Article(id=1157393072159113279, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, issueId=1157393070754025641, articleNumber=null, orderNo=8, doi=10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2024.01.007, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1703779200000, receivedDateStr=2023-12-29, revisedDate=1705939200000, revisedDateStr=2024-01-23, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753873611726, onlineDateStr=2025-07-30, pubDate=1710864000000, pubDateStr=2024-03-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1711468800000, onlineIssueDateStr=2024-03-27, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753873611726, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774072530017, updator=sys-migrate, issue=Issue{id=1157393070754025641, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, year='2024', volume='3', issue='1', pageStart='100', pageEnd='147', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1710864000000', pubDateStr='2024-03-20', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=1, createTime=1753873611366, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1776075110816, updator='13041195026', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1250512908678017028, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, issueId=1157393070754025641, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=Science and Technology Foresight, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1250512908682211333, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, issueId=1157393070754025641, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=月球及火星等地外行星科考基地建设探索专刊, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=86, endPage=99, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1157393074486952009, articleId=1157393072159113279, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, language=EN, title=Prospect and Feasibility of Lunar and Martian Lava Tube Sealing Technology, columnId=1149656489310208610, journalTitle=Science and Technology Foresight, columnName=Review and Commentary, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The lava tubes on the Moon, Mars, and other extraterrestrial bodies have the advantages of radiation resistance, meteorite impact resistance, lunar/Martian dust protection, and great thermal insulation. Constructing a habitat base in the lunar or Martian lava tube is one of the feasible options for humans to stay in extraterrestrial bodies for a long time in the future. This paper investigates the feasibility of the lava tube sealing technology, which is one of the most basic technical problems in the construction of lava bases. The space seal structures and the rapid leak detection technique are discussed. Two lava tube sealing schemes are proposed. One is based on the independent and flexible gasbag, and the other is based on the coating treatment for the inner lava tube surface. The key technical problems that need to be solved are described. The development trend of the sealing technology is discussed, and future research in this field is suggested. This study will provide technical support the future deep space exploration and base construction in extraterrestrial objects.’

, authors=null, authorsList=Jiawen QIU, Zhihe CUI, Yanchun HE, Jin WANG, Lixia HUO, Dongtao MA, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Zhihe CUI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
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月球及火星等地外天体上的熔洞具有抗辐射性、抗陨石撞击、防月/火尘和隔热保温性好等优点,利用熔洞建立居住基地是未来人类在地外天体长时间驻留的可选方案之一。文章探讨了熔洞基地建设中最基本的技术问题之一——熔洞密封技术方案的可行性;讨论了空间密封结构和快速检漏技术;提出了两种熔洞密封方案——基于独立柔性气腔的密封结构方案和基于熔洞内表面涂层处理的密封方案;提炼出了需要解决的关键技术问题,并对密封技术的未来发展趋势进行展望;给出本领域研究的发展建议,为未来深空探测和地外天体的基地建设提供技术支撑。

, authors=

邱家稳,研究员,博士研究生导师。国际宇航科学院院士。中国空间技术研究院某型号卫星总指挥。主要从事真空技术、表面工程和航天器研制工作。电子信箱:。

崔致和,研究员。主要从事航天器环境控制技术、航天器结构与机构方面的研究工作。获甘肃省科技进步奖一等奖等7项。电子信箱:。

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邱家稳,研究员,博士研究生导师。国际宇航科学院院士。中国空间技术研究院某型号卫星总指挥。主要从事真空技术、表面工程和航天器研制工作。电子信箱:。

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邱家稳,研究员,博士研究生导师。国际宇航科学院院士。中国空间技术研究院某型号卫星总指挥。主要从事真空技术、表面工程和航天器研制工作。电子信箱:。

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崔致和,研究员。主要从事航天器环境控制技术、航天器结构与机构方面的研究工作。获甘肃省科技进步奖一等奖等7项。电子信箱:。

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崔致和,研究员。主要从事航天器环境控制技术、航天器结构与机构方面的研究工作。获甘肃省科技进步奖一等奖等7项。电子信箱:。

