Article(id=1157393072536600640, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, issueId=1157393070754025641, articleNumber=null, orderNo=11, doi=10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2024.01.010, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1699545600000, receivedDateStr=2023-11-10, revisedDate=1706025600000, revisedDateStr=2024-01-24, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753873611815, onlineDateStr=2025-07-30, pubDate=1710864000000, pubDateStr=2024-03-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1711468800000, onlineIssueDateStr=2024-03-27, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753873611815, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774072494239, updator=sys-migrate, issue=Issue{id=1157393070754025641, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, year='2024', volume='3', issue='1', pageStart='100', pageEnd='147', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1710864000000', pubDateStr='2024-03-20', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=1, createTime=1753873611366, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1776075110816, updator='13041195026', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1250512908678017028, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, issueId=1157393070754025641, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=Science and Technology Foresight, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1250512908682211333, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, issueId=1157393070754025641, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=月球及火星等地外行星科考基地建设探索专刊, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=116, endPage=125, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1157393073400627270, articleId=1157393072536600640, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, language=EN, title=Research Status and Development Trends in Lunar Base Communication and Navigation Technology, columnId=1149656489310208610, journalTitle=Science and Technology Foresight, columnName=Review and Commentary, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The lunar base is a crucial hub for future space exploration and resource development, and its successful operation relies on reliable and efficient communication and navigation systems. Therefore, lunar base communication and navigation technology occupies strategic high grounds where major nations are vying for supremacy. This paper summarizes the lunar environment and the status of lunar base construction and briefly introduces the surface environment and lava tube environment. It also discusses lunar base construction and its constituent elements, systematically reviews the development status of lunar communication and navigation technology in China and abroad, along with the critical issues and challenges, and presents future trends in lunar base communication and navigation technology. On this basis, countermeasures are proposed, including low-latency optical communication technology, autonomous navigation technology, and artificial intelligence algorithms. These recommendations aim to support the development of lunar base communication and navigation systems with independent intellectual property rights, promote self-reliance and self-improvement in this field, and contribute to the establishment of a spacefaring nation.

, authors=null, authorsList=Jie ZHANG, Feng ZHOU, Shengjie GUO, Hua WANG, Fulong YAN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Feng ZHOU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
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月球基地是未来空间探索和资源开发的重要支点,其成功运营依赖于可靠、高效的通信和导航系统,因而月球基地通信与导航技术是大国竞相角逐的战略制高点。文章总结分析了月球环境和月球基地建设概况,简要介绍了表面环境和熔岩管环境,并讨论了月球基地建设及组成单元;系统性梳理了国内外月球通信与导航技术发展现状、关键问题与挑战,给出了月球基地通信与导航技术的未来发展趋势。在此基础上,提出了大力发展低时延光通信技术、研制自主导航技术和加强人工智能算法等对策建议,以期服务建设具有自主知识产权的月球通信与导航技术系统,推动月球基地通信与导航技术自立自强,支撑航天强国建设。

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张杰,教授,博士研究生导师。北京邮电大学集成电路学院执行院长。信息光子学与光通信全国重点实验室副主任,信息材料科学与工程北京高校高精尖学科负责人。享受国务院政府特殊津贴专家,百千万人才工程国家级人选,有突出贡献中青年专家。庆祝中华人民共和国成立70周年纪念章获得者,北京市优秀教师。中国通信学会会士,教育部高等学校电子信息类专业教学指导委员会光电信息科学与工程专业教学指导分委员会协作委员,中国光学工程学会理事和光通信与信息网络技术专业委员会主任。《中国邮电高校学报》(英文版)副主编。主要从事光通信与光网络科研等工作。获国家科学技术进步奖二等奖1项、国家技术发明奖二等奖2项、国家级教学成果奖二等奖1项。电子信箱:。

周峰,北京邮电大学领军人才教授,博士研究生导师。曾任中国空间技术研究院508所研发中心主任,四室主任、多个型号指挥,领域副总设计师、卫星型号副总设计师。红外探测全国重点实验室学术委员会委员,中国图象图形学学会空间信息感知与决策专业委员会副主任,中国技术经济学会材料与数字制造专业委员会理事。《航天返回与遥感》编委。主要从事红外探测系统技术和红外探测器技术研究。获军队科学技术进步奖二等奖1项、中国航天科技集团有限公司发明奖三等奖1项。出版译著1部,出版专著1部,发表论文70余篇,授权发明专利90余件,编制行业规范3项。电子信箱:。

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张杰,教授,博士研究生导师。北京邮电大学集成电路学院执行院长。信息光子学与光通信全国重点实验室副主任,信息材料科学与工程北京高校高精尖学科负责人。享受国务院政府特殊津贴专家,百千万人才工程国家级人选,有突出贡献中青年专家。庆祝中华人民共和国成立70周年纪念章获得者,北京市优秀教师。中国通信学会会士,教育部高等学校电子信息类专业教学指导委员会光电信息科学与工程专业教学指导分委员会协作委员,中国光学工程学会理事和光通信与信息网络技术专业委员会主任。《中国邮电高校学报》(英文版)副主编。主要从事光通信与光网络科研等工作。获国家科学技术进步奖二等奖1项、国家技术发明奖二等奖2项、国家级教学成果奖二等奖1项。电子信箱:。

