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Lava tubes on the surface of planets such as the Moon and Mars are given priority for human scientific expedition bases and ecological maintenance areas. However, obstacles such as collapses inside lava tubes have brought great challenges to the unmanned exploration and construction of lava tubes. Modular self-reconfiguration robots are ideal for surmounting obstacles and manipulating objects in unpredictable unstructured environments due to their versatility and reusability. This paper briefly introduces the hardware development of modular self-reconfiguration robots, focusing on the software and hardware research on modular self-reconfiguration robots in three application scenarios: moving and obstacle surmounting inside lava tubes, sampling and operation, and auxiliary support. Finally, the paper puts forward development suggestions for the challenges faced by self-reconfiguration robots in the construction of extraterrestrial lava tube bases.

, authors=null, authorsList=Tin Lun LAM, Haobo LUO, Yuxiao TU, Guanqi LIANG, Da ZHAO, Ning DING, Xin SHI, Ke WANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Tin Lun LAM, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
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月球和火星等行星表面上的熔岩管被视为人类科学考察基地和生态维持区域的优先选址。然而,熔岩管内部存在的坍塌物等障碍为熔岩管的无人化探索和改造带来了极大的挑战。模块化自重构机器人以其多功能性和可复用性等优势,成为在不可预测的非结构化环境中越障和操作物体的理想选择。文章简要介绍了模块化自重构机器人概况,重点讲述了该类机器人在熔岩管内移动与越障、采样与操作、辅助支撑这3个场景中的软硬件研究和应用前景。最后针对自重构机器人建设地外熔岩管基地所面临的挑战提出发展建议。

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林天麟,香港中文大学(深圳)助理教授。机器人与智能制造国家地方联合工程实验室常务副主任,深圳市人工智能研究院智能机器人中心主任。主要从事多机器人系统、现场机器人和协作机器人等研究。出版学术专著2部,发表论文60余篇,授权发明专利70余件。电子信箱:。

, authorsList=林天麟, 罗浩波, 涂宇啸, 梁冠琪, 赵达, 丁宁, 石欣, 王科, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=林天麟, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
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林天麟,香港中文大学(深圳)助理教授。机器人与智能制造国家地方联合工程实验室常务副主任,深圳市人工智能研究院智能机器人中心主任。主要从事多机器人系统、现场机器人和协作机器人等研究。出版学术专著2部,发表论文60余篇,授权发明专利70余件。电子信箱:。

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林天麟,香港中文大学(深圳)助理教授。机器人与智能制造国家地方联合工程实验室常务副主任,深圳市人工智能研究院智能机器人中心主任。主要从事多机器人系统、现场机器人和协作机器人等研究。出版学术专著2部,发表论文60余篇,授权发明专利70余件。电子信箱:。

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IEEE/ASME Transactions on Mechatronics, 2002, 7(4): 431-441., articleTitle=M-TRAN: Self-reconfigurable modular robotic system, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242113558910140790, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393071462863019, doi=10.1007/s10514-006-6475-7, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2006, volume=20, issue=2, pageStart=165, pageEnd=177, url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s10514-006-6475-7, language=null, rfNumber=[20], rfOrder=19, authorNames=Shen W M, Krivokon M, Chiu H, journalName=Autonomous Robots, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Shen W M, Krivokon M, Chiu H, et al. Multimode locomotion via SuperBot reconfigurable robots[J]. Autonomous Robots, 2006, 20(2): 165-177., articleTitle=Multimode locomotion via SuperBot reconfigurable robots, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242113558968861047, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393071462863019, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=48, issue=2, pageStart=143, pageEnd=176, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[21], rfOrder=20, authorNames=刘永进, 余旻婧, 叶子鹏, journalName=中国科学: 信息科学, refType=null, unstructuredReference=刘永进, 余旻婧, 叶子鹏, 等. 自重构模块化机器人路径规划方法综述[J]. 中国科学: 信息科学, 2018, 48(2): 143-176., articleTitle=自重构模块化机器人路径规划方法综述, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242113559023387000, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393071462863019, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=48, issue=2, pageStart=143, pageEnd=176, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[21], rfOrder=21, authorNames=Liu Y J, Yu M J, Ye Z P, journalName=Science China Information Sciences, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Liu Y J, Yu M J, Ye Z P, et al. Path planning for self-reconfigurable modular robots: A survey[J]. Science China Information Sciences, 2018, 48(2): 143-176. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Path planning for self-reconfigurable modular robots: A survey, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242113559094690169, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393071462863019, doi=10.1177/0278364904044409, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2004, volume=23, issue=9, pageStart=919, pageEnd=937, url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0278364904044409, language=null, rfNumber=[22], rfOrder=22, authorNames=Butler Z, Kotay K, Rus D, journalName=The International Journal of Robotics Research, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Butler Z, Kotay K, Rus D, et al. Generic decentralized control for lattice-based self-reconfigurable robots[J]. The International Journal of Robotics Research, 2004, 23(9): 919-937., articleTitle=Generic decentralized control for lattice-based self-reconfigurable robots, refAbstract=Previous work on self-reconfiguring modular robots has concentrated primarily on designing hardware and developing reconfiguration algorithms tied to specific hardware systems. In this paper, we introduce a generic model for lattice-based self-reconfigurable robots and present several generic locomotion algorithms that use this model. The algorithms presented here are inspired by cellular automata, using geometric rules to control module actions. The actuation model used is a general one, assuming only that modules can generally move over the surface of a group of modules. These algorithms can then be instantiated onto a variety of particular systems. Correctness proofs of many of the rule sets are also given for the generic geometry; this analysis can carry over to the instantiated algorithms to provide different systems with correct locomotion algorithms. We also present techniques for automated analysis that can be used for algorithms that are too complex to be easily analyzed by