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Science and Technology on Vacuum Technology and Physics Laboratory, Lanzhou Institute of Physics, Lanzhou 730000, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242113522792988796, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393072159113279, companyId=1242113522759434361, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.兰州空间技术物理研究所,真空技术与物理重点实验室,兰州 730000)])])], keywords=[Keyword(id=1242113524130971804, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393072159113279, language=EN, orderNo=1, keyword=space sealing technology), Keyword(id=1242113524185497757, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393072159113279, language=EN, orderNo=2, keyword=lunar base), Keyword(id=1242113524265189534, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393072159113279, language=EN, orderNo=3, keyword=Martian base), Keyword(id=1242113524340687007, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393072159113279, language=EN, orderNo=4, keyword=lava tubes), Keyword(id=1242113524407795872, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393072159113279, language=EN, orderNo=5, keyword=space immigration), Keyword(id=1242113524470710433, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393072159113279, language=EN, orderNo=6, keyword=sealing coatings), Keyword(id=1242113524529430690, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393072159113279, language=EN, orderNo=7, keyword=sealing feasibility analysis), Keyword(id=1242113524583956643, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393072159113279, language=CN, orderNo=1, keyword=空间密封技术), Keyword(id=1242113524655259812, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393072159113279, language=CN, orderNo=2, keyword=月球基地), Keyword(id=1242113524718174373, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393072159113279, language=CN, orderNo=3, keyword=火星基地), Keyword(id=1242113524776894630, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393072159113279, language=CN, orderNo=4, keyword=熔岩管), Keyword(id=1242113524835614887, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393072159113279, language=CN, orderNo=5, keyword=空间移民), Keyword(id=1242113524894335144, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393072159113279, language=CN, orderNo=6, keyword=密封涂层), Keyword(id=1242113524948861097, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393072159113279, language=CN, orderNo=7, keyword=密封可行性分析)], refs=[Reference(id=1242113531584250052, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393072159113279, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=null, issue=4, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=0, authorNames=付毅飞, journalName=科技日报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=付毅飞. 中国深空探测在规划这些大事[N]. 科技日报, 2023-04-26(4)., articleTitle=中国深空探测在规划这些大事, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242113531642970309, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393072159113279, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=null, issue=4, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=1, authorNames=Fu Y F, journalName=Science and Technology Daily, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Fu Y F. China’s deep space exploration is planning these major events[N]. Science and Technology Daily, 2023-04-26(4). (in Chinese), articleTitle=China’s deep space exploration is planning these major events, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242113531710079174, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393072159113279, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2004, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=459, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[2], rfOrder=2, authorNames=达道安, 邱家稳, journalName=真空设计手册, refType=null, unstructuredReference=达道安, 邱家稳. 真空设计手册[M]. 3版. 北京: 国防工业出版社, 2004: 459-588., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242113531768799431, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393072159113279, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2004, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=459, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[2], rfOrder=3, authorNames=Da D A, Qiu J W, journalName=Vacuum design handbook, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Da D A, Qiu J W. Vacuum design handbook[M]. 3rd edition. 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(in Chinese), articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242113531831713992, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393072159113279, doi=10.11867/j.issn.1001-8166.2004.03.0351, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2004, volume=19, issue=3, pageStart=351, pageEnd=358, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[3], rfOrder=4, authorNames=欧阳自远, journalName=地球科学进展, refType=null, unstructuredReference=欧阳自远. 我国月球探测的总体科学目标与发展战略[J]. 地球科学进展, 2004, 19(3): 351-358., articleTitle=我国月球探测的总体科学目标与发展战略, refAbstract=在简述月球探测的历程与趋势的基础上,强调当代月球探测的总体目标为:①研究月球与地月系的起源和演化,特别是月球大气层与磁场的消失,矿物与岩石的分布和形成环境、月壤和内部层圈结构的形成以及月球演化的历程;②探测月球的资源、能源和特殊环境的开发利用及对人类社会长期可持续发展的支撑。我国不载人月球探测划分为绕、落、回三个阶段。为了全球性、整体性重新认识月球,绕月卫星探测的科学目标是为了获取全月面三维影像,探测14种有用元素的全球分布与丰度,探测月壤厚度并估算氦3资源量以及太阳活动对空间环境的影响。"落"为月球探测器软着陆就位探测和月球车巡视探测,建立月基光学、低频射电和极紫外天文观测平台。"回"为月球探测器软着陆就位探测和取样返回地面。), Reference(id=1242113531894628553, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393072159113279, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2004, volume=19, issue=3, pageStart=351, pageEnd=358, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[3], rfOrder=5, authorNames=Ouyang Z Y, journalName=Advances in Earth Science, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Ouyang Z Y. Scientific objectives of Chinese lunar exploration project and development strategy[J]. Advances in Earth Science, 2004, 19(3): 351-358. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Scientific objectives of Chinese lunar exploration project and development strategy, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242113531961737418, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393072159113279, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2006, volume=8, issue=10, pageStart=13, pageEnd=18, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[4], rfOrder=6, authorNames=叶培建, 彭兢, journalName=中国工程科学, refType=null, unstructuredReference=叶培建, 彭兢. 深空探测与我国深空探测展望[J]. 中国工程科学, 2006, 8(10): 13-18., articleTitle=深空探测与我国深空探测展望, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242113532020457675, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393072159113279, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2006, volume=8, issue=10, pageStart=13, pageEnd=18, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[4], rfOrder=7, authorNames=Ye P J, Peng J, journalName=Strategic Study of CAE, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Ye P J, Peng J. Deep space exploration and its prospect in China[J]. Strategic Study of CAE, 2006, 8(10): 13-18. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Deep space exploration and its prospect in China, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242113533975003340, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393072159113279, doi=10.3969/j.issn.0254-0150.2017.06.018, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=42, issue=6, pageStart=88, pageEnd=91, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[5], rfOrder=8, authorNames=王春勇, 李昊磷, 孙亮, journalName=润滑与密封, refType=null, unstructuredReference=王春勇, 李昊磷, 孙亮, 等. 月球样品真空密封结构适应性试验研究[J]. 润滑与密封, 2017, 42(6): 88-91., articleTitle=月球样品真空密封结构适应性试验研究, refAbstract=我国探月三期工程关键任务之一是采集月球样品并返回地球,可靠的月球样品封装技术是维持月球样品原态,保证地面数据分析准确性的关键。针对月球样品密封与地面数据分析的要求,提出利用铟银合金-钛合金刀口密封为主密封,橡胶圈密封为辅助密封的冗余密封结构。对密封结构进行环境适应性试验,试验结果表明,设计的密封结构能够用于月球样品密封,防止月球样品被污染。), Reference(id=1242113534050500814, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393072159113279, doi=10.3969/j.issn.0254-0150.2017.06.018, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=42, issue=6, pageStart=88, pageEnd=91, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[5], rfOrder=9, authorNames=Wang C Y, Li H L, Sun L, journalName=Lubrication Engineering, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Wang C Y, Li H L, Sun L, et al. Experimental investigation on adaptability of lunar samples vacuum sealing structure[J]. Lubrication Engineering, 2017, 42(6): 88-91. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Experimental investigation on adaptability of lunar samples vacuum sealing structure, refAbstract=One key tast of the third phase of China's Lunar Exploration Project is to collect lunar sample and return to the Earth.Sealing technology is used to maintain the original state of lunar sample and ensure the reliability of ground ana-lyzing based on lunar samples.According to the requirement of lunar sample sealing and data analyzing,a structure of seal-ing lunar sample by using indium alloy and knife-edge as primary vacuum seal and silicon rubber as redundant seal against primary seal failure is proposed,and some relevant experimentation of sealing structure is carried out. Experiment result shows that this optimized sealing structure can be used to seal lunar samples without being contaminated.), Reference(id=1242113534134386895, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393072159113279, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=40, issue=1, pageStart=57, pageEnd=62, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[6], rfOrder=10, authorNames=Wu X J, Wang K C, Yang Z R, journalName=Precious Metals, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Wu X J, Wang K C, Yang Z R, et al. Study on preparation and characterization of in-Ag solders[J]. Precious Metals, 2019, 40(1): 57-62., articleTitle=Study on preparation and characterization of in-Ag solders, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242113534193107152, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393072159113279, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2014, volume=34, issue=3, pageStart=221, pageEnd=224, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[7], rfOrder=11, authorNames=付朝晖, 许旻, 杜永刚, journalName=真空科学与技术学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=付朝晖, 许旻, 杜永刚, 等. 极高真空环境下软金属刀口密封研究[J]. 真空科学与技术学报, 2014, 34(3): 221-224., articleTitle=极高真空环境下软金属刀口密封研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242113534256021713, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393072159113279, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2014, volume=34, issue=3, pageStart=221, pageEnd=224, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[7], rfOrder=12, authorNames=Fu Z H, Xu M, Du Y G, journalName=Chinese Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Fu Z H, Xu M, Du Y G, et al. Novel ultra high vacuum sealing technique with soft metal knife edge for space crafts[J]. Chinese Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology, 2014, 34(3): 221-224. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Novel ultra high vacuum sealing technique with soft metal knife edge for space crafts, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242113534310547666, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393072159113279, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=205, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[8], rfOrder=13, authorNames=谢更新, journalName=人类地外空间受控生态系统构建技术研究, refType=null, unstructuredReference=谢更新. 人类地外空间受控生态系统构建技术研究[M]. 