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Green hydrogen has become an important technological option for building a diversified green energy structure and plays a key role in achieving carbon neutrality goals. This article aims to review the research and development progress of green hydrogen production technology. Based on the current development status and policy background of China’s hydrogen energy industry, this article defined green hydrogen according to the Chinese and international research and development status and focused on hydrogen production from renewable energy water splitting and biomass. The technical characteristics, advantages, and challenges of these technologies were analyzed. Additionally, technologies such as hydrogen production by nuclear energy, methane pyrolysis, green ammonia, and aqua hydrogen, which do not belong to traditional green hydrogen but may play an important role in carbon emission reduction, were explored. Finally, the article summarized the issues existing in green hydrogen production and provided suggestions for the development of green hydrogen in China from aspects such as policy incentives, technological innovation, and market application.

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绿氢已经成为构建多元绿色能源结构的重要技术选项,在实现“碳达峰与碳中和”目标进程中具有关键作用。文章旨在综述绿氢生产技术的研发进展和发展趋势。根据中国氢能产业的发展现状和政策背景,界定了适合于国内外研发现状的绿氢定义,重点介绍了可再生能源分解水制氢、生物质制氢技术,分析了各自的技术特点、优势和挑战。此外,还探讨了核能制氢、甲烷热解制氢、绿氨制氢和水氢等虽不属于传统的绿氢,但有可能对碳减排起到重要作用的技术。最后,对绿氢生产中存在的问题进行了总结,从政策激励、技术创新、市场应用等方面对中国绿氢发展给出了建议。

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党成雄,副教授。主要从事生物质热化学制氢、CO2捕获与催化转化、钙基化学链的构建与应用等领域的研究。主持国家自然科学基金、广东省自然科学基金等项目5项。获2020年中国颗粒学会优秀博士论文奖等。发表论文29篇。电子信箱:

余皓,教授,博士研究生导师。华南理工大学化学与化工学院副院长。中国颗粒学会理事,广东省化工学会副秘书长,科普与学术工作委员会主任委员。主要从事纳米碳材料、多相催化等研究。获教育部新世纪优秀人才、广东省自然科学基金杰出青年基金、广东省“千百十”省级培养对象、广州市珠江科技新星、全国石油化工青年教学名师。广东省线上线下混合本科一流课程《化学反应工程》课程负责人。获教育部自然科学奖一等奖、二等奖,中国石油和化学工业联合会科技进步奖一等奖。发表论文200余篇。电子信箱:

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党成雄,副教授。主要从事生物质热化学制氢、CO2捕获与催化转化、钙基化学链的构建与应用等领域的研究。主持国家自然科学基金、广东省自然科学基金等项目5项。获2020年中国颗粒学会优秀博士论文奖等。发表论文29篇。电子信箱:

"}, bioImg=X2mqKxOTQ65Mq9bYZeDSKA==, bioContent=

党成雄,副教授。主要从事生物质热化学制氢、CO2捕获与催化转化、钙基化学链的构建与应用等领域的研究。主持国家自然科学基金、广东省自然科学基金等项目5项。获2020年中国颗粒学会优秀博士论文奖等。发表论文29篇。电子信箱:

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余皓,教授,博士研究生导师。华南理工大学化学与化工学院副院长。中国颗粒学会理事,广东省化工学会副秘书长,科普与学术工作委员会主任委员。主要从事纳米碳材料、多相催化等研究。获教育部新世纪优秀人才、广东省自然科学基金杰出青年基金、广东省“千百十”省级培养对象、广州市珠江科技新星、全国石油化工青年教学名师。广东省线上线下混合本科一流课程《化学反应工程》课程负责人。获教育部自然科学奖一等奖、二等奖,中国石油和化学工业联合会科技进步奖一等奖。发表论文200余篇。电子信箱:

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余皓,教授,博士研究生导师。华南理工大学化学与化工学院副院长。中国颗粒学会理事,广东省化工学会副秘书长,科普与学术工作委员会主任委员。主要从事纳米碳材料、多相催化等研究。获教育部新世纪优秀人才、广东省自然科学基金杰出青年基金、广东省“千百十”省级培养对象、广州市珠江科技新星、全国石油化工青年教学名师。广东省线上线下混合本科一流课程《化学反应工程》课程负责人。获教育部自然科学奖一等奖、二等奖,中国石油和化学工业联合会科技进步奖一等奖。发表论文200余篇。电子信箱:

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International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2023, 48(66): 25660-25682., articleTitle=Literature review of the catalytic pyrolysis of methane for hydrogen and carbon production, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114003929994238, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157002943091270418, doi=10.1126/science.aao5023, pmid=29146810, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=358, issue=6365, pageStart=917, pageEnd=921, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[33], rfOrder=32, authorNames=Upham D C, Agarwal V, Khechfe A, journalName=Science, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Upham D C, Agarwal V, Khechfe A, et al. Catalytic molten metals for the direct conversion of methane to hydrogen and separable carbon[J]. Science, 2017, 358(6365): 917-921., articleTitle=Catalytic molten metals for the direct conversion of methane to hydrogen and separable carbon, refAbstract=Metals that are active catalysts for methane (Ni, Pt, Pd), when dissolved in inactive low-melting temperature metals (In, Ga, Sn, Pb), produce stable molten metal alloy catalysts for pyrolysis of methane into hydrogen and carbon. All solid catalysts previously used for this reaction have been deactivated by carbon deposition. In the molten alloy system, the insoluble carbon floats to the surface where it can be skimmed off. A 27% Ni-73% Bi alloy achieved 95% methane conversion at 1065°C in a 1.1-meter bubble column and produced pure hydrogen without CO or other by-products. Calculations show that the active metals in the molten alloys are atomically dispersed and negatively charged. There is a correlation between the amount of charge on the atoms and their catalytic activity.Copyright © 2017, American Association for the Advancement of Science.), Reference(id=1242114003988714495, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157002943091270418, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=46, issue=9, pageStart=6225, pageEnd=6238, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[34], rfOrder=33, authorNames=Parkinson B, Patzschke C F, Nikolis D, journalName=International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Parkinson B, Patzschke C F, Nikolis D, et al. Methane pyrolysis in monovalent alkali halide salts: Kinetics and pyrolytic carbon properties[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2021, 46(9): 6225-6238., articleTitle=Methane pyrolysis in monovalent alkali halide salts: Kinetics and pyrolytic carbon properties, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114004043240448, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157002943091270418, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=17, issue=2, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[35], rfOrder=34, authorNames=Park D K, Park S N, Kim H J, journalName=Energies, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Park D K, Park S N, Kim H J, et al. Research on the production of turquoise hydrogen from methane (CH4) through plasma reaction[J]. Energies, 2024, 17(2), doi: 10.3390/en17020484., articleTitle=Research on the production of turquoise hydrogen from methane (CH4) through plasma reaction, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114004106153984, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157002943091270418, doi=10.1126/science.adh8872, pmid=37616342, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=381, issue=6660, pageStart=857, pageEnd=861, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[36], rfOrder=35, authorNames=Chen L N, Song Z G, Zhang S C, journalName=Science, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Chen L N, Song Z G, Zhang S C, et al. Ternary NiMo-Bi liquid alloy catalyst for efficient hydrogen production from methane pyrolysis[J]. Science, 2023, 381(6660): 857-861., articleTitle=Ternary NiMo-Bi liquid alloy catalyst for efficient hydrogen production from methane pyrolysis, refAbstract=Methane pyrolysis (MP) is a potential technology for CO-free hydrogen production that generates only solid carbon by-products. However, developing a highly efficient catalyst for stable methane pyrolysis at a moderate temperature has been challenging. We present a new and highly efficient catalyst created by modifying a Ni-Bi liquid alloy with the addition of Mo to produce a ternary NiMo-Bi liquid alloy catalyst (LAC). This catalyst exhibited a considerably low activation energy of 81.2 kilojoules per mole, which enabled MP at temperatures between 450 and 800 Celsius and a hydrogen generation efficiency of 4.05 ml per gram of nickel per minute. At 800 Celsius, the catalyst exhibited 100% H selectivity and 120 hours of stability.), Reference(id=1242114004173262849, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157002943091270418, doi=10.16085/j.issn.1000-6613.2023-1726, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=43, issue=5, pageStart=2544, pageEnd=2553, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[37], rfOrder=36, authorNames=陈科宇, 徐金鑫, 吴桂波, journalName=化工进展, refType=null, unstructuredReference=陈科宇, 徐金鑫, 吴桂波, . 绿氨产业现状及发展展望[J]. 化工进展, 2024, 43(5): 2544-2553., articleTitle=绿氨产业现状及发展展望, refAbstract=氨工业为人类粮食安全和经济社会发展做出了突出贡献,同时生产过程中也造成了大量二氧化碳排放。利用可再生能源生产的绿氨具有“零碳”特点,全生命周期减碳效果明显,在全球范围内已成为低碳产业发展热点之一。本文通过对绿氨产业政策、绿氨产业发展现状及进展的介绍,以及对绿氨在车船燃料、储氢载体、燃料发电、化工原料等四个下游应用市场竞争力分析,表明全球主要船舶发动机技术商与船舶制造商都在开发氨燃料发动机与氨动力船舶并陆续开展运行测试,国内车用氨燃料发动机已实现相关技术的突破,绿氨在远洋航运领域最先取得突破,当绿电价格随新能源技术进步降至0.20CNY/kWh左右时,全球绿氨车船燃料将迎来大发展,绿氨在重型卡车和远洋船舶行业将越来越具有成本竞争力。同时,氨作为储氢载体发展潜力大,液氨合成与脱氢环节成本占比85%以上,对运距不敏感,未来将成为全球大宗氢气远洋运输的主要形式之一。最后指出绿氨行业可持续发展需要技术创新、产业政策和标准制定的支持。), Reference(id=1242114005683212290, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157002943091270418, doi=10.16085/j.issn.1000-6613.2023-1726, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=43, issue=5, pageStart=2544, pageEnd=2553, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[37], rfOrder=37, authorNames=Chen K Y, Xu J X, Wu G B, journalName=Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Chen K Y, Xu J X, Wu G B, et al. Current situation and development prospect of green ammonia industry[J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2024, 43(5): 2544-2553. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Current situation and development prospect of green ammonia industry, refAbstract=

