Article(id=1157002943896576792, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, issueId=1157002942403404561, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2024.04.003, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1729785600000, receivedDateStr=2024-10-25, revisedDate=1730822400000, revisedDateStr=2024-11-06, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753780597900, onlineDateStr=2025-07-29, pubDate=1734624000000, pubDateStr=2024-12-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1734969600000, onlineIssueDateStr=2024-12-24, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753780597900, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774072631170, updator=sys-migrate, issue=Issue{id=1157002942403404561, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, year='2024', volume='3', issue='4', pageStart='4', pageEnd='152', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=1, createTime=1753780597544, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774072620698, updator=sys-migrate, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1157003380037079397, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, issueId=1157002942403404561, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=Science and Technology Foresight, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1157003380037079398, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, issueId=1157002942403404561, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=氢能技术与发展战略专刊, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=34, endPage=43, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1157002944961930010, articleId=1157002943896576792, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, language=EN, title=Current Status, Challenges, and Countermeasures of Hydrogen Chemical Industry Development, columnId=1149656489310208610, journalTitle=Science and Technology Foresight, columnName=Review and Commentary, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Hydrogen energy is an ideal medium for promoting the clean and efficient utilization of traditional fossil fuels and supporting the large-scale development of renewable energy. It is also an important lever for achieving the goals of “carbon peaking and carbon neutrality”. At present, among all the hydrogen energy application scenarios such as the chemical industry, transportation, and electricity, the chemical utilization relying on ammonia synthesis, methanol synthesis, and the petrochemical industry is dominant. Therefore, making good use of and promoting the application of hydrogen energy in the chemical industry, namely the hydrogen chemical industry, are the keys to promoting the development of the hydrogen energy industry. Therefore, this article summarized the current status and the key issues in the development of the hydrogen chemical industry. In addition, suggestions were proposed in terms of accelerating the substitution of grey hydrogen by green hydrogen, strengthening the construction of infrastructure such as the hydrogen pipeline network, promoting core technology research and development, developing a hydrogen energy standard system, and exploring rapid iteration mechanism of standards.

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氢能是推动传统化石能源清洁高效利用和支撑可再生能源大规模发展的理想媒介,也是实现“碳达峰与碳中和”目标的重要抓手。目前,在化工、交通、电力等诸多领域的氢能应用场景中,以合成氨、合成甲醇、石油化工为主的化工利用占主导地位,因此利用好、发展好氢能在化工行业中的应用,即氢化工,是推动氢能产业发展的关键。文章综述了氢化工的发展现状,总结了氢化工发展存在的关键问题,并提出加快绿氢对灰氢的存量替代、加强输氢管网等基础设施建设、推进核心技术攻关、制定氢能标准体系、探索标准快速迭代机制等建议。

, correspAuthors=徐春明, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
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王晓胜,副教授。主要从事清洁能源高效利用研究。电子信箱:

徐春明,教授,中国科学院院士,博士研究生导师。国家杰出青年科学基金获得者,“全国优秀教师”称号获得者,国家自然科学基金委员会创新研究群体负责人。主要从事重油高效转化和清洁油品生产研究。获国家技术发明奖二等奖1项,国家科技进步奖二等奖2项,中国石油和化学工业联合会技术发明奖特等奖1项。电子信箱:

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王晓胜,副教授。主要从事清洁能源高效利用研究。电子信箱:

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王晓胜,副教授。主要从事清洁能源高效利用研究。电子信箱:

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徐春明,教授,中国科学院院士,博士研究生导师。国家杰出青年科学基金获得者,“全国优秀教师”称号获得者,国家自然科学基金委员会创新研究群体负责人。主要从事重油高效转化和清洁油品生产研究。获国家技术发明奖二等奖1项,国家科技进步奖二等奖2项,中国石油和化学工业联合会技术发明奖特等奖1项。电子信箱:

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徐春明,教授,中国科学院院士,博士研究生导师。国家杰出青年科学基金获得者,“全国优秀教师”称号获得者,国家自然科学基金委员会创新研究群体负责人。主要从事重油高效转化和清洁油品生产研究。获国家技术发明奖二等奖1项,国家科技进步奖二等奖2项,中国石油和化学工业联合会技术发明奖特等奖1项。电子信箱:

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The ammonia industry has made outstanding contributions to human food security and economic and social development, while also causing a large amount of carbon dioxide emissions in the production process. Green ammonia produced using renewable energy has the characteristic of “zero carbon” and significant carbon reduction effects throughout its lifecycle. It has become one of the hotspots for low-carbon industry development worldwide. this paper introduces the policies of the green ammonia industry, the current development status and progress of the green ammonia industry, and analyzes the market competitiveness of green ammonia in four downstream applications such as vehicle and ship fuel, hydrogen storage carriers, fuel power generation, and chemical raw materials. It is considered that the major global ship engine technology companies and ship manufacturers are developing ammonia fuel engines and ammonia powered ships which are gradually conducting operational tests. And the ammonia fuel engines for vehicles have achieved breakthroughs in related technologies in China. It is believed that ocean shipping is the first breakthrough area for green ammonia, and when the price of green electricity drops to around 0.20CNY/kWh with the advancement of new energy technology, global green ammonia vehicle and ship fuel will usher in significant development. Green ammonia will become increasingly cost competitive in the heavy-duty truck and ocean shipping industries. At the same time, ammonia has great potential for development as a hydrogen storage carrier. The cost of liquid ammonia synthesis and dehydrogenation accounts for over 85% of the total cost, and it is not sensitive to transportation distance. In the future, it will become one of the main forms of global long-distance transportation of bulk hydrogen. The sustainable development of the green ammonia industry requires support from technological innovation, industrial policies, and standard formulation.

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氢化工发展现状、挑战及对策建议
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王晓胜 1, 2 , 梁心茹 1, 2 , 周红军 1, 2 , 徐春明 1, 2,
前瞻科技 | 综述与述评 2024,3(4): 34-43
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前瞻科技 | 综述与述评 2024, 3(4): 34-43
氢化工发展现状、挑战及对策建议
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王晓胜1, 2 , 梁心茹1, 2, 周红军1, 2, 徐春明1, 2,
作者信息
  • 1.中国石油大学(北京)新能源与材料学院,北京 102249
  • 2.重质油全国重点实验室,北京 102249
  • 王晓胜,副教授。主要从事清洁能源高效利用研究。电子信箱:

    徐春明,教授,中国科学院院士,博士研究生导师。国家杰出青年科学基金获得者,“全国优秀教师”称号获得者,国家自然科学基金委员会创新研究群体负责人。主要从事重油高效转化和清洁油品生产研究。获国家技术发明奖二等奖1项,国家科技进步奖二等奖2项,中国石油和化学工业联合会技术发明奖特等奖1项。电子信箱:

通信作者:

Current Status, Challenges, and Countermeasures of Hydrogen Chemical Industry Development
Xiaosheng WANG1, 2 , Xinru LIANG1, 2, Hongjun ZHOU1, 2, Chunming XU1, 2,
Affiliations
  • 1. College of New Energy and Materials, China University of Petroleum-Beijing, Beijing 102249, China
  • 2. State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, Beijing 102249, China
出版时间: 2024-12-20 doi: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2024.04.003
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氢能是推动传统化石能源清洁高效利用和支撑可再生能源大规模发展的理想媒介,也是实现“碳达峰与碳中和”目标的重要抓手。目前,在化工、交通、电力等诸多领域的氢能应用场景中,以合成氨、合成甲醇、石油化工为主的化工利用占主导地位,因此利用好、发展好氢能在化工行业中的应用,即氢化工,是推动氢能产业发展的关键。文章综述了氢化工的发展现状,总结了氢化工发展存在的关键问题,并提出加快绿氢对灰氢的存量替代、加强输氢管网等基础设施建设、推进核心技术攻关、制定氢能标准体系、探索标准快速迭代机制等建议。