重庆: 重庆大学出版社, 2023: 205-206., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242113535770165459, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393072159113279, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=205, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[8], rfOrder=14, authorNames=Xie G X, journalName=Research of ecosystem constructing techniques on outer space bodies, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Xie G X. Research of ecosystem constructing techniques on outer space bodies[M]. Chongqing: Chongqing University Press, 2023: 205-206. (in Chinese), articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242113535828885716, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393072159113279, doi=null, pmid=11695436, pmcid=null, year=2001, volume=27, issue=9, pageStart=1557, pageEnd=1562, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[9], rfOrder=15, authorNames=Tani A, Okuma T, Goto E, journalName=Advances in Space Research, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Tani A, Okuma T, Goto E, et al. Ground performance of air conditioning and water recycle system for a space plant box[J]. Advances in Space Research, 2001, 27(9): 1557-1562., articleTitle=Ground performance of air conditioning and water recycle system for a space plant box, refAbstract=Researchers from 5 Japanese universities have developed a plant growth facility (Space Plant Box) for seed to seed experiments under microgravity. The breadboard model of the Space Plant Box was fabricated by assembling subsystems developed for microgravity. The subsystems include air conditioning and water recycle system, air circulation system, water and nutrient delivery system, lighting system and plant monitoring system. The air conditioning and water recycle system is simply composed of a single heat exchanger, two fans and hydrophilic fibrous strings. The strings allow water movement from the cooler fin in the Cooling Box to root supporting materials in the Plant Growth Chamber driven by water potential deficit. Relative humidity in the Plant Growth Chamber can be changed over a wide range by controlling the ratio of latent heat exchange to sensible heat exchange on the cooling fin of the heat exchanger. The transpiration rate was successfully measured by circulating air inside the Plant Growth Chamber only. Most water was recycled and a small amount of water needed to be added from the outside. The simple, air conditioning and water recycle system for the Space Plant Box showed good performance through a barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) growth experiment.c 2001. COSPAR. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.), Reference(id=1242113535895994581, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393072159113279, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1992, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[10], rfOrder=16, authorNames=Abeles F B, Morgan P W, Jr Saltweit M E, journalName=Ethylene Inplant Biology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Abeles F B, Morgan P W, Jr Saltweit M E. Ethylene Inplant Biology[M]. 2nd ed. San Diege: Academic Press Inc, 1992., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242113535954714838, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393072159113279, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2002, volume=null, issue=5, pageStart=64, pageEnd=65, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[11], rfOrder=17, authorNames=谭萍, journalName=控制工程, refType=null, unstructuredReference=谭萍. 国际空间站的现状与未来[J]. 控制工程, 2002(5): 64-65., articleTitle=国际空间站的现状与未来, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242113536013435095, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393072159113279, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2002, volume=null, issue=5, pageStart=64, pageEnd=65, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[11], rfOrder=18, authorNames=Tan P, journalName=Control Engineering, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Tan P. Status and future of ISS[J]. Control Engineering, 2002(5): 64-65. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Status and future of ISS, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242113536101515480, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393072159113279, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=32, issue=2, pageStart=1, pageEnd=8, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[12], rfOrder=19, authorNames=李学东, 谢圆, 朱光辰, journalName=航天器工程, refType=null, unstructuredReference=李学东, 谢圆, 朱光辰. 我国空间站出舱活动通用设计和实施技术[J]. 航天器工程, 2023, 32(2): 1-8., articleTitle=我国空间站出舱活动通用设计和实施技术, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242113536160235737, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393072159113279, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=32, issue=2, pageStart=1, pageEnd=8, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[12], rfOrder=20, authorNames=Li X D, Xie Y, Zhu G C, journalName=Spacecraft Engineering, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Li X D, Xie Y, Zhu G C. General design and implementation technologies of China space station EVA[J]. Spacecraft Engineering, 2023, 32(2): 1-8. 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Favourable handling properties, good patient acceptance and excellent physical properties have resulted in their popularity in today's practice. In this review, the chemistry and important physical properties of polyvinyl siloxanes are summarized, and recent clinical questions of improved hydrophilics, tray adhesives, disinfection, and glove-induced polymerization inhibition are addressed.), Reference(id=1242113540966908153, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393072159113279, doi=10.11933/j.issn.1007-9289.20210602001, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=34, issue=6, pageStart=1, pageEnd=20, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[32], rfOrder=52, authorNames=郭国吉, 陈彩英, 王向明, journalName=中国表面工程, refType=null, unstructuredReference=郭国吉, 陈彩英, 王向明, 等. 聚脲弹性体防护材料的研究进展[J]. 中国表面工程, 2021, 34(6): 1-20., articleTitle=聚脲弹性体防护材料的研究进展, refAbstract=防护材料对提升装备的可靠性与耐久性有着重要的意义,聚脲弹性体是近年来快速发展的一种新型多功能防护材料,在防爆抗冲击、防腐防水、汽车涂料等多个领域表现出了优异的防护效果,因其独特的吸能机理,成为实现高效轻质化防护的重要材料之一。首次系统地对聚脲弹性体的合成及结构、发展历程、防护应用等方面进行综述,对其微相分离结构、力学特性、抗冲击防爆机理与效果进行重点讨论。研究表明:聚脲弹性体对减弱爆炸冲击波及弹体侵彻载荷有着积极的作用;聚脲弹性体各项优异的理化性能源于其复杂的内部结构,微相分离和氢键化是其重要的内部结构特征。总结了聚脲弹性体研究存在的问题,并对其发展前景进行展望,可为聚脲弹性体的研究和新型防护结构的设计提供参考。), Reference(id=1242113541025628410, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393072159113279, doi=10.11933/j.issn.1007-9289.20210602001, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=34, issue=6, pageStart=1, pageEnd=20, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[32], rfOrder=53, authorNames=Guo G J, Chen C Y, Wang X M, journalName=China Surface Engineering, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Guo G J, Chen C Y, Wang X M, et al. Research progress of polyurea elastomer protective materials[J]. China Surface Engineering, 2021, 34(6): 1-20. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Research progress of polyurea elastomer protective materials, refAbstract=Protective materials are of great significance to improve the reliability and durability of equipment. Polyurea elastomer is a new type of multifunctional material, which can be used in the protection of structure and equipment. It has shown excellent protection effect in many fields, such as explosion-proof and impact resistance, anti-corrosion and waterproof, automotive coatings and so on. Because of its unique energy absorption mechanism, it has become one of the important materials to achieve high efficiency and lightweight protection. The synthesis, structure, development and application of polyurea elastomer are systematically reviewed for the first time. The micro phase separation structure, mechanical properties, impact and explosion-proof mechanism and effect of polyurea elastomer are mainly discussed. Studies show that polyurea elastomer has a positive effect on reducing the explosive shock wave and the penetration load of the projectile. The excellent physical and chemical properties of polyurea elastomer come from its complex internal structure, and microphase separation and hydrogen bonding are its important internal structure characteristics. The existing problems in the research of polyurea elastomer are summarized, and its development prospect is prospected, which provides references for the research of polyurea elastomers and the design of new protective structures.), Reference(id=1242113541084348667, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393072159113279, doi=10.1016/j.actamat.2016.06.034, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2016, volume=116, issue=null, pageStart=382, pageEnd=407, url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1359645416304530, language=null, rfNumber=[33], rfOrder=54, authorNames=Assadi H, Kreye H, Gärtner F, journalName=Acta Materialia, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Assadi H, Kreye H, Gärtner F, et al. Cold spraying-A materials perspective[J]. Acta Materialia, 2016, 116: 382-407., articleTitle=Cold spraying-A materials perspective, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1242113531450032323, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393072159113279, awardId=U20B2008, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(U20B2008), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1242113522688131190, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393072159113279, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242113522696519799, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393072159113279, companyId=1242113522688131190, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1. China Academy of Space Technology, Beijing 100094, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242113522700714104, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393072159113279, companyId=1242113522688131190, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.中国空间技术研究院,北京 100094)]), AuthorCompany(id=1242113522759434361, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393072159113279, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242113522784600187, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393072159113279, companyId=1242113522759434361, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2. Science and Technology on Vacuum Technology and Physics Laboratory, Lanzhou Institute of Physics, Lanzhou 730000, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242113522792988796, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393072159113279, companyId=1242113522759434361, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.兰州空间技术物理研究所,真空技术与物理重点实验室,兰州 730000)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1242113528333664426, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393072159113279, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Sealing structure of lunar sample packaging device of Chang’e-5, figureFileSmall=dUOsxQODy0QoV4+6AdiKlg==, figureFileBig=vyGblWp6ESPzmtr3vhku8Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242113528404967596, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393072159113279, language=CN, label=图1, caption=“嫦娥五号”月球样品密封封装装置密封结构图, figureFileSmall=dUOsxQODy0QoV4+6AdiKlg==, figureFileBig=vyGblWp6ESPzmtr3vhku8Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242113528560156845, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393072159113279, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Sealing structure for biological test payload of Chang’e-4, figureFileSmall=xRzXaRTxPqdgXC4CxaoWRg==, figureFileBig=KABSddNjQkEGndBoIlyHHA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242113528652431534, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393072159113279, language=CN, label=图2, caption=“嫦娥四号”任务生物试验载荷的密封结构示意图, figureFileSmall=xRzXaRTxPqdgXC4CxaoWRg==, figureFileBig=KABSddNjQkEGndBoIlyHHA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242113528706957487, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393072159113279, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Configuration of airlock module of the Chinese Space Station, figureFileSmall=8fOal9+yExkiz1IbAvQXKw==, figureFileBig=V/awdly3hculcXy5EcV+WQ==, tableContent=null), 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label=Fig. 5, caption=Tandem structure of flexible main cabin and rigid cabin, figureFileSmall=35N9tQfD/CAgIQsM4DX5TQ==, figureFileBig=NfB77Qwc5UsZBtjIJBINrg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242113528992170164, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393072159113279, language=CN, label=图5, caption=柔性主舱与刚性气闸舱串联结构图, figureFileSmall=35N9tQfD/CAgIQsM4DX5TQ==, figureFileBig=NfB77Qwc5UsZBtjIJBINrg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242113529055084725, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393072159113279, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=Flexible airbag structure, figureFileSmall=8fEiJmdWysmQxNA8Soz78g==, figureFileBig=Fl50cqb/5LLWF9cD1f8xEg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242113529130582198, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393072159113279, language=CN, label=图6, caption=柔性气囊结构示意图, figureFileSmall=8fEiJmdWysmQxNA8Soz78g==, figureFileBig=Fl50cqb/5LLWF9cD1f8xEg==, 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ArticleFig(id=1242113531227734209, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393072159113279, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Comparison of common painting techniques implemented in lunar high vacuum and other environments