hand.), Reference(id=1242113559157604730, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393071462863019, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2005, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=179, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[23], rfOrder=23, authorNames=Wu Q, Wang Y, Cao G, journalName=Lecture Notes in Computer Science, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Wu Q, Wang Y, Cao G, et al. Locomotion control of distributed self-reconfigurable robot based on cellular automata[M]// Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer, 2005: 179-188., articleTitle=Locomotion control of distributed self-reconfigurable robot based on cellular automata, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242113559220519291, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393071462863019, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2004, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=435, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[24], rfOrder=24, authorNames=Butler Z, Rus D, Boissonnat J D, Burdick J, Golaberg K, journalName=Algorithmic Foundation of Robotics V, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Butler Z, Rus D. Distributed motion planning for 3D modular robots with unit-compressible modules[M]// Boissonnat J D, Burdick J, Golaberg K, et al. Algorithmic Foundation of Robotics V. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer, 2004: 435-451., articleTitle=Distributed motion planning for 3D modular robots with unit-compressible modules, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242113559279239548, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393071462863019, doi=10.1177/0278364907085097, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2008, volume=27, issue=3/4, pageStart=331, pageEnd=343, url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0278364907085097, language=null, rfNumber=[25], rfOrder=25, authorNames=Fitch R, Butler Z, journalName=The International Journal of Robotics Research, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Fitch R, Butler Z. Million module March: Scalable locomotion for large self-reconfiguring robots[J]. The International Journal of Robotics Research, 2008, 27(3/4): 331-343., articleTitle=Million module March: Scalable locomotion for large self-reconfiguring robots, refAbstract=Self-reconfiguring robots have the potential to explore highly variable terrain, operating as parallel groups or combining to surmount large obstacles. If the modules are at a smaller scale, they may also be able to physically render arbitrary shapes in an interactive way. In order to realize these capabilities, groups with large numbers of modules must be used, and algorithms to control such large groups must be extremely scalable in order to be executed on simple modules. In this work, we present an algorithm for locomotion of lattice-based self-reconfiguring robots that uses constant memory per module with execution times that are sublinear in the number of modules. The algorithm is inspired by reinforcement learning and uses dynamic programming to plan module paths in parallel. We have also developed a novel localized cooperation scheme that allows the modules to move both without disconnecting the system and with small amounts of communication. The combined algorithm is able to direct locomotion over arbitrary obstacles, and due to continuous replanning the goal can be moved at any time to `joystick' the robot over the environment. The formulation of the goal used in the planning also encourages dynamic stability. We have developed both centralized and decentralized implementations in simulation, as well as an implementation for the Superbot system, and present empirical results showing the sublinear nature of our technique.), Reference(id=1242113559342154109, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393071462863019, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2013, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=74, pageEnd=81, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[26], rfOrder=26, authorNames=Ababsa T, Djedi N, Duthen Y, journalName=Proceedings of the 2013 IEEE Symposium on Artificial Life (ALife), refType=null, unstructuredReference=Ababsa T, Djedi N, Duthen Y, et al. Decentralized approach to evolve the structure of metamorphic robots[C]// Proceedings of the 2013 IEEE Symposium on Artificial Life (ALife). Piscataway: IEEE Press, 2013: 74-81., articleTitle=Decentralized approach to evolve the structure of metamorphic robots, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242113559417651582, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393071462863019, doi=10.1177/0278364902021010835, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2002, volume=21, issue=10/11, pageStart=903, pageEnd=915, url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0278364902021010835, language=null, rfNumber=[27], rfOrder=27, authorNames=Yoshida E, Murata S, Kamimura A, journalName=International Journal of Robotics Research, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Yoshida E, Murata S, Kamimura A, et al. A self-reconfigurable modular robot[J]. International Journal of Robotics Research, 2002, 21(10/11): 903-915., articleTitle=A self-reconfigurable modular robot, refAbstract=In this paper we address a reconfiguration planning method for locomotion of a homogeneous modular robotic system and we conduct an experiment to verify that the planned locomotion can be realized by hardware. Our recently developed module is self-reconfigurable. A group of the modules can thus generate various three-dimensional robotic structures and motions. Although the module itself is a simple mechanism, self-reconfiguration planning for locomotion presents a computationally difficult problem due to the many combinatorial possibilities of modular configurations. In this paper, we develop a two-layered planning method for locomotion of a class of regular structures. This locomotion mode is based on multi-module blocks. The upper layer plans the overall cluster motion called flow to realize locomotion along a given desired trajectory; the lower layer determines locally cooperative module motions, called motion schemes, based on a