The ammonia industry has made outstanding contributions to human food security and economic and social development, while also causing a large amount of carbon dioxide emissions in the production process. Green ammonia produced using renewable energy has the characteristic of “zero carbon” and significant carbon reduction effects throughout its lifecycle. It has become one of the hotspots for low-carbon industry development worldwide. this paper introduces the policies of the green ammonia industry, the current development status and progress of the green ammonia industry, and analyzes the market competitiveness of green ammonia in four downstream applications such as vehicle and ship fuel, hydrogen storage carriers, fuel power generation, and chemical raw materials. It is considered that the major global ship engine technology companies and ship manufacturers are developing ammonia fuel engines and ammonia powered ships which are gradually conducting operational tests. And the ammonia fuel engines for vehicles have achieved breakthroughs in related technologies in China. It is believed that ocean shipping is the first breakthrough area for green ammonia, and when the price of green electricity drops to around 0.20CNY/kWh with the advancement of new energy technology, global green ammonia vehicle and ship fuel will usher in significant development. Green ammonia will become increasingly cost competitive in the heavy-duty truck and ocean shipping industries. At the same time, ammonia has great potential for development as a hydrogen storage carrier. The cost of liquid ammonia synthesis and dehydrogenation accounts for over 85% of the total cost, and it is not sensitive to transportation distance. In the future, it will become one of the main forms of global long-distance transportation of bulk hydrogen. The sustainable development of the green ammonia industry requires support from technological innovation, industrial policies, and standard formulation.

