Article(id=1157393073560010823, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, issueId=1157393070754025641, articleNumber=null, orderNo=5, doi=10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2024.01.004, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1696867200000, receivedDateStr=2023-10-10, revisedDate=1705939200000, revisedDateStr=2024-01-23, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753873612060, onlineDateStr=2025-07-30, pubDate=1710864000000, pubDateStr=2024-03-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1711468800000, onlineIssueDateStr=2024-03-27, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753873612060, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774072504166, updator=sys-migrate, issue=Issue{id=1157393070754025641, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, year='2024', volume='3', issue='1', pageStart='100', pageEnd='147', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1710864000000', pubDateStr='2024-03-20', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=1, createTime=1753873611366, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1776075110816, updator='13041195026', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1250512908678017028, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, issueId=1157393070754025641, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=Science and Technology Foresight, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1250512908682211333, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, issueId=1157393070754025641, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=月球及火星等地外行星科考基地建设探索专刊, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=49, endPage=61, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1157393075749437516, articleId=1157393073560010823, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, language=EN, title=Construction Planning and Development Strategy of Scientific Research Bases on the Moon and Mars and Other Celestial Bodies, columnId=1149656489310208610, journalTitle=Science and Technology Foresight, columnName=Review and Commentary, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In today’s world, information technology innovation is changing rapidly, and mankind has entered the era of digitalization, networking and intelligence, promoting the development of deep space exploration activities on a larger scale. In addition, the increasingly severe global environmental pollution, resource shortage, ecological crisis and other issues, prompting human beings to find and create a “second home”. To this end, the United States, China, Russia, the European Union and other countries and institutions have successively developed the concept such as lunar orbit space stations, lunar villages, and Mars bases, and actively promoted a series of deep space exploration plans. This paper reviews the development process and research progress of celestial body scientific research bases, discusses the technical fields and core tasks involved, and puts forward the development suggestions in China.

, authors=null, authorsList=Zexu ZHANG, Feiyu GAO, Hongyuan MEI, Songhe MENG, Haiyi CHI, Jialong ZHAO, Yiyu WANG, Shuai YUAN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Hongyuan MEI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
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当今世界,信息技术创新日新月异,人类进入数字化、网络化、智能化时代,推动深空探测活动更大规模发展。此外,日益严峻的全球环境污染、资源短缺、生态危机等问题,促使人类寻找并创建“第二家园”。为此,美国、中国、俄罗斯、欧盟等国家和机构相继提出月轨空间站、月球村、火星基地等构想,并积极推动一系列深空探测计划。文章综述了国内外地外天体科考基地的发展历程与研究进展,论述其所涉及的技术领域和核心任务,并提出了中国关于地外天体科考基地的发展建议。

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张泽旭,教授。哈尔滨工业大学深空探测基础研究中心主任。中国空间科学学会空间智能专业委员会主任。主要从事飞行器自主导航与控制、月球基地建造与智能运维基础理论及关键技术研究。电子信箱:。

梅洪元,教授,中国工程院院士,博士研究生导师。全国工程勘察设计大师。主要从事寒地建筑、超极端环境建筑研究。电子信箱:。

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张泽旭,教授。哈尔滨工业大学深空探测基础研究中心主任。中国空间科学学会空间智能专业委员会主任。主要从事飞行器自主导航与控制、月球基地建造与智能运维基础理论及关键技术研究。电子信箱:。

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张泽旭,教授。哈尔滨工业大学深空探测基础研究中心主任。中国空间科学学会空间智能专业委员会主任。主要从事飞行器自主导航与控制、月球基地建造与智能运维基础理论及关键技术研究。电子信箱:。

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梅洪元,教授,中国工程院院士,博士研究生导师。全国工程勘察设计大师。主要从事寒地建筑、超极端环境建筑研究。电子信箱:。

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梅洪元,教授,中国工程院院士,博士研究生导师。全国工程勘察设计大师。主要从事寒地建筑、超极端环境建筑研究。电子信箱:。