rule database. A planning simulation demonstrates that this approach effectively solves the complicated planning problem. Besides the fundamental motion capacity of the module, the hardware feasibility of the planning locomotion is verified through a self-reconfiguration experiment using the prototype modules we have developed.), Reference(id=1242113559480566143, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393071462863019, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=3296, pageEnd=3303, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[28], rfOrder=28, authorNames=Luo H, Li M, Liang G, journalName=Proceedings of the 2020 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS), refType=null, unstructuredReference=Luo H, Li M, Liang G, et al. An obstacle-crossing strategy based on the fast self-reconfiguration for modular sphere robots[C]// Proceedings of the 2020 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS). 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Smaller, more numerous modules increase the adaptability of a given volume or mass of robot, allowing the aggregate robot to take on a wider variety of configurations, but do so at a cost of reducing the power and complexity budget of each module. Fewer, larger modules can incorporate more powerful actuators and stronger hinges, but at a cost of overspecializing the resulting robot in favor of corresponding uses. In this paper we describe a technique for coordinating the efforts of many tiny modules to achieve forces and movements larger than those possible for individual modules. In a broad sense, our work aims to make actuator capacity and range at least partly fungible by algorithm design and ensemble topology, rather than being immutable properties of a particular module design. An important aspect of this technique is its ability to bend complex and large-scale structures and to realize the equivalent of large-scale joints. By enabling scalable joints, and the “muscles” that could actuate larger structures, our work makes it more likely that modular robot ensembles can successfully be scaled up in number and down in size.), Reference(id=1242113560369758604, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393071462863019, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=3340, pageEnd=3347, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[41], rfOrder=41, authorNames=Swissler P, Rubenstein M, journalName=Proceedings of the 2020 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS), refType=null, unstructuredReference=Swissler P, Rubenstein M. ireAnt3D: A 3D self-climbing robot towards non-latticed robotic self-assembly[C]// Proceedings of the 2020 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (IROS). 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IEEE/ASME Transactions on Mechatronics, 2011, 16(4): 745-757., articleTitle=Sambot: A self-assembly modular robot system, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242113560764023186, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157393071462863019, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2013, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=1217, pageEnd=1222, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[47], rfOrder=47, authorNames=Zhu Y, Zhao J, Cui X, journalName=Proceedings of the 2013 IEEE International Conference on Mechatronics and Automation, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhu Y, Zhao J, Cui X, et al. Design and implementation of UBot: A modular self-reconfigurable robot[C]// Proceedings of the 2013 IEEE International Conference on Mechatronics and Automation. 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自重构机器人探索地外熔岩管的应用前景
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林天麟 1, 2, † , 罗浩波 1, 2 , 涂宇啸 1, 2 , 梁冠琪 1, 2 , 赵达 1, 2 , 丁宁 2 , 石欣 3 , 王科 3
前瞻科技 | 综述与述评 2024,3(1): 74-85
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前瞻科技 | 综述与述评 2024, 3(1): 74-85
自重构机器人探索地外熔岩管的应用前景
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林天麟1, 2, † , 罗浩波1, 2, 涂宇啸1, 2, 梁冠琪1, 2, 赵达1, 2, 丁宁2, 石欣3, 王科3
作者信息
  • 1.香港中文大学(深圳)理工学院,深圳 518172
  • 2.深圳市人工智能与机器人研究院,深圳 518172
  • 3.重庆大学教育部深空探测联合研究中心,重庆 400044
  • 林天麟,香港中文大学(深圳)助理教授。机器人与智能制造国家地方联合工程实验室常务副主任,深圳市人工智能研究院智能机器人中心主任。主要从事多机器人系统、现场机器人和协作机器人等研究。出版学术专著2部,发表论文60余篇,授权发明专利70余件。电子信箱:。

通信作者:

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Application Prospects of Self-reconfiguration Robots to Explore Extraterrestrial Lava Tubes
Tin Lun LAM1, 2, † , Haobo LUO1, 2, Yuxiao TU1, 2, Guanqi LIANG1, 2, Da ZHAO1, 2, Ning DING2, Xin SHI3, Ke WANG3
Affiliations
  • 1. School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518172, China
  • 2. Shenzhen Institute of Artificial Intelligence and Robotics for Society, Shenzhen 518172, China
  • 3. Center of Space Exploration, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China
出版时间: 2024-03-20 doi: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2024.01.006
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月球和火星等行星表面上的熔岩管被视为人类科学考察基地和生态维持区域的优先选址。然而,熔岩管内部存在的坍塌物等障碍为熔岩管的无人化探索和改造带来了极大的挑战。模块化自重构机器人以其多功能性和可复用性等优势,成为在不可预测的非结构化环境中越障和操作物体的理想选择。文章简要介绍了模块化自重构机器人概况,重点讲述了该类机器人在熔岩管内移动与越障、采样与操作、辅助支撑这3个场景中的软硬件研究和应用前景。最后针对自重构机器人建设地外熔岩管基地所面临的挑战提出发展建议。

地外熔岩管  /  模块化自重构机器人  /  越障和操作

Lava tubes on the surface of planets such as the Moon and Mars are given priority for human scientific expedition bases and ecological maintenance areas. However, obstacles such as collapses inside lava tubes have brought great challenges to the unmanned exploration and construction of lava tubes. Modular self-reconfiguration robots are ideal for surmounting obstacles and manipulating objects in unpredictable unstructured environments due to their versatility and reusability. This paper briefly introduces the hardware development of modular self-reconfiguration robots, focusing on the software and hardware research on modular self-reconfiguration robots in three application scenarios: moving and obstacle surmounting inside lava tubes, sampling and operation, and auxiliary support. Finally, the paper puts forward development suggestions for the challenges faced by self-reconfiguration robots in the construction of extraterrestrial lava tube bases.