), Reference(id=1242114005876150275, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157002943091270418, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[38], rfOrder=38, authorNames=Ojelade O A, Zaman S F, Ni B J, journalName=Journal of Environmental Management, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Ojelade O A, Zaman S F, Ni B J. Green ammonia production technologies: A review of practical progress[J]. Journal of Environmental Management, 2023, 342, doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.118348., articleTitle=Green ammonia production technologies: A review of practical progress, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114005939064836, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157002943091270418, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=14, issue=5, pageStart=2535, pageEnd=2548, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[39], rfOrder=39, authorNames=Wang M, Khan M A, Mohsin I, journalName=Energy & Environmental Science, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Wang M, Khan M A, Mohsin I, et al. Can sustainable ammonia synthesis pathways compete with fossil-fuel based Haber-Bosch processes?[J]. Energy & Environmental Science, 2021, 14(5): 2535-2548., articleTitle=Can sustainable ammonia synthesis pathways compete with fossil-fuel based Haber-Bosch processes?, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114006006173701, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157002943091270418, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[40], rfOrder=40, authorNames=Andriani D, Bicer Y, journalName=Fuel, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Andriani D, Bicer Y. A review of hydrogen production from onboard ammonia decomposition: Maritime applications of concentrated solar energy and boil-off gas recovery[J]. Fuel, 2023, 352, doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2023.128900., articleTitle=A review of hydrogen production from onboard ammonia decomposition: Maritime applications of concentrated solar energy and boil-off gas recovery, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114006069088262, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157002943091270418, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=204, issue=null, pageStart=696, pageEnd=707, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[41], rfOrder=41, authorNames=Deng Z H, Hu T, Tian J M, journalName=Solar Energy, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Deng Z H, Hu T, Tian J M, et al. Performance of a novel single-tubular ammonia-based reactor driven by concentrated solar power[J]. Solar Energy, 2020, 204: 696-707., articleTitle=Performance of a novel single-tubular ammonia-based reactor driven by concentrated solar power, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114006140391431, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157002943091270418, doi=10.1016/j.jechem.2021.01.011, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=60, issue=null, pageStart=384, pageEnd=402, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[42], rfOrder=42, authorNames=Zhou B, Zhang N N, Wu Y J, journalName=Journal of Energy Chemistry, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhou B, Zhang N N, Wu Y J, et al. An option for green and sustainable future: Electrochemical conversion of ammonia into nitrogen[J]. Journal of Energy Chemistry, 2021, 60: 384-402., articleTitle=An option for green and sustainable future: Electrochemical conversion of ammonia into nitrogen, refAbstract=Green and sustainable options are needed to ease the current energy and environmental crisis, and alleviate the greenhouse effect and energy shortage. As an alternative carbon-neutral synthetic fuel, ammonia shows great potential due to its high energy density, non-toxic by-products, and mature related infrastructures. However, related practical applications have been severely hampered on ammonia-oxidation due to the high cost of catalysts and immature energy utilization systems. Here, we comprehensively summarized the efforts which have been made in recent years with the aim of providing a deep sight into the development and deficiencies in this territory and trying to establish a simple framework of basic knowledge for researchers. The exploration of mechanism is discussed first and then the relevant catalysts studied in recent years are summarized. Besides, the progress of direct ammonia fuel cells (DAFCs) is also presented and the challenges as well as perspectives on future developments of electrocatalysts for ammonia electro-oxidation and its practical application are provided at the end.), Reference(id=1242114006211694600, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157002943091270418, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=46, issue=41, pageStart=21261, pageEnd=21273, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[43], rfOrder=43, authorNames=Yu M L, Wang K, Vredenburg H, journalName=International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Yu M L, Wang K, Vredenburg H. Insights into low-carbon hydrogen production methods: Green, blue and aqua hydrogen[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2021, 46(41): 21261-21273., articleTitle=Insights into low-carbon hydrogen production methods: Green, blue and aqua hydrogen, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114006278803465, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157002943091270418, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=13, issue=7, pageStart=166, pageEnd=168, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[44], rfOrder=44, authorNames=郭天超, journalName=现代工业经济和信息化, refType=null, unstructuredReference=郭天超. 我国发展核能制氢的重要性及其发展路径研究[J]. 现代工业经济和信息化, 2023, 13(7): 166-168., articleTitle=我国发展核能制氢的重要性及其发展路径研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114006345912330, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157002943091270418, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=13, issue=7, pageStart=166, pageEnd=168, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[44], rfOrder=45, authorNames=Guo T C, journalName=Modern Industrial Economy and Informationization, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Guo T C. 