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journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393073560010823, language=EN, orderNo=3, keyword=lunar research station), Keyword(id=1242113463674278746, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393073560010823, language=EN, orderNo=4, keyword=Mars base), Keyword(id=1242113463741387611, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393073560010823, language=CN, orderNo=1, keyword=深空探测), Keyword(id=1242113463804302172, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393073560010823, language=CN, orderNo=2, keyword=地外天体), Keyword(id=1242113463863022429, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393073560010823, language=CN, orderNo=3, keyword=月球科研站), Keyword(id=1242113463921742686, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393073560010823, language=CN, orderNo=4, keyword=火星基地)], refs=[Reference(id=1242113466081809273, 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After analyzing the progress in deep space exploration of major aerospace countries and emerging ones in the world, this paper systematically summarizes the main scientific and technological achievements regarding deep space exploration in China. Moreover, it provides an outlook on future deep space exploration and main key technologies. This review can serve as reference for the follow-up development of deep space exploration in China.

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月球及火星等地外天体科考基地建设规划与发展战略研究
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张泽旭 , 高飞宇 , 梅洪元 † , 孟松鹤 , 迟海义 , 赵嘉龙 , 王义宇 , 袁帅
前瞻科技 | 综述与述评 2024,3(1): 49-61
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前瞻科技 | 综述与述评 2024, 3(1): 49-61
月球及火星等地外天体科考基地建设规划与发展战略研究
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张泽旭 , 高飞宇, 梅洪元† , 孟松鹤, 迟海义, 赵嘉龙, 王义宇, 袁帅
作者信息
  • 哈尔滨工业大学航天学院,哈尔滨 150080
  • 张泽旭,教授。哈尔滨工业大学深空探测基础研究中心主任。中国空间科学学会空间智能专业委员会主任。主要从事飞行器自主导航与控制、月球基地建造与智能运维基础理论及关键技术研究。电子信箱:。

    梅洪元,教授,中国工程院院士,博士研究生导师。全国工程勘察设计大师。主要从事寒地建筑、超极端环境建筑研究。电子信箱:。

通信作者:

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Construction Planning and Development Strategy of Scientific Research Bases on the Moon and Mars and Other Celestial Bodies
Zexu ZHANG , Feiyu GAO, Hongyuan MEI† , Songhe MENG, Haiyi CHI, Jialong ZHAO, Yiyu WANG, Shuai YUAN
Affiliations
  • School of Astronautics, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150080, China
出版时间: 2024-03-20 doi: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2024.01.004
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当今世界,信息技术创新日新月异,人类进入数字化、网络化、智能化时代,推动深空探测活动更大规模发展。此外,日益严峻的全球环境污染、资源短缺、生态危机等问题,促使人类寻找并创建“第二家园”。为此,美国、中国、俄罗斯、欧盟等国家和机构相继提出月轨空间站、月球村、火星基地等构想,并积极推动一系列深空探测计划。文章综述了国内外地外天体科考基地的发展历程与研究进展,论述其所涉及的技术领域和核心任务,并提出了中国关于地外天体科考基地的发展建议。

深空探测  /  地外天体  /  月球科研站  /  火星基地

In today’s world, information technology innovation is changing rapidly, and mankind has entered the era of digitalization, networking and intelligence, promoting the development of deep space exploration activities on a larger scale. In addition, the increasingly severe global environmental pollution, resource shortage, ecological crisis and other issues, prompting human beings to find and create a “second home”. To this end, the United States, China, Russia, the European Union and other countries and institutions have successively developed the concept such as lunar orbit space stations, lunar villages, and Mars bases, and actively promoted a series of deep space exploration plans. This paper reviews the development process and research progress of celestial body scientific research bases, discusses the technical fields and core tasks involved, and puts forward the development suggestions in China.

