入机器人数字智能体中,为星表作业机器人执行复杂未知任务提供跨域的技能、知识和经验支持。人机跨域混合智能的发展方向主要包括3方面。
(1)构建以数字孪生平台为载体的跨域交互媒介。机器人在星表暗弱低重力环境中作业,其行为特性复杂且难以通过有限的遥现场信息全面感知。构建基于物理过程建模的机器人星表作业数字孪生平台,并将遥现场信息融合到数字孪生平台中,以辅助地面操控人员实现对机器人作业过程的实时感知与规划控制。
(2)构建人与机器人分权治理的共享控制模式。机器人在非结构化环境中执行复杂任务时,受限于自身的智能化水平,需要地面操控人员进行远程辅助决策支持。为了能够更加高效地完成任务,地面人员可在机器人连续作业中选择性介入机器人操作过程中。构建机器人与人的跨域共享控制模式,完成机器人自主控制权与远程遥操作控制权的互斥分配,进而实现地面人员对机器人作业过程的无缝介入。
(3)构建天地协同-人机共融的智能操控新范式。依靠地面强大的计算资源和丰富的智力资源构建天地协同-人机共融的智能操控新范式。地面接收星表机器人下传的各类数据,融合数理知识和人类智慧,构建高保真度的数字化仿真环境。构建的数字化仿真环境,一方面用于机器人在各类不同场景中动作的模拟;另一方面可支持机器人智能体的训练进化。建立从虚拟空间到物理空间的技能迁移机制,实现天地协同和人机共融的智能化操作。
当前,快速发展的智能学习技术为机器人在月球及火星暗弱低重力表面自主高效作业提供了重要支撑。发展天地一体的机器人智能学习技术是未来开展月球及火星表面长期勘察探测与基地建造的有效途径。本节主要从机器人自主控制的智能化与作业行为管理的智慧化两个维度论述星表机器人实现长期、高效、复杂作业的关键技术,并提出未来发展建议。
一是围绕机器人行为的智能化需求发展智能控制技术,为机器人建立从感知到规划、再到决策和执行等一体化作业能力,使机器人能够适应星球表面的极端环境、自主地完成各类复杂的任务。为此,建议从智能感知与移动、行为学习与决策和人机混合智能操作方面提升机器人的智能化控制能力。
(1)发展机器人智能感知与移动技术。面对暗弱环境信息感知困难且易发生识别错误的问题,采用深度学习、强化学习等方法实现智能机器人视觉识别,对海量信息进行智能筛选,对缺失信息做出经验补偿,让机器人更加准确地识别目标物体或障碍物的形态、大小和位置等信息,为星表机器人后续作出正确决策提供全面、有效的数据。在星表机器人移动方式上,为了适应不同的星表环境和任务需求,星表机器人应具备多样化的移动方式。除了传统的轮式和履带式移动,还可以考虑采用飞行器、腿部机械、轨道及软体等其他移动方式。选择适合特定任务的移动方式能够提高机器人的灵活性和适应性。
(2)发展机器人行为学习与决策技术。针对当前星表机器人作业环境复杂,无法用简单的控制程序实现机器人自主有效作业的问题,可以考虑从算法优化与创新、多模态感知与融合、实时学习与反馈等方面突破机器人行为学习技术,从而高效准确地训练出适合星表作业的智能机器人。机器人行为学习框架可参考图4[37]。
机器人的行为决策会以行为学习所建立起的系统为前提,在面对不同类型任务时自主匹配选择合适的工作模式,根据任务目标自行提出决策完成作业任务。引入深度学习技术能够使机器人更好地理解任务要求,并学习如何根据任务要求做出相应的决策,从而增强星表机器人在未知环境中作业的自主决策能力,提高作业任务的完成效率。实现上述目标的一种有效途径是具身智能,其核心要素就是机器人形态的设计、行为的控制以及与环境的交互学习[38-39]。通过从感知到决策的一体化学习训练,形成一个完整的行为控制的闭环链条,能够极大提升机器人在星表暗弱低重力环境中的复杂作业能力,实现机器人在星表作业的感知—规划—决策—执行一体化智能。
(3)发展人与机器人混合智能操作技术。针对传统遥操作控制通信延迟高、作业效率与控制精度低等问题,将人机混合智能操作技术引入星表机器人操作过程中,使星表机器人以更自然、更直接的方式向人类学习技能或者获取指令。机器人能够根据简单的语言描述理解操作员的意图和要求[40],准确地执行相应的操作[41],极大提升学习进化效率和作业能力。针对性发展预训练大模型技术,使星表机器人能够从接收的多媒体数据信息中提取有利于其作业的相关技能,甚至记忆学习操作员的习惯和工作模式,降低交互复杂度和智能机器人训练成本。同时,大模型也能快速处理星表机器人作业时的各类数据信息,辅助操作员快速作出合理的决策建议,提高作业的效率和准确性。
二是围绕星表作业任务的智能化需求发展智慧管理技术,使多个机器人之间能够高效协作和协调,共同实现目标。未来机器人在月球南极进行探测的任务将更加复杂,所需的技术水平要求更高,靠单个机器人难以实现高效探测。建议从多机器人协作管理、信息共享管控、知识内嵌与传递、行为认知与评判等方面提升机器人作业的智慧管理能力。