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张杰,教授,博士研究生导师。北京邮电大学集成电路学院执行院长。信息光子学与光通信全国重点实验室副主任,信息材料科学与工程北京高校高精尖学科负责人。享受国务院政府特殊津贴专家,百千万人才工程国家级人选,有突出贡献中青年专家。庆祝中华人民共和国成立70周年纪念章获得者,北京市优秀教师。中国通信学会会士,教育部高等学校电子信息类专业教学指导委员会光电信息科学与工程专业教学指导分委员会协作委员,中国光学工程学会理事和光通信与信息网络技术专业委员会主任。《中国邮电高校学报》(英文版)副主编。主要从事光通信与光网络科研等工作。获国家科学技术进步奖二等奖1项、国家技术发明奖二等奖2项、国家级教学成果奖二等奖1项。电子信箱:。

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周峰,北京邮电大学领军人才教授,博士研究生导师。曾任中国空间技术研究院508所研发中心主任,四室主任、多个型号指挥,领域副总设计师、卫星型号副总设计师。红外探测全国重点实验室学术委员会委员,中国图象图形学学会空间信息感知与决策专业委员会副主任,中国技术经济学会材料与数字制造专业委员会理事。《航天返回与遥感》编委。主要从事红外探测系统技术和红外探测器技术研究。获军队科学技术进步奖二等奖1项、中国航天科技集团有限公司发明奖三等奖1项。出版译著1部,出版专著1部,发表论文70余篇,授权发明专利90余件,编制行业规范3项。电子信箱:。

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Link assignment algorithm research on Earth-Moon spatial information network[J]. Journal of Deep Space Exploration, 2019, 6(6): 553-560. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Link assignment algorithm research on Earth-Moon spatial information network, refAbstract=When we design the topology,how to assign the numerable communication terminals on each satellite to build communication links,and then construct a well performing network topology,becomes a significant research problem. With the object of minimizing the average distance between lunar relay satellites to ground station, and subject to the communication terminal quantity on satellites as well as the connectivity between lunar relay satellites and ground station,we proposed the link assignment algorithm based on competitive decision(LAA-CD)and the link assignment algorithm based on simulated annealing (LAA-SA),and then compared the performances of those two algorithms with the greedy algorithm. The simulation result shows that both resulted topologies of LAA-CD and LAA-SA have shorter average distance than the greedy algorithm,and LAA-SA can greatly reduce the time complexity. This paper further compares two different constellations and finds out the network topology based on the lunar polar orbit satellite constellation always has a shorter average distance than the Earth-Moon Lagrange satellite constellation. It will provide technology support for the future satellite networks assignments.), Reference(id=1242113355826139785, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393072536600640, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=26, issue=5, pageStart=635, pageEnd=642, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[8], rfOrder=13, authorNames=张大鹏, 许子涵, 王爱华, journalName=载人航天, refType=null, unstructuredReference=张大鹏, 许子涵, 王爱华, 等. 地月空间通信网络协议研究[J]. 载人航天, 2020, 26(5): 635-642., articleTitle=地月空间通信网络协议研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242113355893248650, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393072536600640, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=26, issue=5, pageStart=635, pageEnd=642, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[8], rfOrder=14, authorNames=Zhang D P, Xu Z H, Wang A H, journalName=Manned Spaceflight, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhang D P, Xu Z H, Wang A H, et al. 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Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy, 2020, 132, doi: 10.1007/s10569-019-9940-2., articleTitle=The vicinity of the Earth-Moon \(L_1\) point in the bicircular problem, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242113356019077772, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393072536600640, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=36, issue=6, pageStart=76, pageEnd=83, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[10], rfOrder=16, authorNames=Raza W, Abele E, O’Hara J, journalName=IEEE Network, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Raza W, Abele E, O’Hara J, et al. Toward a hybrid RF/optical lunar communication system (Lunar Comm)[J]. IEEE Network, 2022, 36(6): 76-83., articleTitle=Toward a hybrid RF/optical lunar communication system (Lunar Comm), refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242113356115546765, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393072536600640, doi=10.1002/sat.v39.3, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=39, issue=3, pageStart=237, pageEnd=249, url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/toc/15420981/39/3, language=null, rfNumber=[11], rfOrder=17, authorNames=Caini C, De Cola G M, Persampieri L, journalName=International Journal of Satellite Communications and Networking, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Caini C, De Cola G M, Persampieri L. Schedule-aware bundle routing: Analysis and enhancements[J]. 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Acta Astronautica, 2015, 111: 77-83., articleTitle=Lunar laser communication demonstration operations architecture, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242113356262347407, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393072536600640, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[13], rfOrder=19, authorNames=Genova A, Kaplinger B, Wilde M, journalName=2018 IEEE Aerospace Conference, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Genova A, Kaplinger B, Wilde M, et al. Establishment and design of an Earth-Moon communications network in lunar polar orbit[C]// 2018 IEEE Aerospace Conference. Piscataway: IEEE Press, 2018, doi: 10.1109/AERO.2018.8396442., articleTitle=Establishment and design of an Earth-Moon communications network in lunar polar orbit, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242113356329456272, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393072536600640, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2011, volume=null, issue=5, pageStart=85, pageEnd=90, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[14], rfOrder=20, authorNames=张广林, 胡小梅, 柴剑飞, journalName=现代机械, refType=null, unstructuredReference=张广林, 胡小梅, 柴剑飞, 等. 路径规划算法及其应用综述[J]. 现代机械, 2011(5): 85-90., articleTitle=路径规划算法及其应用综述, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242113356392370833, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393072536600640, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2011, volume=null, issue=5, pageStart=85, pageEnd=90, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[14], rfOrder=21, authorNames=Zhang G L, Hu X M, Chai J F, journalName=Modern Machinery, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhang G L, Hu X M, Chai J F, et al. 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Introduction of Earth-Moon navigation and positioning