deep space exploration  /  celestial bodies  /  lunar research station  /  Mars base
张泽旭, 高飞宇, 梅洪元, 孟松鹤, 迟海义, 赵嘉龙, 王义宇, 袁帅. 月球及火星等地外天体科考基地建设规划与发展战略研究. 前瞻科技, 2024 , 3 (1) : 49 -61 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2024.01.004
Zexu ZHANG, Feiyu GAO, Hongyuan MEI, Songhe MENG, Haiyi CHI, Jialong ZHAO, Yiyu WANG, Shuai YUAN. Construction Planning and Development Strategy of Scientific Research Bases on the Moon and Mars and Other Celestial Bodies[J]. Science and Technology Foresight, 2024 , 3 (1) : 49 -61 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2024.01.004
自20世纪末以来,各国积极推进太空探索计划,以促进航天科技发展和国家战略实施,计划涵盖对月球、火星、小行星及其他外太空天体的探测,引发了深空探索热潮,主要航天大国均取得了显著进展[1-2]。
月球是距离地球最近的宇宙天体,是地球唯一的自然卫星,因此月球成为各国开展地外天体探测的首选目标[3-4]。月球作为人类深空探测活动的关键门户和中转站,建立月球基地不仅有助于验证深空探测相关技术,实现对月球资源的开发和利用,还将为探测和开发火星等其他天体奠定坚实的基础[5]。进入21世纪以后,随着航天技术的不断进步,国际太空竞争日益激烈,世界各国竞相争夺地月空间探索和开发的领先地位[6]。主要航天国家相继提出月轨空间站(Lunar Orbit Station)、月球栖息地(Lunar Habitat)[7]、火星基地(Mars Base)[8]、月球村(Moon Village)[9]和月球科研站(Lunar Research Station)[10]等设想。2004年,美国启动“空间探索新构想”计划,宣布“重返月球”,意图登陆月表并建立永久驻人科研站[11]。中国探月工程已成功进行无人探月,并计划在2030年前后实现载人登月[12]。印度、日本、韩国、俄罗斯等国家也提出一系列月球探测计划。
相比于其他星球,火星具有与地球相似的历史起源、运转周期和重力场,更适合人类居住,这激发了世界各国对火星探测浓厚的兴趣。美国、苏联、欧盟、印度、中国已相继开展了火星探测任务,火星基地与火星殖民的概念与构想也相继提出,人类迈向更远深空的雄心逐步显现。
西方的大航海、美国的空中优势和太空优势已经证明:任何一个民族,只要能率先把主要经济社会活动范围转移到某个新的领域,就能在文明竞争中占得先机。地外天体科考基地无疑将是未来最新的经济社会活动领域,探索包括探测与开发、生态与生命、能源与资源、建筑与操作、信息与通信等核心任务的突破与实践,对推动国家科技发展、维护国家安全、促进社会进步和增强国家综合实力具有极大战略价值。但是,即便人类有“阿波罗计划”的沉淀、空间站的积累和探月工程的技术飞跃,基于目前科技水平,还远未能给出可行的地外天体科考基地建设方案,它是迄今为止人类所面临最为宏伟的工程和最大的冒险,必须从概念、系统和技术上实现颠覆性创新或革命。
