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Building extraterrestrial scientific research bases on the Moon/Mars based on green and recyclable life support systems is an important foundation and prerequisite for deep space exploration. On the basis of an in-depth analysis of the aerospace life support system, the key biotechnology that affects the recyclability of the life support system has been systematically sorted out, and the research status and problems and challenges of material flow control, plant cultivation, biological processing, environmental monitoring and control are summarised, and the development trends are also reviewed. The development of aerospace biocrossover technology driven by metaomics and synthetic biology is proposed, thus providing a reference for the construction of the new generation of life support systems and subsequent extraterrestrial scientific research bases.

, authors=null, authorsList=Qiong YAN, Jinlei ZHANG, Ke FENG, Huanyu LI, Yue LI, Xiyu CHENG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xiyu CHENG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
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构建以绿色、可循环生命保障系统(简称生保系统)为支撑的月球/火星等地外科考基地,是开展深空探测的重要基础和前提。文章在对航天生保系统进行深入分析的基础上,系统梳理了影响生保系统可循环性能的关键生物技术,总结了物质流调控、植物栽培、生物加工、环境监测与控制技术的研究现状及面临的问题与挑战,并展望了发展趋势。最后提出发展宏基因组学、合成生物学驱动的空天生物交叉技术等对策建议,以期为新一代生保系统与未来地外科考基地建设提供参考。

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晏琼,副教授。主要从事环境生物技术与生物材料研究。主持和参与军委科技委国防科技创新特区项目、国家自然科学基金、装备预研教育部联合基金、北京市自然科学基金等项目20余项。发表论文30余篇,完成国防科技报告2份等。电子信箱:。

成喜雨,教授,博士研究生导师。主要从事基因与生物技术研究,包括依托系统与合成生物学的仿生抗肿瘤剂型工程、生物保障系统、环境生物技术、生物安全等。主持和参与国家自然科学基金、装备预研教育部联合基金、军委科技委国防科技创新特区项目等项目20余项。发表论文近50篇,授权发明专利5件。电子信箱:。

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晏琼,副教授。主要从事环境生物技术与生物材料研究。主持和参与军委科技委国防科技创新特区项目、国家自然科学基金、装备预研教育部联合基金、北京市自然科学基金等项目20余项。发表论文30余篇,完成国防科技报告2份等。电子信箱:。

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晏琼,副教授。主要从事环境生物技术与生物材料研究。主持和参与军委科技委国防科技创新特区项目、国家自然科学基金、装备预研教育部联合基金、北京市自然科学基金等项目20余项。发表论文30余篇,完成国防科技报告2份等。电子信箱:。

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成喜雨,教授,博士研究生导师。主要从事基因与生物技术研究,包括依托系统与合成生物学的仿生抗肿瘤剂型工程、生物保障系统、环境生物技术、生物安全等。主持和参与国家自然科学基金、装备预研教育部联合基金、军委科技委国防科技创新特区项目等项目20余项。发表论文近50篇,授权发明专利5件。电子信箱:。

"}, bioImg=2OMBJI64H6e1dRbogk5WXw==, bioContent=

成喜雨,教授,博士研究生导师。主要从事基因与生物技术研究,包括依托系统与合成生物学的仿生抗肿瘤剂型工程、生物保障系统、环境生物技术、生物安全等。主持和参与国家自然科学基金、装备预研教育部联合基金、军委科技委国防科技创新特区项目等项目20余项。发表论文近50篇,授权发明专利5件。电子信箱:。

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After analyzing the progress in deep space exploration of major aerospace countries and emerging ones in the world, this paper systematically summarizes the main scientific and technological achievements regarding deep space exploration in China. Moreover, it provides an outlook on future deep space exploration and main key technologies. This review can serve as reference for the follow-up development of deep space exploration in China.