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目 特性
与地球差异 信号弱、测量几何差
特点 地球周围运行的导航卫星就足以满足月球正面的导航需求
定位基准选择 基于太阳和行星的天文导航;基于小行星或行星卫星的导航;基于X射线脉冲星的导航
导航定轨 几何定轨;动力学定轨
导航方案 借用全球定位系统(Global Positioning System, GPS);自主导航(传感器)
应用 航天器测轨与定位、对月相对静止导航
), ArticleFig(id=1242113353162756729, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393072536600640, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

地月导航定位的相关介绍

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目 特性
与地球差异 信号弱、测量几何差
特点 地球周围运行的导航卫星就足以满足月球正面的导航需求
定位基准选择 基于太阳和行星的天文导航;基于小行星或行星卫星的导航;基于X射线脉冲星的导航
导航定轨 几何定轨;动力学定轨
导航方案 借用全球定位系统(Global Positioning System, GPS);自主导航(传感器)
应用 航天器测轨与定位、对月相对静止导航
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月球基地通信与导航技术研究现状与发展趋势
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张杰 1, 2 , 周峰 1, 2, † , 郭胜洁 1, 3 , 王华 1, 3 , 闫付龙 1, 3
前瞻科技 | 综述与述评 2024,3(1): 116-125
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前瞻科技 | 综述与述评 2024, 3(1): 116-125
月球基地通信与导航技术研究现状与发展趋势
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张杰1, 2 , 周峰1, 2, † , 郭胜洁1, 3, 王华1, 3, 闫付龙1, 3
作者信息
  • 1.信息光子学与光通信全国重点实验室,北京 100876
  • 2.北京邮电大学集成电路学院,北京 100876
  • 3.北京邮电大学电子工程学院,北京 100876
  • 张杰,教授,博士研究生导师。北京邮电大学集成电路学院执行院长。信息光子学与光通信全国重点实验室副主任,信息材料科学与工程北京高校高精尖学科负责人。享受国务院政府特殊津贴专家,百千万人才工程国家级人选,有突出贡献中青年专家。庆祝中华人民共和国成立70周年纪念章获得者,北京市优秀教师。中国通信学会会士,教育部高等学校电子信息类专业教学指导委员会光电信息科学与工程专业教学指导分委员会协作委员,中国光学工程学会理事和光通信与信息网络技术专业委员会主任。《中国邮电高校学报》(英文版)副主编。主要从事光通信与光网络科研等工作。获国家科学技术进步奖二等奖1项、国家技术发明奖二等奖2项、国家级教学成果奖二等奖1项。电子信箱:。

    周峰,北京邮电大学领军人才教授,博士研究生导师。曾任中国空间技术研究院508所研发中心主任,四室主任、多个型号指挥,领域副总设计师、卫星型号副总设计师。红外探测全国重点实验室学术委员会委员,中国图象图形学学会空间信息感知与决策专业委员会副主任,中国技术经济学会材料与数字制造专业委员会理事。《航天返回与遥感》编委。主要从事红外探测系统技术和红外探测器技术研究。获军队科学技术进步奖二等奖1项、中国航天科技集团有限公司发明奖三等奖1项。出版译著1部,出版专著1部,发表论文70余篇,授权发明专利90余件,编制行业规范3项。电子信箱:。

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†
†
Research Status and Development Trends in Lunar Base Communication and Navigation Technology
Jie ZHANG1, 2 , Feng ZHOU1, 2, † , Shengjie GUO1, 3, Hua WANG1, 3, Fulong YAN1, 3
Affiliations
  • 1. State Key Laboratory of Information Photonics and Optical Communications, Beijing 100876, China
  • 2. School of Integrated Circuits, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China
  • 3. School of Electronic Engineering, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China
出版时间: 2024-03-20 doi: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2024.01.010
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月球基地是未来空间探索和资源开发的重要支点,其成功运营依赖于可靠、高效的通信和导航系统,因而月球基地通信与导航技术是大国竞相角逐的战略制高点。文章总结分析了月球环境和月球基地建设概况,简要介绍了表面环境和熔岩管环境,并讨论了月球基地建设及组成单元;系统性梳理了国内外月球通信与导航技术发展现状、关键问题与挑战,给出了月球基地通信与导航技术的未来发展趋势。在此基础上,提出了大力发展低时延光通信技术、研制自主导航技术和加强人工智能算法等对策建议,以期服务建设具有自主知识产权的月球通信与导航技术系统,推动月球基地通信与导航技术自立自强,支撑航天强国建设。

