Article(id=1157393072444330160, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, issueId=1157393070754025641, articleNumber=null, orderNo=13, doi=10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2024.01.012, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1695052800000, receivedDateStr=2023-09-19, revisedDate=1705852800000, revisedDateStr=2024-01-22, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753873611793, onlineDateStr=2025-07-30, pubDate=1710864000000, pubDateStr=2024-03-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1711468800000, onlineIssueDateStr=2024-03-27, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753873611793, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774072493910, updator=sys-migrate, issue=Issue{id=1157393070754025641, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, year='2024', volume='3', issue='1', pageStart='100', pageEnd='147', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1710864000000', pubDateStr='2024-03-20', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=1, createTime=1753873611366, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1776075110816, updator='13041195026', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1250512908678017028, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, issueId=1157393070754025641, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=Science and Technology Foresight, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1250512908682211333, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, issueId=1157393070754025641, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=月球及火星等地外行星科考基地建设探索专刊, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=137, endPage=145, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1157393073002172596, articleId=1157393072444330160, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, language=EN, title=Exploration of Lunar Forward Bases with Life Support, columnId=1149656489310208610, journalTitle=Science and Technology Foresight, columnName=Review and Commentary, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The Moon is the outpost of human exploration into deep space and outer space. The establishment of lunar forward bases with life support can provide food for human beings settling on the Moon. This paper introduces the main lunar exploration projects in China and abroad in recent years and systematically reviews the development of space agriculture in the space station, Moon, life support system, etc. Considering the challenges of lunar forward bases with life support, it puts forward some suggestions, namely, exploring and utilizing resources at the south pole of the Moon, creating functional plant varieties adapting to the Moon environment, and establishing lunar forward bases with life support based on lunar lava caves. These suggestions provide a reference for China’s space agriculture development in the future.

, authors=

*The author contributed equal to the work

, authorsList=Gengxin XIE, Hao CHENG, Ying WANG, Maozhi REN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Maozhi REN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
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月球是人类进行深空探测和太空探索的前哨站。在月球建立生命保障前沿基地可为人类移居月球提供食物保障。文章介绍了近年来国内外主要的探月工程,系统总结了人类在空间站、月球、生命保障系统等发展太空农业的现状。围绕月球生命保障前沿基地发展面临的挑战,文章提出了发掘及利用月球南极资源、创制适于月球生长的功能植物品种、建立基于月球熔岩洞穴的生命保障前沿基地等建议,以期为中国太空农业发展提供参考。

, authors=

*共同第一作者

谢更新,教授。教育部深空探测联合研究中心副主任,重庆大学空间科学研究院院长。“嫦娥四号”任务生物科普试验载荷总设计师。获教育部新世纪人才计划支持,教育部创新团队发展计划团队带头人,探月工程嫦娥四号任务突出贡献者。主要从事环境工程、环境健康与安全、空间环境、航天战略规划与管理等研究。电子信箱:。

任茂智,研究员。教育部深空探测联合研究中心太空农业实验室主任,兼“嫦娥四号”任务生物科普试验载荷项目生物系统负责人。中国农业科学院领军人才,四川省领军人才,中国农业科学院都市农业研究所首席科学家,河南省特聘教授。主要从事太空农业、功能植物培育与应用等研究。主持国家、省部级重大重点科研项目50多项。发表论文116篇,授权发明专利27件。电子信箱:。

, authorsList=谢更新, 程浩, 王莹, 任茂智, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=任茂智, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
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谢更新,教授。教育部深空探测联合研究中心副主任,重庆大学空间科学研究院院长。“嫦娥四号”任务生物科普试验载荷总设计师。获教育部新世纪人才计划支持,教育部创新团队发展计划团队带头人,探月工程嫦娥四号任务突出贡献者。主要从事环境工程、环境健康与安全、空间环境、航天战略规划与管理等研究。电子信箱:。

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谢更新,教授。教育部深空探测联合研究中心副主任,重庆大学空间科学研究院院长。“嫦娥四号”任务生物科普试验载荷总设计师。获教育部新世纪人才计划支持,教育部创新团队发展计划团队带头人,探月工程嫦娥四号任务突出贡献者。主要从事环境工程、环境健康与安全、空间环境、航天战略规划与管理等研究。电子信箱:。

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任茂智,研究员。教育部深空探测联合研究中心太空农业实验室主任,兼“嫦娥四号”任务生物科普试验载荷项目生物系统负责人。中国农业科学院领军人才,四川省领军人才,中国农业科学院都市农业研究所首席科学家,河南省特聘教授。主要从事太空农业、功能植物培育与应用等研究。主持国家、省部级重大重点科研项目50多项。发表论文116篇,授权发明专利27件。电子信箱:。

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任茂智,研究员。教育部深空探测联合研究中心太空农业实验室主任,兼“嫦娥四号”任务生物科普试验载荷项目生物系统负责人。中国农业科学院领军人才,四川省领军人才,中国农业科学院都市农业研究所首席科学家,河南省特聘教授。主要从事太空农业、功能植物培育与应用等研究。主持国家、省部级重大重点科研项目50多项。发表论文116篇,授权发明专利27件。电子信箱:。