氢能  /  合成氨  /  甲醇  /  石油化工

Hydrogen energy is an ideal medium for promoting the clean and efficient utilization of traditional fossil fuels and supporting the large-scale development of renewable energy. It is also an important lever for achieving the goals of “carbon peaking and carbon neutrality”. At present, among all the hydrogen energy application scenarios such as the chemical industry, transportation, and electricity, the chemical utilization relying on ammonia synthesis, methanol synthesis, and the petrochemical industry is dominant. Therefore, making good use of and promoting the application of hydrogen energy in the chemical industry, namely the hydrogen chemical industry, are the keys to promoting the development of the hydrogen energy industry. Therefore, this article summarized the current status and the key issues in the development of the hydrogen chemical industry. In addition, suggestions were proposed in terms of accelerating the substitution of grey hydrogen by green hydrogen, strengthening the construction of infrastructure such as the hydrogen pipeline network, promoting core technology research and development, developing a hydrogen energy standard system, and exploring rapid iteration mechanism of standards.

hydrogen energy  /  ammonia synthesis  /  methanol  /  petrochemical industry
王晓胜, 梁心茹, 周红军, 徐春明. 氢化工发展现状、挑战及对策建议. 前瞻科技, 2024 , 3 (4) : 34 -43 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2024.04.003
Xiaosheng WANG, Xinru LIANG, Hongjun ZHOU, Chunming XU. Current Status, Challenges, and Countermeasures of Hydrogen Chemical Industry Development[J]. Science and Technology Foresight, 2024 , 3 (4) : 34 -43 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2024.04.003