20世纪50—70年代,美国和苏联“太空竞赛”将月球探测活动推向高潮[13]。1961年,在“阿波罗计划”开始不久后,美国航空航天局(National Aeronautics and Space Administration, NASA)对月球基地建设方案进行详细规划。1963年,NASA与波音公司提出阿波罗月球探测系统(Lunar Exploration Systems for Apollo, LESA)综合模块的概念,通过运载火箭在月面布置多个LESA模块,以松软月壤作为防护层抵御极端环境,可容纳6人持续生存6个月。LESA的研究对月球基地的探索具有重要意义。1986年,NASA约翰逊航天中心(Johnson Space Center, JSC)实验室提出充气式月球科考基地的概念,致力于将充气技术应用到月球与火星的进一步探索工作中,这是永久有人居住月球基地的前身,JSC的科研人员描绘了充气栖息地的整体建筑形式,包括日光防护罩、由防辐射风化袋制成的连结通道、热辐射实验机器人、月球氧气试点工厂及太阳能系统等元素[14]。
随着“太空竞赛”落下帷幕,美国和苏联两国空间探索经费骤减,深空探测活动进入宁静期。直到20世纪90年代,美国成功发射“克莱门汀”(Clementine)探测器,对月球极地区进行了轨道探测,随后又发射了“月球勘探者”(Lunar Prospector)探测器,这一系列事件引发了新一轮月球探测热潮[15-16]。2002年,基于“阿波罗计划”的探测数据,Angelis等[17]建立了月面风化层和月岩模型,模拟太阳粒子事件(Solar Particle Events, SPE)和银河宇宙射线(Galactic Cosmic Rays, GCR),分析计算月面受到的辐射剂量,结果表明月面6 m深处可完全屏蔽辐射影响。此外,熔岩管外壁风化层1~2 m厚度处受到的辐射剂量也在人体可接受范围内,从而验证了熔岩管对于粒子辐射的强屏蔽性及其作为未来月球科考基地选址的可能性。图1[18]为半掩埋式月球基地设想,利用天然熔岩管道或开挖的地下空间进行月球基地的建造。
近年来,世界各国将建立月球、火星等地外天体科考基地作为深空探测的核心目标,制定了各自的计划,以实现长期驻留、科学研究和资源开发利用[19-20]。2016年,日本宇宙航空研究开发机构(Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, JAXA)提出了一种远程建造月球科考基地建筑方案,使用月面机器人将刚性舱结构进行拼装与放置,随后覆盖月壤[21]。JAXA利用鹿岛建设公司(Kajima)开发的自动化工程机械(A4CSEL)技术,通过远程控制和自动控制的协调,对自动化建造设备进行了多指令测试试验,实现了月面远程建造功能,验证了无人建造月球科考基地技术的可行性。2018年,欧洲航天局(European Space Agency, ESA)开展“使用3D打印技术构建月球基地”研究项目[22]。团队评估了月球基地的建设、运营和维护中使用3D打印的可行性和实施力度,结果表明,从建筑材料到太阳能电池板,从设备工具到衣物,甚至营养物和食品配料都有可能通过3D打印制造。图2[22]所示的3D打印设备完成了基地前期建设、中期运营和后期维护全过程,这大大降低了月球科考基地建造的运输成本。
2019年,俄罗斯国家航天集团公司(Roscosmos)和俄罗斯科学院联合制定了《月球综合探索与开发计划草案》[23-24],将采取“无人航天器月表着陆+航天员协助”的方式建设月球基地。首先要将科学设备(如分布式射电望远镜或高能粒子探测器)部署在无人航天器上或其周围,形成研究综合体。无人货运飞船将定期向基地运送科学设备,再由航天员进行设备安装和部署,航天员采取轮值制度值守基地,进行设备连通、调试、维修和更换等操作,最终建成可开展电力试验并与地球进行无线电通信和运输等活动的基地。虽然俄罗斯受经济、政治、俄乌冲突等多方面因素的影响,导致载人航天发展受到一定程度的限制,但俄罗斯对载人月球探测的目标从未有过动摇。2021年,埃隆·马斯克的太空探索技术公司(SpaceX)提出火星基地建设方案[25],计划在火星表面布置多艘星舰,载人星舰有约1 100 m3的前部空间(其中大部分将加压供人类居住)、一个800 m3的不锈钢液氧罐和一个600 m3的不锈钢甲烷罐。第1波无人星舰飞船可以根据需要改变用途,成为储存、居住和提炼资源的宝贵资产,还可以充当科学研究实验室,以支持后续抵达火星的人类生存。图3[25]展示了SpaceX对未来火星基地的设想。