extraterrestrial lava tube  /  modular self-reconfiguration robot  /  obstacle surmounting and operation
林天麟, 罗浩波, 涂宇啸, 梁冠琪, 赵达, 丁宁, 石欣, 王科. 自重构机器人探索地外熔岩管的应用前景. 前瞻科技, 2024 , 3 (1) : 74 -85 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2024.01.006
Tin Lun LAM, Haobo LUO, Yuxiao TU, Guanqi LIANG, Da ZHAO, Ning DING, Xin SHI, Ke WANG. Application Prospects of Self-reconfiguration Robots to Explore Extraterrestrial Lava Tubes[J]. Science and Technology Foresight, 2024 , 3 (1) : 74 -85 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2024.01.006
熔岩管是在火山活动过程中,由玄武岩熔浆的流动和冷却所形成的空心管状洞穴。科研人员已在月球、火星等地外行星表面发现了这一地质结构[1]。地外熔岩管不仅具有坚硬的玄武岩顶部,能有效阻隔小型陨石和太阳风带电尘埃,而且管道内部具有辐射剂量较低、昼夜温差相对稳定的优点,是人类在地外建设科考与生态栖息基地的理想选址[2]。在地外熔岩管的建设初期,需要进行勘探建图、地质采样、碎石清理等。然而,考虑到这种环境的不确定性、非结构化特点和高度危险性,人类不适合首先进入其中。因此,由机器人来承担前期勘探工作非常必要,而且这种机器人需要具备多功能性和可修复性等优点,以应对未知且危险的任务环境。
目前,科研人员提出了多款特种机器人应用于地外恶劣环境的探索或采样工作,如喷射推进机器人、攀岩机器人和伸缩机器人等。这些特种机器人在特定设计的任务上表现出色,但由于采用了单一构型,它们仅适用于特定任务。在熔岩管内部的复杂环境中,特种机器人很可能会遇到超出特定任务范畴的情况,如设计的抓手无法稳固地采样所需物体、四足机器人无法跨越天窗塌陷物等。天窗是指熔岩管顶部塌陷造成的开口,如图1所示。模块化自重构机器人(Modular Self-reconfiguration Robot, MSRR)能够根据任务环境变换合适的构型,以更好地完成各种不同地形中的越障、操作、支撑等任务,如图1所示。这种多功能性正是初步勘探和建设熔岩管等非结构化环境所需要的。同时,MSRR的模块冗余性和可复用性避免了由于单个模块损坏而造成整个任务失败,增加了完成各个任务的可能性和鲁棒性。MSRR在地外环境的应用已受到国际上多个科研机构和航天局关注。同样地,适用于地外非结构化环境的MSRR技术研究也有望为中国扎实的空间科学发展注入新的活力。
MSRR在熔岩管中的应用主要分为3类:移动与越障、采样操作和辅助支撑。在移动与越障应用中,MSRR能根据地形特点改变构型,如蛇形构型转变为四足构型以跨越熔岩管内的裂缝或碎石,还可以模拟水流的移动方式翻越崎岖的天窗塌陷物;在熔浆流动形成的底部平滑区域,MSRR则可以自拆解为多个模块并通过各个模块的轮子或履带进行勘探与建图。在采样操作应用中,MSRR可以通过单个异构模块抓取小体积样本,或者通过多个模块链式地组成手状构型来抓取较大的物体,还可以模拟手部细胞的运动,通过整体大规模的自重构或集体驱动来吻合并顶起大物体。在辅助支撑应用中,MSRR可以组成脚手架、桥梁、桌子等临时支撑框架,用于辅助勘探、改造和搭建等任务。一旦场景需求明确,专用建筑机器人可以将这些临时构建物替换为长期建筑。
MSRR的模块结构可以被分为链式、晶格式、移动式、桁架式和混合式。前4种MSRR各有优势,混合式MSRR则融合了两种及以上结构的优点。
链式MSRR是将模块按照链条一样的方式连接成的一个线性组织。链式MSRR的模块一般有2个或以上的连接器,可以组成蛇形、四足和环状等构型。典型的例子是PolyBot[3]、ModRED[4]和SnailBot[5]。PolyBot初步验证了MSRR生成的不同构型步态。ModRED为外太空的真空环境设计了实时、分布式的通信并研究了不同构型的运动。SnailBot则在FreeBOT[6]的基础上提出了一种无需对准的连续连接机制,使得模块之间可以自由连接为任意构型,如图2(a)所示。链式MSRR的不同构型有不同的优势,如四足构型适合爬阶梯、蛇形构型适合钻洞、链环构型适合快速滚动,如图2(a)所示。不同构型之间的自重构方法主要是通过若干个模块内的关节运动实现与特定模块的断开或重连[7]。