月球基地  /  月地通信  /  路径规划  /  自主导航

The lunar base is a crucial hub for future space exploration and resource development, and its successful operation relies on reliable and efficient communication and navigation systems. Therefore, lunar base communication and navigation technology occupies strategic high grounds where major nations are vying for supremacy. This paper summarizes the lunar environment and the status of lunar base construction and briefly introduces the surface environment and lava tube environment. It also discusses lunar base construction and its constituent elements, systematically reviews the development status of lunar communication and navigation technology in China and abroad, along with the critical issues and challenges, and presents future trends in lunar base communication and navigation technology. On this basis, countermeasures are proposed, including low-latency optical communication technology, autonomous navigation technology, and artificial intelligence algorithms. These recommendations aim to support the development of lunar base communication and navigation systems with independent intellectual property rights, promote self-reliance and self-improvement in this field, and contribute to the establishment of a spacefaring nation.

lunar base  /  lunar-earth communication  /  path planning  /  autonomous navigation
张杰, 周峰, 郭胜洁, 王华, 闫付龙. 月球基地通信与导航技术研究现状与发展趋势. 前瞻科技, 2024 , 3 (1) : 116 -125 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2024.01.010
Jie ZHANG, Feng ZHOU, Shengjie GUO, Hua WANG, Fulong YAN. Research Status and Development Trends in Lunar Base Communication and Navigation Technology[J]. Science and Technology Foresight, 2024 , 3 (1) : 116 -125 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2024.01.010
随着人类深空探索的不断发展和月球基地计划的日益成熟,月球表面的通信和导航技术变得至关重要。月球基地是未来空间探索和资源开发的重要支点,而其成功运营依赖于可靠、高效的通信和导航系统。目前,美国、欧盟、俄罗斯和中国等国家和地区的航天机构和科研机构都在进行新一代月地通信技术体制、月球地标识别、星座导航、惯性导航等方面的研究。美国计划在2024年实施月球南极登陆,并明确提出主导国际探测新格局;欧洲航天局提出了月球南极探测计划,在月球南极建立“月球村”;俄罗斯制定了月球南极探测规划,拟实施“Luna-25”至“Luna-28”任务,并在南极建立“月球基地”。中国计划启动一批新的航天重大工程,争取在2035年之前建成国际月球科研站。
在月球上建立基地一直是人类思考、计划和分析的主题。随着科技的发展,月球基地的概念变得更加现实可行。以前的探月任务和活动仅限于使用机器人着陆器和绕月卫星,以及使用航天员的突击类型的操作,下一阶段的首要目标是通过可持续的方法实现人类在月球上的永久驻留。图1展望了2050年月球基地太空活动的前景[1]。与地面通信、定位及导航系统不同,月地之间通信距离长、月球表面的特殊环境(如月尘、温度变化等)对导航系统的可靠性和稳定性提出了更高的要求。确保与地球的稳定通信链路和精准导航系统是月球基地顺利建设和正常运行的基石。通信保障了地球与基地的联系,实时传输数据和信息;而导航系统则是保障人员和设备在月球表面移动和定位的关键。这些关键技术的有效性直接影响着基地的安全性、科研能力和生产效率。为长期在月球上开展可持续探索和研究,通信和导航技术的发展和应用至关重要。