), Reference(id=1242113358275609277, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393073237053622, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=7, issue=3, pageStart=223, pageEnd=231, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[2], rfOrder=2, authorNames=吴伟仁, 于登云, 王赤, journalName=深空探测学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=吴伟仁, 于登云, 王赤, 等. 月球极区探测的主要科学与技术问题研究[J]. 深空探测学报, 2020, 7(3): 223-231, 240., articleTitle=月球极区探测的主要科学与技术问题研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242113358372078271, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393073237053622, doi=10.15982/j.issn.2095-7777.2020.20200113001, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=7, issue=3, pageStart=223, pageEnd=231, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[2], rfOrder=3, authorNames=Wu W R, Yu D Y, Wang C, journalName=Journal of Deep Space Exploration, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Wu W R, Yu D Y, Wang C, et al. Research on the main scientific and technological issues on lunar polar exploration[J]. Journal of Deep Space Exploration, 2020, 7(3): 223-231, 240. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Research on the main scientific and technological issues on lunar polar exploration, refAbstract=Lunar polar exploration is a strategic point to for all space powers to compete with each other. Based on the brief summary of the development of lunar exploration in domestic and globe,the main scientific and technical issues that need to be solved are studied and analyzed in order to provide a reference for China’s future polar exploration.), Reference(id=1242113358439187137, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393073237053622, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=52, issue=9, pageStart=1375, pageEnd=1392, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[3], rfOrder=4, authorNames=刘向阳, 高峰, 邓一兵, journalName=中国科学: 技术科学, refType=null, unstructuredReference=刘向阳, 高峰, 邓一兵, 等. 中国空间站再生生保系统的设计与实现[J]. 中国科学: 技术科学, 2022, 52(9): 1375-1392., articleTitle=中国空间站再生生保系统的设计与实现, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242113358518878914, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393073237053622, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=52, issue=9, pageStart=1375, pageEnd=1392, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[3], rfOrder=5, authorNames=Liu X Y, Gao F, Deng Y B, journalName=Scientia Sinica (Technologica), refType=null, unstructuredReference=Liu X Y, Gao F, Deng Y B, et al. Design and implementation of regenerative life support system in the China space station[J]. Scientia Sinica (Technologica), 2022, 52(9): 1375-1392. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Design and implementation of regenerative life support system in the China space station, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242113359982691012, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393073237053622, doi=null, pmid=11537780, pmcid=null, year=1984, volume=4, issue=12, pageStart=231, pageEnd=239, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[4], rfOrder=6, authorNames=Averner M M, Moore B, Bartholomew I, journalName=Advances in Space Research, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Averner M M, Moore B, Bartholomew I, et al. Atmosphere behavior in gas-closed mouse-algal systems: An experimental and modelling study[J]. Advances in Space Research, 1984, 4(12): 231-239., articleTitle=Atmosphere behavior in gas-closed mouse-algal systems: An experimental and modelling study, refAbstract=Concepts of biologically-based regenerative life support systems anticipate the use of photosynthetic organisms for air revitalization. However, mismatches in the rates of production and uptake of oxygen or carbon dioxide between the crew and the plants will lead to an accumulation or depletion of these gases beyond tolerable limits. One method for correcting these atmospheric changes is to use physiochemical devices. This would conflict with the constraint of minimal size and weight imposed upon the successful development of a competitive bioregenerative system. An alternate control strategy is based upon reducing the gas exchange mismatch by manipulation of those environmental parameters known to affect plant or algae gas exchange ratios. We have initiated a research program using a dual approach of mathematical modelling and laboratory experimentation aimed at examining the gas exchange characteristics of artificial animal/plant systems closed to the ambient atmosphere. Our goal is to develop control techniques and management strategies for maintaining the atmospheric levels of carbon dioxide and oxygen at physiological levels. A mathematical model simulating the atmospheric behavior in these systems has been developed and an experimental gas-closed system has been constructed. These will be described and preliminary results will be presented.), Reference(id=1242113360074965702, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393073237053622, doi=10.1016/j.lssr.2021.02.005, pmid=33888285, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=29, issue=null, pageStart=30, pageEnd=37, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[5], rfOrder=7, authorNames=De Pascale S, Arena C, Aronne G, journalName=Life Sciences in Space Research, refType=null, unstructuredReference=De Pascale S, Arena C, Aronne G, et al. Biology and crop production in space environments: Challenges and opportunities[J]. Life Sciences in Space Research, 2021, 29: 30-37., articleTitle=Biology and crop production in space environments: Challenges and opportunities, refAbstract=Long-term manned space-exploration missions and the permanence of human colonies on orbital stations or planetary habitats will require the regeneration of resources onboard or in-situ. Bioregenerative Life Support Systems (BLSSs) are artificial environments where different compartments, involving both living organisms and physical-chemical processes, are integrated to achieve a safe, self-regulating, and chemically balanced Earth-like environment to support human life. Higher plants are key elements of such systems and Space greenhouses represent the producers' compartment. Growing plants in Space requires the knowledge of their growth responses not only to all environmental factors acting on Earth, but also to specific Space constraints such as altered gravity, ionizing radiations and confined volume. Moreover, cultivation techniques need to be adjusted considering such limitations. The type and intensity of environmental factors to be taken into account depend on the mission scenarios. Here, we summarize constraints and opportunities of cultivating higher plants in Space to regenerate resources and produce fresh food onboard. Both biological and agro-technological issues are considered briefly going through experiments both ground-based on Earth and in Space.Copyright © 2021 The Committee on Space Research (COSPAR). Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.), Reference(id=1242113360188211912, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393073237053622, doi=10.1016/j.lssr.2020.10.002, pmid=33612173, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=28, issue=null, pageStart=1, pageEnd=10, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[6], rfOrder=8, authorNames=Brown L, Peick J, Pickett M, journalName=Life Sciences in Space Research, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Brown L, Peick J, Pickett M, et al. Aquatic invertebrate protein sources for long-duration space travel[J]. Life Sciences in Space Research, 2021, 28: 1-10., articleTitle=Aquatic invertebrate protein sources for long-duration space travel, refAbstract=During the summer of 2020, NASA returned to launching astronauts to the International Space Station (ISS) from American soil. By 2024, NASA's mission is to return to the Moon, and by 2028 create a sustainable presence. Long duration missions come with obstacles, especially when trying to create a sustainable environment in a location where "living off the land" is impossible. Some resources on the Moon can be recovered or resupplied; however, many resources such as those needed for sustaining life must be recycled or grown to support humans. To achieve sustainability, food and water must be grown and recycled using elements found within the habitat. NASA's current work focuses on food resupply and growing plants as supplemental nutrient content. This paper examines the possibility for using aquaculture systems to purify water while growing nutrient-rich species as food sources, which aquatic food sources would be ideal for a habitat environment, and which species might provide an ideal test case for future studies aboard ISS. The aquatic species should be rapidly grown with high protein content and low launch mass requirements. Although there are numerous challenges and unknown technology gaps for maintaining aquaculture systems in reduced gravity environments, the benefit of employing such systems would be of great advantage towards creating a sustainable presence beyond Earth's orbit for sustainable aquaculture.Copyright © 2020. Published by Elsevier B.V.), Reference(id=1242113360259515082, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393073237053622, doi=S2214-5524(18)30033-6, pmid=30797434, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=20, issue=null, pageStart=53, pageEnd=61, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[7], rfOrder=9, authorNames=Tikhomirova N A, Trifonov S V, Ushakova S A, journalName=Life Sciences in Space Research, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Tikhomirova N A, Trifonov S V, Ushakova S A, et al. Incorporation of mineralized human waste and fish waste as a source of higher plant mineral nutrition in the BTLSS mass exchange[J]. Life Sciences in Space Research, 2019, 20: 53-61., articleTitle=Incorporation of mineralized human waste and fish waste as a source of higher plant mineral nutrition in the BTLSS mass exchange, refAbstract=The present study deals with the development of the principles and conditions of fish waste mineralization using the method of wet combustion with hydrogen peroxide in alternating electromagnetic field and describes testing mineralized human waste and fish waste as sources of nutrients for plants in the biotechnical human life support system (BTLSS). The study shows that mineralization of fish waste in the wet combustion reactor should be performed in the presence of readily oxidized organic matter, represented by human waste, as an activator of oxidation. Re-mineralization of the sediment in the mixture of hydrogen peroxide and nitric acid in the wet combustion reactor converts mineral elements bound in the sediment into the form available to plants. Using mineralized fish waste as an additional source of mineral elements in the nutrient solutions for growing plants based on mineralized human waste is a way to reduce the amounts of mineral elements added to the solution to replenish it, enabling fuller closure of material loops in the BTLSS.Copyright © 2019 The Committee on Space Research (COSPAR). Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.), Reference(id=1242113360330818252, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393073237053622, doi=10.1016/j.lssr.2022.03.002, pmid=35491027, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=33, issue=null, pageStart=33, pageEnd=40, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[8], rfOrder=10, authorNames=Tikhomirov A, Ushakova S, Velichko V, journalName=Life Sciences in Space Research, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Tikhomirov A, Ushakova S, Velichko V, et al. Possible risks for the functioning of cyclic processes in the experimental model of a closed ecosystem[J]. Life Sciences in Space Research, 2022, 33: 33-40., articleTitle=Possible risks for the functioning of cyclic processes in the experimental model of a closed ecosystem, refAbstract=The purpose of the present study is to consider a number of possible risks that may emerge when processed human wastes are involved into mass exchange processes as fertilizers for plants cultivated in the experimental model of the closed ecosystem (CEEM). The problems relating to the disruption of cycling processes in closed ecosystems can be tentatively divided into two groups: the problems that can be rather easily overcome and the chronic problems. Addition of plant inedible biomass to the soil-like substrate (SLS) can result in a decrease in plant productivity because of allelopathic interactions and enhanced growth of microorganisms. The 30% decrease in wheat productivity by the end of long-duration experiments in the CEEM, with plants grown on quasi-non-renewed solutions based on liquid products prepared by physicochemical mineralization of human wastes, was caused by lower resistance of the plants affected by toxicants accumulated in the solution because of incomplete mineralization of the wastes. The reason for the differences between the macronutrient inflows and outflows was that the donor of human wastes followed a European-type diet while the system produced only part of the plant-based diet. Moreover, macronutrients were partly sorbed in rooting substrates and became unavailable to plants: the substrates in the system retained about 50% of the Ca and 20% ÷ 25% of the Mg, Na, and P inflows over one cycle. These problems are temporary and can be minimized in the foreseeable future.Copyright © 2022. Published by Elsevier B.V.), Reference(id=1242113360402121422, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393073237053622, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2014, volume=20, issue=6, pageStart=510, pageEnd=516, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[9], rfOrder=11, authorNames=艾为党, 郭双生, 董文平, journalName=载人航天, refType=null, unstructuredReference=艾为党, 郭双生, 董文平, 等. “微藻-小白鼠”二元生态系统气体交换规律研究[J]. 载人航天, 2014, 20(6): 510-516., articleTitle=“微藻-小白鼠”二元生态系统气体交换规律研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242113360473424591, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393073237053622, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2014, volume=20, issue=6, pageStart=510, pageEnd=516, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[9], rfOrder=12, authorNames=Ai W D, Guo S S, Dong W P, journalName=Manned Spaceflight, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Ai W D, Guo S S, Dong W P, et al. Research on gas exchange in the microalgae-mice system[J]. Manned Spaceflight, 2014, 20(6): 510-516. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Research on gas exchange in the microalgae-mice system, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242113360565699281, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393073237053622, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2016, volume=41, issue=4, pageStart=16, pageEnd=21, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[10], rfOrder=13, authorNames=杨有泉, 邓素芳, 陈敏, journalName=福建热作科技, refType=null, unstructuredReference=杨有泉, 邓素芳, 陈敏. CELSS系统中两种叶用蔬菜与红萍光合供O2效应对比研究[J]. 福建热作科技, 2016, 41(4): 16-21., articleTitle=CELSS系统中两种叶用蔬菜与红萍光合供O2效应对比研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242113360628613843, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393073237053622, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2016, volume=41, issue=4, pageStart=16, pageEnd=21, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[10], rfOrder=14, authorNames=Yang Y Q, Deng S F, Chen M, journalName=Fujian Hot Work Science and Technology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Yang Y Q, Deng S F, Chen M. Comparative study on the effect of photosynthetic O2 feeding by two leafy vegetables and rhizome in CELSS system[J]. Fujian Hot Work Science and Technology, 2016, 41(4): 16-21. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Comparative study on the effect of photosynthetic O2 feeding by two leafy vegetables and rhizome in CELSS system, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242113360687334101, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393073237053622, doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.10.080, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=651, issue=null, pageStart=2080, pageEnd=2086, url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0048969718339536, language=null, rfNumber=[11], rfOrder=15, authorNames=Zhang L C, Li T, Ai W D, journalName=Science of the Total Environment, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhang L C, Li T, Ai W D, et al. Water management in a controlled ecological life support system during a 4-person-180-day integrated experiment: Configuration and performance[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2019, 651: 2080-2086., articleTitle=Water management in a controlled ecological life support system during a 4-person-180-day integrated experiment: Configuration and performance, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242113360746054359, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393073237053622, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=806, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[12], rfOrder=16, authorNames=Zhao T, Liu G H, Liu D L, journalName=Science of the Total Environment, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhao T, Liu G H, Liu D L, et al. Water recycle system in an artificial closed ecosystem-Lunar Palace 1: Treatment performance and microbial evolution[J]. Science of the Total Environment, 2022, 806, doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151370., articleTitle=Water recycle system in an artificial closed ecosystem-Lunar Palace 1: Treatment performance and microbial evolution, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242113360813163225, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393073237053622, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=31, issue=2, pageStart=273, pageEnd=281, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[13], rfOrder=17, authorNames=张良长, 李婷, 余青霓, journalName=航天医学与医学工程, refType=null, unstructuredReference=张良长, 李婷, 余青霓, 等. 4人180天集成试验环控生保系统设计及运行概况[J]. 航天医学与医学工程, 2018, 31(2): 273-281., articleTitle=4人180天集成试验环控生保系统设计及运行概况, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242113360888660698, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393073237053622, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=31, issue=2, pageStart=273, pageEnd=281, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[13], rfOrder=18, authorNames=Zhang L C, Li T, Yu Q N, journalName=Space Medicine & Medical Engineering, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhang L C, Li T, Yu Q N, et al. Design and operation overview of 4-person 180-day integrated experiment in controlled ecological life support system[J]. Space Medicine & Medical Engineering, 2018, 31(2): 273-281. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Design and operation overview of 4-person 180-day integrated experiment in controlled ecological life support system, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242113360959963868, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393073237053622, doi=10.1016/j.lssr.2021.09.003, pmid=34689943, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=31, issue=null, pageStart=113, pageEnd=120, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[14], rfOrder=19, authorNames=Liu H, Yao Z K, Fu Y M, journalName=Life Sciences in Space Research, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Liu H, Yao Z K, Fu Y M, et al. Review of research into bioregenerative life support system(s) which can support humans living in space[J]. Life Sciences in Space Research, 2021, 31: 113-120., articleTitle=Review of research into bioregenerative life support system(s) which can support humans living in space, refAbstract=To travel beyond the Earth and realize long-term survival in deep space, humans need to construct Bioregenerative Life Support System (BLSS), which reduces the requirement for supplies from the Earth by in situ regenerating oxygen, water and food needed by astronauts, and prevents pollution to extraterrestrial bodies by recycling waste. Since the 1960s, the USSR/Russia, the United States, Europe, Japan, and China carried out a number of studies with abundant achievements in BLSS systematic theories, plants/animals/microorganisms unit technologies, design/construction, and long-term operation/regulation. China's "Lunar Palace 365″ experiment realized Earth-based closed human survival for a year, with a material closure of >98%. However, a lot of research work is still needed to ultimately realize BLSS application in space, especially given the space experiment of BLSS never carried out, and the overall impact of space environment on BLSS unknown. Lunar exploration projects such as lunar village and lunar research station are successively proceeding. Therefore, future BLSS research will focus on lunar probe payload carrying experiments to study mechanisms of small uncrewed closed ecosystem in space and clarify the impact of space environmental conditions on the ecosystem, so as to correct the design and operation parameters of Earth-based BLSS. Such research will provide theoretical and technological support for BLSS application in crewed deep space exploration.Copyright © 2021. Published by Elsevier B.V.), Reference(id=1242113361048044254, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393073237053622, doi=10.1089/ast.2016.1466, pmid=28068148, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=17, issue=1, pageStart=78, pageEnd=86, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[15], rfOrder=20, authorNames=Dong C, Fu Y M, Xie B Z, journalName=Astrobiology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Dong C, Fu Y M, Xie B Z, et al. Element cycling and energy flux responses in ecosystem simulations conducted at the Chinese Lunar Palace-1[J]. Astrobiology, 2017, 17(1): 78-86., articleTitle=Element cycling and energy flux responses in ecosystem simulations conducted at the Chinese Lunar Palace-1, refAbstract=Bioregenerative life-support systems (BLSS) address interactions between organisms and their environment as an integrated system through the study of factors that regulate the pools and fluxes of materials and energy through ecological systems. As a simple model, using BLSS is very important in the investigation of element cycling and energy flux for sustainable development on Earth. A 105-day experiment with a high degree of closure was carried out in this system from February to May, 2014, with three volunteers. The results indicate that 247 g·d carbon was imported into the system from stored food. Most hydrogen is circulated as water, and more than 99% HO can be lost through leaf transpiration into the atmosphere. A total of 1.8 g·d "unknown oxygen" emerged between the input and output of the plant growth module. For the urine processing module, 20.5% nitrogen was reused and 5.35 g·d was put into the nutrient solution. Key Words: Bioregenerative life-support systems (BLSS)-Lunar Palace-1-Artificial ecosystem-Element cycling-Energy flux. 