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(in Chinese), articleTitle=A study on the importance of developing nuclear energy to produce hydrogen in China and its development path, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114006408826891, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157002943091270418, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=54, issue=9, pageStart=21, pageEnd=27, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[45], rfOrder=46, authorNames=李智勇, 于倩, 胡江, journalName=无机盐工业, refType=null, unstructuredReference=李智勇, 于倩, 胡江, . 基于热化学循环的核能制氢技术经济分析与研究[J]. 无机盐工业, 2022, 54(9): 21-27., articleTitle=基于热化学循环的核能制氢技术经济分析与研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114006467547148, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157002943091270418, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=54, issue=9, pageStart=21, pageEnd=27, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[45], rfOrder=47, authorNames=Li Z Y, Yu Q, Hu J, journalName=Inorganic Chemicals Industry, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Li Z Y, Yu Q, Hu J, et al. Economic analysis and research on nuclear hydrogen production technology based on thermochemical cycle[J]. Inorganic Chemicals Industry, 2022, 54(9): 21-27. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Economic analysis and research on nuclear hydrogen production technology based on thermochemical cycle, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114006538850317, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157002943091270418, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2011, volume=33, issue=4, pageStart=193, pageEnd=203, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[46], rfOrder=48, authorNames=张平, 于波, 徐景明, journalName=核化学与放射化学, refType=null, unstructuredReference=张平, 于波, 徐景明. 核能制氢技术的发展[J]. 核化学与放射化学, 2011, 33(4): 193-203., articleTitle=核能制氢技术的发展, refAbstract=氢是清洁能源,有非常好的应用前景。但氢是二次能源,需要利用一次能源来生产。以可持续的方式(原料来源丰富、无温室气体排放)实现氢的大规模生产是实现氢广泛利用的前提。核能是清洁的一次能源,核电已经成为世界电力生产的主要方式之一。正在研发的第四代核能系统除了要使核电生产更经济和更安全之外,还要为实现核能在发电之外的领域的应用开辟途径。核能制氢就是以来源丰富的水为原料,利用核能实现氢的大规模生产。热化学循环工艺和高温蒸汽电解都是有望与核能耦合的先进制氢工艺,世界上许多国家,如美国、日本、法国、加拿大和中国,都在大力开展核能制氢技术的研发工作。中国正在积极发展核电,在大力开展核电站建设的同时,也非常重视核氢技术的发展。可以提供高温工艺热、最适合用于制氢的高温气冷堆示范电站的建设已经列入国家重大专项;在进行示范电站建设的同时,正在开展制氢工艺的研发工作。在2009年,清华大学核能与新能源技术研究院成功进行了对硫碘热化学循环和高温蒸汽电解的实验室规模工艺验证。), Reference(id=1242114006610153486, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157002943091270418, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2011, volume=33, issue=4, pageStart=193, pageEnd=203, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[46], rfOrder=49, authorNames=Zhang P, Yu B, Xu J M, journalName=Nuclear Chemistry and Radiochemistry, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhang P, Yu B, Xu J M. Development of nuclear hydrogen production technology[J]. Nuclear Chemistry and Radiochemistry, 2011, 33(4): 193-203., articleTitle=Development of nuclear hydrogen production technology, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114006668873743, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157002943091270418, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=3, issue=1, pageStart=25, pageEnd=46, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[47], rfOrder=50, authorNames=Arcos J M M, Santos D M F, journalName=Gases, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Arcos J M M, Santos D M F. The hydrogen color spectrum: Techno-economic analysis of the available technologies for hydrogen production[J]. Gases, 2023, 3(1): 25-46., articleTitle=The hydrogen color spectrum: Techno-economic analysis of the available technologies for hydrogen production, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114006723399696, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157002943091270418, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=null, issue=12, pageStart=20, pageEnd=21, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[48], rfOrder=51, authorNames=伍浩松, 戴定, journalName=国外核新闻, refType=null, unstructuredReference=伍浩松, 戴定. 美国积极推进核能制氢技术的商业示范[J]. 国外核新闻, 2020(12): 20-21., articleTitle=美国积极推进核能制氢技术的商业示范, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114006786314257, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157002943091270418, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=null, issue=12, pageStart=20, pageEnd=21, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[48], rfOrder=52, authorNames=Wu H S, Dai D, journalName=Foreign Nuclear News, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Wu H S, Dai D. The United States actively promotes the commercial demonstration of nuclear energy hydrogen production technology[J]. Foreign Nuclear News, 2020(12): 20-21. (in Chinese), articleTitle=The United States actively promotes the commercial demonstration of nuclear energy hydrogen production technology, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114006849228818, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157002943091270418, doi=10.15302/J-SSCAE-2019.01.004, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=21, issue=1, pageStart=20, pageEnd=28, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[49], rfOrder=53, authorNames=张平, 徐景明, 石磊, journalName=中国工程科学, refType=null, unstructuredReference=张平, 徐景明, 石磊, . 中国高温气冷堆制氢发展战略研究[J]. 中国工程科学, 2019, 21(1): 20-28., articleTitle=中国高温气冷堆制氢发展战略研究, refAbstract=核能制氢是一种有应用前景的高效、大规模、无排放的制氢技术,有望在氢气大规模集中供应的场景中起到重要作用。高温气冷堆是最适于核能制氢的堆型,在我国已有几十年的研发基础,目前正在国家科技重大专项支持下建造高温气冷堆示范电站。本文介绍了核能制氢技术的特点和主流的核能制氢工艺包括热化学碘硫循环、混合硫循环和高温蒸汽电解的原理,对国际上核能制氢技术发展现状进行了简要综述,并概述了清华大学在该领域的研发现状。此外对核能制氢的安全性、技术经济评价等问题进行了讨论,在此基础上对与高温气冷堆耦合的制氢技术进行了评价,并以氢气直接还原炼铁为例探讨了高温气冷堆制氢在工业领域的应用前景。最后对我国高温气冷堆制氢技术的发展路线进行了探讨。), Reference(id=1242114006916337683, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157002943091270418, doi=10.15302/J-SSCAE-2019.01.004, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=21, issue=1, pageStart=20, pageEnd=28, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[49], rfOrder=54, authorNames=Zhang P, Xu J M, Shi L, journalName=Strategic Study of CAE, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhang P, Xu J M, Shi L, et al. Nuclear hydrogen production based on high temperature gas cooled reactor in China[J]. Strategic Study of CAE, 2019, 21(1): 20-28. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Nuclear hydrogen production based on high temperature gas cooled reactor in China, refAbstract=