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Chengdu National Agricultural Science and Technology Center, Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610213, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242113356677579405, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393072444330160, companyId=1242113356660802187, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.中国农业科学院都市农业研究所国家成都农业科技中心,成都 610213)])])], keywords=[Keyword(id=1242113357696795311, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393072444330160, language=EN, orderNo=1, keyword=lunar exploration projects), Keyword(id=1242113357751321265, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393072444330160, language=EN, orderNo=2, keyword=south pole of the Moon), Keyword(id=1242113357822624435, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393072444330160, language=EN, orderNo=3, keyword=functional plant), Keyword(id=1242113357885538996, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393072444330160, language=EN, orderNo=4, keyword=space agriculture), Keyword(id=1242113357948453558, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393072444330160, language=CN, orderNo=1, keyword=探月工程), Keyword(id=1242113358040728248, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393072444330160, language=CN, orderNo=2, keyword=月球南极), Keyword(id=1242113358099448505, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393072444330160, language=CN, orderNo=3, keyword=功能植物), Keyword(id=1242113358153974459, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393072444330160, language=CN, orderNo=4, keyword=太空农业)], refs=[Reference(id=1242113360943186651, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393072444330160, doi=null, pmid=12577999, pmcid=null, year=2003, volume=31, issue=1, pageStart=151, pageEnd=167, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=0, authorNames=Monje O, Stutte G W, Goins G D, journalName=Advances in Space Research, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Monje O, Stutte G W, Goins G D, et al. Farming in space: Environmental and biophysical concerns[J]. Advances in Space Research, 2003, 31(1): 151-167., articleTitle=Farming in space: Environmental and biophysical concerns, refAbstract=The colonization of space will depend on our ability to routinely provide for the metabolic needs (oxygen, water, and food) of a crew with minimal re-supply from Earth. On Earth, these functions are facilitated by the cultivation of plant crops, thus it is important to develop plant-based food production systems to sustain the presence of mankind in space. Farming practices on earth have evolved for thousands of years to meet both the demands of an ever-increasing population and the availability of scarce resources, and now these practices must adapt to accommodate the effects of global warming. Similar challenges are expected when earth-based agricultural practices are adapted for space-based agriculture. A key variable in space is gravity; planets (e.g. Mars, 1/3 g) and moons (e.g. Earth's moon, 1/6 g) differ from spacecraft orbiting the Earth (e.g. Space stations) or orbital transfer vehicles that are subject to microgravity. The movement of heat, water vapor, CO2 and O2 between plant surfaces and their environment is also affected by gravity. In microgravity, these processes may also be affected by reduced mass transport and thicker boundary layers around plant organs caused by the absence of buoyancy dependent convective transport. Future space farmers will have to adapt their practices to accommodate microgravity, high and low extremes in ambient temperatures, reduced atmospheric pressures, atmospheres containing high volatile organic carbon contents, and elevated to super-elevated CO2 concentrations. Farming in space must also be carried out within power-, volume-, and mass-limited life support systems and must share resources with manned crews. Improved lighting and sensor technologies will have to be developed and tested for use in space. These developments should also help make crop production in terrestrial controlled environments (plant growth chambers and greenhouses) more efficient and, therefore, make these alternative agricultural systems more economically feasible food production systems.c2002 COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.), Reference(id=1242113361010295517, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393072444330160, doi=10.1016/j.plaphy.2022.12.017, pmid=36566710, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=194, issue=null, pageStart=708, pageEnd=721, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[2], rfOrder=1, authorNames=Nguyen M T P, Knowling M, Tran N N, journalName=Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Nguyen M T P, Knowling M, Tran N N, et al. Space farming: Horticulture systems on spacecraft and outlook to planetary space exploration[J]. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, 2023, 194: 708-721., articleTitle=Space farming: Horticulture systems on spacecraft and outlook to planetary space exploration, refAbstract=Successful human space exploration requires more products than can be taken as payload. There is a need, therefore, for in-space circular manufacturing. Requirements for this include limited resource inflow, from either Earth or other planets and the generation of minimal waste. The provision of nutritious food is a clear need for human survival on the Moon or Mars and is one of the most complex to solve. Demand in large quantities, constant and reliable provision of food requires the development of specialist agricultural technologies. Here, we first review the history of space farming over the past five decades. This survey assesses the technologies which have been tested under the harsh conditions of space, identifying which modern horticultural components are applicable for in-space plant growth. We then outline which plants have been grown and under what conditions, and speculate upon the types of plants that could be selected to best nourish astronauts. Current systems are focussed on experimentation and exploration, but do not yet provide turn-key solutions for efficient food production within a long-term space exploration scenario. With that take, this review aims to provide a perspective on how an engineered closed circular environmental life-support system (ECCLES) might be constructed. To exemplify the latter, nutrient auto accumulation by biofortification is proposed through the integration of space farming and space mining, which is uncharted on Earth.Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.), Reference(id=1242113361089987295, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393072444330160, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=43, issue=5, pageStart=548, pageEnd=562, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[3], rfOrder=2, authorNames=王平, 于晓强, 郭继峰, journalName=宇航学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=王平, 于晓强, 郭继峰. 月球大范围探测巡视器及GNC技术发展综述[J]. 宇航学报, 2022, 43(5): 548-562., articleTitle=月球大范围探测巡视器及GNC技术发展综述, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242113361169679073, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393072444330160, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=43, issue=5, pageStart=548, pageEnd=562, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[3], rfOrder=3, authorNames=Wang P, Yu X Q, Guo J F, journalName=Journal of Astronautics, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Wang P, Yu X Q, Guo J F. A survey of lunar wide-range exploration rover and GNC technology[J]. Journal of Astronautics, 2022, 43(5): 548-562. (in Chinese), articleTitle=A survey of lunar wide-range exploration rover and GNC technology, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242113361240982243, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393072444330160, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=null, issue=9, pageStart=48, pageEnd=57, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[4], rfOrder=4, authorNames=刘进军, 郭建成, 蒋峥, journalName=卫星与网络, refType=null, unstructuredReference=刘进军, 郭建成, 蒋峥. 论月球的矿藏、资源与利用[J]. 卫星与网络, 2021(9): 48-57., articleTitle=论月球的矿藏、资源与利用, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242113361316479717, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393072444330160, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=null, issue=9, pageStart=48, pageEnd=57, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[4], rfOrder=5, authorNames=Liu J J, Guo J C, Jiang Z, journalName=Satellite & Network, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Liu J J, Guo J C, Jiang Z. Research on lunar mineral deposits, resources and mining[J]. Satellite & Network, 2021(9): 48-57. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Research on lunar mineral deposits, resources and mining, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242113361391977191, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393072444330160, doi=10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2022.01.002, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=1, issue=1, pageStart=17, pageEnd=27, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[5], rfOrder=6, authorNames=于登云, 马继楠, journalName=前瞻科技, refType=null, unstructuredReference=于登云, 马继楠. 中国深空探测进展与展望[J]. 前瞻科技, 2022, 1(1): 17-27., articleTitle=中国深空探测进展与展望, refAbstract=在简要分析世界主要航天国家和新兴航天国家深空探测进展的基础上,系统梳理了中国深空探测所取得的主要技术和科学进展,对未来的深空探测任务和需要重点突破的主要关键技术提出展望,为后续深空探测发展提供参考。), Reference(id=1242113361463280361, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393072444330160, doi=10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2022.01.002, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=1, issue=1, pageStart=17, pageEnd=27, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[5], rfOrder=7, authorNames=Yu D Y, Ma J N, journalName=Science and Technology Foresight, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Yu D Y, Ma J N. Progress and prospect of deep space exploration in China[J]. Science and Technology Foresight, 2022, 1(1): 17-27. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Progress and prospect of deep space exploration in China, refAbstract=

After analyzing the progress in deep space exploration of major aerospace countries and emerging ones in the world, this paper systematically summarizes the main scientific and technological achievements regarding deep space exploration in China. Moreover, it provides an outlook on future deep space exploration and main key technologies. This review can serve as reference for the follow-up development of deep space exploration in China.