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
涂装技术 原材料性状 存在的问题 可行性
气体压力喷涂 悬浊液 黏度受高低温影响大;
真空或低气压下稀释剂挥发剧烈
真空或高低温下实施难度大,可行性差
高压无气喷涂
(真空)静电喷涂 悬浊液 同上 同上
固态粉体 聚合物粉低温下不易沉积与成膜;
涂层需加热固化
需载气供应设备、加热设备等,载气消散速率高;
高压静电发生器在月面工作机制不清,可行性差
火焰喷涂 固态粉体 需要燃气与助燃气产生火焰;
涂层需加热固化
需燃气与助燃气供应设备、加热设备等;
可行性较差
(真空)冷喷涂 固态粉体 粉体输送需要惰性载气;
喷枪覆盖面积较小
需载气供应设备;
粉体在高低温、月面岩石基体表面的沉积控制有待研究,具有一定可行性
(真空)等离子体喷涂 固态粉体 粉体输送需要惰性载气(或燃气与助燃气);
电源功耗非常高;
喷枪覆盖面积较小
需粉体输送载气(或燃气与助燃气)供应设备、高功率供电设备;
粉体在高低温环境中的沉积控制,燃气与助燃气在月面的燃烧行为,可操作性较低
(真空)电弧喷涂
爆炸喷涂
), ArticleFig(id=1242113531324203202, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393072159113279, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