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Since 1980s, space food has been greatly enriched, except the differences in form, most of the foods on earth can be enjoyed in space. In this article, the space foods are classified, in general divided into five parts that include natural form food, intermediate moisture food, thermostabilized food, rehydrating food and irradiated food. New type of space food processing technology is also reviewed, including freeze-drying, irradiation sterilization, high pressure processing, microwave assisted thermal sterilization, food 3 D printing and the packaging of space food products, mainly including the packaging materials already used by the present space food system, and the feasibility analysis of some emerging high barrier packaging materials in the research stage. 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Importantly, the majority of microbes in the environment are difficult to culture under conventional culture conditions. To improve understanding of the microbial community in the space habitat, culture-independent approaches are required. Furthermore, there is a need to assess the bioburden and physiological activity of microbes during future long-term space habitation, so that the "alert" and/or "action" level can be assessed based on real-time changes in the microbial ecosystem. Here, we review the microbial monitoring in the International Space Station-Kibo, and discuss how these results will be adapted to the microbial control in space habitation and pharmaceutical and food processing industries.), Reference(id=1242113364646757144, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393073237053622, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=7, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[37], rfOrder=50, authorNames=Castro-Wallace S L, Chiu C Y, John K K, journalName=Scientific Reports, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Castro-Wallace S L, Chiu C Y, John K K, et al. Nanopore DNA sequencing and genome assembly on the international space station[J]. 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(in Chinese), articleTitle=Space microbial detection method based on fluorescent LAMP, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242113365007467296, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393073237053622, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[40], rfOrder=55, authorNames=姚坤志, journalName=3种盆栽植物对氨气的主动净化, refType=null, unstructuredReference=姚坤志. 3种盆栽植物对氨气的主动净化[D]. 武汉: 华中农业大学, 2022., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242113365070381857, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393073237053622, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[40], rfOrder=56, authorNames=Yao K Z, journalName=Active removal of ammonia through three potted plants, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Yao K Z. 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(in Chinese), articleTitle=Research on material flow regulation technology of 30-day controlled ecological bioprotection system for two people, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242113365250736932, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393073237053622, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=38, issue=6, pageStart=699, pageEnd=706, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[42], rfOrder=59, authorNames=杨建楼, 孙儒馨, 张兰涛, journalName=航天器环境工程, refType=null, unstructuredReference=杨建楼, 孙儒馨, 张兰涛, 等. 载人航天器内菌斑清除装置设计及初步应用验证[J]. 航天器环境工程, 2021, 38(6): 699-706., articleTitle=载人航天器内菌斑清除装置设计及初步应用验证, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242113365305262885, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393073237053622, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=38, issue=6, pageStart=699, pageEnd=706, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[42], rfOrder=60, authorNames=Yang J L, Sun R X, Zhang L T, journalName=Spacecraft Environment Engineering, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Yang J L, Sun R X, Zhang L T, et al. Design of plaque removal device used in manned spacecraft with preliminary application verification[J]. Spacecraft Environment Engineering, 2021, 38(6): 699-706. 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Design of in situ repair device for the microbial corrosion surface material used in manned spacecraft[J]. Spacecraft Environment Engineering, 2022, 39(3): 255-261. 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Analytic study on material flow regulation in CELSS of future Chinese lunar base[J]. Manned Spaceflight, 2017, 23(5): 680-687. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Analytic study on material flow regulation in CELSS of future Chinese lunar base, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242113365632418602, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393073237053622, doi=10.1002/bit.28365, pmid=36859509, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=120, issue=9, pageStart=2441, pageEnd=2459, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[45], rfOrder=65, authorNames=Bachhav B, de Rossi J, Llanos C D, journalName=Biotechnology and Bioengineering, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Bachhav B, de Rossi J, Llanos C D, et al. Cell factory engineering: Challenges and opportunities for synthetic biology applications[J]. Biotechnology and Bioengineering, 2023, 120(9): 2441-2459., articleTitle=Cell factory engineering: Challenges and opportunities for synthetic biology applications, refAbstract=The production of high-quality recombinant proteins is critical to maintaining a continuous supply of biopharmaceuticals, such as therapeutic antibodies. Engineering mammalian cell factories presents a number of limitations typically associated with the proteotoxic stress induced upon aberrant accumulation of off-pathway protein folding intermediates, which eventually culminate in the induction of apoptosis. In this review, we will discuss advances in cell engineering and their applications at different hierarchical levels of control of the expression of recombinant proteins, from transcription and translational to posttranslational modifications and subcellular trafficking. We also highlight challenges and unique opportunities to apply modern synthetic biology tools to the design of programmable cell factories for improved biomanufacturing of therapeutic proteins.© 2023 Wiley Periodicals LLC.), Reference(id=1242113365699527467, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393073237053622, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=4, issue=1, pageStart=1, pageEnd=4, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[46], rfOrder=66, authorNames=史硕博, 张翀, 成喜雨, journalName=合成生物学, refType=null, unstructuredReference=史硕博, 张翀, 成喜雨, 等. 挑战造物主: 合成生物学使能工具[J]. 合成生物学, 2023, 4(1): 1-4., articleTitle=挑战造物主: 合成生物学使能工具, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242113365762442028, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393073237053622, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=4, issue=1, pageStart=1, pageEnd=4, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[46], rfOrder=67, authorNames=Shi S B, Zhang C, Cheng X Y, journalName=Synthetic Biology Journal, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Shi S B, Zhang C, Cheng X Y, et al. Challenging the creator: Enabling tools for synthetic biology[J]. Synthetic Biology Journal, 2023, 4(1): 1-4. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Challenging the creator: Enabling tools for synthetic biology, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1242113357898121909, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393073237053622, awardId=8091B012103, language=CN, fundingSource=装备预研教育部联合基金(8091B012103), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1242113357973619383, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393073237053622, awardId=8091B022138, language=CN, fundingSource=装备预研教育部联合基金(8091B022138), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1242113353598960217, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393073237053622, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242113353607348826, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393073237053622, companyId=1242113353598960217, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=School of Physical Science and Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242113353611543131, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393073237053622, companyId=1242113353598960217, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=北京交通大学物理科学与工程学院,北京 100044)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1242113357210256033, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393073237053622, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Material flow of life support system, figureFileSmall=9nUChPq4TMCIKUIWsolMKg==, figureFileBig=6pQknWuSQQufyfm4Dv6Jbw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242113357268976291, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393073237053622, language=CN, label=图1, caption=生保系统物质流示意图, figureFileSmall=9nUChPq4TMCIKUIWsolMKg==, figureFileBig=6pQknWuSQQufyfm4Dv6Jbw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242113357440942761, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393073237053622, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Large-scale ground plant culture device in China, figureFileSmall=JojI9N+4+l5z0HvjnnWboQ==, figureFileBig=kBxzfH/YtPJWa3O30f6Elg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242113357520634539, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393073237053622, language=CN, label=图2, caption=中国大型地面植物培养装置, figureFileSmall=JojI9N+4+l5z0HvjnnWboQ==, figureFileBig=kBxzfH/YtPJWa3O30f6Elg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242113357579354797, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393073237053622, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Small space planting devices in various countries, figureFileSmall=4bXrRJqtEJ0bwaWliBNGjg==, figureFileBig=ONc6LUjkO5vTdrpYlDBy+g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242113357642269358, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393073237053622, language=CN, label=图3, caption=各国小型空间植物种植装置, figureFileSmall=4bXrRJqtEJ0bwaWliBNGjg==, figureFileBig=ONc6LUjkO5vTdrpYlDBy+g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242113357717766832, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393073237053622, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Comparison and analysis of existing life support systems