针对月球基地通信和导航关键技术,国内外均开展了相应研究,如国外研究者开发了通信协议和算法,用来解决通信延迟问题;国内科研机构和高校致力于通信技术、传感器技术和自主导航算法等,用来满足月球探测任务的需求。月球基地通信与导航技术的研究是一项复杂且具有前瞻性的工作,其不仅为月球基地的建设和运行提供必要支持,保证人员和资源的准确定位和移动,而且为未来太空探索提供经验和技术基础,为人类进一步深入探索外层空间做支撑。
月球基地的建设要满足航天员日常生活、开展实验和进行科学研究等需求。熔岩管内环境能满足上述条件,因此月球基地一般建设在熔岩管内。此外,月球表面环境与地面环境差异巨大,如陨石撞击、强烈辐射等。月球的特殊环境会影响通信导航定位,给通信系统的可靠性和定位系统的准确性带来了严峻的挑战。
月球表面有三大重要的地貌特征,分别为撞击盆地、陨石坑和熔岩管道。熔岩管道是在熔岩流内部自然形成的管道:当液态的熔岩流流动时,由于表面冷却较快,形成固体硬壳,在表层硬壳的保温作用下,其内部温度高、流速快,从而形成管道。熔岩管具有稳定的温度,因为它们被月球表面覆盖物所保护不会产生温度变化,其温度范围为-20~30 ℃;熔岩管在月球表面6 m之下,在一定程度上提供辐射屏蔽,可免于遭受太阳风和宇宙射线影响。月球熔岩管在月球上的长期存在也证明了其结构足够稳定,可以承受月震的影响。
月球基地建设可能的选址地点包括月表区域和月球内部的熔岩管道。由于熔岩管内部环境因素,如温度、辐射剂量和陨石撞击概率等,都相对稳定。综合考虑地形、光照条件、水资源分布等复杂因素影响,相比在月球表面建造基地,在月球熔岩管中建造基地具有明显优势。在月球空间探索和资源开发中,基地选址的合理性直接关系到通信与导航系统的部署和性能,因此选址时需要充分考虑通信信号的覆盖范围及地形特征,以确保通信与导航系统的可靠性和效率。
基地建设方案需综合考虑通信与导航的要求。月球基地建设需要兼顾无人阶段与有人阶段。月球基地在建设时需要从整体进行策划。其中,无人基地以月球探测、对天观测、空间探测为主;有人基地主要以空间试验、物资生产等科研与生产活动为主。月球基地建设阶段如图2所示。在基地准备阶段,发射着陆器携带月面巡视探测器着陆到月球基地选址的意向区域,执行选址勘测任务,利用巡视器进行详细勘察,确认月球基地选址的适当性。基地供给阶段,发射着陆器和月面工作机器人到月面,着陆器携带科学探测设备、能源站和通信站组件,除执行常规科学探测任务外,还承担能源和通信功能,为后续建设提供基础设施保障。
月球基地是一个复杂的系统。图3展示了月球基地的各个组成单元。这些组成单元密切相互关联,共同构成一个完整的月球基地生态系统。物资着陆区是基地的入口和补给中心,负责接收、储存和分发来自地球的必要物资,包括食物、设备和工具,为基地提供必要的支持和资源。能源补给单元是月球基地的动力中心,包括太阳能电池板等能源系统,以确保基地的电力需求得到满足,为基地的各项活动提供稳定的能源供应。工作生活单元包括中心站和科研站,它们是航天员的主要活动和居住区域。中心站是月球基地的核心运营中心。科研站用于进行科学研究和实验。生命保障单元包括温室和空气、水循环系统,用于维持航天员的生命支持需求。通信导航站通过通信卫星、遥感卫星和导航卫星平面提供通信服务和导航定位功能[2]。这些组成单元和系统共同构建了一个功能齐全的月球基地,不仅为航天员提供了必要的资源和支持,还为科学研究和未来的探索提供了平台。
通信在月球基地上发挥着至关重要的作用。月球通信层次从低到高依次是月地通信、远程通信、近距离通信和基地内部通信。作为太空通信领域一项关键、基本的通信技术,月地通信技术用于实现地球与月球之间的通信。与地球不同,月球没有大气层,无法反射信号,因此天线始终需要直接视线接触,采用多颗卫星通信是最有效的策略。针对远程通信,漫游车和太阳能电池板也可以通过卫星来实现,而短距离通信可以通过小型偶极天线来实现,因为由于月球的环境和地形,它们只能发送最远10 km的信号。基地内部通信可以通过标准以太网电缆实现。
导航定位是指确定物体相对已知参考系的位置,通过三维坐标系下的距离或者离线地图来计算位置,以满足实时定位、静/动态定位、自定位和远程定位的需求。导航是指在定位基础上的路径规划,主要有导航卫星星座设计、时空基准、专用接口/数据格式/通信制式/自主交换/数据存储/导航天线、导航卫星互联互通等内容,以满足导航兼容性、全球互通性、可靠性和自主可控等需求。本节从国内外研究来综述月地通信研究进展和导航定位技术,并分析实现月球基地通信系统的关键问题与挑战。
张立华等[3]分析了地月通信存在的多种难题,为了突破常规通信能力限制,解决月地通信信号传输的稳定性不强的问题,满足深空探测任务日益增大的数据传输需求,提出了地月激光通信技术整体方案。石蕾蕾[4]针对星际互联网络面临的长链路延时和长时间中断问题提出LTP(Licklider Transmission Protocol)协议,并与TCP(Transmission Control Protocol)协议栈和UDP(User Datagram Protocol)协议栈进行了吞吐量性能比较。李光磊等[5]通过增加GEO(Geosynchronous Earth Orbit)卫星、绕月卫星、月面终端及对应链路,实现GEO卫星、绕月卫星及月面终端之间的互联互通,STK(Satellite Tool Kit)仿真对比结果验证了新增地月系统的合理性。