晶格式MSRR是将模块按照原子晶格一样的方式连接成的一个三维组织。每个模块在多个方向上都能连接到其他模块,因此通常有3个以上的连接器。典型的例子是Metamorphic[8]、3D M-Blocks[9]和3D Catom[10]。Metamorphic是最早提出的晶格式MSRR,实现了避障、抓取和移动功能。3D M-Blocks模块可以通过角动量守恒的推进系统在相邻模块表面滑动甚至跳跃。3D Catom是一种微型机器人,用于实现可编程物质的设想。大规模的3D Catoms可以利用模块之间的静电力组成任意形状的物体,如图2(b)所示。晶格式MSRR的模块仅与局部相邻的模块交互,并可以通过模块内部的关节、动量轮等引起在相邻模块上的滑动,从而实现整体形态的移动或自重构。
移动式MSRR由具备独立移动能力的模块组成。每个模块可以通过自身的轮子或履带在不同位置执行任务,也可以通过模块的机械臂等相互连接,通过合作完成更大范围的任务,如图2(c)所示。典型的例子是Gunryu III[11]、S-Bot[12]和OmniTread[13]。Gunryu III模块有2条履带和1条可以抓取其他模块的机械臂,通过组成不同的队形在核电站中完成运输、拆卸等任务,如图2(c)所示。类似地,S-Bot模块采用夹爪来抓取其他模块,或者通过模块周边的磁铁矩阵实现与其他模块的连接。OmniTread的模块由分布在4个面上的8条履带包裹,非常适合组成蛇形构型用于在塌陷物环境中穿行,就像一条皮肤都由履带包裹的蛇。
桁架式MSRR是由可伸缩的连杆模块或可旋转的球形节点连接成的骨架式三维组织。桁架式MSRR内部存在大量三角连接关系,具有强大的支撑结构和稳定性。典型的例子是可变拓扑桁架(Variable Topology Truss, VTT)[14]、Odin[15]和FreeSN[16]。VTT可以自主重构节点处连杆的接合,通过合并或分离节点来改变拓扑结构。Odin使用球形节点上的12个固定机械插口来连接连杆。FreeSN则利用连杆模块上的磁铁矩阵在铁质球形节点上实现了自由的连接和分离,如图2(d)所示。
混合式MSRR融合了上述4种MSRR中的两种或多种结构特征及优点,以满足更复杂多样的任务需求。混合式MSRR的模块可能是带有轮子又能保持晶格位置的链式模块,如图2(e)中的SMORES-EP[17]。其他典型的例子是Roombot[18]、M-TRAN[19]和SuperBot[20]。Roombot模块在6个面上都有连接点,通过模块内部的斜向电机产生运动。Roombot不仅可以通过内部电机实现链式MSRR的多种构型步态,还可以通过立方体模块上的6个固定连接点保持晶格位置,从而自重构为桌子等家具。M-TRAN和SuperBot分别采用机械连接和磁性连接,都是由两个带有弧面的类立方体结构组成的双子型[21]长方体模块。这种双子型模块可以通过内部的关节组成灵活的链式机械臂,也可以通过6个或以上的固定连接点实现晶格式MSRR的功能。
地外熔岩管的天窗下通常有塌陷物堆积。足式机器人不擅长跨越这种崎岖的障碍物,很容易被绊倒或造成进一步塌陷。晶格式MSRR独有一种越障方法——流动,即通过所有模块连续的自重构模拟水流的运动。在流动运动中,每个模块在邻接模块的表面上滑动或转动,同时保持MSRR的整体连通性,从而像河流沿着河床一样贴合障碍物。这种流动方式还能增加MSRR与障碍物的接触点,避免塌陷物塌陷。
模块化自重构机器人的算法研究通常对应并基于某款MSRR的硬件结构,因此可以按照算法的分类来描述MSRR在流动应用中的软硬件研究现状。流动应用的算法分为元胞自动机、分布式规划、层次式规划和连接自由式规划等。在元胞自动机中,每个模块根据其局部状态和转换规则来决定其下一状态。这些规则使各个模块依次从MSRR的后部移动到前部,表现出类似于坦克履带的行为。元胞自动机在MoleCube、M-TRAN和Crystal硬件模块上都实现了流动运动[22],并在M-Cubes硬件模块上实现了对障碍物的躲避[23]。在分布式规划中,每个模块的运动路径被独立规划。例如,适用于可压缩模块Crystalline的PacMan算法[24]和在SuperBot中测试过的百万模块流动算法[25]。它们均可以保证内部模块不锁死并适应障碍物的形态。在层次式规划中,高层规划输出MSRR整体的运动方向;低层规划控制模块的局部运动并避免冲突。例如,Crystalline和M-TRAN的流动方法在高层分别采用遗传算法[26]和全局流规划器[27]。在连接自由式规划中,研究人员提出用可以连续连接的球形模块来解决多面体模块无法贴合崎岖障碍物的问题,如FreeBOT和SnailBot,并将离散规划算法升级为连续规划算法[28],效果如图3(a)所示。进一步地,流动运动还可以通过设计像藤蔓一样抓稳障碍物的中间构型来实现流动过程中的全程静态重力稳定性[29],如图3(b)所示。