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
系统 再生保障技术 评价
不可再生生保系统 固废处理:返回后丢弃;
废液处理:返回后丢弃;
气体再生:随飞船携带不可再生
水、气、食物均不可再生。废物不能再利用,只适合短期近地空间探索
物理化学再生生保系统 固废处理:返回后丢弃;
废液处理:过滤、吸附等物化法净化;
气体再生:电解法再生氧气
水、气能够部分再生,但水资源会被逐渐消耗。食物完全不可再生,能满足长时间近地空间活动需要
生物再生生保系统 固废处理:堆肥或焚烧矿化;
废液处理:植物、微生物净化废水;
气体再生:植物、微生物再生净化气体
水、气体、食物能够再生,系统内所有元素都会参与到内部的物质循环,来满足人类长期太空生存需要
), ArticleFig(id=1242113357776487090, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393073237053622, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

现有生保系统的比较和分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
系统 再生保障技术 评价
不可再生生保系统 固废处理:返回后丢弃;
废液处理:返回后丢弃;
气体再生:随飞船携带不可再生
水、气、食物均不可再生。废物不能再利用,只适合短期近地空间探索
物理化学再生生保系统 固废处理:返回后丢弃;
废液处理:过滤、吸附等物化法净化;
气体再生:电解法再生氧气
水、气能够部分再生,但水资源会被逐渐消耗。食物完全不可再生,能满足长时间近地空间活动需要
生物再生生保系统 固废处理:堆肥或焚烧矿化;
废液处理:植物、微生物净化废水;
气体再生:植物、微生物再生净化气体
水、气体、食物能够再生,系统内所有元素都会参与到内部的物质循环,来满足人类长期太空生存需要
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地外可循环生命保障系统关键生物技术发展与建议
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晏琼 , 张金磊 , 冯可 , 李环宇 , 李玥 , 成喜雨 †
前瞻科技 | 综述与述评 2024,3(1): 126-136
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前瞻科技 | 综述与述评 2024, 3(1): 126-136
地外可循环生命保障系统关键生物技术发展与建议
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晏琼 , 张金磊, 冯可, 李环宇, 李玥, 成喜雨†
作者信息
  • 北京交通大学物理科学与工程学院,北京 100044
  • 晏琼,副教授。主要从事环境生物技术与生物材料研究。主持和参与军委科技委国防科技创新特区项目、国家自然科学基金、装备预研教育部联合基金、北京市自然科学基金等项目20余项。发表论文30余篇,完成国防科技报告2份等。电子信箱:。