), Reference(id=1242113361530389227, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393072444330160, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=9, issue=2, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[6], rfOrder=8, authorNames=Li C, Hu H, Yang M F, journalName=National Science Review, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Li C, Hu H, Yang M F, et al. Characteristics of the lunar samples returned by the Chang’E-5 mission[J]. National Science Review, 2022, 9(2), doi: 10.1093/nsr/nwab188., articleTitle=Characteristics of the lunar samples returned by the Chang’E-5 mission, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242113361593303789, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393072444330160, doi=10.1089/ast.2020.2399, pmid=33926205, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=21, issue=9, pageStart=1029, pageEnd=1048, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[7], rfOrder=9, authorNames=Schuerger A C, Amaradasa B S, Dufault N S, journalName=Astrobiology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Schuerger A C, Amaradasa B S, Dufault N S, et al. Fusarium oxysporum as an opportunistic fungal pathogen on Zinnia hybrida plants grown on board the international space station[J]. Astrobiology, 2021, 21(9): 1029-1048., articleTitle=Fusarium oxysporum as an opportunistic fungal pathogen on Zinnia hybrida plants grown on board the international space station, refAbstract=A plant production system called Veggie was launched to the International Space Station (ISS) in 2014. In late 2015, during the growth of cv. 'Profusion' in the Veggie hardware, plants developed chlorosis, leaf curling, fungal growth that damaged leaves and stems, and eventually necrosis. The development of symptoms was correlated to reduced air flow leading to a significant buildup of water enveloping the leaves and stems in microgravity. Symptomatic tissues were returned to Earth on 18 May 2016 and were immediately processed to determine the primary causal agent of the disease. The presumptive pathogen was identified as by morphological features of microconidia and conidiophores on symptomatic tissues; that is, by epifluorescent microscopy (EFM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), metabolic microarrays, and ITS sequencing. Both EFM and SEM imaging of infected tissues showed that germinating conidia were capable of stomatal penetration and thus acted as the primary method for infecting host tissues. A series of ground-based pathogenicity assays were conducted with healthy plants that were exposed to reduced-airflow and high-water stress ( encased in sealed bags) or were kept in an unstressed configuration. Koch's postulates were successfully completed with plants in the lab, but symptoms only matched ISS-flown symptomatic tissues when the plants were stressed with high-water exposure. Unstressed plants grown under similar lab conditions failed to develop the symptoms observed with plants on board the ISS. The overall results of the pathogenicity tests imply that acted as an opportunistic pathogen on severely high-water stressed plants. The source of the opportunistic pathogen is not known, but virulent strains of were not recovered from unused materials in the Veggie plant pillow growth units assayed after the flight.), Reference(id=1242113361652024047, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393072444330160, doi=10.1007/s10265-020-01200-4, pmid=32424466, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=133, issue=4, pageStart=571, pageEnd=585, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[8], rfOrder=10, authorNames=Karahara I, Suto T, Yamaguchi T, journalName=Journal of Plant Research, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Karahara I, Suto T, Yamaguchi T, et al. Vegetative and reproductive growth of Arabidopsis under microgravity conditions in space[J]. Journal of Plant Research, 2020, 133(4): 571-585., articleTitle=Vegetative and reproductive growth of Arabidopsis under microgravity conditions in space, refAbstract=We have performed a seed-to-seed experiment in the cell biology experiment facility (CBEF) installed in the Kibo (Japanese Experiment Module) in the International Space Station. The CBEF has a 1 × g compartment on a centrifuge and a microgravity compartment, to investigate the effects of microgravity on the vegetative and reproductive growth of Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. Seeds germinated irrespective of gravitational conditions after water supply on board. Thereafter, seedlings developed rosette leaves. The time of bolting was slightly earlier under microgravity than under space 1 × g. Microgravity enhanced the growth rate of peduncles as compared with space 1 × g or ground control. Plants developed flowers, siliques and seeds, completing their entire life cycle during 62-days cultivation. Although the flowering time was not significantly affected under microgravity, the number of flowers in a bolted plant significantly increased under microgravity as compared with space 1 × g or ground control. Microscopic analysis of reproductive organs revealed that the longitudinal length of anthers was significantly shorter under microgravity when compared with space 1 × g, while the length of pistils and filaments was not influenced by the gravitational conditions. Seed mass significantly increased under microgravity when compared with space 1 × g. In addition, seeds produced in space were found not to germinate on the ground. These results indicate that microgravity significantly influenced the reproductive development of Arabidopsis plants even though Earth's gravitational environment is not absolutely necessary for them to complete their life cycle.), Reference(id=1242113361723327217, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393072444330160, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[9], rfOrder=11, authorNames=Castelvecchi D, Tatalovic M, journalName=Nature, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Castelvecchi D, Tatalovic M. Plant sprouts on the Moon for first time ever[J]. Nature, 2019, doi: 10.1038/d41586-019-00159-0., articleTitle=Plant sprouts on the Moon for first time ever, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242113361794630387, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393072444330160, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=12, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[10], rfOrder=12, authorNames=Arena C, Graham T, Legué V, journalName=Frontiers in Plant Science, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Arena C, Graham T, Legué V, et al. Editorial: Higher plants, algae and cyanobacteria in space environments[J]. Frontiers in Plant Science, 2021, 12, doi: 10.3389/fpls.2021.629014., articleTitle=Editorial: Higher plants, algae and cyanobacteria in space environments, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242113361891099381, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393072444330160, doi=10.1016/j.rser.2017.03.065, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=76, issue=null, pageStart=1163, pageEnd=1175, url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1364032117303817, language=null, rfNumber=[11], rfOrder=13, authorNames=Zhou W G, Wang J H, Chen P, journalName=Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhou W G, Wang J H, Chen P, et al. Bio-mitigation of carbon dioxide using microalgal systems: Advances and perspectives[J]. 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Frontiers in Plant Science, 2020, doi: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00631., articleTitle=Competitive growth assay of mutagenized Chlamydomonas reinhardtii compatible with the international space station veggie plant growth chamber, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242113362037900024, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393072444330160, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=59, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[13], rfOrder=15, authorNames=Mapstone L J, Leite M N, Purton S, journalName=Biotechnology Advances, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Mapstone L J, Leite M N, Purton S, et al. Cyanobacteria and microalgae in supporting human habitation on Mars[J]. Biotechnology Advances, 2022, 59, doi: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2022.107946., articleTitle=Cyanobacteria and microalgae in supporting human habitation on Mars, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242113362113397498, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393072444330160, doi=10.1126/science.1185696, pmid=20966247, pmcid=null, year=2010, volume=330, issue=6003, pageStart=483, pageEnd=486, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[14], rfOrder=16, authorNames=Mitrofanov I G, Sanin A B, Boynton W V, journalName=Science, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Mitrofanov I G, Sanin A B, Boynton W V, et al. Hydrogen mapping of the lunar south pole using the LRO neutron detector experiment LEND[J]. Science, 2010, 330(6003): 483-486., articleTitle=Hydrogen mapping of the lunar south pole using the LRO neutron detector experiment LEND, refAbstract=Hydrogen has been inferred to occur in enhanced concentrations within permanently shadowed regions and, hence, the coldest areas of the lunar poles. The Lunar Crater Observation and Sensing Satellite (LCROSS) mission was designed