常见涂装技术在月面高真空等环境实施工艺对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
涂装技术 原材料性状 存在的问题 可行性
气体压力喷涂 悬浊液 黏度受高低温影响大;
真空或低气压下稀释剂挥发剧烈
真空或高低温下实施难度大,可行性差
高压无气喷涂
(真空)静电喷涂 悬浊液 同上 同上
固态粉体 聚合物粉低温下不易沉积与成膜;
涂层需加热固化
需载气供应设备、加热设备等,载气消散速率高;
高压静电发生器在月面工作机制不清,可行性差
火焰喷涂 固态粉体 需要燃气与助燃气产生火焰;
涂层需加热固化
需燃气与助燃气供应设备、加热设备等;
可行性较差
(真空)冷喷涂 固态粉体 粉体输送需要惰性载气;
喷枪覆盖面积较小
需载气供应设备;
粉体在高低温、月面岩石基体表面的沉积控制有待研究,具有一定可行性
(真空)等离子体喷涂 固态粉体 粉体输送需要惰性载气(或燃气与助燃气);
电源功耗非常高;
喷枪覆盖面积较小
需粉体输送载气(或燃气与助燃气)供应设备、高功率供电设备;
粉体在高低温环境中的沉积控制,燃气与助燃气在月面的燃烧行为,可操作性较低
(真空)电弧喷涂
爆炸喷涂
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月球及火星熔洞密封技术发展及其方案可行性研究
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邱家稳 1, 2 , 崔致和 2, † , 何延春 2 , 王琎 2 , 霍丽霞 2 , 马动涛 2
前瞻科技 | 综述与述评 2024,3(1): 86-99
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前瞻科技 | 综述与述评 2024, 3(1): 86-99
月球及火星熔洞密封技术发展及其方案可行性研究
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邱家稳1, 2 , 崔致和2, † , 何延春2, 王琎2, 霍丽霞2, 马动涛2
作者信息
  • 1.中国空间技术研究院,北京 100094
  • 2.兰州空间技术物理研究所,真空技术与物理重点实验室,兰州 730000
  • 邱家稳,研究员,博士研究生导师。国际宇航科学院院士。中国空间技术研究院某型号卫星总指挥。主要从事真空技术、表面工程和航天器研制工作。电子信箱:。

    崔致和,研究员。主要从事航天器环境控制技术、航天器结构与机构方面的研究工作。获甘肃省科技进步奖一等奖等7项。电子信箱:。

通信作者:

†
†
Prospect and Feasibility of Lunar and Martian Lava Tube Sealing Technology
Jiawen QIU1, 2 , Zhihe CUI2, † , Yanchun HE2, Jin WANG2, Lixia HUO2, Dongtao MA2
Affiliations
  • 1. China Academy of Space Technology, Beijing 100094, China
  • 2. Science and Technology on Vacuum Technology and Physics Laboratory, Lanzhou Institute of Physics, Lanzhou 730000, China
出版时间: 2024-03-20 doi: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2024.01.007
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月球及火星等地外天体上的熔洞具有抗辐射性、抗陨石撞击、防月/火尘和隔热保温性好等优点,利用熔洞建立居住基地是未来人类在地外天体长时间驻留的可选方案之一。文章探讨了熔洞基地建设中最基本的技术问题之一——熔洞密封技术方案的可行性;讨论了空间密封结构和快速检漏技术;提出了两种熔洞密封方案——基于独立柔性气腔的密封结构方案和基于熔洞内表面涂层处理的密封方案;提炼出了需要解决的关键技术问题,并对密封技术的未来发展趋势进行展望;给出本领域研究的发展建议,为未来深空探测和地外天体的基地建设提供技术支撑。

空间密封技术  /  月球基地  /  火星基地  /  熔岩管  /  空间移民  /  密封涂层  /  密封可行性分析

The lava tubes on the Moon, Mars, and other extraterrestrial bodies have the advantages of radiation resistance, meteorite impact resistance, lunar/Martian dust protection, and great thermal insulation. Constructing a habitat base in the lunar or Martian lava tube is one of the feasible options for humans to stay in extraterrestrial bodies for a long time in the future. This paper investigates the feasibility of the lava tube sealing technology, which is one of the most basic technical problems in the construction of lava bases. The space seal structures and the rapid leak detection technique are discussed. Two lava tube sealing schemes are proposed. One is based on the independent and flexible gasbag, and the other is based on the coating treatment for the inner lava tube surface. The key technical problems that need to be solved are described. The development trend of the sealing technology is discussed, and future research in this field is suggested. This study will provide technical support the future deep space exploration and base construction in extraterrestrial objects.’