    成喜雨,教授,博士研究生导师。主要从事基因与生物技术研究,包括依托系统与合成生物学的仿生抗肿瘤剂型工程、生物保障系统、环境生物技术、生物安全等。主持和参与国家自然科学基金、装备预研教育部联合基金、军委科技委国防科技创新特区项目等项目20余项。发表论文近50篇,授权发明专利5件。电子信箱:。

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†
†
Development and Suggestions on Key Biotechnology of Extraterrestrial Recyclable Life Support Systems
Qiong YAN , Jinlei ZHANG, Ke FENG, Huanyu LI, Yue LI, Xiyu CHENG†
Affiliations
  • School of Physical Science and Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China
出版时间: 2024-03-20 doi: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2024.01.011
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构建以绿色、可循环生命保障系统(简称生保系统)为支撑的月球/火星等地外科考基地,是开展深空探测的重要基础和前提。文章在对航天生保系统进行深入分析的基础上,系统梳理了影响生保系统可循环性能的关键生物技术,总结了物质流调控、植物栽培、生物加工、环境监测与控制技术的研究现状及面临的问题与挑战,并展望了发展趋势。最后提出发展宏基因组学、合成生物学驱动的空天生物交叉技术等对策建议,以期为新一代生保系统与未来地外科考基地建设提供参考。