氢作为一种来源广泛、清洁无碳、灵活高效、应用场景丰富的二次能源,是推动传统化石能源清洁高效利用和支撑可再生能源大规模发展的理想媒介,也是实现“碳达峰与碳中和”(简称“双碳”)目标的重要抓手。加快氢能(尤其是绿氢)的上下游产业发展,不仅是能源产业高质量发展和产业动能升级的有力举措,更是应对全球气候变化、保障国家能源供应安全、实现可持续发展战略的不二选择。
近年来,在全球加速氢能布局的趋势下,氢气产量呈稳步上升的趋势,中国的氢能上下游相关产业也在飞速发展。根据国际能源署(International Energy Agency, IEA)2023年9月发布的统计数据,2022年全球氢气总产量超9 500万t,其中纯氢制备产量约7 900万t、工业副产氢约1 600万t,当年全球氢气总需求量达9 500万t[1]。2023年,全国氢气产量超3 500万t,可再生能源制氢能力超7万t/a。根据中国氢能联盟预测,2030年中国氢气的年需求量将超过3 700万t,可再生能源制氢约为500万t[2]
氢能具有能源和原料的双重属性,可以通过氢电协同或氢电耦合的方式作为储能媒介或能量载体,也可以作为原料直接参与化学反应[3-4]。现阶段氢能的主要来源依然是传统化石能源,传统化石能源制氢路线包括天然气、甲醇蒸汽重整制氢,在经济上仍然具有明显的优势。随着风能、光能、电力等可再生能源成本的逐渐降低,可再生能源制氢也变得越来越有经济性。因此,从氢能的来源角度出发,无论是化石燃料制氢还是可再生能源制氢都需要探索研究制氢新方法、新材料和新工艺,以氢和电为桥梁,链接光能、风力、水力、生物质能及化石燃料等能源[5]。目前,在化工、交通、电力等诸多领域的氢能应用场景中,以合成氨、合成甲醇、石油化工和氢冶金为主的化工利用占主导地位[4],因此利用好、发展好氢能在化工行业中的应用,即氢化工,是推动氢能产业发展的关键[6]
包括合成氨、合成甲醇、石油化工和氢冶金等在内的氢化工已有超过百年的发展历史[7],氢主要作为生产原料应用于上述过程。
氨目前是全球产量第一的合成化学品,年产量超过2亿t,其中超过90%以氮气和氢气为原料通过Haber-Bosch工艺合成。利用Haber-Bosch工艺合成氨的反应过程中[8],氢气和氮气混合物在400~500 ℃的高温和10 MPa以上的压力下在铁基催化剂上进行反应,在通过冷却方式分离氨产物后将未反应的合成气进行循环利用。N≡N三键具有较高的解离能(941 kJ/mol),故N≡N三键的解离步骤是合成氨反应中的速率控制步骤[9]。由于合成氨的过程是高温高压过程,因此其能耗一直备受关注。合成氨工业发展初期,其氢气原料一般来源于煤或褐煤气化。20世纪50年代,美国首先采用天然气的蒸汽重整用于合成氨过程合成气的生产[10],完成了合成氨工艺的第一次飞跃。在1990年左右开发成功的钌基催化剂允许合成氨反应在较低操作压力和温度下进行,进一步降低了合成氨过程的能耗。但由于钌为贵金属,其大规模应用受到限制,工业上一般将钌基催化剂与铁基催化剂串联使用,典型代表为Kellogg公司开发的KAAP(Kellogg Advanced Ammonia Process)工艺[11]
在合成氨工艺流程中,高纯氢气、高纯氮气两个原料的生产成本占合成氨总生产成本的比例最高,因此多年来合成氨工艺所用的催化剂虽然变化不大,但其原料生产所涉及的制气及原料净化过程已与早期的工艺有明显差异。目前,合成氨所用的氢气仍主要来源于化石燃料(包括天然气、液化石油气、石脑油和其他石油馏分、煤炭或焦炭等)依次通过蒸汽重整、变换、净化、脱碳等反应制取,氮气则来源于空分装置[12-13]。合成氨消耗了全球1%~2%的能源和5%的天然气,其CO2排放量约占全球总排放量的1.6%[14]
随着氢能和碳捕集、利用与封存(Carbon Capture, Utilization and Storage, CCUS)技术的发展,氢气依据其来源可划分为绿氢、蓝氢和灰氢(近年又将新发现的天然氢称为白氢)。与氢气的分类近似,合成氨依据其所用的氢气原料可分为绿氨、蓝氨和灰氨。以可再生能源发电制氢为原料的合成氨产品称为绿氨[15],而现有化石能源制氢为原料的合成氨产品称为灰氨。绿氨工艺过程清洁、无碳排放、装置相对简单、流程较短、规模灵活,发展和使用可再生氨是全球能源绿色转型降碳的重要手段[16-17]。由于低成本新能源电力的出现,采用电化学方法完成合成氨循环的电化学合成氨也引起了研究人员和产业界的兴趣[18-19]。与Haber-Bosch工艺相比,电化学合成氨具有多个潜在优势[20],如可将电解水制氢和氮还原集成在同一个工艺单元中从而实现紧凑设计。众多研究人员都在致力于低成本高效电催化合成氨催化剂的制备与改进,以进一步提高反应过程中合成氨的效率。但目前仅有实验室规模的数据,距离实际应用尚有较多的关键问题需要解决。