to detect hydrogen-bearing volatiles directly. Neutron flux measurements of the Moon's south polar region from the Lunar Exploration Neutron Detector (LEND) on the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO) spacecraft were used to select the optimal impact site for LCROSS. LEND data show several regions where the epithermal neutron flux from the surface is suppressed, which is indicative of enhanced hydrogen content. These regions are not spatially coincident with permanently shadowed regions of the Moon. The LCROSS impact site inside the Cabeus crater demonstrates the highest hydrogen concentration in the lunar south polar region, corresponding to an estimated content of 0.5 to 4.0% water ice by weight, depending on the thickness of any overlying dry regolith layer. The distribution of hydrogen across the region is consistent with buried water ice from cometary impacts, hydrogen implantation from the solar wind, and/or other as yet unknown sources.), Reference(id=1242113362193089276, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393072444330160, doi=10.1126/science.1178105, pmid=19779152, pmcid=null, year=2009, volume=326, issue=5952, pageStart=562, pageEnd=564, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[15], rfOrder=17, authorNames=Clark R N, journalName=Science, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Clark R N. Detection of adsorbed water and hydroxyl on the Moon[J]. Science, 2009, 326(5952): 562-564., articleTitle=Detection of adsorbed water and hydroxyl on the Moon, refAbstract=Data from the Visual and Infrared Mapping Spectrometer (VIMS) on Cassini during its flyby of the Moon in 1999 show a broad absorption at 3 micrometers due to adsorbed water and near 2.8 micrometers attributed to hydroxyl in the sunlit surface on the Moon. The amounts of water indicated in the spectra depend on the type of mixing and the grain sizes in the rocks and soils but could be 10 to 1000 parts per million and locally higher. Water in the polar regions may be water that has migrated to the colder environments there. Trace hydroxyl is observed in the anorthositic highlands at lower latitudes.), Reference(id=1242113362272781054, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393072444330160, doi=10.1073/pnas.1503082112, pmid=25870265, pmcid=null, year=2015, volume=112, issue=17, pageStart=5342, pageEnd=5347, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[16], rfOrder=18, authorNames=Zhang J H, Yang W, Hu S, journalName=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhang J H, Yang W, Hu S, et al. Volcanic history of the Imbrium basin: A close-up view from the lunar rover Yutu[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2015, 112(17): 5342-5347., articleTitle=Volcanic history of the Imbrium basin: A close-up view from the lunar rover Yutu, refAbstract=We report the surface exploration by the lunar rover Yutu that landed on the young lava flow in the northeastern part of the Mare Imbrium, which is the largest basin on the nearside of the Moon and is filled with several basalt units estimated to date from 3.5 to 2.0 Ga. The onboard lunar penetrating radar conducted a 114-m-long profile, which measured a thickness of ∼5 m of the lunar regolith layer and detected three underlying basalt units at depths of 195, 215, and 345 m. The radar measurements suggest underestimation of the global lunar regolith thickness by other methods and reveal a vast volume of the last volcano eruption. The in situ spectral reflectance and elemental analysis of the lunar soil at the landing site suggest that the young basalt could be derived from an ilmenite-rich mantle reservoir and then assimilated by 10-20% of the last residual melt of the lunar magma ocean.), Reference(id=1242113362339889920, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393072444330160, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=null, issue=10, pageStart=4, pageEnd=11, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[17], rfOrder=19, authorNames=焦维新, journalName=国际太空, refType=null, unstructuredReference=焦维新. 月球南极探测的态势与科学目标[J]. 国际太空, 2022(10): 4-11., articleTitle=月球南极探测的态势与科学目标, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242113362402804482, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393072444330160, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=null, issue=10, pageStart=4, pageEnd=11, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[17], rfOrder=20, authorNames=Jiao W X, journalName=International Space, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Jiao W X. Status and scientific objectives of lunar south pole exploration[J]. International Space, 2022(10): 4-11. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Status and scientific objectives of lunar south pole exploration, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242113362469913348, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393072444330160, doi=10.1007/s12210-014-0351-8, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2015, volume=26, issue=2, pageStart=121, pageEnd=131, url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s12210-014-0351-8, language=null, rfNumber=[18], rfOrder=21, authorNames=Gheda S F, Ahmed D A, journalName=Rendiconti Lincei, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Gheda S F, Ahmed D A. Improved soil characteristics and wheat germination as influenced by inoculation of nostoc kihlmani and anabaena cylindrica[J]. Rendiconti Lincei, 2015, 26(2): 121-131., articleTitle=Improved soil characteristics and wheat germination as influenced by inoculation of nostoc kihlmani and anabaena cylindrica, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242113362570576646, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393072444330160, doi=10.1016/j.icarus.2010.10.030, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2011, volume=211, issue=2, pageStart=1066, pageEnd=1081, url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0019103510004203, language=null, rfNumber=[19], rfOrder=22, authorNames=Mazarico E, Neumann G A, Smith D E, journalName=Icarus, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Mazarico E, Neumann G A, Smith D E, et al. Illumination conditions of the lunar polar regions using LOLA topography[J]. Icarus, 2011, 211(2): 1066-1081., articleTitle=Illumination conditions of the lunar polar regions using LOLA topography, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242113362637685512, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393072444330160, doi=10.1126/science.1187726, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2010, volume=330, issue=6003, pageStart=479, pageEnd=482, url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1187726, language=null, rfNumber=[20], rfOrder=23, authorNames=Paige D A, Siegler M A, Zhang J A, journalName=Science, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Paige D A, Siegler M A, Zhang J A, et al. Diviner lunar radiometer observations of cold traps in the Moon’s south polar region[J]. Science, 2010, 330(6003): 479-482., articleTitle=Diviner lunar radiometer observations of cold traps in the Moon’s south polar region, refAbstract=\n About a year ago, a spent upper stage of an Atlas rocket was deliberately crashed into a crater at the south pole of the Moon, ejecting a plume of debris, dust, and vapor. The goal of this event, the Lunar Crater Observation and Sensing Satellite (LCROSS) experiment, was to search for water and other volatiles in the soil of one of the coldest places on the Moon: the permanently shadowed region within the Cabeus crater. Using ultraviolet, visible, and near-infrared spectroscopy data from accompanying craft,\n \n Colaprete\n et al.\n \n (p.\n 463\n ; see the news story by\n \n Kerr\n \n ; see the cover) found evidence for the presence of water and other volatiles within the ejecta cloud.\n \n Schultz\n et al.\n \n (p.\n 468\n ) monitored the different stages of the impact and the resulting plume.\n \n Gladstone\n et al.\n \n (p.\n 472\n ), using an ultraviolet spectrograph onboard the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter (LRO), detected H\n 2\n, CO, Ca, Hg, and Mg in the impact plume, and\n \n Hayne\n et al.\n \n (p.\n 477\n ) measured the thermal signature of the impact and discovered that it had heated a 30 to 200 square-meter region from ∼40 kelvin to at least 950 kelvin.\n \n Paige\n et al.\n \n (p. 479) mapped cryogenic zones predictive of volatile entrapment, and\n \n Mitrofanov\n et al.\n \n (p.\n 483\n ) used LRO instruments to confirm that surface temperatures in the south polar region persist even in sunlight. In all, about 155 kilograms of water vapor was emitted during the impact; meanwhile, the LRO continues to orbit the Moon, sending back a stream of data to help us understand the evolution of its complex surface structures.\n), Reference(id=1242113362725765898, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393072444330160, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=19, issue=1, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[21], rfOrder=24, authorNames=Zhang Y, Massel K, Godwin I D, journalName=Genome Biology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhang Y, Massel K, Godwin I D, et al. Applications and potential of genome editing in crop improvement[J]. 