地月通信领域的研究也涵盖了网络拓扑、链路分配、通信协议等方面的问题。这些问题需要综合考虑有限资源和传播延迟等因素。国内外的研究者通过竞争决策思想、模拟退火法等方法,提出了一系列的算法,以改善通信链路的效率和性能。孙晨华等[6]针对载人月球探测月面全空域、全时域覆盖的通信需求,确定了引入中继通信的地月空间信息网络体系架构为最优方案。刘冰怡等[7]对卫星上有限的通信终端分配以及构建网络拓扑问题进行了研究,提出了基于竞争决策思想的链路分配算法和基于模拟退火法的链路分配算法,能够有效降低算法的时间复杂度。
张大鹏等[8]针对地月空间长距离通信较长延时、月背遮挡导致的间断性链路连接问题以及有限资源下地月空间网络通信综合利用问题,提出了基于地月空间通信链路的组网通信方案,可以满足各类应用业务数据传输要求。巴塞罗那大学Jorba-Cuscó等[9]针对太阳辐射压力对地月系统轨道影响展开研究,修正了两个包含太阳引力效应的地月系统中探测器的运动模型,同时考虑了太阳辐射压力的影响。Raza等[10]提出了将射频技术与自由空间光通信这两种技术集成为混合技术的RF/FSO(Radio Frequency/Free Space Optics)月球通信架构,以满足地月稳定高速通信的需求。
针对自主性和可持续性不足的月地通信挑战,国内外的研究者在寻找解决方案时,提出了多种创新性的方法。博洛尼亚大学Caini等[11]讨论了月球到地球的DTN(Delay Tolerant Network)通信,以满足空间场景中的通信需求,并在可靠性和安全性方面取得了显著改进。美国麻省理工学院Khatri等[12]探讨了月球激光通信演示操作体系结构,分析了激光通信面临的包括大气和云问题,以及预测回避等问题。美国航空航天局(National Aeronautics and Space Administration, NASA)艾姆斯研究中心Genova等[13]建立、分析和设计了绕月多通信轨道星座网络。网络将作为地球和月球上的载人和机器人地面站之间的中继链路,使月球表面的持续作业成为可能。
典型地面导航定位系统由空间段、地面段和用户段3部分组成。导航定位系统是月球基地关键组成部分,确保月球基地内的航天器、机器人、航天员等能够精确地确定自己的位置并实现目标导航,路径规划能更好地实现目标导航。全局规划Dijkstra算法是最上层的运动规划逻辑。依据机器人预先记录的环境地图并结合机器人当前位置以及任务目标点的位置,在地图上找到前往目标点最快捷的路径[14]。DWA(Dynamic Window Approach)是一种局部规划方法,用于在给定机器人当前状态和环境条件下选择合适的速度和方向。DWA算法考虑了机器人的动力学特性,同时通过评估不同速度和方向的候选轨迹来避免障碍物。局部规划RRT(Rapid Random Tree)/DWA算法将RRT和DWA相结合,以实现在局部环境中的路径规划。它首先使用RRT来生成候选轨迹,然后使用DWA来评估这些轨迹,并选择最佳的轨迹以满足机器人的运动特性和避障需求。基于导航定位系统的原理及软件算法,结合地月导航定位与地球的差异,地月导航定位的特点、定位、基准、选择,以及导航定轨、导航方案和地月导航应用,地月导航定位的相关介绍见表1。
党的二十大报告提出要加快建设航天强国。随着中国航天事业的飞速发展,月球基地将成为中国航天科技的新高地。通过建设月球基地,中国有望进一步巩固其在国际太空竞赛中的地位,并在太空科技、资源开发和探索领域发挥更加重要的作用。对标当前世界一流水平和航天强国要求,中国月球基地的通信与导航技术已取得长足进步,但仍存在一定差距与不足。现有系统建设的挑战主要体现在以下方面。
1)月地通信信号传输稳定性不强
考虑到月球的6.7°摆动,皮里陨石坑的基地在大约两周时间内从地球上可见,但在接下来的两周内看不见,直到再次建立直接通信联系。位于皮里陨石坑北缘的基地将从地球的视野中消失,需要一个位于84° N左右的通信站,该站始终可见,但距基地约170 km;或基地高约38 km的通信塔,从地球上始终可以看到。
利用拉格朗日点的概念,尽可能使用与地球的直接通信,否则使用L2和L4/L5的卫星作为中继站。计算表明,考虑月球表面和L2周围移动的卫星,当通信站位于基准面时,不能始终保证通信,需要一座2~3 km高的塔。若直接通信链路不可行,则需要在远离主基地的早期阶段进行大量建设工作,因此将几颗卫星放置在月球轨道上并直接在主基地使用天线要容易得多,这是建立基地的最小前期保障。卫星还可以独立于地面状态放置在轨道上,从而减少后期运维工作。
由于天线需要时间来适应新卫星,只有一根天线的通信链路每隔几分钟就会中断几秒钟。在主基地配备两个天线,确保持续连接,并且在需要时并行使用两个天线可以达到更高的数据传输速率。研究表明,一个功率仅7 W、直径1 m长的通信站天线在频率为2 625 MHz时可以实现轨道卫星的通信速率为61 Mbit/s,功耗估计约为72 W,其中包括放大器(约50 W)和一些硬件(约15 W)。在通信要求不是很高的情况下,通过良好测试的无线电通信设备就可以满足。然而,后期阶段可以考虑激光通信,以适应未来带宽需求的急速增加。
2)地标和地图缺失
月球基地的导航与位置服务是实现月球探测、资源开发及科研活动的核心组成部分。然而,月球基地缺乏地球上常见的全球卫星导航系统的覆盖,因此传统的导航技术不适用于月球。在月球表面,尤其是在月球背面,无法通过地球上的卫星信号来实现定位,因此需要开发全新的月球表面地图、地标识别技术和导航算法。这些算法必须能够依赖月球表面的地形特征、地标及可能的信标来定位,并提供高精度的定位信息。
月球表面地形复杂,存在着山脉、陨石坑、峡谷等各种地形,这些地形特征会对导航产生影响。为了实现安全和高效的路径规划,需开展月球表面地形的详细测绘和分析,以确保导航系统可以避开潜在的障碍物。另外,实时导航需要考虑到信号传播时间,以便及时调整航向和路径。这对于月球车辆、机器人和航天员的安全导航至关重要,需要研究延迟补偿算法和实时路径规划策略。此外,能源供应和设备稳定性也是自主导航的关键问题,月球表面的温度波动大,这对导航设备和传感器的稳定性提出了挑战,必须确保设备在月夜时能够正常运行。