2022年,西班牙研究人员提出了一种完全在地球上制造的模块化火星科考基地设计方案[26]。基地空间150 m3,可容纳6人工作生活。使用运载火箭向火星运输折叠的模块部件,最后进行组装步骤,这减少了运输中占用的体积,但缺点是一旦进入火星,自动组装的不确定性风险就会增加。图4[26]展示了模块化火星基地的设计图,包括起重机、着陆器、地面飞行器、太阳能电池板、科学探测器、模块化基地和雷达天线;进入基地内部楼层需通过连接中央楼层和外部的楼梯;基地被一层薄而透明的半球形圆顶覆盖,将火星外部环境隔离开来;中间区域是蔬菜种植园区;基地内部环境包括烹饪区、活动区、实验室和医疗区。
相比于欧美航天大国,中国在地外天体科考基地方面的研究起步较晚,但随着探月工程的推进,月球科考基地关键技术研究愈发得到重视[27-28]。
国内学者提出了多种月球科考基地建设方案。2023年10月22日,在第二十五届中国科协年会深空探测高端研讨会上,中国科学院院士于登云提出了“鹊桥通导遥综合星座系统”构想:通过环月卫星实现对月面、月轨用户的支持;通过行星际中转站及地月平动点卫星构建地月高速骨干链路。裴照宇总设计师在《关于国际月球科研站的相关思考》报告中给出了国际月球科研站的总体布局:通过若干次探月任务实施,将月球科研站的功能模块布设在月球轨道和月面选定位置,形成功能配置完备、时空分布合理、环境影响兼容,能完成科研站的运行、探测、试验等功能的月球探测实施。2023年4月8日,在首届地外建造学术研讨会上,中国工程院院士丁烈云在《月球基地建造研究》报告中提出了“像拼乐高一样搭房子”的理念,设计了“月壶尊”月面建筑,利用月壤烧结出带有榫卯结构的月壤砖,再进行拼装建造。通过烧结月球砖把一次性成型的风险分散掉,然后由机器人砌筑,同时用3D打印加强连接来完成结构,避免结构变形。中国工程院院士梅洪元及其团队从极地建筑学角度出发,提出了“三叶草”式布局和“中国星”式布局两种月球科考基地设计方案[29]。图5[29]为“三叶草”科考基地建造步骤示意图。该基地结构采用“核心舱+3个展开舱体”的布局,展开舱体分别是工作舱、生活舱、生物舱。核心舱内布置声、光、热、电控制系统,与各展开舱体相连通,并能够为3个展开舱体提供水平转运通道。建造方面,采用柔性充气展开配合月壤3D打印的方式,使建筑具备相应功能,抵御月面复杂环境的扰动。图6[29]为“中国星”科考基地建造步骤示意图。该基地结构利用原位月坑天然的掩蔽条件,使用回填月壤的方法建造,在布局方面选用和“三叶草”相似的“核心舱+展开舱”结构,只是核心舱的转运通道变为竖直,进而使科考基地分为月面层、负1层、负2层的3层空间。
2021年9月,在中国国家航天局与俄罗斯国家航天集团公司联合主办的国际月球科研站研讨会上,来自法国、意大利、荷兰、德国、马来西亚、泰国以及联合国外空司、欧洲航天局、亚太空间合作组织的专家围绕国际月球科研站宣言进行专题研讨,部分国家驻华使节也应邀出席[30⇓⇓-33]。2023年4月,在“中国航天日”首届深空探测国际会议上,中国国家航天局与亚太空间合作组织签署了《关于国际月球科研站合作的联合声明》。截至2023年9月,“国际月球科研站”国际大科学工程合作倡议已经得到巴基斯坦、南非、白俄罗斯等近20个国家和国际组织的积极参与和响应。