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This not only demonstrates the incredible potential of the available technologies but also illuminates how lessons learned from this work could be applied to the production of other pharmaceutical agents.), Reference(id=1242113362939675407, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393072444330160, doi=10.1038/nature12051, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2013, volume=496, issue=7446, pageStart=528, pageEnd=532, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[24], rfOrder=27, authorNames=Paddon C J, Westfall P J, Pitera D J, journalName=Nature, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Paddon C J, Westfall P J, Pitera D J, et al. High-level semi-synthetic production of the potent antimalarial artemisinin[J]. 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Nature Communications, 2021, 12, doi: 10.1038/s41467-021-26238-3., articleTitle=Biotechnological development of plants for space agriculture, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242113364474790675, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393072444330160, doi=10.1016/j.lssr.2022.09.007, pmid=36682821, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=36, issue=null, pageStart=123, pageEnd=134, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[26], rfOrder=29, authorNames=AHMAD Pandith J, Neekhra S, Ahmad S, journalName=Life Sciences in Space Research, refType=null, unstructuredReference=AHMAD Pandith J, Neekhra S, Ahmad S, et al. Recent developments in space food for exploration missions: A review[J]. Life Sciences in Space Research, 2023, 36: 123-134., articleTitle=Recent developments in space food for exploration missions: A review, refAbstract=Food and nutrition have greatly influenced the effectiveness of space exploration missions. With the development of technology, attention is now being paid more and more to preparing food for the microgravity environment, taking into account factors like nutrient density, shelf life, optimized packaging, preservations, innovations, challenges, and applications. The spectrum of food products is designed to meet the balanced nutritional requirements, reduce hazards encountered by astronauts, and utilize space in explorers during space missions. For the long duration of space missions and, consequently, for human permanence in space, it is crucial to provide humans with an adequate supply of fresh food to meet their nutritional needs. By doing this, astronauts could reduce the health risks associated with psychological stress, microgravity, and radiation exposure from space. Maintaining astronauts' health, happiness, and vitality during long-duration human-crewed missions has recently emerged as an essential and critical research area. The food they eat appears to be an important factor. For short-term space missions, astronauts' food could be brought from earth. Still, for long-term space missions to the Moon, Mars, and other distant missions, which are the current research destinations, they must find a way to eat, such as by cultivating plants or finding other means of survival. Scientists and researchers are attempting to develop novel food production technologies or systems that require minimal inputs while maximizing safe, nutritionally balanced, and delicious food outputs for long-duration space missions that could benefit people on earth. This review summarizes various aspects of space food, including evolution, innovations, technological advancements to prolong shelf life, and astronauts' problems. It also involves current research, including space foods like 3D printing and space farming for a long-term space mission.Copyright © 2022. Published by Elsevier B.V.), Reference(id=1242113364537705237, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393072444330160, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=43, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[27], rfOrder=30, authorNames=Prasad B, Richter P, Vadakedath N, journalName=Biotechnology Advances, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Prasad B, Richter P, Vadakedath N, et al. Exploration of space to achieve scientific breakthroughs[J]. Biotechnology Advances, 2020, 43, doi: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2020.107572., articleTitle=Exploration of space to achieve scientific breakthroughs, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242113364609008407, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393072444330160, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=21, issue=18, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[28], rfOrder=31, authorNames=Kalita H, Thangavelautham J, journalName=Sensors, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Kalita H, Thangavelautham J. Strategies for deploying a sensor network to explore planetary lava tubes[J]. Sensors, 2021, 21(18), doi: 10.3390/s21186203., articleTitle=Strategies for deploying a sensor network to explore planetary lava tubes, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242113364692894489, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393072444330160, doi=10.1016/j.asr.2023.02.012, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=72, issue=2, pageStart=518, pageEnd=528, url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0273117723001187, language=null, rfNumber=[29], rfOrder=32, authorNames=Fink W, Fuhrman C, Nuncio Z. A, journalName=Advances in Space Research, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Fink W, Fuhrman C, Nuncio Z. A, et al. A hansel & gretel breadcrumb-style dynamically deployed communication network paradigm using mesh topology for planetary subsurface exploration[J]. Advances in Space Research, 2023, 72(2): 518-528., articleTitle=A hansel & gretel breadcrumb-style dynamically deployed communication network paradigm using mesh topology for planetary subsurface exploration, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242113364793557787, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393072444330160, doi=null, pmid=11537133, pmcid=null, year=1991, volume=23, issue=null, pageStart=263, pageEnd=270, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[30], rfOrder=33, authorNames=Salisbury F B, journalName=Acta Astronautica, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Salisbury F B. Biogenerative life-support system: Farming on the moon[J]. Acta Astronautica, 1991, 23: 263-270., articleTitle=Biogenerative life-support system: Farming on the moon, refAbstract=Plants can be used to recycle food, oxygen, and water in a closed habitat (e.g., on the moon, Mars, or in a space craft. A variety of crops might be grown, probably in underground growth units to avoid harmful radiation and micrometeorites. Artificial light will be necessary although some sunlight might be brought in via fiber optics. Transpired water will be condensed in coils exposed to space and shaded from sunlight. Oxygen and CO2 levels will be maintained by controlling photosynthesis and waste oxidation. Plants will be grown hydroponically. Wheat has been produced at the rate of 60 g m-2 d-1, which could feed a human continuously from a farm only 13 m2, but nearly continuous light equivalent to sunlight is required along with ideal temperatures, enriched CO2, suitable cultivars, etc. Lower light results in more efficient photosynthesis but requires a larger farm, as do safety considerations and many crops.), Reference(id=1242113364869055261, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393072444330160, doi=10.1016/j.cub.2023.02.010, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=33, issue=11, pageStart=R471, pageEnd=null, url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0960982223001495, language=null, rfNumber=[31], rfOrder=34, authorNames=Ji Y, Kusuma P, Marcelis L F M, journalName=Current Biology: CB, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Ji Y, Kusuma P, Marcelis L F M. Vertical farming[J]. Current Biology: CB, 2023, 33(11): R471-R473., articleTitle=Vertical farming, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1242113360557310672, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393072444330160, awardId=2023YFE0199400, language=CN, fundingSource=国家重点研发计划(2023YFE0199400), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1242113360611836626, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393072444330160, awardId=2023YFQ0100, language=CN, fundingSource=四川省科学技术厅项目(2023YFQ0100), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1242113360666362580, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393072444330160, awardId=2023ZYD0089, language=CN, fundingSource=四川省科学技术厅项目(2023ZYD0089), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1242113360729277142, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393072444330160, awardId=2022112, language=CN, fundingSource=四川省科学技术厅项目(2022112), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1242113360796386008, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393072444330160, awardId=34-IUA-02, language=CN, fundingSource=中国农业科学院科技创新工程项目(34-IUA-02), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1242113356576916103, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393072444330160, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242113356589499016, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393072444330160, companyId=1242113356576916103, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1. 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Cultivation and application of microalgae in bio-regenerative life support systems