可循环生命保障系统  /  先进生物技术  /  合成生物学  /  地外行星科考基地  /  深空探测

Building extraterrestrial scientific research bases on the Moon/Mars based on green and recyclable life support systems is an important foundation and prerequisite for deep space exploration. On the basis of an in-depth analysis of the aerospace life support system, the key biotechnology that affects the recyclability of the life support system has been systematically sorted out, and the research status and problems and challenges of material flow control, plant cultivation, biological processing, environmental monitoring and control are summarised, and the development trends are also reviewed. The development of aerospace biocrossover technology driven by metaomics and synthetic biology is proposed, thus providing a reference for the construction of the new generation of life support systems and subsequent extraterrestrial scientific research bases.

recyclable life support system  /  advanced biotechnology  /  synthetic biology  /  extraterrestrial planet scientific research bases  /  deep space exploration
晏琼, 张金磊, 冯可, 李环宇, 李玥, 成喜雨. 地外可循环生命保障系统关键生物技术发展与建议. 前瞻科技, 2024 , 3 (1) : 126 -136 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2024.01.011
Qiong YAN, Jinlei ZHANG, Ke FENG, Huanyu LI, Yue LI, Xiyu CHENG. Development and Suggestions on Key Biotechnology of Extraterrestrial Recyclable Life Support Systems[J]. Science and Technology Foresight, 2024 , 3 (1) : 126 -136 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2024.01.011
深空探测拓展了人类对地球、太阳系和宇宙的认识。空间资源的开发利用与空间科学技术的创新发展是大国竞争的重要领域[1-2]。国际上,1961年4月,苏联航天员尤里·阿列克谢耶维奇·加加林绕地飞行一圈,开创了载人航天新时代;1965年3月,苏联航天员阿列克赛·列昂诺夫成为第1个遨游太空的人;1969年7月,美国航天员阿姆斯特朗乘坐“阿波罗11号”,成为第1个登上月球的人。改革开放以来,中国航天进展迅猛。1992年,中国决定实施载人航天工程,并确定了载人飞船、空间实验室和空间站“三步走”的发展战略;2003年10月,航天员杨利伟成功进入太空,中国成为继苏联和美国之后,第3个掌握载人航天技术的国家;2023年5月,“神舟十六号”携带非专业航天员进入太空,再次写下中国航天史上浓墨重彩的一笔。
月球及火星等地外科考基地建设将为深空探测提供重要基础。绿色和可持续是生物技术的固有优势,在地外科考基地建设探索中,依托宏基因组学、合成生物学等,发展未来生物技术,包括物质流调控技术、植物生物技术、生物加工技术、环境生物调节技术等,有望显著提高生命保障系统(Life Support System,简称生保系统)闭合度,构建“可循环”的生保系统,即全新一代“受控生态生保系统”(Controlled Ecological Life Support System, CELSS),也称为生物再生生保系统(Bio-regenerative Life Support System, BLSS),保障食物、氧气和水等的持续供应,助力解决人员地外长期生存重大难题。
生保系统物质流调控主要包含大气再生与平衡、水再生与平衡、食物供应与再生、废物循环利用4个方面。目前,空间站主要通过物理化学方法再生氧气、净化二氧化碳(图1)[3],食物采用货运飞船进行定期补充,这些物质循环处理方式能源和资源消耗较高,并不适宜深空探索。第三代CELSS是生保系统未来发展方向(表1)。20世纪中期开始,国外就进行了CELSS中人工生态系统探索,以提高系统空气、食物闭合度。其中,俄罗斯和美国最早探索使用微藻、植物等供氧[4]。随后,欧美多个项目进行了大豆、马铃薯和甘薯等数十种植物种植研究以及黄粉虫、鲑鱼等富含蛋白动物的培育,以加强食物供应[5⇓-7],也尝试研究生态系统的元素循环交换规律[8]。
与之相比,中国CELSS研究起步较晚,但在地面模拟舱研究方面有赶超之势。中国航天员科研训练中心的郭双生等研究了微藻、红萍及多种蔬菜再生气体的能力,发现1.6 m3的藻液能满足1名乘员的氧气需求[9-10];在4人180 d受控生态生保系统集成试验和“月宫一号”试验中通过膜生物反应器处理冷凝水和废水提高了系统水资源的闭合度[11-12],研究种植了小麦、甘薯等几十种作物和蔬菜[13],建立“人-莴苣-微藻-蚕”生态系统,探索引入蚕作为航天员蛋白来源的可行性等[14];也分析了“月宫一号”实验中C、H、O等元素的循环[15]。尽管国内外开展了多方面探索,但CELSS中生态系统构建复杂,缺乏物质流调控策略。
地外高效植物栽培是CELSS构建的关键一环,是航天员长期生存需要解决的重大问题(图2和图3)。光源方面,高压钠灯、红蓝发光二极管(Light Emitting Diode, LED)光源可为植物提供照明[16⇓-18];栽培方式有水培、雾培、基质栽培等[19],也尝试利用月球火星的原位资源开发植物微生物培养基质[20-21]。
国外CELSS栽培装置主要是地面模拟研究。俄罗斯建立了第1个用于研究生态生保系统的大型试验装置地基生物密闭舱[22],类似的还有美国研发的生物量产舱(Biomass Production Chamber, BPC)[23]。在BPC进行的试验结果表明,每20 m2的马铃薯培养能够满足1个人的O2需求[24]。在轨研究主要是小型的生态培养装置,如Lada温室、Veggie温室等(图2)[25]。2013年,中国第1个大型试验装置“月宫一号”建成,是世界上第1个成功的四生物链环人工闭合生态系;“绿航星际”是另一项大型生态生保试验项目。在后续的载人试验中,“绿航星际”和“月宫一号”研究都实现了较高水平的水、气体和食物的闭合度[14]。
长期以来中国缺乏空间种植实验数据,随着中国空间站的不断完善升级,太空种植研究有赶超之势。中国在太空植物种植上也取得了巨大进展。2019年,由重庆大学谢更新[26]团队牵头设计、随“嫦娥四号”登陆月球背面的生物科普试验载荷传回最后一张试验照片,显示载荷内生长出的植物嫩芽长势良好,是人类首次月面的生物生长培育实验(图3)。2023年,“神舟十六号”航天员乘组在中国空间站“太空菜园”喜获丰收[26-27]。
太空生物加工技术有待大力发展。食品加工方面,目前空间站主要依靠简单加热装置,如微波炉、电磁炉和烤箱等[28],还不能满足在轨食品加工的需求[29-30]。因此,美国等进行了膨化食品加工、微生物发酵在轨加工面包的研究[31],而国内还主要停留在简单加热处理。
此外,2010年美国宇航局的艾姆斯研究中心(Ames Research Center, ARC)开展的太空合成生物学研究是一个非常热门的领域,其应用前景广阔。例如,产甲烷菌合成生物推进剂、丰富蓝藻的营养和风味、生产3D打印原料及藻类合成对乙酰氨基酚补充药物库存等[32]。在太空合成生物学研究方面,国内报道较少。
当前,国际空间站的空气监测是将舱内空气采样送往空间站主体进行检测。在轨微生物检测主要依靠培养法。在环境控制调节上,空间站的空气环境净化主要依靠物理吸附、催化、过滤、紫外等进行有害气体与微生物控制,存在资源和能源重消耗问题,不可持续。
生物技术有望在地外行星基地环境监测与控制中发挥重要作用。在微生物检测上,支持向量机模型、MinION、LAMO耦合荧光侧向流层析等高通量测序等有望用于微生物甄别监测[33⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓-39]。在环境污染控制研究中,美国及欧洲航天局等尝试开发新的金属、有机聚合物等微生物防护材料,使之不利于微生物附着和生长;绿萝、菜豆树、罗汉松和九里香等植物对乙苯、甲醛、氨等气体有一定净化作用[40-41];航天器内菌斑清除装置,对菌斑的清除率杀灭率高[42-43]。
综上所述,中国开展第3代生物再生生保系统研究起步较晚但发展迅速。目前,中国大型地面生保系统试验的物质闭合度都已达到全球研究的较高水平,物质循环调控、植物栽培等领域从跟跑趋近于并跑阶段,生物加工、环境监测与控制方面水平较低,处于摸索和追赶阶段。
可循环生保系统和深空探测是航天强国建设的战略需求,也是航天技术发展和自主创新的重大需求。习近平总书记在党的二十大报告中对加快建设航天强国作出重要战略部署,中国航天要心怀“国之大者”,朝着建设航天强国的目标奋勇向前,以“航天梦”托举中国梦。《2021年中国的航天》白皮书中明确指出,未来中国将与相关国家、国际组织和国际合作伙伴共同开展国际月球科研站建设,以期开展月球自身探索和利用、月基观测、基础科学实验和技术验证,支撑地外行星基地建设和深空探测。航天员的地外长期生存是上述工作的开展必须解决的重大难题。可循环生保系统是实现这一远景的关键。面向中国航天强国建设和深空探测目标,可循环生保系统发展面临多重挑战。
1)可循环生保系统基础研究和测试数据严重不足,缺乏创新物质流调控与顶层设计策略
目前,中国的可循环生保系统已经在地面模拟舱实验取得重要进展,但是连续运行的数据有限,尤其是太空实验数据严重不足,对人工生态系统的循环机制有待深入。由于太空环境与地面环境的巨大差异,植物太空生长、生态系统元素循环等数据与地面必定存在巨大差异。目前,有限的地面实验只能验证生态生保系统的方法原理及可行性,而可靠的空间环境中植物生长等系列数据必须由空间实验获得,基础理论的深入、生保系统模拟和空间运行数据的大量积累是系统设计迭代更新的重要前提。