space sealing technology  /  lunar base  /  Martian base  /  lava tubes  /  space immigration  /  sealing coatings  /  sealing feasibility analysis
邱家稳, 崔致和, 何延春, 王琎, 霍丽霞, 马动涛. 月球及火星熔洞密封技术发展及其方案可行性研究. 前瞻科技, 2024 , 3 (1) : 86 -99 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2024.01.007
Jiawen QIU, Zhihe CUI, Yanchun HE, Jin WANG, Lixia HUO, Dongtao MA. Prospect and Feasibility of Lunar and Martian Lava Tube Sealing Technology[J]. Science and Technology Foresight, 2024 , 3 (1) : 86 -99 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2024.01.007
随着人类探索外太空技术的不断进步,火星和月球的载人探测与开发已经成为众多国家和地区关注的焦点,其中在月球和火星等地外天体上建立基地,甚至向地外天体移民已被列为各航天强国深空探测的长远发展计划。在月球表面或月球轨道上建设国际月球科研站,可以促进人类进行月球探索和利用,以及月基观测,开展基础科学实验和技术验证等科研活动。因此,2021年3月9日,中国和俄罗斯两国签署合作建设国际月球科研站谅解备忘录。据中国深空探测专家[1]介绍,国际月球科研站将按照3个阶段分步实施,计划2030年前后建成基本型,开展月球环境探测和资源利用试验验证;2040年前后建成完善型,开展日地月空间环境探测及科学试验,并建成鹊桥通导遥综合星座,服务载人登月和火星、金星等深空探测;之后建设应用型月球科研站,由科研型试验站逐步升级到实用型、多功能的月球基地。
火星或月球等地外天体上的熔洞具有抗辐射、抗陨石撞击、防月/火尘和隔热保温好等优点,为人类长时间驻留和居住提供了便利的条件,因此,利用熔洞建设居住基地是未来可选方案之一。地外天体大多气体稀薄,属超高或极高真空状态,而人类比较适宜在一个大气压的空气或配比空气下长时间生存。要在月球或火星上建立熔洞基地,首先要解决熔洞的密封关键技术,该技术涉及密封结构设计、密封材料选择、检漏与监测、地外天体资源利用及航天运输条件约束等多个领域。因此,深入研究月球及火星熔洞密封技术则显得尤为关键。
文章分析国内外已发射航天器的密封舱或密封装置所采取的密封技术,以及平流层飞艇柔性密封舱技术。在此基础上,提出两种月球及火星熔洞密封技术的设计方案,对其关键部组件和模块进行初步设计,并分析方案的可行性,提出后续亟须解决的关键技术。
若在密闭空间内外建立气压差,不可避免涉及空间密封问题,而空间密封大多是真空密封。真空密封通常可分为可拆密封和不可拆密封。不可拆密封,又称永久密封,如各种焊接、封接等,不属于文章讨论的范畴。可拆密封中又有静密封和动密封的区别。真空密封根据密封材料的不同可分为橡胶密封和金属材料密封。
橡胶是应用最为广泛的密封材料之一,它具有高弹性、较高耐磨性和适宜的机械强度,且在常温下密封可靠、可反复拆卸安装、易于加工和价格低廉等优点。但其不能承受极高温和深低温,与金属密封材料相比具有较大的出气率和渗透率。航天领域一般选用真空出气率较低的氟橡胶。而地外天体探测大多要考虑深冷环境。橡胶在低温下弹性消失,变得硬而脆。但研究表明,橡胶如果仅受静负荷作用,它能在远低于其极限温度下工作,如橡胶密封圈能在-50~-268 ℃的温度范围内用于静密封,密封压力通常不超过7 MPa[2]。
对于极低漏率要求和出气污染控制严格的场合,则需要采用金属材料密封。金属密封材料一般包括铝、铜、银、金和铟锡等软金属。但金属密封也有缺点,如金属密封圈弹性差,需要很大的密封力才能保证可靠的真空密封;金属密封圈不能重复使用;密封面和刀口的粗糙度与配合精度要求高,很小的伤痕都能破坏密封;密封圈与法兰的热膨胀系数相差较大,温度不均匀或密封结构设计不合理,会引起局部变形而造成漏气等。
“嫦娥五号”月球探测器无人采样的月球样品密封封装装置,可盛装钻取、表取月球样品及自动密封,并“原汁原味”将月球样品带回地面。该装置通过“嫦娥五号”返回器于2020年底成功带回1 731 g月球样品,完成了中国首次地外天体样品采样返回任务,实现了探月工程三期任务科学目标[3-4]。月球样品密封封装装置在月壤取样、传输、保存与利用过程中,对防止样品污染、泄漏方面要求极高,其漏率直接决定月壤样品分析可检精度。在密封设计上,采用静密封与动密封相结合技术,实现了密封封装装置在无人状态下的自动密封任务。
相比于月面极高真空或火面的低真空环境,地球表面包裹着大气层。为了防止在返回地球过程中和返回后大气对月球样品的污染造成月壤原始状态的破坏,综合考虑月表的超高真空环境、样品采集自动化及密封可靠性的要求,采用了金属密封和O形橡胶圈冗余密封的二次密封结构,如图1[5]所示。密封金属和O形橡胶圈均集成于密封容器盖体上。当盖体闭合时刀口刃入密封金属内形成金属密封的同时,O形橡胶圈与封装容器内壁形成径向弹性密封[5]。橡胶圈选用改性低温硅橡胶,工作温度为-90~200 ℃,可适应月表的温度环境。而金属密封材料采用铟银合金[6],密封后的刀口刃入铟银合金深度为0.5 mm[7]。该密封结构在经历空间高低温环境后,仍能在常温下维持10-11 Pa·m3/s的密封漏率。
图2为“嫦娥四号”任务生物试验载荷的密封结构示意图[8]。由于试验载荷内为水分和空气的混合环境,因此其密封要求为能够密封潮湿空气[9-10]。该装置采用橡胶圈密封技术,由于光导管自身不具备密封性能,且通过GD414C硅橡胶固定在上舱体安装盖板中间顶部。为了不影响光线进入生物试验载荷内部,该位置设置了导光玻璃,导光玻璃与盖板之间采用两道端面密封结构形式,以减少内部气体泄漏。而上舱体盖板与罐体之间的密封采用了端面密封和轴向密封的组合形式。
在空间中任何物资都是珍贵的。载人航天器普遍采用的气闸舱技术是解决航天员进出密封空间造成配比空气大量流失问题的关键技术。“天空实验室”是第一个配置专用气闸舱的航天器。“天空实验室”气闸舱位于对接适配器和工作舱之间,是舱中舱结构。气闸舱由内外两个同轴圆柱体组成,内柱体为管道气闸。航天员通过内柱体在工作间与多重适配器之间移动。气闸舱有3个闸门,其中两端的闸门分别通往轨道工作间与对接适配器,关闭后可调节气闸舱内的压力;第3个闸门位于侧壁,为EVA(Extra Vehicular Activity)出舱闸门。EVA乘员通过该闸门出舱。该气闸舱的特征是舱内舱、双圆柱筒、三舱门、过渡间兼用。国际空间站设有两个气闸舱[11],即“Quest”联合气闸舱和“Pirs”气闸对接舱。“Quest”联合气闸舱特征:外挂舱、双圆筒形、两舱门。“Pirs”气闸对接舱特征:外挂舱、单圆筒形、三舱门、对接转移兼用。中国空间站为了方便航天员的出舱活动,也设置了气闸舱[12-13]。图3[14]为中国空间站气闸舱构型。
由于柔性材料具有重量轻、可折展,且折叠后体积小,便于火箭运输等特点,在航天制造中越来越多地采用柔性结构材料。在金星探测中的浮空器是采用了类似于气球或平流层飞艇的密封结构方案。平流层飞艇是一种新型的能够在地球平流层、大气层中长航时飞行的临近空间飞行器[15],主要由气囊(也称为蒙皮)、支撑结构和操纵系统3部分组成。气囊需要采用具备良好的气密性和耐高温特性的柔性材料,以应对平流层极端的温度和压力条件。
平流层的气囊是大型气密容器,内部填充着轻质气体,如氦气或氢气,使飞艇能够在平流层中产生浮力,从而支撑整个飞艇的重量,使其能够在高空中悬浮和飞行。为了保持飞艇长时间在平流层飞行,防止内部气体泄漏或外界空气渗入而引起气囊压力变化,以维持艇内的气压和环境稳定,飞艇气囊需要具备良好的密封性[16-17]。在选择平流层飞艇气囊的密封材料时,一般要求其具有高强度、良好的耐温性和耐候性,以及优异的气密性和柔韧性。因此,飞艇气囊一般采用复合材料制造。该复合材料通常包括承力层、阻隔层、耐候层,各个功能层之间通过粘接材料复合在一起,从而达到高空航行对蒙皮材料的要求[18]。图4[19]为飞艇蒙皮材料的主要组成。
阻隔层主要的功能是实现蒙皮材料的密封,阻隔充气囊体内部的氦气渗漏,从而使囊体的浮升力保持稳定可控的状态。该材料往往具有较高的气密性,如聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯(Polyethylene Terephthalate, PET)、聚偏二氯乙烯(Polyvinylidene Chloride, PVDC)等[20]。目前阻隔层蒙皮材料普遍采用杜邦公司生产的S形Mylar聚酯膜[21]。氦气的渗透率小于0.2 L/(0.1 m2·d·MPa)。
不同密封材料间和密封气囊与结构材料的接口处也需要采用一定的密封结构或方式进行密封。主要的密封方式有热焊接密封、压合式密封、焊接密封和贴合式密封。
(1)热焊接密封。热焊接密封是一种通过加热材料表面使其熔化,再通过压力使熔化的材料融合在一起形成密封的方法。这种方法适用于熔融温度较低的气囊材料,如聚酯薄膜。热焊接密封具有良好的气密性和强度,并且能够适应高海拔和低温的环境。
(2)压合式密封。压合式密封是通过将气囊的边缘部分与飞艇的结构部分进行机械压合来形成密封。可以使用机械夹具、紧固件或胶黏剂等方法将气囊边缘固定在飞艇的结构上,确保密封性。这种密封方法适用于较厚、较硬的气囊材料,如涂层材料。
(3)焊接密封。焊接密封是将两个材料通过热能使其熔化,并在熔融状态下使其连接在一起形成密封的过程。焊接可以采用热塑性材料的热焊接或热硬化材料的化学焊接。这种密封方法适用于高强度、高温耐受性较好的气囊材料,如特种聚合物材料。
(4)贴合式密封。贴合式密封是通过在气囊边缘和飞艇结构之间贴上密封胶带或密封条来形成密封。这种方法适用于气囊边缘较薄且柔软的材料,如氯丁橡胶。贴合式密封具有良好的柔韧性和密封性能,并能够适应飞艇在高海拔和低温环境中的形变。