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
生物再生生命
保障系统
国家 微藻 目标 报道时间
微生态生命维持系统 比利时/法国/西班牙/加拿大 螺旋藻(Limnospira fusiformis) 空气再生/食物生产/水循环 2006年
太空中裸藻有机食品生产系统 德国/俄罗斯 纤细裸藻(Euglena gracilis) 空气再生/水(尿)回收 2018年
AQUACELLS系统 德国/俄罗斯 纤细裸藻(E. gracilis) 空气再生 2006年和1997年
封闭水生生态系统 中国 蛋白核小球藻(Chlorella pyrenoidosa) 空气再生/食物 2008年
罗非鱼-裸藻生态系统 德国/俄罗斯 纤细裸藻(E. gracilis) 空气再生 2008年
微重力箱试验 中国/德国 纤细裸藻(E. gracilis)/蛋白核小球藻(C. pyrenoidosa) 空气再生/食物生产/水回收/ 2017年和2014年
光生物反应器 中国/俄罗斯 普通小球藻(C. vulgaris) 空气再生/食物 2019年
), ArticleFig(id=1242113360385344205, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393072444330160, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

微藻在生物再生生命保障系统中的培养应用

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
生物再生生命
保障系统
国家 微藻 目标 报道时间
微生态生命维持系统 比利时/法国/西班牙/加拿大 螺旋藻(Limnospira fusiformis) 空气再生/食物生产/水循环 2006年
太空中裸藻有机食品生产系统 德国/俄罗斯 纤细裸藻(Euglena gracilis) 空气再生/水(尿)回收 2018年
AQUACELLS系统 德国/俄罗斯 纤细裸藻(E. gracilis) 空气再生 2006年和1997年
封闭水生生态系统 中国 蛋白核小球藻(Chlorella pyrenoidosa) 空气再生/食物 2008年
罗非鱼-裸藻生态系统 德国/俄罗斯 纤细裸藻(E. gracilis) 空气再生 2008年
微重力箱试验 中国/德国 纤细裸藻(E. gracilis)/蛋白核小球藻(C. pyrenoidosa) 空气再生/食物生产/水回收/ 2017年和2014年
光生物反应器 中国/俄罗斯 普通小球藻(C. vulgaris) 空气再生/食物 2019年
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月球生命保障前沿基地探究
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谢更新 1, * , 程浩 2, * , 王莹 2 , 任茂智 1, 2, †
前瞻科技 | 综述与述评 2024,3(1): 137-145
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前瞻科技 | 综述与述评 2024, 3(1): 137-145
月球生命保障前沿基地探究
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谢更新1, * , 程浩2, *, 王莹2, 任茂智1, 2, †
作者信息
  • 1.重庆大学教育部深空探测联合研究中心,重庆 400044
  • 2.中国农业科学院都市农业研究所国家成都农业科技中心,成都 610213
  • 谢更新,教授。教育部深空探测联合研究中心副主任,重庆大学空间科学研究院院长。“嫦娥四号”任务生物科普试验载荷总设计师。获教育部新世纪人才计划支持,教育部创新团队发展计划团队带头人,探月工程嫦娥四号任务突出贡献者。主要从事环境工程、环境健康与安全、空间环境、航天战略规划与管理等研究。电子信箱:。

    任茂智,研究员。教育部深空探测联合研究中心太空农业实验室主任,兼“嫦娥四号”任务生物科普试验载荷项目生物系统负责人。中国农业科学院领军人才,四川省领军人才,中国农业科学院都市农业研究所首席科学家,河南省特聘教授。主要从事太空农业、功能植物培育与应用等研究。主持国家、省部级重大重点科研项目50多项。发表论文116篇,授权发明专利27件。电子信箱:。

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†
†
Exploration of Lunar Forward Bases with Life Support
Gengxin XIE1 , Hao CHENG2, Ying WANG2, Maozhi REN1, 2, †
Affiliations
  • 1. Center of Space Exploration of Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
  • 2. Chengdu National Agricultural Science and Technology Center, Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu 610213, China
出版时间: 2024-03-20 doi: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2024.01.012
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月球是人类进行深空探测和太空探索的前哨站。在月球建立生命保障前沿基地可为人类移居月球提供食物保障。文章介绍了近年来国内外主要的探月工程,系统总结了人类在空间站、月球、生命保障系统等发展太空农业的现状。围绕月球生命保障前沿基地发展面临的挑战,文章提出了发掘及利用月球南极资源、创制适于月球生长的功能植物品种、建立基于月球熔岩洞穴的生命保障前沿基地等建议,以期为中国太空农业发展提供参考。

探月工程  /  月球南极  /  功能植物  /  太空农业

The Moon is the outpost of human exploration into deep space and outer space. The establishment of lunar forward bases with life support can provide food for human beings settling on the Moon. This paper introduces the main lunar exploration projects in China and abroad in recent years and systematically reviews the development of space agriculture in the space station, Moon, life support system, etc. Considering the challenges of lunar forward bases with life support, it puts forward some suggestions, namely, exploring and utilizing resources at the south pole of the Moon, creating functional plant varieties adapting to the Moon environment, and establishing lunar forward bases with life support based on lunar lava caves. These suggestions provide a reference for China’s space agriculture development in the future.