受限于氢能产业的发展,全球绿氨产业仍处于商业化早期阶段,可再生资源较多的地区已有若干绿氨项目开工。美国、欧盟、日本、韩国等发达国家和地区均开始布局绿氨项目,部分国家将绿氨上升为国家能源战略的重要组成。绿氨的应用创新值得关注[21],目前已初显四大主要消费领域:灰氨绿色替代、氢氨储能、交通运输和发电供热。2024年5月,国家发展和改革委员会等部门联合印发了《合成氨行业节能降碳专项行动计划》,灰氨绿色替代为传统合成氨行业降碳提供了更多可能。
甲醇是重要的化工原料之一,下游产品链丰富,广泛用于生产乙烯和丙烯、甲醛及其衍生物、醋酸/醋酐及其衍生物、多种甲基化化学品、醋酸乙烯酯、甲基丙烯酸甲酯、甲胺、甲基叔丁基醚(Methyltert-butylether, MTBE)、燃料添加剂等[22-23]。多年来,工业界发展了多种技术可以使用不同的含碳原料(CO、CO2等)通过加氢实现甲醇合成[24],其原料包括天然气、煤、生物质或其他来源的CO2[25-27]
合成甲醇工业上第一次突破在1923年,巴斯夫股份公司(BASF SE)以合成氨的Habor-Bosch工艺为基础,开发了基于ZnO-Cr2O3催化剂的高压法甲醇合成工艺[24-28]。接近400 ℃、30 MPa的反应条件对工程材料有较为苛刻的要求,同时能耗也较高。为了克服上述问题,1966年英国帝国化学工业集团(Imperial Chemical Industries, ICI)提出了基于天然气蒸汽重整制氢和Cu/ZnO催化剂的低压甲醇合成工艺[29],将反应温度和压力分别降低为约300 °C和10 MPa。此后,基于Cu基催化剂的低压法工艺逐渐成为全球范围内甲醇合成的主导技术[30]。值得一提的是,20世纪40年代瑞士龙沙公司(Swiss Lonza Company)开始以电解水制氢和二氧化碳为原料来工业合成甲醇[31-32],其CO2原料来自于生产Ca(NO3)2过程的废气,这也是最早的绿色甲醇合成工厂。
近年来,在全球推动达成减碳及零碳目标的背景下,以来自生物质或空气捕集的可再生碳源与绿氢为原料生产的绿甲醇受到市场的广泛关注和重视[33]。但目前全球绿醇市场仍处于发展初期,已投产的产能较少。根据全球甲醇协会的数据显示,当前全球绿醇产能仅为80多万t,冰岛碳循环国际公司(Carbon Recycling International, CRI)、托普索公司(Topsøe)等公司能够为绿甲醇项目提供技术支持,国内的西南化工研究设计院有限公司等单位也能够提供成熟的绿甲醇催化剂和工艺包[34-35]。全球范围内,绿色甲醇的产能主要集中在欧洲、北美、东亚等地区。国内暂无真正商业化运营的绿醇项目,但中国科学院大连化学物理研究所、中国科学院山西煤炭化学研究所、中国科学院上海高等研究院等单位已开展以打通核心技术全流程为目的的中试或示范项目,其余大部分项目处于规划或初步建设阶段。从现有公布项目的规划产能上来看,国内绿色甲醇项目总产能已经突破1 000万t,同时单个项目的大型化趋势明显,规划产能多集中为10万~50万t,对原料供应量提出了更高的要求[36]
石油是以烃类化合物为主的混合物,主要构成元素为碳和氢,包括加氢脱硫、加氢裂化及各种油品加氢改质等的石油化工过程需要消耗大量的氢,因此氢是炼化行业的重要原料。石油化工的过程本身会副产部分氢气,但由于消耗量较大,仍需要外购或利用其他材料制取(如甲醇或天然气蒸汽重整制氢)[37]。由于石油化工产业与氢能发展结合紧密,同时产业自身发展较为成熟,因此关注焦点更多为如何利用新技术对石油化工过程中以化石能源制取的存量灰氢进行替代,这也是石油化工行业节能减碳的重要方向[38]