通过调研论述可知,空间常见的封装容器、密封气闸舱及柔性密封舱等的密封结构较为规整,然而面对月面或火面熔洞的复杂环境,传统的密封结构及密封材料不能完全适应,如熔洞内表面的密封问题、熔洞面凹凸不平问题,以及熔洞进出口处结合部位的密封问题等,都需要开展研究工作。
柔性气囊方案是由柔性主舱和刚性气闸舱(过渡舱)的组合体组成,如图5所示。该组合体可以作为气囊方案的一个标准模块使用。
为满足航天员在月球或火星的长期工作居住需求,并考虑熔洞利用,方案应具有以下特点。
(1)整舱应满足质量轻、发射体积小、内部可用空间大、结构稳固等要求,并具有较低的制造成本,易于发射,且容易建造。
(2)舱体应易于布置于月球熔洞内部。
(3)舱内能够保持1×105 Pa的内部气压,且具有扩展和连接其他舱段的能力。
(4)可为航天员提供长期良好的工作生活环境。
1)布局设计
根据月球熔洞柔性气囊主舱的功能、性能要求,柔性气囊结构示意图如图6所示。柔性气囊由气闸舱门、柔性气囊、内部承力结构组成。舱内后续可配置环境控制与生命保障系统及相关附属装置、各种生活设施和试验仪器,设备布局采用纵向布局方式,舱内顶棚和地板平面与舱纵向中心线平行,安装固定在内部承力结构上。气闸舱门为刚性结构,气囊由柔性蒙皮材料制成。
由于舱体气囊为柔性材料,舱体在地面可压缩后保存放置,能够适应发射阶段力学环境的要求。气闸舱门为刚性结构,用于航天员进出。密封舱刚性舱门技术目前已比较成熟,可采用现有成熟的刚性舱门方案,并通过刚柔连接法兰连接。
标准柔性气囊舱作为一个独立单元,可通过尾部外舱门和其他标准舱的前舱门的连接实现多个标准舱的连通,两个舱之间通过法兰连接,建成由标准柔性气囊舱组成的大型基地。图7为两个单元的标准柔性气囊舱小型基地示意图。
2)压力范围
中国空间站采用标准大气的体制,组合体舱内气体由氧气和氮气混合构成。压力范围80.0~101.3 kPa,其中氧分压标称值22.0 kPa,范围20.0~24.0 kPa,允许短时间在24.0~26.0 kPa内;二氧化碳分压不大于1.33 kPa,因此舱内压力值最小为80 kPa。
3)气囊材料选择及密封漏率
柔性气囊采用复合材料,以聚酰亚胺、聚乙烯、聚酰胺、铝箔和橡胶等密封材料为基础。在密封层基础上复合承力层、保温层及防护层形成最终的气囊复合材料。密封层提供气体密封功能,承力层承担舱内压力,采用高比强度的纤维材料。
在不考虑各连接、接缝处的漏气及进出舱过程中气体损失,仅计算理想气体气密渗透性。按照目前中国空间站6个月一次轮换频率,完成大气补给工作,并根据中国空间站大气压力控制要求,考虑冗余设计,建议漏率取1.3×10-2 Pa·m3/s。
4)气闸舱气体压力控制组件
密闭容器降压的气体转移法根据气体转移到的环境不同,可有低压转移、常压转移和高压转移3种。低压转移可通过管道直接排放到低压环境,直至压力平衡;常压转移用真空泵抽气向常压环境排放;高压转移则需真空泵-压缩机联动,将常压气体转移到高压容器中。具体到气闸舱,舱外是低压环境,可直接排放但不能复用;柔性气囊组合体密封舱是有限容积的常压环境,可用降压泵把气闸舱内气体转移到密封舱;如用气瓶回收,回收降压气体的气瓶是高压环境,可用真空泵从气闸舱抽气并由压缩机压回高压气瓶。
系统主要由气体过滤器、气体降压转移泵、电磁截止阀、手动截止阀、管路及泄压阀组成。采用电动控制和手动控制两种方式,互为备份的方案。正常情况下通过电动控制方式进行气体的降压转移。当电磁截止阀发生故障的应急情况下,可采用手动控制方式进行降压转移。降压转移后的剩余气体由泄压阀向舱外空间排放。
5)大气环境控制组件
大气环境控制组件作用是控制气囊内空气成分及温湿度,创造一个与地面大气类似的生存环境,是航天员生命活动的安全保障。大气温度控制的重点是保证空气温度、湿度环境,减小航天员脱舱外服前后的温差变化。温度控制应考虑航天员不同人数热负荷变化、出舱活动特殊要求等情况,满足舱内大气环境温度和设备温度指标要求,温度控制采用主、被动热控措施相结合的方案,对舱内进行加热,使得温度快速提升,保证舱内空气环境温度不低于17 ℃,并较快恢复到正常水平,满足航天员系统要求。
由于气囊采用非金属复合材料制造,气囊材料有可能会缓慢释放微量有害气体,如NH3、H2、CH4、CO、挥发性有机化合物(Volatile Organic Compounds, VOC)气体及其他酸性气体。为了保证航天员的生命安全,需要配置大气净化组件,实现有害气体浓度的精确控制。
熔洞密封结构基本型是由气闸舱(过渡舱)、熔洞及后舱门3部分组成,如图8所示。
1)熔洞内部处理
熔洞为一个独立单元。熔洞入口及尾部一定范围需要进行精修,并将熔洞内部修整为拱门形结构,便于过渡舱及后舱门与熔洞的连接,同时将熔洞地面修整为平面。
2)过渡舱及后舱门设计
过渡舱为柔性结构。过渡舱门一端连接柔性气囊,柔性气囊预埋设刚性结构,通过密封圈实现气囊与过渡舱的连接与密封,舱门包络及舱门与气囊的连接方式如图9所示。后舱门设计如图10所示。舱门可以借鉴继承载人航天器出舱舱门的设计,其密封形式和快速检漏方法一致。
3)密封涂层材料与工艺
为保证熔洞密封的可靠性和航天员生命安全,熔洞内壁密封涂层需要具备优异的密封性能、承压性能、耐高低温性能、抗辐射性能、无毒及低真空出气等特性。月面或火面熔洞内壁密封涂层要达到良好气密性,需要选用力学性能优异、低真空出气性的材料配制涂料,其主要成分可借鉴常用的密封材料。密封涂层技术采用聚合物弹性体作为密封涂层基材是未来亟须解决的问题。在材料选择方面,主要通过涂层基材的结构设计、增强改性等方面的技术攻关来解决;而在密封涂层的涂装方面,针对大面积的月面或火面熔洞内壁涂层的制备工艺技术,则需要面临高真空(低气压)、高低温、低重力等环境的影响,对涂装的实施带来非常高的难度。涂层的涂装技术成为制约月面密封涂层的可行性的关键因素。
地面常用的涂层制备工艺技术通常有高压无气喷涂、空气压力喷涂、粉末涂料火焰喷涂、粉末涂料静电喷涂、冷喷涂、等离子体喷涂及爆炸喷涂等。目前发展了真空环境喷涂的技术有真空静电喷涂、真空冷喷涂、真空等离子体喷涂等[22⇓-24]。常见涂装技术在月面高真空或火面低真空、高低温、微重力等环境中存在的问题与可行性分析如表1所示。对于悬浊液形式的密封涂料,需要为涂料的储存、输送等环节提供良好的温控。在涂装过程中,需要解决涂料雾化时,稀释剂在超高真空环境中的剧烈挥发问题,以及涂料、雾化液滴在微重力环境中的输运与沉积行为等问题。不仅如此,悬浊液形式的涂料在喷涂时,需要惰性载气或液体加压设备。这些配套设施也成为决定密封涂层研制成败的决定因素。
固态粉体形式的密封涂料,常需要热喷涂技术进行涂装,而常用的热喷涂技术通常也需要惰性载气,甚至是燃气或助燃气体等,在涂装过程中常需要非常高的电源功耗,对配套设施要求也非常高。通过对目前工业中常见的喷涂工艺技术分析可知,真空冷喷涂技术成熟度较高,可在室温下沉积较为致密的涂层,所用的原材料为一种或多种粉体混合材料,无需湿法化学试剂,绿色环保,无化学废料产生。另外,涂层厚度可控,可制备数百微米至毫米级涂层,并且涂层沉积效率高,其速度可达到5~50 μm/min,为实现大面积密封涂层制备提供了可行性。在真空或低压环境中工作时,能耗低、所需的配套条件相对简单,具有解决月面或火面复杂环境涂装难题的潜力。
方案一技术较为成熟,可以利用已经在空间中实现成功应用的“密封结构的气闸舱技术”和“柔性密封舱密封技术”等。这些密封技术所采用的主要材料基本已具有在轨飞行经历,并且密封舱的主体可以在地面完成建造。天体上只需要完成充气展开和对接组装的工作,这些工作可实现的难度低。因此,基于独立柔性气腔的密封结构方案具有较高的可行性。方案一既可以布置于熔洞,也可以布置于月球或火星等地外天体的表面,且可应用多个标准模块的连接来扩大居住面积,实施起来相对机动灵活。
方案二的居住空间比较柔性,可以方便扩大,且建成后便是永久性设施,但方案二所涉及的技术比较新,大部分工作需要在地外天体上完成。通过前文的论述,在熔洞内壁涂装密封涂层,首先面临的问题是:涂装的工艺设备对周边的气体、大功率的电力配套设施依赖程度高,而这些配套设施在天体表面的研制与建设也需要较长的周期和大量的技术攻关。其次,涂装工艺过程则受到天体表面高真空、微重力、宽温域等苛刻环境的影响,造成涂料的输送、成膜等过程均与地面差别较大,现有的涂装技术均需要开展专门的技术改进与大量的验证试验;然而目前在地面获得长期的微重力环境还是一项有待解决的技术难题,对涂装工艺的验证带来了很强的制约。另外,密封材料的设计、选用等也需要经过优化与长期可靠性的验证等工作。因此,基于熔洞内表面涂层处理的密封方案难度较大,还有许多关键技术问题需要突破,以目前的技术基础现状,可行性相对较低。
多功能复合弹性材料技术是柔性气囊的核心。多功能复合弹性材料具有良好的空间环境适应性和安全性,是实现大型柔性充气舱体的空间工程化应用的基础,其能够为有人居住提供安全的生存生活及工作空间。多功能复合弹性材料技术包括柔性材料的多层工艺技术及其性能评价技术,需充分评估充气柔性气囊工艺性能及其寿命。需要开展空间环境条件下复合弹性材料力学性能变化规律研究,开展复合弹性材料缓释气体成分分析和毒性与安全性评估,建立长期处于应力状态下柔性充气气囊的预测寿命模型。
密封及检漏技术是确保舱内压力的关键。密封包括柔性气囊密封、气囊与金属门框密封、舱门密封等。柔性气囊由于体积较大,不可能一体加工成型,需通过各种小尺寸的弹性材料粘接或者硫化而成。各粘接面可能存在泄漏风险。为了确保舱门与气囊的密封,需要在气囊出口处预先硫化或安装金属门框,以便于配合金属舱门实现密封。金属门框及舱门密封时也存在泄漏风险。因此,检漏及堵漏技术显得尤为重要,如超声波、声学成像等技术可以快速实现柔性胶囊的漏率检测、漏点确认及堵漏,以确保柔性气囊内压力。
发射时柔性气囊需折叠,在地外天体表面时需充气展开。折展技术要保证不损伤多功能复合材料,特别要防止材料密封层出现破损,以免影响材料的密封性能。刚化技术是保证气囊在充压状态下保形及抗变形能力的决定技术。折叠展开及刚化是密不可分、相辅相成的。大型气囊折展及刚化技术是目前亟须解决的一项关键技术。