3)自主性和可持续性不足
在月球基地的建设和运营中,确保通信与导航系统的自主性和可持续性至关重要。① 通信与导航系统的自主性意味着这些系统需要能够在月球上长期运行,而不依赖地球的支持。这意味着月球基地需要建立自主的能源供应系统。月球上的太阳能和核能等能源资源有望成为主要的能源来源。然而,利用这些资源也面临着一系列技术挑战,包括太阳能电池的性能优化、核能源的安全性等问题。因此,月球基地通信与导航系统需要具备高度的能源自主性,以保证系统的稳定运行。② 通信与导航系统的可持续性涉及系统的维护和升级。由于月球上的极端环境和封闭性,通信与导航设备可能会受到月球表面的尘埃、高温、低温等因素的影响,需要定期维护和保养。③ 随着科技的发展,通信与导航技术也会不断更新和演进。因此,月球基地需要建立可持续的维护和升级机制,确保通信与导航系统始终保持最新的技术水平。
月球基地通信与导航技术对月球基地建设和运行起着的关键性作用,不仅支持月球基地内部的人员和资源定位与移动,还为未来的太空探索提供了经验和技术基础。目前,美国、欧盟、俄罗斯和中国等国家和地区的航天机构和科研机构都在进行相关方面的研究。未来月球基地通信与导航技术的发展趋势包括以下4方面。
1)高带宽低延时广覆盖通信
随着人类月球探索任务的日益复杂,以及对月球资源的勘探和利用计划的不断拓展,对通信系统的需求也在不断增加。在这一进程中,高带宽与低延迟通信将成为支持科学研究、资源开发和基础设施运营的关键因素。月球基地通信需要高带宽来传输大量的科学数据和图像。科研任务涉及广泛的领域,包括地质学、天文学、地球科学等。这些领域的数据需要及时传输以支持实时分析和决策。例如,高分辨率的地形图像、月球地壳成分分析、太空天文观测数据等都需要大带宽传输,以便科学家们能够更深入地理解月球的构成和演化。
低延时通信对完成月球基地任务至关重要。月球基地的操作和导航需要实时数据反馈,以确保探测器和设备的安全运行。例如,月球车的遥控操作需要低延时通信,以便操作员可以及时响应地形变化或障碍物。光通信技术将在月球基地通信中发挥关键作用。光通信采用光纤或激光等光学技术,具有高带宽、低延时和抗干扰等优势,适用于长距离通信。在月球探索任务中,光通信可以用于地面控制中心与月球基地之间的数据传输,以及月球车、探测器与基地之间的实时通信。此外,光通信还可以用于月球地球间的长距离通信,以支持科学数据的传输和任务控制。未来,光通信技术的进一步发展将提高月球通信的效率和可靠性,有望实现月球基地与地球之间的高速数据交流。卫星网络的升级和扩展将为月球探索提供更多灵活的通信选项,并加速对月球和太空的探索。
2)自主导航和位置服务
自主导航与位置服务是月球基地通信与导航技术的重要组成部分,将为未来的月球探索提供关键的支持和保障。月球表面复杂多变,自主导航技术成为月球探测器、月球车和未来航天员的必备能力。自主导航通常依赖于传感器技术,如激光雷达、相机、陀螺仪等,来获取周围环境的信息。通过处理和分析数据,实现实时的位置和姿态估计。自主导航技术的发展不仅可以提高导航的精确性,还可以增加月球探测任务的安全性,降低任务失败的风险。
位置服务在月球基地通信与导航中的应用也具有重要价值。位置服务不仅可以用于确定设备的物理位置,还可以用于多个设备之间的相对定位,以支持协同工作和任务协调。在月球探测任务中,多个设备如月球车、探测器、通信中继站等需要精确的相对位置信息,以避免碰撞和优化任务执行。因此,位置服务可以通过先进的传感器技术和数据融合算法,提供准确的位置信息,并支持复杂任务的协同执行。自主导航和位置服务的发展还将促进月球基地通信与导航技术的自主性和智能化。随着传感器技术和算法的不断进步,月球设备将能够更好地感知和理解周围环境,实现自主决策和路径规划。这将减少对地球控制中心的依赖,提高任务执行的灵活性和效率。
3)深度学习和人工智能
深度学习与人工智能在未来月球基地通信与导航技术中将发挥重要作用,为月球探索提供更智能、自适应的通信与导航解决方案。深度学习可以用于地形识别和地图构建,通过分析月球表面图像和数据,自动识别地形特征并生成高精度地图。这些地图将为月球车、探测器等设备提供准确的导航信息,有助于避免障碍物、规划安全路径,提高导航的精确性和效率。
人工智能可以用于智能信号处理和调度,通过预测通信链路的状态和质量,实现自适应调整信号传输参数,以确保通信的稳定性和可靠性。此外,人工智能还可以用于自主网络管理,监测通信系统的健康状态,及时发现并解决问题,提高通信的持续性和可维护性。深度学习与人工智能的结合还将推动月球基地通信与导航技术的自主性和智能化。通过深度学习的模式识别和智能决策,通信与导航系统可以更好地适应不同任务和环境的需求,实现自主决策和反馈控制。这将使月球基地具备更高的自主性和适应性,能够更好地应对复杂和多变的任务需求。
4)量子安全通信
在月球基地通信与导航技术领域,安全和隐私保护是至关重要的考虑因素。月球基地的通信必须受到保护,以防止未经授权的访问和信息泄露。加密技术将在月球通信中发挥关键作用。数据加密确保了信息在传输过程中的保密性,防止黑客或未经授权的访问。身份验证技术也是安全的关键组成部分,以确保只有经过授权的用户可以访问敏感信息。随着量子计算的崛起,量子安全通信技术也将成为月球通信的一个重要方面,以抵御未来量子计算攻击。隐私保护需要建立严格的数据管理和访问控制机制,确保只有经过授权的人员可以访问和使用这些敏感数据。此外,数据脱敏和匿名化技术也将用于降低隐私泄露的风险。