同时,缺乏高效、创新的物质流调控策略。物质流调控决定后续多环节关键技术发展和系统闭合度提升,是可循环生保系统顶层设计的关键环节。目前,对系统长期运行过程中人-机-环境之间的相互作用和影响、系统中生物再生单元与物理化学再生单元等相互之间的协同匹配关系、封闭系统长期运行条件下动植物和微生物之间遗传变异及相互作用关系、系统能量循环利用调控等的认识远未深入,缺乏系统长期封闭运行的高效保障措施和物质调控策略[44]。
2)可循环生保系统生产加工与监测控制技术亟待创新,物资能源闭环供应与风险防控有待提升
首先,生产加工关键技术有待降低外部资源和能源消耗,提升食物、氧气和水等的闭环供应。目前,中国在空间站太空农场、月球生物载荷植物栽培实验中均取得成功,开始进入并跑行列,但上述系统依赖地面营养液、基质等资源和能源供应。在地外基地建设中,不太可能持续从地面长期输送基质等物资保障植物的连续种植。除植物种植外,支撑废弃物加工再生、食品加工等的生物加工技术,同样依赖资源与能源供应。目前,在空间站有限空间中,植物种植材料依赖地面物质支持,植物种植探索仅仅取得初步成功,难言满足驻留人员的蔬菜供应等需求,也缺乏对应的在轨食品加工技术和配套设备。如何提升物质循环再生水平和过程能量效率,也是物质流调控技术面临的一个难题。未来,在追求物资、能源闭环供应的前提下,如何构建植物、动物、微生物等构成的复杂人工生态系统,发展何种生产加工关键技术,实现食物、氧气和水等的循环再生和闭环供应将是更大挑战。
其次,监测控制技术亟待创新,应对地外环境复合污染的设备与人员危害防控。生物危害的监测防控首当其冲。目前,中国气体微生物监测技术起步较晚,与发达国家还存在一定差距,需要下大力气解决空间站、地外行星基地微生物实时监测难题以及监测设备小型化问题。开发适合于生态生保系统的抗菌材料,特异性解决微生物对系统设备腐蚀的问题,也是亟待解决的问题。此外,挥发性有机物、辐射等危害的监测和防控,也是地外行星基地人员长期生存和效能提升必须解决的难题。
3)可循环生保系统缺乏系统化、标准化和规范化研究,存在协调壁垒
首先,可循环生保系统缺乏系统性研究,存在协调难题。每个研究团队都在研究可循环生保系统的一个或几个方面,缺乏统一调度协调各团队研究的机构。各自为战不仅造成了重复实验和资源的浪费,还会对中国的可循环生保系统整体研究进程产生不利影响。
其次,缺乏实际应用的标准和规范。对于可循环生保系统的研究方法可以百花齐放,但是对于未来能够应用于实际的可循环生保系统应该有一个的标准规范,包括目标、技术路线、整体架构、单元设备的标准、能耗、闭合度、成本等方面。标准规范的缺乏,使未来可循环生保系统系统集成变得困难。
综上所述,中国在生保系统地基模拟系统测试中取得了一定进展,在空间站植物种植等少量单元技术上处于并跑行列,但要实现未来地外行星基地食物、氧气、水及生产所需物资能源的闭环供应仍然是巨大挑战。同时,在实现上述目标需要突破的关键生物技术的研究上,如食物资源的循环生产加工、小型实时微生物在轨监测设备的研制、计算机模型的开发、人工智能融合等生物交叉技术等,与西方国家还存在不可忽视的差距。
深空探测是大国竞争的重要领域。月球或火星等地外星球基地的驻留与开发具有重大战略意义。目前,美国、俄罗斯等航天大国均明确提出重返月球、建立月球基地和载人登陆火星计划。如何解决航天员长期驻留是地外行星基地建设需要解决的首要难题。现有物理化学再生生保系统依赖地面物资的远程供应。食物方面,空间站航天员的食物供应大都依赖货运飞船进行定期补充;空间站废物的处理是烘干压缩后丢弃等。地外空间资源匮乏,后勤保障困难。在资源极其受限的条件下,生保系统还需实现物质高度闭合、能量和体积高效利用、运行高度安全可靠,上述物理化学再生生保系统难以达到上述目标、支撑地外行星基地人员长期生存。建立全新一代可循环生保系统,即生物再生生保系统,是解决这一难题的重要出路。
千百年来,植物-微生物-动物-人类等构成的地球生态系统,完美实现了物质和能源的生产、使用和循环再生。目前,中国载人航天工程已经进入空间站阶段,如何突破关键生物技术,在地外行星基地构建“小型人工生态系统”,支撑地外人员的长期生存,是深空探测和生保系统研究的重要发展趋势,主要包括探寻生态系统闭合循环内在机制、发展高效物质流调控策略;研究地外行星高效植物种植、生物加工与生物交叉技术,实现食品、水、氧气、能源、化学品等的原位、闭环供应;创建新型环境生物调节技术,实现驻留人员生存环境质量改善与人机工效提升。
2024年,国际空间站面临退役,中国或成为全球唯一拥有空间站的国家。在下一步月球及火星等地外行星科考基地建设探索中,构建新型生保系统,保障食物、氧气、水等的持续供应,是实现人员地外长期生存需要解决的重大难题。生物技术具有绿色、可持续等固有优势,依托宏基因组学、合成生物学等,发展未来空天生物技术,构建全新一代可循环“生物再生生保系统”,支撑地外行星科考基地建设,将是中国应对大国深空探测竞争的重要策略。为此,提出以下发展建议。
1)加速人工生态系统大数据积累,发展基于人工智能(AI)和元素循环模型的创新物质流调控策略和顶层设计思想
开展模拟空间模式生物筛选与培育研究,构建植物-微生物-动物-人类模拟四生物生态系统,进行生态系统运行与过程监测研究,建立人工生态系统基础数据库,开展系统C、H、O、N、P、S等元素循环机制的创新探索;借助AI算法,发展基于大数据与元素循环模型的全新物质流调控策略和顶层设计思想,为系统长期封闭条件下的运行提供可靠保障。在此基础上,逐步开展空间站、地外模拟基地运行测试,进行AI学习与元素循环模型的迭代优化,支撑地外行星基地可循环生保系统的总体设计与调控。
2)强化纳米科技、合成生物、宏基因组学等与先进植物栽培、生物加工、环境生物调节的融合,全面突破支撑可循环生保系统物资能源闭环供应与风险防控的空天生物交叉技术
首先,发展先进植物生物技术。植物栽培在元素循环、空气再生和食品生产中扮演关键角色,是生态系统的关键一环,建议重点内容包括月球火星原位资源利用、无人种植、种植管理(如光源/温度/湿度调控、基质调控、遗传变异规律与调控等)、培育装备研发、植物育种等,实现地外低压、低重力、高辐射等特殊条件下的高效种植。发展先进生物加工技术,包括地外行星基地食品和医药加工技术,实现地外特殊环境下食药高效加工、制作、保存等;依托支撑第三次生命科学革命的合成生物学技术[45-46],发展基于微生物细胞工厂的能源、化学品加工技术,显著提升地外行星基地资源和能源自给率。
同时,发展先进环境生物调节技术。一方面,发展先进光电/生物监测与防护技术使检测设备更加小型化、使用方式更加简单、结果可靠。例如,基于宏基因组学进行未知生物鉴别,基于CRISPR(Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats,规律间隔成簇短回文重复序列)等进行病原快速检测,基于光电实现人体指标实时监测技术等,支撑危害风险评估和人机工效调控;发展新型抗菌材料,对抗微生物腐蚀与生物危害难题。另一方面,以合成生物学驱动的活性酶、微生物细胞工厂等为核心,进行有毒有害挥发性有机化合物(Volatile Organic Compounds, VOC)、生物危害等的深度净化。
上述关键生物交叉技术的突破,有望大幅降低能耗、提升效率,显著提升资源和能源循环再生水平,解决现有生保系统物化净化技术高消耗、不可持续难题,支撑可循环、高闭合度生保系统的构建。
3)全面推进可循环生保系统研发和应用的系统化、标准化和规范化,全国一盘棋,合力应对未来挑战
空间站建设落成为中国可循环生保系统发展带来了新机遇和挑战。然而,多个团队开展单一技术的研究和攻关,缺乏系统性研究布局,相关标准和规范缺乏,也极大地阻碍了可循环生保系统的研究和应用。建议成立专门的机构或联合工作组,统筹国内生态生保系统顶层设计、单元技术突破和系统集成优化,借鉴欧美发达国家的技术发展和管理经验,有助于推进系统化研发和应用。同时,评估月球、火星基地以及深空探测装备的技术要求(如能耗要求、稳定性要求、营养要求等),制定生态生保系统发展的标准和规范,可避免过度的“特色创新”。全面推进可循环生保系统研发和应用的系统化、标准化和规范化,有助于加快中国可循环生保系统的自主创新研发进程,服务航天强国战略。
深空探测是大国竞争的重要领域。发展新一代生保系统,进行月球等地外科考基地建设,是推进深空探测的关键环节。20世纪60年代,苏联和美国先后将航天员送上太空,并基于第1代非再生和第2代物理化学再生生保系统,向第3代生物再生生保系统迈进。与国外相比,中国在该技术领域起步较晚,只有不到30年的发展历程。2023年,“神舟十六号”携带非专业航天员进入太空,中国自主建设空间站逐步投入运行,标志着中国进入迈向航天强国、实现弯道超车的关键发展期。可循环生保系统,是实现地外行星基地人员长期生存的先决条件。加快相关方向技术突破是中国实现航天强国战略需求的必然选择。
未来,中国需要在地外空间新型生物系统中充分融合合成生物学、宏基因组学、纳米科技等的先进生物交叉技术及成果,提升物质流调控、植物生物、生物加工和环境生物调节等关键技术的创新能力,保证核心技术的自主可控,加速AI、大数据等前沿技术与生保系统的交叉融合,抢先实现全新一代可循环生保系统的落地应用,支撑地外行星基地建设,逐步建立中国在深空探测领域的领先优势,捍卫国家安全。
  • 装备预研教育部联合基金(8091B012103)
  • 装备预研教育部联合基金(8091B022138)
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doi: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2024.01.011
  • 接收时间:2023-10-11
  • 出版时间:2024-03-20
  • 发布时间:2024-03-27
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  • 收稿日期:2023-10-11
  • 修回日期:2024-01-25
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装备预研教育部联合基金(8091B012103)
装备预研教育部联合基金(8091B022138)
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    北京交通大学物理科学与工程学院,北京 100044

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表12种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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