目前,石油化工过程中的氢仍以灰氢为主。利用现有灰氢生产装置配套CCUS技术可将灰氢变为蓝氢,虽然可以同时实现存量灰氢替代同时降低碳排,但在一定程度上会增加生产成本[39-40]。利用可再生能源制氢是存量灰氢替代的重要技术手段,目前中国石油天然气集团有限公司(简称中国石油)和中国石油化工集团有限公司(简称中国石化)已有部分炼厂进行了实践。中国石化新疆库车绿氢示范项目通过耦合光伏发电和电解水制氢,可为附近的中国石化塔河炼化有限责任公司提供绿氢原料,对氢电耦合及绿氢炼化的全流程开展了积极探索;中国石化燕山石化公司通过绿电及质子交换膜电解水制氢,也实现了对灰氢原料的部分替代[41];中国石油玉门油田在绿电、电解水制氢的基础上,开展纯氢管道运输的试点,取得了积极成效。上述示范项目对中国石油化工行业的绿氢利用和节能降碳提供了借鉴,为后续的技术攻关和绿氢与石油化工的深度耦合奠定了基础。
在应对能源转型和气候变化的大背景下,全球工业、交通等行业转向低碳发展,各国纷纷布局氢能产业,氢化工正处于蓬勃发展的阶段[42]。目前,灰氢存量市场巨大、蓝氢替代不断增长、绿氢技术不断突破,但要真正发挥氢化工在未来低碳能源系统中的作用,还需要解决以下问题。
灰氢目前仍然是市场上的主要氢源,但因其高碳排放而面临淘汰压力;蓝氢作为过渡技术,有助于减少碳排放[43];绿氢是未来的发展方向,代表着清洁能源的终极目标。随着技术进步和成本降低,绿氢有望在未来能源结构中占据重要地位。但是,灰氢作为目前市场上的主要氢源,具有技术成熟和成本较低的优势,其应用仍需得到重视。虽然制取过程中会产生大量的CO2,但考虑到灰氢在当前能源结构中的地位,其存在具有合理性。同时,需要认识到灰氢到绿氢的转变是一个渐进的过程,需要时间、技术的积累及成本的降低。在推动绿氢发展的过程中,不能将灰氢“污名化”甚至“谈灰色变”,而应该鼓励灰氢向蓝氢进行技术升级,即通过CCUS技术减少碳排放,同时加大对绿氢技术研发的投入,并逐步降低其成本[44]
目前,氢能市场主要关注以燃料电池商用车为代表的交通应用,而在氢化工方向的应用尚处于示范探索阶段。近年来,地方政府加大政策支持,可再生能源制氢项目规划数量快速增长,但规划和在建项目广泛集中于绿氨、绿甲醇等新建化工场景。绿氢对存量用氢市场渗透较慢的同时,经济性不足的情况下又导致项目落地实施和多场景拓展缓慢。因此,对于灰氢和绿氢的发展策略应该是并行不悖的。一方面,提高灰氢的利用效率,积极开发并结合CCUS降低碳排放实现存量灰氢的梯级利用或绿色替换;另一方面,加快绿氢技术的研发和产业链布局,通过技术创新和规模化生产降低成本,最终实现从灰氢到绿氢的平稳过渡。
绿氢的生产成本主要受到电力成本和电解设备成本的影响,氢化工是能源密集型行业,对成本极为敏感。绿氢的高成本使得其在应用过程中的竞争力不如灰氢和蓝氢。为了推动绿氢在化工领域的应用,需要从多个角度降低成本。
绿氢作为一种新兴的清洁能源,其资源分布与氢化工产业的发展在地域上存在不协调的情况。以中国为例,中国氢化工相关产业在长三角、粤港澳大湾区、京津冀等区域较为集中,因此对氢的需求量也较大。但在全国范围内,绿氢资源更多集中分布于西北、华北和东北地区。这种分布上的差距导致了绿氢资源与氢化工企业之间的地域不协调。一方面,绿氢资源丰富的地区可能缺乏足够的下游氢化工企业来消纳这些资源;另一方面,氢化工企业集中的地区可能面临绿氢资源供应不足的问题。这种不协调可能会限制绿氢在氢化工行业的应用和推广。
衔接绿氢资源和氢化工产业的氢储运技术,尤其是氢的管道运输,仍有待突破。目前,国内首条“西氢东送”输氢管道示范工程(即乌兰察布输氢管道项目)已被纳入《石油天然气“全国一张网”建设实施方案》,开启了通过管道大规模输氢的进程[45-46]。但按照目前的发展速度,要实现绿氢资源与氢化工产业的有效衔接,还需要在政策支持、技术研发、基础设施建设等多方面进行持续的努力和创新。
完善的标准和认证体系是保障产业发展安全、促进产业技术进步、规范产业市场秩序、推动产业链协同发展的关键。通过标准和认证服务体系的建立,可以提高公众对氢能产业的了解和信任,从而提升公众的接受度和支持度。因此,标准和认证服务体系对于氢能产业的健康、安全和可持续发展具有不可替代的作用。
2023年8月,国家标准委员会与国家发展和改革委员会、工业和信息化部、生态环境部、应急管理部、国家能源局等部门联合印发《氢能产业标准体系建设指南(2023版)》,对氢能产业标准体系建设进行了顶层设计。就氢能的细分领域来看,目前仅燃料电池相关标准体系建设较为完善,但在氢能安全、质子交换膜材料、制氢技术、储氢瓶等领域存在标准体系的缺失或空白。此外,绿氢认证、与国际互认及参与碳市场的相关机制有待建立。