月球探索是一个全球性的努力方向,各国都在积极参与。国际合作可以加速技术的发展和推广,共同应对技术挑战。国际标准的制定和采用是关键。统一的通信和导航标准将有助于不同国家的设备和系统互操作性,提高整个月球基地通信与导航系统的效率。资源共享是国际合作的一个重要方面。月球探索需要大量的资源,包括通信卫星、地面站设备和导航系统。国际合作可以促进资源的共享和分担,降低成本,提高效率。
针对月球基地通信与导航技术未来趋势展望的分析,综合世界各国航天及探月发展战略以及结合中国实际情况,未来中国在月球基地通信及导航技术领域需要在如下关键方向和技术进行布局。
1)大力发展低延迟通信技术
高带宽与低延迟通信不仅是月球基地通信的重要支持,也将为月球科学研究、资源利用和探索任务的成功作出重要贡献。未来高带宽与低延迟通信技术将不断演进,采用更高效的传输协议、更先进的通信设备和更强大的信号处理技术。光通信技术的应用可能成为解决月球通信需求的一种关键方法。通过使用激光或光纤来传输数据,可以实现更高的传输速度和更低的延迟。光通信和卫星网络是未来月球基地通信与导航技术的关键组成部分。它们将共同构建一个高效、全球覆盖的通信基础设施,支持月球科学研究、资源利用和探索任务的顺利进行。
2)研制自主导航定位技术
自主导航和位置服务是未来月球基地通信与导航技术的关键组成部分,将为月球探索提供精确的导航和协同工作支持。未来的研究应聚焦于开发适用于月球环境的高精度定位技术、地形感知与避障系统、延迟补偿算法以及设备稳定性提升策略。这将为月球基地的科学研究、资源勘探和人类探险提供坚实的支持,有望在未来的月球探索中取得突破性进展。构建更加智能、自主的月球基地通信与导航系统,为未来的航天员和探测器提供更安全、高效的任务执行环境。
3)加强人工智能算法及模型研发
深度学习与人工智能将为未来月球基地通信与导航技术注入更多智能和自适应的元素,提高通信的质量和导航的精确性。基于机器学习和人工智能的导航算法,可提高自主导航能力。这些技术可以帮助系统根据先前的导航经验和数据来自主调整和改进导航过程。它们还可以自动识别和纠正导航中的错误,以提高导航的可靠性和效率。随着深度学习和人工智能领域的不断突破和创新,构建更智能、高效的月球通信与导航系统,将为中国月球探索提供更坚实的技术支撑。
月球基地通信与导航技术作为月球探索的核心组成部分,是深化月球科学研究的必由之路。在月球表面实现精准通信和导航技术,既有利于月球基地的建设和运行,也有助于实现人类在月球上的可持续活动。与发展人造地球卫星和载人航天相比,开展月球探测工程具有很强的科学性、探索性和开放性。月球基地建设面临月球表面的极端温度、地形复杂性以及地球与月球之间的通信延迟等问题,为应对这些挑战,必须深入研究并不断改进通信和导航技术,以确保月球基地的安全和有效运行。中国月球探索起步较晚,相较于发达国家水平,中国月球探索在基础理论和关键技术上仍有待进一步发展。当前,中国正处于航天大国迈向航天强国的关键转型期,是实现弯道超车的重要时机。未来月球基地通信和导航技术将朝着一体化、自动化、智能化和网络化的方向发展。中国需要继续努力加强基础研究,提高关键算法和装备的创新能力,以确保月球基地的通信和导航技术能够自主掌握,为月球探索的成功提供坚实的基础。随着时间的推移,这些技术将不仅仅服务于月球探索,还将为更广泛的太空探索提供关键支持,为人类探索宇宙的壮丽旅程铺平道路。
  • 国家自然科学基金(61831003)
  • 中央高校基本科研业务费重大预研项目(ZDYY202102)
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doi: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2024.01.010
  • 接收时间:2023-11-10
  • 出版时间:2024-03-20
  • 发布时间:2024-03-27
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  • 收稿日期:2023-11-10
  • 修回日期:2024-01-24
基金
国家自然科学基金(61831003)
中央高校基本科研业务费重大预研项目(ZDYY202102)
作者信息
    1.信息光子学与光通信全国重点实验室,北京 100876
    2.北京邮电大学集成电路学院,北京 100876
    3.北京邮电大学电子工程学院,北京 100876

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表12种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
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Number of
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Number of
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Percentage of
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Genus
种数
Number of
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Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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