(1)发展多机器人协作管理技术。在星表复杂作业场景中,多个机器人之间的高效协作对于顺利完成任务至关重要。尤其是在暗弱复杂地貌环境中探测,通过异构机器人或同构机器人携带不同载荷实现能力的互补与增强,多机协同作业能够有效提升探测效率。例如,苏黎世联邦理工学院机器人系统实验室针对星球表面复杂探测工况下的机器人任务分配和搭载问题,提出的多个四足机器人的协作方案[11],采用3个带有独特载荷的四足机器人,按照角色定位进行协作探索和科学数据收集(图5[11])。这为未来星表智能化协同作业提供了重要的借鉴。
(2)发展多机信息共享管理控制技术。针对中国后续星球探索任务复杂、机器人传输数据庞大、多机器人系统内部协同性要求高等问题,发展机器人信息共享控制技术。机器人对各自信息的共享能力以及对共享信息的运用能力,一定程度上反映了多个机器人组成的群体的协同作业水平。研究融合多个信息源数据的机器人信息共享管理控制技术,实现多机信息交流和共享,有助于共同分析决策,合理分配作业任务,提升多机之间的协同性,高效率完成作业。
(3)发展机器人系统的知识内嵌与传递技术。知识内嵌与传递是将人类已经建立的模型和长期积累的历史经验,通过知识内嵌的方式灌输给机器人,并能够进行相互传递继承。由于机器人在星表复杂环境中作业的行为模式和状态动作非常繁杂,因此需要大量样本数据对其规划和控制策略模型进行训练,并且要求训练的模型能够适应不同新环境。通过知识内嵌与传递技术能够将丰富的知识和经验嵌入机器人系统中,让新机器人个体能够快速学习形成操作技能,从而大幅度缩短训练机器人群体中同类型机器人的时间。采用人工智能技术,对传递的知识进行甄别,以实现更加智能化的知识嵌入。
(4)发展机器人行为认知与评判技术。机器人行为认知与评判技术是指在执行任务过程中,机器人通过环境的感知和自身状态的分析及综合态势的理解,对当前行为及控制策略进行评价和反馈,实现自主的学习与进化。机器人行为认知与评判可以通过强化学习的框架来实现。通过对智能体与环境交互所产生的反馈信息进行评判,得到奖励信息,并根据奖励信息对神经网络参数学习策略进行更新改进,最终使智能体获取到最大化期望回报[42]。未来星表暗弱低重力环境探测任务中,引入强化学习、深度强化学习等技术,对星表机器人行为作出评价,可以使导航与避障规划、多机器人任务分配策略得到不断优化,不断提升机器人作业效率。此外,也可以考虑引入监督与反馈机制,通过监督和反馈及时纠正机器人的错误行为,促进机器人行为认知与评判的改进,并提高其性能和可靠性。
当前国际上掀起了探索月球的热潮,而且多数国家将探测区域布局在月球南极的永久阴影区,将探测的重点目标聚焦在水冰资源的寻找与矿产资源的开发利用方面,探测的方式则以机器人作业为主,这使得月球南极暗弱低重力特性影响下的机器人作业控制与管理技术成为未来研究与探索的重要热点方向。未来,中国将持续推进探月工程四期任务,开展载人登月与月球基地建造,联合俄罗斯等国家布局建设国际月球科研站。文章提出的在暗弱低重力环境下机器人智能控制与智慧作业管理理念,将为机器人在月球南极永久阴影区、天然熔洞等环境中的智能作业提供重要借鉴,同时也为未来火星表面峡谷的自主智能探测提供重要支持。
  • 国家自然科学基金(61972020)
  • 国家自然科学基金(62003025)
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doi: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2024.01.005
  • 接收时间:2023-12-01
  • 出版时间:2024-03-20
  • 发布时间:2024-03-27
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  • 收稿日期:2023-12-01
  • 修回日期:2024-01-27
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国家自然科学基金(61972020)
国家自然科学基金(62003025)
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    1.北京航天飞行控制中心,北京 100094
    2.航天飞行动力学技术重点实验室,北京 100094
    3.江西理工大学电气工程与自动化学院,赣州 341000
    4.重庆大学机械与运载工程学院,重庆 400044

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表12种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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