2022年,中国航天局公布了中国探月工程四期、深空探测任务后续规划,主要任务是在月球南极建立月球科考基地的基本型,开发南极的水冰、矿产等资源,为今后在月面的长期驻留、科研打下基础[34-35]。在中国探月工程四期的战略规划中,中国预计与国际组织协作完成月球科考基地建设的“勘、建、用”3个工程阶段。首阶段任务为勘察月球环境、国际月球科研站选址和验证无人自动采样技术[36]。2026—2035年为第2阶段,中国“嫦娥八号”探测器和俄罗斯“Luna-28”将在2030年前在月球选定地点着陆,进行联合作业[37]。该阶段将完成国际月球科研站指挥中枢技术验证、大承载货物运送和高精度软着陆。2030—2035年,项目将建设并完成中俄国际月球科研站,完成在轨和月面能源、生命保障、通信等设施建设,进行月球资源原位利用技术的研究、探索和验证[38]。在第3阶段,即2036年之后,国际月球科研站将被用于进行长期科学探索、技术验证等,并将作为基地支持短期载人登月任务。图7[39]为国际月球科研站设想[39-40]。中国载人航天工程办公室公布了中国载人登月初步方案,计划在2030年前实现载人登陆月球开展科学探索,其后将探索建造月球科研试验站,开展系统、连续的月球探测和相关技术试验验证。
随着“天问一号”火星探测器任务的成功,中国成为了全球第2个成功着陆火星并展开巡视探测的国家,实现了深空探测领域的技术飞跃。预计2033年前,中国将实现载人火星探测,而后将建立永久火星科考基地[41]。由此可见,中国在深空探测领域将围绕月球科研站和火星科考站开展长期深入任务与战略布局,为人类拓展新的生存空间、构建人类命运共同体贡献中国力量和中国智慧。
地外天体科考基地建设是一个复杂且庞大的系统。基地的建设与运维涉及星表探测、物资生产、资源利用、能源开发、信息和通信建设、建筑设计建造、交通运维、生态构建和生命保障等多方面、多学科的知识。为了保证基地设计和建造的科学性和经济性,需要从系统层面对“探测与开发”“生态与生命”“能源与资源”“建筑与操作”“信息与通信”五大核心任务进行规划设计,提炼出关键共性科学和技术问题,建立支撑基地各阶段发展的技术迭代轨迹,形成互相关联、互相支撑的有机整体。
探测与开发任务聚焦地外科学目标探测与研究,开展在特定环境条件下对地球携带资源、地外天体原位资源进行勘探分析、提取与利用、原位制造等物理和化学过程、地月系外深空探测的研究工作。地外天体科考基地探测与开发研究的核心内容如图8所示。首先,需要系统性开展地外天体科学目标探测与研究,充分理解和掌握星球形成与演化、物质组成等机理,形成对星球自身地质科学的充分认知,为基地的有效建设与可持续性运营奠定科学基础。其次,通过对地外空间资源的探测与评估,开展地外天体环境和地质资源开发,一方面,研究地形地貌、可达性、热环境、辐射环境、光照条件、通信条件、资源利用对基地选址的影响;另一方面,研究复杂恶劣环境对结构与装备的材料特性及关键核心电子元器件的影响规律,全面揭示失效模式及机理,建立相应的失效预警机制。最后,建立基地质量屏蔽防护、化学药物防护、电磁场防护等辐射防护方法,并开展机械及密封件的耐尘性、自动防尘膜、仿生纳米荷叶表面处理、电力屏蔽及导电膜等尘埃防护技术研究。
生态和生命是地外行星基地各发展阶段核心且复杂的任务,涉及物理化学、生物学、生态学、人工智能、医学等诸多学科知识,旨在星表环境下为航天员提供维持生命必需的物质和各种生活支持设施,解决在太空飞行条件下,航天员饮水、食物和处理个人卫生所遇到的特殊困难。为了实现基地的可持续,建立依赖于星表资源的闭环生态系统是生态与生命任务的最终目标。除地外生命物质保障研究之外,地外生理健康保障也是重点需要研究的内容。地外天体科考基地生态与生命研究的核心内容如图9所示,包括物理化学生命保障系统、可再生生命保障系统、太空环境防护技术和地外医疗监测诊断研究。