氢能产业的发展是一个复杂且多维的过程,涉及政策支持、技术创新、市场发展等多个方面。氢化工产业正在经历快速发展的过程,为了促进氢化工产业进一步高质量发展,针对上述问题提出以下对策和建议。
1)发挥统筹协调机制作用,加快绿氢对灰氢的存量替代
为了加快绿氢对灰氢的存量替代,发挥统筹协调机制的作用至关重要。这一机制能够确保政策的连贯性和一致性,促进不同行业、不同地区之间的协同合作,从而形成合力。通过有效的统筹协调,可以优化资源配置,推动技术创新,加快基础设施建设,降低绿氢的生产和应用成本。同时,统筹协调还能帮助解决市场准入、资金支持、技术研发等关键问题,为绿氢的推广应用创造有利条件。只有通过这种全面、系统的统筹协调,才能确保绿氢替代灰氢的过程既高效又有序,最终实现能源结构的绿色转型。
为实现上述目标,需要政府、企业、研究机构和社会各界共同努力,形成合力。一方面,通过技术创新提高电解效率和降低电解槽成本是关键。同时,优化电力供应结构,利用风能、太阳能等可再生能源的过剩电力进行电解水制氢,可以降低电力成本。另一方面,政策支持和市场激励也是降低绿氢成本的重要因素,政府应制定明确的政策导向和激励措施,如提供税收优惠、补贴等措施,为绿氢的发展提供稳定的政策环境和资金支持,推动规模化生产,进而降低单位成本。综上,应建立跨部门的协调机制,统筹规划绿氢产业的发展,协调解决产业发展中遇到的诸如安全、监管、销售等问题。企业应加大电解槽等核心装备的研发投入,推动技术创新,降低绿氢的生产成本,提高其市场竞争力。研究机构应加强基础研究和应用研究,为绿氢产业的应用场景提供科技支撑。此外,还应加强公众教育和宣传,提高公众对绿氢的认知和接受度,形成良好的社会氛围。只有各方协同合作,才能有效推动绿氢对灰氢的存量替代,实现氢能产业的绿色转型。
2)加强输氢管网等基础设施建设
加强输氢管网等基础设施建设,对于推动氢化工产业的快速发展和实现能源结构的优化升级具有重要意义。氢能的生产和消费在地理分布上存在不均衡。首先,通过建设输氢管网,可以将氢能从资源丰富的地区输送到需求较大的地区,实现资源的优化配置,提高能源利用效率。目前,氢能的生产成本相对较高,而输氢管网的建设可以降低氢能的运输成本,从而降低整体的氢能供应成本。这将有助于提高氢能的市场竞争力,推动其在能源市场中的广泛应用。其次,输氢管网的建设能够提高氢能供应的稳定性和安全性。氢能作为一种易燃易爆的气体,其储存和运输需要严格的安全措施。通过建设专业的输氢管网,可以有效地控制氢气的运输过程,降低安全风险,确保氢能供应的稳定性。输氢管网的建设还将带动相关产业的发展。最后,输氢管网的建设需要大量的材料、设备和技术,这将为材料制造、设备制造、工程建设等相关产业带来新的市场需求,促进这些产业的技术进步和产业升级。
综上所述,加强输氢管网等基础设施建设,对于推动氢能产业的发展、优化能源结构、降低能源成本、提高能源供应的稳定性和安全性、带动相关产业发展以及应对气候变化等方面都具有重要的意义。因此,应加快输氢管网等基础设施的建设步伐。
3)强化应用技术创新,推进核心技术攻关
在氢化工产业的发展中,强化应用技术创新和推进核心技术攻关是实现产业升级和竞争力提升的关键。这要求不仅要在围绕可再生能源制氢、大规模储氢、高密度安全运氢等关键环节进行技术突破,还要在氢气的化工应用上进行深入研究,例如在合成氨、合成甲醇、石油化工、氢冶金等过程中提高氢气的利用效率和选择性。通过这些技术攻关,可以有效降低氢化工的成本,推动氢化工行业向绿色、低碳的方向发展。此外,氢化工技术创新还涉及新材料的开发和应用,如高性能的催化剂和膜材料,这些材料能够提高氢化工过程的反应速率和选择性,降低能耗和成本。同时,智能化和自动化技术的应用也是提高氢化工安全性和效率的重要方向。通过这些创新,氢化工行业能够更好地适应市场需求的变化,实现资源的高效利用,为社会提供更加清洁和可持续的化工产品。
4)制定氢能标准体系,探索标准快速迭代机制
完善氢能相关标准和认证服务体系,对于促进氢能产业的健康发展、保障氢能利用的安全、推动技术创新和降低成本具有重要意义。