现有的流动规划算法已经可以在如图3(b)所示的仿真障碍物上实现平滑的流动。MSRR的硬件研究也展示了遥控越障的能力,如图3(c)中的FreeSN。然而,目前的研究面临一个系统性的挑战,即需要通过精确的传感和控制等工程来实现算法仿真和硬件部署之间的联通。
熔岩管底部不可避免地存在地质运动造成的裂缝或者掉落的碎石。链式或混合式MSRR的步态运动可以跨越此类障碍物。在步态运动中,MSRR保持连接关系不变,通过调整各个模块中关节的扭力或角度产生跨越障碍物的整体运动。步态运动相对于流动运动更节能,触地点更少,但要求核心模块的关节扭力较大。MSRR可以根据其面临的地形变换为合适的构型和步态,如双足步态、攀爬步态、链环步态、滚动和侧绕步态。
再次利用算法的分类来介绍MSRR在步态应用中的软硬件研究现状。MSRR的步态算法包括控制表、强化学习、相位自动机和中央模式发生器等。控制表[30]通过状态到动作的映射实现了履带式滚动、弹跳、侧翻和蛇形运动等各种步态。但是,它对环境变化的适应性弱。强化学习[31]实现了ATRON和M-TRAN模块的经典步态,如蛇形、步行和爬行。相位自动机[32]让每个模块遵循特定的连续周期函数,具备分布式和可扩展的优点。该方法在PolyBot上实现了四足和六足等步态。中央模式发生器[33]由简单的输入信号启动和调节,可以产生有节奏的运动动作,已成功应用于M-TRAN、YaMoR和Roombots的自适应步态,如正弦、转动、滚动、旋转和侧移,如图4所示。中央模式发生器的调整参数也可以纳入环境信息反馈,以克服充满障碍物的不平坦地形[34]。
目前MSRR步态研究已经具备了基本的多构型行走和避障的能力。未来的研究挑战主要涉及重力稳定性、单模块电机扭矩和传感器搭载等问题。例如,MSRR的多足构型更适合在熔岩管等复杂环境中移动越障。然而,足式构型中搭载感知器件的躯干部位会更重,其中的模块相比于肢体末端的模块需要更大的电机扭矩。因此,包含多种优势互补的异构模块的MSRR会更符合熔岩管内的应用需求,如步行寡聚机器人移动系统(Walking Oligomeric Robotic Mobility System, WORMS)[35]。
熔岩管底部一般存在较多的由熔岩流动形成的平滑区域。移动式或混合式MSRR可以将每个模块拆散开来,在平滑区域通过模块自身的轮子或履带前进,从不同的位置对熔岩管环境进行勘探和建图,如图5(a)所示。如果让MSRR的每个模块搭载不同的勘探设备,如RGBD(Red Green Blue Depth)相机、照明光源和成分探测仪等,MSRR可以全方位、多角度地对熔岩管进行3D建模,获取地形等自然环境信息。MSRR在这一应用场景的软硬件研究与多机器人的研究存在共通性,如SLAM(Simultaneous Localization and Mapping,同步定位与地图创建)算法和路径规划算法等。这些多机器人算法已经成功应用于部分MSRR硬件上,如SMORES-EP。SMORES-EP搭载了一个成熟的感知软件系统[36],实现了多种MSRR整体任务和模块合作任务。例如,将模块拆散后探索室内环境,并采用集中式RGBD摄像头对可达区域进行建图。该应用前景需要解决的困难主要是传感器的小型化和多机协同感知算法。
当机器人深入熔岩管时,由于距离范围的限制,经常会失去与地表的无线通信连接。为了解决这个问题,移动式或混合式MSRR可以在勘探途中留下通信中继模块。例如,基于ZigBee通信的ModRED模块和基于Wi-Fi热点的SnailBot模块,以建立一个延伸的通信网络,如图5(b)所示。MSRR可以在返回途中回收之前留下的通信中继模块,并继续移动和勘探不同方向的熔岩管,同时保持与地表的通信连接。MSRR的这一应用可以为地下勘探任务提供可靠、高效的通信支持,并在建设初期充当洞内其他设施的临时通信网络。