地外天体科考基地能源支撑着基地的建设和稳定运维,能源的获取和原位资源开发息息相关。例如,月面具有十分丰富物质资源和环境资源,包括富含铁和钛的月海玄武岩,富含钾、磷和稀土元素的斜长岩,富含氦-3、铼等稀有元素的月壤。除此之外,极端的月面环境在一定程度上反而是丰富的环境资源,如大温差、丰富的太阳能、真空、低重力环境、丰富的太阳风和宇宙射线。因此,利用丰富的原位资源和环境支援可支撑地外天体科考基地能源供应,实现基地能源供应的经济性和可持续性。能源和资源任务聚焦地外空间可再生能源的利用、地外资源开采、地面实验平台和原理样机的开发,以及能源物质转化和存储技术方面的研究。地外天体科考基地能源与资源开发和利用研究的核心内容如图10所示,包括基于地外天体原位物质资源与环境资源的能源开发以及物质-能量高效转换和存储等技术。
地外天体科考基地建筑系统是基地最基础部分。建筑的结构设计、材料选取、建造过程等为基地能源供应、生命保障等其他功能系统提供支撑。建筑系统的整体设计是一项庞大的系统工程,涉及基地的方方面面,是亟待研究和解决的问题,包括建筑的概念和总体设计研究、基于原位资源利用和原位建造、操作自动化设施的设计与原型机开发,以及地面操作模拟基地的建设,以实现相关地外基地建设和资源开发的测试。地外天体科考基地建筑与操作研究的核心内容如图11所示,包括原位资源利用和建造、原位建造操作机器人与自动化操作平台,地外天体原位建筑设计、原位建造模拟和测试基地等技术。
高性能的信息与通信系统能够在基地之间、基地与其他设备之间提供稳定、可靠、连续的通信链路,向星表面移动机器人提供导航支持功能,并与其他星球通信,支持后续的载人深空探测任务。信息与通信任务聚焦先进的地球-地外天体、地外天体科考基地内的无线通信、局域网络和导航技术与装备,最终实现基地的信息化和智能化。围绕中继卫星系统、星表面用户通信终端等方面开展研究,构建系统体系结构,设计射频通信系统方案,建设星表导航系统,开展激光通信、星际网络及基于无线通信的密集传感器网络等技术研究。除了地外通信技术,信息化技术在地外空间探索中占有非常重要地位,保障地外基地建设和开发整个过程的可持续性和高效性,包含机器人作业的自主智能化,空间人机协作和遥操作技术等核心技术。地外天体科考基地信息与通信研究的核心内容如图12所示,包括研制月轨中继卫星、地外通信基站、地外定位与导航终端等基础设施,以及研究天地通信协议、天地远程通信和导航、机器人自主智能化、人机协作和遥操作等技术。
中国航天聚焦基础性、前瞻性、支撑性的地外空间科学、技术与工程研究,有利于抓牢国际太空秩序正在进入动荡调整重塑期的难得机遇,及时加强地外空间科学与工程创新能力,是缩小与美国等航天强国差距、实现赶超的有效措施。
(1)概念创新技术突破——地外天体科考基地是人类提出的最为宏伟和冒险的目标,必须寻求技术革命或颠覆,才可使之成为可能。即便有“阿波罗计划”沉淀、空间站的积累和探月工程的技术飞跃,基于目前科技水平,还远未能给出地外天体科考基地的可行方案;即便是在最近的卫星上建立永久性月球基地,也必须要探索包括能源、材料、生命等诸多技术的突破和实践。因此概念和技术创新是实现这一革命或突破的唯一途径。
(2)学科汇集交叉融合——地外天体科考基地具有最为典型的多学科特征,不仅涉及自然科学绝大多数分支,还与社会科学和思维科学密切相关,需要从源头上汇聚多学科创新。在非地球和诸多未知因素环境下拓展人类文明,对业已成熟的工程知识和技术提出了艰巨的挑战,战略、技术途径和资源需要社会科学和思维科学深度参与,需要以地外空间探测为核心,以地外探测科研体系为主体,以相关学科为支撑,促进基础学科、应用学科、人文思维深度交叉融合,在前沿科学和交叉学科领域实现原始创新。
(3)产学研用协同创新——地外天体科考基地是一项浩大的系统工程,需要产、学、研、用、商相互渗透,相互促进,需要能够实现大力协同的概念或技术孵化器。地外天体科考基地从战略选择、发展策略到概念和系统设计,从技术研发到工程实施,需要目标、进程、成效的有效统一,需要人力、物力、财力的有机结合。通过构建高效的产学研用协同创新机制,消除主体间的行政归属壁垒,避免领域重叠造成资源分散和低水平重复建设,加强创新资源要素向优势高地汇聚,促进创新要素在协同体间合理流动和高效利用。