密封结构与墙体的固定连接和密封、密封涂层的涂覆等都对墙体内表面和地面的表面状态提出苛刻要求。它是保证密封结构的可靠性和安全性的基础条件。针对熔洞内部可能存在的塌陷、碎石和突出物等凹凸不平的问题,可以利用不同类型的辅助机器人进行修整平齐、清运碎石和加固洞口等,同时采用新型大厚度弹性密封材料。因此,熔洞内壁表面的规整技术是需要解决的关键技术之一。
熔洞内密封涂层(真空泥)是基于熔洞内表面涂层处理的密封方案的关键技术。该涂层应具备密封、与岩体及金属框架相容性,以及一定的弹性等特性。首先,涂层直接涂敷在熔洞表面,与熔洞表层黏附一体,涂层必须能够与熔洞表面相容;其次,金属门框嵌入熔洞岩石层,通过涂层将金属门框与熔洞岩体密封,也要求涂层必须能够与金属门框相容。同时,受熔洞外地表温度或者洞内设备发热的影响,涂层可能会热胀冷缩,需与岩体和金属门框具有热匹配,并要求涂层有一定的弹性,能够适应一定范围内的温度变化。由于熔洞为密闭环境,需考虑涂层材料的放气特性,避免释放有毒有害气体。
1)刚柔密封材料的需求
利用熔洞内采用气囊或熔洞内部空间建造航天员居住空间的方式,都需要刚柔密封技术。对于机械连接刚性密封结构来讲,如气囊与舱门之间的密封,采用传统的密封材料作为密封件即可;针对熔洞内部空间建造的居住空间,熔洞地面需要大厚度的新型柔性材料,要求具有优良的柔性、耐温性、耐腐蚀性、耐水性及抗氧化能力,满足各种环境条件下的密封要求。这种新型柔性材料可采用成品,或者利用膏状原材料现场施工。施工后在一定时间内固化,应用于类似接缝处的密封,可以根据需求配合不同黏度和不同性能的柔性密封材料。
2)刚柔密封及检漏技术
借鉴神舟飞船和中国空间站成熟舱门密封技术及舱门漏率快速检测技术[25],舱门采用双道密封圈密封。舱门关闭后安装法兰挤压密封圈实现舱门的密封。柔性气囊预埋设刚性结构,通过密封圈实现气囊与过渡舱的连接与密封,如图11所示。
舱门密封后在两道法兰面和两道密封圈之间形成环形小腔。对其充入一定量的检测气体,使之压力高于小腔外部,通过监测小腔压力的变化来检测密封圈的密封情况。两道密封圈中任何一个发生泄漏,当漏率超过给定的越限漏率时即判定为泄漏,但实际上只要有一道密封圈密封合格,舱门/对接面的密封就可以得到保障,因此对舱门/密封面的判定更加严格。
对于月球熔洞采用涂层密封技术,未来主要解决密封涂层的结构设计与月面涂层涂装工艺技术等。密封涂层不仅要具有良好的力学性能、与熔洞内壁良好的附着力等,还需要具有低出气性能,避免产生有毒物质释出,对人类健康造成影响。密封涂层的基体可参考常用的密封材料与建筑涂料等基体,通过对基体的增强改性,达到良好的密封效果。目前常用的密封材料多数为聚合物弹性体及其复合材料、金属材料等。常见的聚合物弹性体有有机硅橡胶、丁腈橡胶、聚氨酯等。考虑在月面熔洞内壁大面积涂装的便利性与密封涂层的力学性能等,在选用聚合物弹性体时,应遵循的原则主要有:采用不需要专门加热、高压处理就能够固化的聚合物弹性体;固化反应不需要水汽、氧气参与的聚合物弹性体;在固化反应过程中不产生低分子量易挥发成分的聚合物弹性体,避免由于低分子量成分的剧烈挥发,造成涂层孔隙缺陷。
聚氨酯弹性体由于其良好的力学性能与耐候性能等,被作为密封材料广泛用于建筑物、高铁与飞行器舱体、水利系统等之中。Liu[26]采用聚氨酯弹性体与聚氯乙烯膜制备了用于高铁、飞机等舱体保护层的复合材料,起到吸收冲击、降低噪音、改善绝缘,并限制气体渗透的作用。Mahankar等[27]研究了聚氨酯弹性体在水利系统中的密封效果。所采用的密封材料主要是通过将二苯基甲烷二异氰酸酯(MDI)、1,4-丁二醇(BDO)扩链剂与聚四亚甲基醚二醇(PTMEG)混合,在模具中加热固化,再通过脱模、熟化与二次加热而获得。这种聚氨酯弹性体的原材料MDI、BDO与PTMEG在常温下即可反应,因此在储存过程中需将MDI与另外两种原材料作为两个组分分别包装。然而,在作为月面内壁密封材料应用时,由于MDI与BDO分子量较低,在高真空环境中将会产生剧烈挥发现象,无法在真空环境中直接使用。因此,类似的聚氨酯原材料体系在真空中使用时,必须通过适当的分子结构设计,使MDI与二醇类物质先进行一定的扩链反应,获得较高分子量的二异氰酸酯预聚物,从而避免异氰酸酯组分在空间环境中剧烈损失。异氰酸酯组分与醇类组分在月面环境中,需要经历的高真空、高低温等环境因素,也会对两个组分的反应速率与程度产生影响,从而制约聚氨酯密封材料的密封效果和耐高低温性能等。因此,聚氨酯类密封材料在月面熔洞内应用时,两个组分原材料的分子结构设计、固化反应受环境的影响等,均需要进一步深入研究。聚氨酯树脂除作为密封材料在工业中获得应用,更多的是可以制备成防护涂层,用于金属、塑料、木材及玻璃等表面,解决建筑物、船舶、机械设备、家具及皮革等的材料防护问题[28]。由于聚氨酯树脂具有较高的极性,因此它与这些基材均具有良好的附着力。在防腐蚀涂料领域,聚氨酯树脂常通过添加防腐蚀填料、防污添加剂等,获得优异的防腐蚀与防污效果,并且由于聚氨酯涂料可以在常温下固化,对固化设备要求不高,因此常被用于大面积建筑物地坪、船舶等表面的涂装。通过分析聚氨酯树脂的性能特点与应用现状,利用该材料将可能获得具有防止微生物生长、防腐蚀、低真空出气性与高力学性能的熔洞内壁密封涂层。但未来必须重点解决聚氨酯的功能化改性与增强改性问题,以及聚氨酯密封涂料的月面施工问题。
有机硅弹性体是另一类工业中常用的密封材料[29]。有机硅弹性体包括混炼型和液体型。混炼型有机硅弹性体需要高温甚至高压条件才能成型,制备的密封材料力学性能优异,但需要复杂的加工设备才能实现[30],难以在月面熔洞内壁实现成型。而液体型有机硅弹性体分为缩合型和加成型两类,大多数缩合型液体硅橡胶需要水汽等才能固化,并且在固化时会产生小分子物质[31]。真空环境中由于小分子物质的快速气化,导致弹性体本身产生大量的气孔,影响力学性能与密封效果,因此也不适用于月面熔洞内壁的应用场景。加成型液体硅橡胶固化时,一般不需要水汽等参与,并且固化过程中不产生小分子物质,甚至可以设计为室温固化型液体硅橡胶[32],从而降低对固化设备的依赖,依靠空间中的高低温环境逐渐固化。但其同样存在原材料分子量对真空挥发性的影响。真空高、低温环境中固化速率与程度的控制,材料增强与功能化改性,以及月面熔洞内壁表面的施工等问题有待解决。
另外,目前还有聚脲弹性体能够实现在无外部固化设备的辅助作用下固化成型,也较有利于在月面熔洞内壁表面涂装。聚脲弹性体是近年来快速发展的一种新型多功能防护弹性体,在防爆抗冲击、防腐防水、汽车涂料等多个领域表现出优异的防护效果[33]。但其在月面的应用也同样存在弹性体基材的结构设计、增强与功能化、月面施工等问题。
月球是距地球最近的天体。因此,建设月球科研站和月球基地是人类未来探索和利用地外天体的首选目标。中国探月工程第一阶段已顺利实施,后续将陆续实施第二、第三阶段任务。月球熔洞建设首先要解决熔洞的密封问题,结合技术基础及工程实际,开发适应月球环境的密封材料和施工技术对保证工程任务实施具有重要意义。为促进未来月球熔洞建设的顺利实施,提出以下发展建议。
1)由国家层面开展月球熔洞密封技术的规划与立项论证
熔洞密封技术对于未来月球及火星基地的建设至关重要,有必要提前开展相关研究和技术储备。针对月球熔洞的大规模密封,涉及的材料、施工装备、系统资源的配置等非常复杂,必须通过顶层规划实现资源的合理配置,提出所涉及的各项相关技术需求,识别重大技术风险与难题,组建多个层级的研究团队,开展立项论证工作。
2)开展月球熔洞密封所涉及的关键技术攻关
建议针对月球熔洞建设的一些关键技术,需要制定规划和实施计划,通过专项基金的支持,集中国内外优势单位共同攻关解决。例如,尽早开展密封涂层工程化研究,提前掌握材料制备技术和实施工艺,为工程化应用打好基础;面对月面熔洞内壁的密封涂层研制和实施工艺的挑战,开发适用于月面涂装的涂层材料体系与装备技术;针对涂装过程中所需载气或加压装置、高功率供电等的周边配套设施的研制。为降低发射成本,熔洞建设的基础材料可以考虑月面材料的就地利用,如开展月面风化层月壤作为密封涂层增强材料的相关研究等。
3)利用地球熔洞等地质条件,开展熔洞密封技术工程化地面验证研究
在月面熔洞内实施密封工程,受到微重力、高低温、高真空、熔洞地质结构等多重因素的综合影响,为各项技术的验证带来难题。为降低任务风险,可利用地球熔洞条件提前开展熔洞建设及密封技术研究,在地球熔洞内实施相对容易、快速且实施难度小,建设过程中能够及时调整,技术成熟再在月球实施,这样可以降低任务风险。
文章探讨了在月球和火星等地外天体上建设有人居住的熔洞基地中最基本的技术问题之一——熔洞密封技术的可行性,给出了基于独立柔性气腔的密封结构方案和基于熔洞内表面涂层处理的密封方案。通过分析论证,两种方案都具有可行性。刚柔密封技术和涂层密封技术是地外天体熔洞密封的未来发展方向,建议尽早开展月球/火星表面熔洞密封所涉及的多功能复合弹性材料空间环境适应性、折展及刚化、熔洞内壁表面修整、密封涂层材料及涂装工艺、检漏及堵漏等关键技术研究。随着关键技术问题的突破及其在地面熔洞中的工程验证,熔洞密封技术将为深空探测和地外天体的基地建设提供技术支撑。
  • 国家自然科学基金(U20B2008)
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doi: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2024.01.007
  • 接收时间:2023-12-29
  • 出版时间:2024-03-20
  • 发布时间:2024-03-27
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  • 收稿日期:2023-12-29
  • 修回日期:2024-01-23
基金
国家自然科学基金(U20B2008)
作者信息
    1.中国空间技术研究院,北京 100094
    2.兰州空间技术物理研究所,真空技术与物理重点实验室,兰州 730000

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表12种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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