lunar exploration projects  /  south pole of the Moon  /  functional plant  /  space agriculture
谢更新, 程浩, 王莹, 任茂智. 月球生命保障前沿基地探究. 前瞻科技, 2024 , 3 (1) : 137 -145 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2024.01.012
Gengxin XIE, Hao CHENG, Ying WANG, Maozhi REN. Exploration of Lunar Forward Bases with Life Support[J]. Science and Technology Foresight, 2024 , 3 (1) : 137 -145 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2024.01.012
月球作为宇宙中距离地球最近的天体,因其具备极大的位置优势,以及丰富的太阳能、水、氧、矿产资源、氦-3等资源,是人类进行深空探测和太空探索的前哨站,也是迈向其他更远天体的试验场及中转站[1-2]。月球资源可作为地球资源的重要补充,对人类社会的可持续发展具有深远影响,是国家利益新的战略制高点。随着航天技术飞跃式的发展,人类“太空旅游”“太空农业”“太空采矿”“太空移民”的梦想也将逐步变为现实。移居月球是解决地球人口膨胀、资源枯竭的有效途径之一,也是确保人类生存、文明延续,躲避未来行星级自然灾害的关键步骤。月球生命保障前沿基地是人类基于月球环境通过人为改造而建立的、适于人类生存、可提供生命支撑的综合体,有望作为人类未来星际移民的前沿阵地。
发展以植物为基础的粮食生产系统对维持人类在太空的存在至关重要[3]。太空农业是人类采用现代生物技术与生态工程等手段,开发和确立的在太空环境下高效生产且能够充分保证人体所需营养的生产技术体系。太空农业发展面临着较为恶劣的太空环境影响,包括重力和辐射的改变等。太空中月球、火星的重力分别是地球重力的16.67%和38%。宇宙辐射的强度和类型也有很大不同。外太空中伽马射线、X射线和紫外线占主导地位。此外,相比于地球,月球、火星等星球的大气层、昼夜周期也存在较大差异[4]。太空农业研究与探索可为人类未来在月球生命保障前沿基地建立食物供给系统提供重要参考。
千百年来,人类对月球的渴望与探索从未停歇。从古代嫦娥奔月的传说,到现代火箭和卫星的实践,人类突破大气层到达外太空经历了无数的失败与挫折。在美国和苏联“军备竞赛”中,美国“阿波罗计划”成功将人类送上月球,掀起人类首次探月高潮。中国、俄罗斯、日本等国家和欧洲航天局等机构也卓有成效地展开月球探索计划。私营企业Blue Origin、SpaceX和Dynetics等也加入太空资源开发、太空旅游、太空移民和太空农场的探索中。自20世纪90年代后期开始,人类掀起又一轮探月高潮。特别是在2023年8月23日,印度“月船三号”携带的着陆器在月球南极附近实现软着陆,标志着人类历史上第1次在月球正面的南极区域实现软着陆任务。
第2次探月热潮中最受瞩目的当属中国“嫦娥探月工程”。承载着中华民族“航天梦”的探月工程于2003年启动。该计划要实现无人探月、载人登月和长久驻月3级目标。无人探月阶段,“嫦娥工程”已圆满完成环月探测、落月探测和采样返回探测3步任务[5]。第1步环月探测,即在2007年成功发射“嫦娥一号”绕月探测器,构建月球探测航天工程初步系统。第2步落月探测,中国陆续发射了“嫦娥二号”“嫦娥三号”和“嫦娥四号”探测器。其中,“嫦娥二号”获取了7 m高分辨率全月图并对图塔蒂斯小行星进行飞掠探测;“嫦娥三号”首次携带“玉兔号”月球车,实现了月面软着陆和月面巡视探测;“嫦娥四号”实现首次着陆于月球背面并巡视勘察,在月面密闭环境下培育出人类第1株幼苗;跟随“嫦娥四号”抵月的“玉兔二号”月球车至今仍在月面履行巡视和勘探使命。第3步采样返回探测,即“嫦娥五号”探测器突破了月面采样、月面起飞上升、月球轨道交会对接与样品转移、月地高速再入返回等技术,成功从月球带回岩石和土壤样品[6]。
探月工程为人类认识月球、太空提供了重要数据和信息,加快了人类未来移居月球的进程。如何在月球建立适于人类的食物生产供给系统至关重要,发展太空农业有望成为有效路径。
以改善饮食、舒缓压力、放松心情为目的的太空种植已在国际空间站广泛开展。航天员已成功收获了生菜、大白菜、扁豆、芥菜和萝卜等植物。
2014年,一个名为Veggie的植物生产系统被发射到国际空间站。2015年,美国国家航空航天局(NASA)空间站利用百日菊(Zinnia elegans Jacq)植株,培育出太空第1朵花[7]。2020年,安装在国际空间站的日本实验舱中进行了拟南芥培育试验,发现拟南芥种子不受重力条件影响而萌发,植物在62 d的培育过程中发育出花、角果和种子,完成了整个生命周期。另外,微重力条件下花数增加,种子生物量也提高[8]。2022年,中国科学院研究人员还在中国空间站首次实现水稻开花、结籽。此外,空间站中还实现油菜、豌豆和小麦等多种植物从种子到种子的培育。2023年,“神舟十六号”航天员乘组在中国空间站通过专业的太空栽培装置实现生菜的种植与收获。
中国的“嫦娥四号”任务率先开启了人类在月球上种植植物的新篇章。“嫦娥四号”着陆器搭载了“嫦娥四号”生物科普试验载荷,并成功发回了一张在小型生物圈试验中棉花种子发芽的图像[9]。“嫦娥四号”生物科普试验载荷通过研究生物在月球低重力、强辐射、自然光照条件下动植物的生长发育状态,为人类今后建立月球基地提供研究基础和经验。在这个小型生态圈内,人工控制光照的强度和温度的散失,使得温度保持在生命可以繁衍的范围内(15~35 ℃)。该载荷搭载马铃薯、拟南芥、油菜、棉花、果蝇和酵母6种生物(图1)。“嫦娥”系列工程为人类登月、建立月球农场,并进一步移居月球奠定了坚实基础。
选择、开发合适的光合生物作为生物再生生命保障系统的候选者是目前空间探索的一个优先研究领域。适合长期航天飞行、移民月球的藻类品种具有生长快、光合速率高、适应空间因素的能力[10]。微藻是单细胞生物,兼具植物、动物、微生物等特征,可作为碳中和单细胞生物工厂,用于生产食品、饲料、化妆品、营养品、药品、肥料、生物活性物质,以及生物燃料等[11]。藻类油可能用于未来航天员的饮食,以帮助减轻太空飞行期间微重力和宇宙辐射的有害影响。长期以来,人们一直建议将藻类用于空间生命保障系统,以回收二氧化碳并直接或间接地为航天员提供食物[12]。过去60年以来,太空任务已开展大量的生物再生生命保障系统(Bioregenerative Life Support System, BLSS)微藻培养试验(表1[13]),小球藻(Chlorella pyrenoidosa、Chlorella vulgaris)、裸藻(Euglena gracilis)、衣藻(Chlamydomonas reinhardtii)等微藻在太空生命保障系统中均有较好的表现。例如,裸藻(E. gracilis)已成功地为空间站生物再生生命保障系统中的鱼类提供足够的氧气[13]。
建立月球生命保障前沿基地,还存在较大的挑战,主要体现在以下几方面。
(1)月球极端的自然条件限制植物正常生长。地球为植物生长提供了适宜的温度、充足的阳光和水分等绝佳的自然条件。月球没有大气,没有稳定的碳源供应;月球表面温度低且昼夜温差悬殊;月球光照在不同区域差异巨大,如月球南极Shackleton撞击坑的边缘相隔10 km的两个地方有98%的时间能接收太阳光照,而有些区域为永暗区;月球重力大约为地球的1/6,月球上的低重力环境会导致植物的根系发育不完善,影响其正常的生长和产量。此外,月球上极强的电离和紫外辐射等也给植物的生长带来不小的挑战。如何利用月球的原位自然资源,且在这些极端月球环境下种植植物,建立生命保障前沿基地,这对未来开展人类移居月球计划、发展太空农业至关重要。
(2)缺乏兼具适应月球环境、全株可食、高营养保健价值、收获指数高等优势的植物品种。建立月球生命保障前沿基地,选择合适的植物品种至关重要。在太空植物的选择方面,需要考虑以下因素:营养全面、抗旱节水、光周期不敏感、温度不敏感、抗贫瘠,以及与粮棉油药作物相关等。此外,还需要考虑选择哪种植物能调节航天员在封闭、孤立的小环境中长期生活所出现各种各样的心理问题。由于月球生命保障前沿基地空间资源有限,植物大小是太空种植的重要考量因素。同时,植物的生长周期至关重要。应考虑生长速度快、收获指数高的植物品种。因此,亟须从地球上广泛筛选可以作为人类在月球对营养与健康需求的植物候选者,结合基因编辑等技术改造,创制一批可应用于月球生命保障前沿基地的先锋植物。
(3)缺乏可持续的月球食物生产系统。目前,从地球通过火箭运载向空间站乃至月球供给食物成本极高,供给能力有限,具有不可持续性。基于月球天然的熔岩洞穴、冰水、光照等资源,开发一套可持续性的月球食物生产系统,对于建立月球生命保障前沿基地很有必要。近年来,深空探测技术、人工智能技术、光伏技术、空间核电源技术、超远距离通信技术、植物工厂技术、3D打印技术、合成生物学技术等较为成熟,亟须多学科交叉会聚与多技术跨界融合,构建系统性的月球食物生产系统。