(4)前瞻布局突破认知——地外天体科考基地是一项持久且无止境的人类活动,不仅需要前瞻性规划、前沿性探索,更需要研究范式的变革和科技知识的普及。从建立可自我维持的永久月球基地到移民火星,从探索地外生命到飞出太阳系,都是人类不懈追求的目标,拓展人类认知和活动疆界,需要突破现有科研范式,开拓前沿科技领域,激发更多人的关注和智慧。
(5)合纵连横携手共建——地外空间是全体人类的资源,各国携手探索地外天体与建设天体基地是构建人类命运共同体的重要体现。地外天体科考基地建设的支撑点在于共享共建。站在人类命运共同体的高度,需要国内外优势单位与团体深入开展航天领域交流合作,聚焦于地外空间探索、开发和应用的理念、概念、学科交叉与前沿技术4个层次的创新,联合开展基础科学研究与工程探索,实现概念创新、技术研发和软硬件平台的共享共建,共同推动地外天体科考基地领域前沿基础研发与工程任务的持续发展。
新一轮“月球竞争”的序幕已经拉开。美国开始实施“重返月球”计划,并提出建立月球基地目标,俄罗斯、欧盟、日本、印度等国家和机构也都跃跃欲试。以地外空间探索和地外基地建设研究为突破口,能够支撑中国实现航天强国战略,在当前激烈的国际太空竞争中占据一席之地。
人类生活依赖于对时间和空间的运用,那些最先掌握克服空间障碍手段的族群,成了文明和历史建构者。人类不会永远生活在地球的摇篮里,地外天地基地是人类跨出地球迈向新空间并利用新空间的首要选择,随着地外天地基地的建设与拓展,人类将进入大航天新时代。
月球探索与开发是大航天时代人类文明延续和进化的必然选择和重要动能。月球基地是目前最为可行的工程起点和最佳实践场。中国建立国际月球科研站,实现航天员短期与长期驻留,将是地月经济圈稳定运营的关键。实现国际月球科研站的长期稳定运行后,可将其作为地球与其他星球之间的“中转站”与“前哨站”,完成物资补给、临时驻留、深空通信等任务,为遥远星球探测提供支撑。在火星科考基地方面,由于地火路程远、火星大气稀薄、发射等待时间长、载人返回等困难,使得火星科考面临更大的困难。但火星是太阳系中最理想的殖民星球,建立人类火星家园将是21世纪的恒久目标。当前,正迎来大规模空间探测与太空经济新时代,相关格局尚未形成。中国应抓住机遇,迎接挑战,大力建设地月空间,力争在地月空间探索和未来地外天体开发中占据主导地位。
  • 国家自然科学基金(52238002)
  • 中央高校基本科研业务费(2022FRFK01001)
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2024年第3卷第1期
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doi: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2024.01.004
  • 接收时间:2023-10-10
  • 出版时间:2024-03-20
  • 发布时间:2024-03-27
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  • 收稿日期:2023-10-10
  • 修回日期:2024-01-23
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国家自然科学基金(52238002)
中央高校基本科研业务费(2022FRFK01001)
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    哈尔滨工业大学航天学院,哈尔滨 150080

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表12种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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