机器人在探索地外熔岩管时需要采集若干重要样本并将之带回以便进行地质学和化学分析,如熔岩管内壁的玄武岩样本。链式或混合式MSRR可以组成多自由度的灵活机械臂构型并采用成熟的轨迹规划算法避障[37],如图6(a)和图6(b)所示。MSRR的机械臂构型末端模块可以采用特殊设计的异构模块以直接抓取小体积的样本。例如,MSRR可以配备针对多种可能的样本形状进行特殊设计的夹具模块[38]。当预先设计的夹具模块仍然不能满足抓握需求时,MSRR可以重构自身以吻合所需要抓握的物体的形状。图6(c)所示的MSRR将多个模块组成链式或网状构型,再通过调节每个模块的关节逐渐收紧并贴合所需抓握的物体。这种模块化抓手通过分布式传感算法[39]给每个模块分配了平衡的驱动压力,可以抓握气球等易碎物体,具有适应被抓握物体的类软体属性。目前,MSRR在采样应用中已经达到了传统机械臂的效果,并具有成熟的运动学和动力学算法,还能发挥多构型优势自适应地抓取未知形状的物体。
机器人在建设熔岩管时需要推动大石块以清理道路,或者操作大物体来建造密封墙等结构。这些大物体的尺寸和重量超出了由多个链式模块组成的机械臂的抓取能力范畴。而晶格式、桁架式和混合式MSRR则可以通过集体驱动和大规模自重构这两种方式聚力以托起或操作这些大物体。集体驱动的方式要求单个模块的扭矩或动力能够累加,如PolyBot通过垂直奇点增加支撑力;FreeSN通过平行驱动的方式增加结构稳定性以运输大型物体(图7)。虽然单个模块的齿轮啮合、线性驱动等局部运动性能有限,但是大规模集群的耦合聚力可以推动整个形态的变化。例如,多个可压缩和伸展的Crystal立方体模块在4个垂直方向上的力可以直接相加以抬升整体构型[24],多个齿轮驱动的CA细胞模块可以通过集体驱动拉伸和弯曲构型[40]。
大规模自重构的方式则是将大规模MSRR的抓握运动分解为多个连续的构型或形态并通过自重构实现形态之间的转换。大规模MSRR可以形成多样化的精细构型,如图8(a)所示,也可以通过各个模块的分布式运动实现不同构型或形态之间的自重构,如微型可编程物质[10]。目前,可编程物质的研究已经在仿真中实现了大规模集群的自重构并在若干个微型硬件上验证了基本动作。未来的研究或许可以借鉴SnailBot、FreeSN和FireAnt3D[41]等MSRR的连续连接方法,以实现流畅的手部操作。手状构型的连续自重构即可实现对大物体的抓握,如图8(b)所示。
集体驱动和自重构的方式降低了单个模块的功能复杂性,但提高了对模块数量的要求。制造成百上千个鲁棒运行的模块对结构设计的稳定性和硬件制造的工程量都提出了巨大的挑战。同时,实现MSRR的负载均衡和修复内部损坏模块也具有较高的研究难度。目前该应用仍处于仿真和理论验证的阶段。
在熔岩管的建设初期,晶格式、桁架式和混合式MSRR可以自组装为简易的支撑架、桥梁和临时建筑等设施,以便协助其他特种建筑机器人的通行和作业。例如,由洛桑联邦理工学院仿生机器人实验室研发的Roombot可以借助局部的基础动作自组装为桌椅等家居[18],如图9(a)所示。FreeBOT、SnailBot和FreeSN等自由连接的MSRR也致力于在非结构化的环境中执行临时桥梁的搭建、倒塌物的支撑等任务,如图9所示。
自组装的软硬件研究涉及模块和半组装体之间的通信、连接和运动规划,大体可以根据算法分类为图语法、元胞自动机、分布式规划等。图语法[42]通过规则集和图的语法操作控制由滑动立方体模型组成的MSRR自组装为3D目标构型。在这项工作中,A*算法用于规划初始构型中的多余模块和目标构型中的空位之间的路径。元胞自动机方法也适用于自组装应用,并且可以使用分布式的局部规则生成所需的构型。最直接的自组装思路是从所谓的种子模块计算到其他模块的梯度[43],用于指导目标构型的生长,如犀牛构型。进一步地,3D Catoms可以通过分布式规划[44]自组装为致密稳定的大支撑架或者临时建筑。目前,自组装的研究已经在算法仿真层面取得了进展,但在硬件层面仍需提升多面体模块的连接强度、外壳韧度等支撑特性。
模块化自重构机器人在太空舱、火星等地外环境的应用是一个国际前沿课题,目前处于早期阶段。国际上已经出现了一些相关的发展计划。例如,Mori3描绘了MSRR在航天舱内的应用场景,而VTT则延续了由美国航天局资助的用于火星探索的Tetwalker项目[45]。中国同样拥有扎实的航天科学和工业基础,可以将模块化自重构机器人技术推进到熔岩管等地外环境的应用中。中国在模块化自重构机器人领域与国际一流研究处于并跑位置,既有一些优势,也存在一些不足。北京航空航天大学王田苗团队研发的SamBot[46],以及哈尔滨工业大学朱延河团队研发的UBot[47]是国内较早亮相于国际模块化自重构机器人研究社区的成果。它们在分布式自重构机器人模块的结构设计、通信电路和自动化操作等方面展现了特定的优势。香港中文大学(深圳)林天麟团队提出的3款自由形态MSRR,包括FreeBOT、SnailBot和FreeSN,则在国际上首次提出了模块之间的连续连接机制,并进一步推动了自由形态MSRR在流动越障、采样操作等应用算法方面的理论创新。然而,与国外的研究相比,中国的研究在软硬件整合度、跨领域合作度等方面还有待改进。美国宾夕法尼亚大学Mark Yim团队的SMORES-EP稳定地整合了感知、控制等多种功能。美国西北大学Michael Rubenstein团队的FireAnt 3D采用了跨领域研发的热溶解导电塑料作为外壳材料。展望未来,国内外的研究都将致力于让MSRR走出实验室,探索非结构化环境以发挥其多构型优势。地外熔岩管作为非结构化环境的一个典型例子,对模块化自重构机器人的研究提出了一些独特的挑战。为了克服这些挑战,提出如下建议。