首先,需要建立一个全面覆盖氢能产业链的标准体系,包括氢气的制备、储存、运输、加注及应用等各个环节。这个体系应当确保所有操作都符合环保和安全的要求,以减少风险和提高效率。
其次,应注重国内、国际标准的协同,积极参与国际标准化工作,将中国的先进技术和应用经验转化为国际标准,同时吸收和借鉴国际先进标准,提升中国氢能产业的国际竞争力。此外,还应推动形成企业标准、团体标准、行业标准、国家标准、国际标准协同发展的新模式,以适应技术快速发展和市场需求的变化。此外,加强氢能领域的安全标准体系建设也是至关重要的。氢能安全利用贯穿氢气的生产、储运、加注、燃料电池使用等所有环节,因此,需要对氢能安全技术进行系统性研究,建立健全的安全技术研究体系和安全可靠性测试方法。
最后,合理布局检验检测机构,完善氢能领域的认证体系,也是提升氢能标准体系的重要措施。通过建立具有全方位检测认证能力的氢能检验检测机构,形成梯级检验检测体系,可以为氢能产业提供有力的技术支撑和安全保障。按照《氢能产业标准体系建设指南(2023版)》,持续推动氢能相关标准的制修订;积极参与政府间和国际组织的氢能标准制定和认证工作。
随着全球能源结构的转型和对清洁能源需求的不断增长,氢化工作为氢能产业的重要组成部分,正迎来前所未有的发展机遇。文章通过对氢化工发展趋势的深入分析,探讨了其在能源转型、环境保护和产业升级中的关键作用。可以看到,氢化工不仅能够为传统化工行业带来绿色转型的机遇,还能在推动能源结构优化和实现可持续发展目标中发挥重要作用。
面对技术挑战、成本制约和市场培育等问题,氢化工的发展需要政策的引导、技术创新的支撑、产业协同的推进以及国际合作的深化。展望未来,随着关键技术的突破、成本的降低和市场的扩大,氢化工有望成为推动全球能源革命和化工产业升级的重要力量。
在实现“双碳”目标下,氢化工的发展前景广阔,但也充满挑战。这要求持续关注行业动态,加强基础研究,优化政策环境,培养专业人才,并积极参与国际合作。通过这些努力,可以期待氢化工在推动全球经济绿色、低碳、可持续发展中发挥更大的作用,为建设一个更加清洁、安全、高效的能源未来产业作出贡献。
  • 中国石油天然气集团有限公司-中国石油大学(北京)战略合作科技专项(ZLZX2020-04)
  • 中国石油大学(北京)科研基金(2462021YJRC011)
  • 中国氢能联盟2022政研项目(CHA2022RP003)
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2024年第3卷第4期
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doi: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2024.04.003
  • 接收时间:2024-10-25
  • 出版时间:2024-12-20
  • 发布时间:2024-12-24
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  • 收稿日期:2024-10-25
  • 修回日期:2024-11-06
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中国石油天然气集团有限公司-中国石油大学(北京)战略合作科技专项(ZLZX2020-04)
中国石油大学(北京)科研基金(2462021YJRC011)
中国氢能联盟2022政研项目(CHA2022RP003)
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    1.中国石油大学(北京)新能源与材料学院,北京 102249
    2.重质油全国重点实验室,北京 102249

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表12种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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