基于植物对光、温、水和土等的需求,系统分析月球原位资源,寻找月球植物宜居带,并在宜居带上选择一个最佳宜居点,可为人类登陆月球建立美好家园奠定基础。
植物生长的一个先决条件是水。月球的水资源主要以冰水的形态存在,主要分布在月球两极。北极分布广但稀疏;南极分布集中且更为丰富[14-15]。水资源的丰富程度随地形、时间和温度的变化而变化。因此要选择合适的区域,在月球极地原位开采相对丰富的水资源,是满足月球基地植物生长发育对水的需求最便捷和经济的方式之一。此外,航天员呼吸和植物蒸腾释放出的水汽、人的排泄物及清洁用水,也都可以经收集和净化后循环使用。
植物的生长离不开健康的土壤。地球土壤能够为植物的生长提供必要的矿物质及有机质。“玉兔号”月球车搭载的测月雷达对月球土壤组成进行了完整精确的分析。探测结果显示,月壤主要由岩石碎屑、粉末、角砾岩、玻璃珠组成,结构松散且质地软。月壤中的化学元素有镁、铝、硅、钙、钛、钾、铬、铁及多种微量元素[16]。月壤中也存在氧,可以直接提取,用于维持生命,作为氧化剂,乃至促进植物生长[17]。2023年8月,印度月球探测器“月船三号”携带的探月车在月球南极附近表面发现硫、铝、铁、钙、铬、钛、锰、氧和硅等多种元素。从月壤的组成成分来看,月壤相对贫瘠,似乎不适合植物的直接生长。通过对月壤进行改造,植物才能正常生长。研究表明蓝细菌和柱胞鱼腥藻在改造地球岩石及大气过程中发挥了重要作用[18]。未来,可应用这类生物用于月壤改造。
月球两极存在永久阴影区和持续光照区。永久阴影区温度较低,水资源相对比较丰富,主要集中在“冻土”和“撞击坑”中[14]。月球南极平均日照超过70%的面积为13.74 km2,而北极为9.09 km2[19]。月球的持续光照区主要是在月球南极。由于月球赤道面与黄道面成1.54°夹角,纬度88.4°S~90°S的区域会出现周期约为半年的极昼极夜现象。特定区域光照时间年占比最高可超过80%。极长时间的连续光照为生物生长发育提供了非常有利的条件[19]。在月球极地持续光照的区域,其温度一般稳定在-4~-63 ℃[20],高于地球南极俄罗斯东方站所在地的气温(最低为-89.2 ℃)。
如何在有限的空间内,创制或改造适合月球空间、资源和能源高效利用的功能植物品种,以满足人类在月球对粮、棉、油、药等的需求至关重要。目前,通过CRISPR(Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats,规律间隔成簇短回文重复序列)等基因编辑技术简单敲除一个或几个基因在提高作物产量、品质改良和抗逆性等方面取得了很大成就[21]。未来可以依据月球资源和环境条件,借助基因编辑技术定向创制高产、适应力强的功能植物新品种。例如,加强植物光合作用速率,不仅能改善空气质量,又能为航天员提供更多的物质保障。另外,在月球这样极端的环境下,如何让植物能高效利用水分和提高植物的抗性也需要考虑。
改变光合作用的类型,让植物适应月球光环境至关重要。景天酸代谢途径(Crassulacean Acid Metabolism, CAM)是植物在极端环境下演化出的一套生存机制,是地球上热带或亚热带干旱地区植物的一种精巧的固碳方法。通常CAM植物在夜间气孔开放以摄取二氧化碳从而避免水分的快速流失;在白天气孔关闭,增强节水能力[22]。对于月球这样的极端环境,将CAM代谢途径引入其他C3或C4植物,可提高植物水分利用、生长抗性等能力,也可为航天员提供不同营养物质和能量。利用合成生物学工具,模块化表达不同功能的异源基因,能够有效地协调大量异源基因的高表达来优化代谢途径[23-24],从而提高植物在月球的适应能力。
笔者团队前期提出一种全株可食精英植物(Whole-body Edible and Elite Plant, WBEEP)空间作物改良策略,其以植物生物技术为依托,旨在为太空农场开发可食用部分更多、营养成分更丰富、产量更高、矿质养分利用效率更高的作物[25]。以培育WBEEP马铃薯(图2[25])为例,具体改造思路包括:沉默或突变编码细胞色素P450酶、双加氧酶、AP2/ERF转录因子的基因降低茄碱含量,实现全株可食;通过改变植物内源代谢途径,或者重建生物合成途径,提高植物合成维生素和功能性次生代谢产物的能力,丰富块茎的营养成分;通过提高Rubisco酶的羧化能力,增强碳还原循环的再生能力,优化电子传递链,减少氧合和光呼吸,优化光合作用,提高马铃薯产量;过表达谷氨酸脱氢酶(Glutamate Dehydrogenase, GDHs)、亚磷酸盐脱氢酶(Phosphite Dehydrogenase, ptxD)、钾离子通道等,提高对氮、磷、钾等矿物质营养利用效率。目前,国际空间站种植生菜和芥菜等绿叶蔬菜作为食物[26]。通过应用作物改良WBEEP方法,有望将更多的植物带到太空农场。
太空提供了银河系和太阳起源的高辐射、高真空、极端温度和微重力等特殊环境条件。微重力迫使生物系统重组、适应和进化[27]。对于月球表面的无人和载人活动,最严重的问题之一是太阳和银河宇宙射线造成的辐射损伤。月球上的洞穴是未来月球基地选址的绝佳候选者。其中,熔岩洞具有电离空间辐射和其他恶劣条件的缓冲环境,使生物可以免受紫外线辐射,而火山矿物质可能为化学合成提供丰富的营养来源。更有趣的是,这些洞穴可能是部分或全部封闭的。这使得高压大气的形成和液态水的存在成为可能[28]。熔岩洞穴或其他地下环境可能适合未来人类定居[29]。可在月球地下洞穴环境引入光源,种植作物,以避免有害的辐射和微陨石。蒸发的水将在暴露于太空并遮阳的盘管中冷凝。氧气和二氧化碳水平将通过控制光合作用和废物氧化来维持[30]。此外,植物工厂为封闭结构内的生产功能作物生长系统。该结构通过电气照明、气候控制和水培技术精确控制植物环境。植物工厂可为太空探索提供新鲜的食物,促进航天员的心理健康[31],可应用于熔岩洞中建立月球生命保障前沿基地。
此外,微藻具有较大潜力作为月球生命保障前沿基地食物生产者,为人类提供氧气、食物、生物聚合物和药物等。未来可原位利用月球光照、冰水、熔岩洞等资源,结合光伏技术、植物工厂技术、微藻培养技术等,有望建立绿色的月球食物生产系统(图3)。在该系统中,应用月球光伏资源,通过光伏发电,获得电能,再通过电解水获得氢气、氧气。氢气可用于制备氨气、尿素,为微藻乃至作物生长提供营养,最终为人类提供食物。
当前,人口急剧膨胀,地球资源枯竭,生态系统失衡,人类社会正面临着一场前所未有的生存危机。近年来,深空探测技术的快速进步使人类探测深空天体与环境、开发利用深空资源的可行性进一步增强。月球有望成为适合人类移居的“第二家园”。通过原位利用月球南极资源,在熔岩洞穴建立月球生命保障前沿基地,具备大气再生、水循环、废物处理和食物生产的基本功能,这对于未来月球移民十分重要。随着深空探测、植物工厂、基因编辑、生物合成、微藻培养、远距离数据传输、人工智能、自动化等一系列新技术的发展,中国有望在月球建立生命保障前沿基地。
  • 国家重点研发计划(2023YFE0199400)
  • 四川省科学技术厅项目(2023YFQ0100)
  • 四川省科学技术厅项目(2023ZYD0089)
  • 四川省科学技术厅项目(2022112)
  • 中国农业科学院科技创新工程项目(34-IUA-02)
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doi: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2024.01.012
  • 接收时间:2023-09-19
  • 出版时间:2024-03-20
  • 发布时间:2024-03-27
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  • 收稿日期:2023-09-19
  • 修回日期:2024-01-22
基金
国家重点研发计划(2023YFE0199400)
四川省科学技术厅项目(2023YFQ0100)
四川省科学技术厅项目(2023ZYD0089)
四川省科学技术厅项目(2022112)
中国农业科学院科技创新工程项目(34-IUA-02)
作者信息
    1.重庆大学教育部深空探测联合研究中心,重庆 400044
    2.中国农业科学院都市农业研究所国家成都农业科技中心,成都 610213

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表12种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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