1)加大对跨学科领域合作的支持
应用于地外恶劣环境的MSRR面临着诸多挑战,包括较大的温差、月球辐射及带电月尘等。需要研发耐温差、防辐射、防静电的软体外壳材料,以确保机器人在极端环境中能够长时间运行。同时,月球、火星等地外熔岩管的内部空间通常更为宽广,其直径可达百米。为确保MSRR在这个大空间里的稳定供电和通信,不仅需要研发高能量密度的电池,还需要创新天窗基站系统,以向熔岩管内传递通信信号和太阳能转换的电力能源。此类适应性研究涉及机械、计算机、材料、结构力学、能源和通信等多个领域。建议加大支持、鼓励各高校院所之间的跨学科领域合作。
2)推动多功能异构的混合式模块研究
现有的MSRR尚无法同时满足熔岩管内的三大应用场景对硬件模块性能的多重需求。例如,操作应用和支撑应用分别要求模块之间连接的自由性和稳定性。即便是多功能性较强的硬件模块,如SMORES-EP,仍受限于无法持续连接等问题。与此同时,考虑到MSRR不同部位的差异性需求,异构模块的研究更为切实可行。例如,在脚部模块中增加电源储备,在躯干模块中增强电机扭矩,在末端模块中增加传感器件等都是值得探究的方向。桁架式结构(如FreeSN)已经充分展示了将多种异构模块融合的优势。
3)建立MSRR与其他异构机器人的协同合作系统
地外熔岩管的勘探和建设需要部署多种针对特定任务设计的异构机器人。例如,岩壁建筑机器人、电力布线机器人和设备安装机器人等。这些异构机器人具有不同的优势和限制,而多功能的MSRR可以在这些异构机器人的优势任务之间衔接配合,形成互补的高效协同系统。例如,MSRR将建筑机器人产生的碎石清理掉,方便了布线机器人的操作。此类临时配合任务不需要单独设计一个机器人,而是通过灵活多功能的MSRR来完成。此外,MSRR和其他异构机器人之间的信息共享和协同感知可以优化资源调度和任务分工,从而进一步提高配合效率和系统性能。建议整合控制、规划和学习等多个研究领域的方法和技术,并在一个公共的模拟熔岩洞环境中测试和改进异构机器人系统的内部协同合作机制。
模块化自重构机器人在地外熔岩管的越障、操作和支撑任务中呈现出了令人激动的应用前景。面对错综复杂的环境,其多功能性和自适应能力为解决各种难题带来了崭新的希望。为了实现这一愿景,科学家和工程师正全心投入于优化机器人的设计和性能,以更好胜任地外熔岩管的基地建设使命。随着材料、机械、电子和算法等技术的飞速进步,模块化自重构机器人将在地外勘探中发挥先锋带头作用,推动地外基地建设任务的顺利进行。
  • 国家自然科学基金(62073274)
  • 广东省基础与应用基础研究基金杰出青年项目(2023B1515020089)
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doi: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2024.01.006
  • 接收时间:2023-09-12
  • 出版时间:2024-03-20
  • 发布时间:2024-03-27
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  • 收稿日期:2023-09-12
  • 修回日期:2023-12-29
基金
国家自然科学基金(62073274)
广东省基础与应用基础研究基金杰出青年项目(2023B1515020089)
作者信息
    1.香港中文大学(深圳)理工学院,深圳 518172
    2.深圳市人工智能与机器人研究院,深圳 518172
    3.重庆大学教育部深空探测联合研究中心,重庆 400044

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表12种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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