Nuclear hydrogen production is one of the most prospective approaches for efficient, massive and CO2-free hydrogen production, while the high temperature gas cooled reactor (HTGR) which has been intensively developed in China is considered as the most suitable reactor type for nuclear hydrogen production. Currently, the HTGR demonstration plant, HTR-PM, is under construction under the framework of the National Science and Technology Major Project. The principles and main routes for nuclear hydrogen production, including the iodine-sulfur thermochemical water-splitting process, the hybrid sulfur process, as well as the high temperature steam electrolysis, are introduced. The progress of the nuclear hydrogen production technologies both in the world and China are shortly presented and reviewed, and its safety analysis and techno-economic assessment are discussed. In addition, the potential technologies for coupling to the reactor are discussed, and the industrial application of the nuclear hydrogen production based on HTGR is prospected, taking steelmaking by hydrogen as an example. Finally, the development strategy and prospects of nuclear hydrogen production technology in China are proposed.

), Reference(id=1242114006987640853, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157002943091270418, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[50], rfOrder=55, authorNames=Park J, Kang S, Kim S, journalName=Energy Conversion and Management, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Park J, Kang S, Kim S, et al. Enhancing the economic viability and reliability of renewables based electricity supply through power-to-gas-to-power with green hydrogen[J]. Energy Conversion and Management, 2024, 310, doi: 10.1016/j.enconman.2024.118485., articleTitle=Enhancing the economic viability and reliability of renewables based electricity supply through power-to-gas-to-power with green hydrogen, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114007054749718, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157002943091270418, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=47, issue=62, pageStart=26135, pageEnd=26155, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[51], rfOrder=56, authorNames=Saeedi Z M, Zamani P M, Sohani A, journalName=International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Saeedi Z M, Zamani P M, Sohani A, et al. A super-efficient method for hydrogen production from seawater[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2022, 47(62): 26135-26155., articleTitle=A super-efficient method for hydrogen production from seawater, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114007117664279, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157002943091270418, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=48, issue=54, pageStart=20861, pageEnd=20874, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[52], rfOrder=57, authorNames=Bartolucci L, Cordiner S, Mulone V, journalName=International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Bartolucci L, Cordiner S, Mulone V, et al. Multi-hub hydrogen refueling station with on-site and centralized production[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2023, 48(54): 20861-20874., articleTitle=Multi-hub hydrogen refueling station with on-site and centralized production, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114007184773144, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157002943091270418, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[53], rfOrder=58, authorNames=Li X, Huang K L, Meng X C, journalName=Journal of Alloys and Compounds, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Li X, Huang K L, Meng X C. Rapid Joule heating fabrication of Ru cluster-loaded WO3 on carbon nanotubes to enhance alkaline electrocatalytic hydrogen production activity[J]. Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2024, 1004, doi: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2024.175885., articleTitle=Rapid Joule heating fabrication of Ru cluster-loaded WO3 on carbon nanotubes to enhance alkaline electrocatalytic hydrogen production activity, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114007251882009, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157002943091270418, doi=10.1021/jacs.4c10851, pmid=39382962, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=146, issue=42, pageStart=28635, pageEnd=28641, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[54], rfOrder=59, authorNames=Zhang R Q, Liu X W, Song N N, journalName=Journal of the American Chemical Society, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhang R Q, Liu X W, Song N N, et al. Magnetic induction heating-driven rapid cold start of ammonia decomposition for hydrogen production[J]. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 2024, 146(42): 28635-28641., articleTitle=Magnetic induction heating-driven rapid cold start of ammonia decomposition for hydrogen production, refAbstract=The advantages of ammonia as a hydrogen carrier have led to proposals for on-site hydrogen production through its decomposition. Rapid cold start of ammonia decomposition is crucial for applications such as ammonia-powered vehicles, but conventional heating methods are challenged by the high decomposition temperature of ammonia. In this study, we successfully achieved the rapid cold start of ammonia decomposition using Co nanoparticle catalysts driven by magnetic induction heating, demonstrating excellent catalytic performance and stability. The magnetic induction heating-driven ammonia decomposition system was integrated with a hydrogen fuel cell, proving its ability to achieve the cold start of ammonia decomposition within 10 s, as demonstrated by comparative experiments using 75% H-25% N from a gas cylinder as the control. This study provides a deeper understanding of hysteresis heating catalysis, promoting the practical use of ammonia as a hydrogen carrier for rapid hydrogen production in the energy industry.), Reference(id=1242114007344156698, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157002943091270418, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=38, issue=21, pageStart=21617, pageEnd=21632, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[55], rfOrder=60, authorNames=Hussain A I, Shabanian J, Latifi M, journalName=Energy & Fuels, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Hussain A I, Shabanian J, Latifi M, et al. Hydrogen production from methane thermal pyrolysis in a microwave heating-assisted fluidized bed reactor[J]. Energy & Fuels, 2024, 38(21): 21617-21632., articleTitle=Hydrogen production from methane thermal pyrolysis in a microwave heating-assisted fluidized bed reactor, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114007419654171, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157002943091270418, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[56], rfOrder=61, authorNames=Wang K P, Bhuiyan S I, Baky M A H, journalName=Chemical Engineering Journal, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Wang K P, Bhuiyan S I, Baky M A H, et al. Electric fuel conversion with hydrogen production by multiphase plasma at ambient pressure[J]. Chemical Engineering Journal, 2022, 433, doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2021.133660., articleTitle=Electric fuel conversion with hydrogen production by multiphase plasma at ambient pressure, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114007499345948, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157002943091270418, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[57], rfOrder=62, authorNames=González-Cobos J, Prévot M S, Vernoux P, journalName=Current Opinion in Electrochemistry, refType=null, unstructuredReference=González-Cobos J, Prévot M S, Vernoux P. Electrolysis of lignin for production of chemicals and hydrogen[J]. Current Opinion in Electrochemistry, 2023, 39, doi: 10.1016/j.coelec.2023.101255., articleTitle=Electrolysis of lignin for production of chemicals and hydrogen, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1242114001560212443, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157002943091270418, awardId=22078106, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(22078106), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1242114001627321308, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157002943091270418, awardId=2024B1515040016, language=CN, fundingSource=广东省自然科学基金(2024B1515040016), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1242113997680481195, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157002943091270418, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242113997693064108, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157002943091270418, companyId=1242113997680481195, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1. School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242113997697258413, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157002943091270418, companyId=1242113997680481195, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.广州大学化学化工学院,广州 510006)]), AuthorCompany(id=1242113997764367278, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157002943091270418, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242113997768561583, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157002943091270418, companyId=1242113997764367278, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2. School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242113997776950192, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157002943091270418, companyId=1242113997764367278, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.华南理工大学化学与化工学院,广州 510641)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1242113999580500949, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157002943091270418, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Principles of four typical water electrolysis technologies for hydrogen production, figureFileSmall=jdOGxGNCm1vrdQYU27nUeA==, figureFileBig=L9m5xFCCUzn9ulrLv1H4QQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242113999643415510, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157002943091270418, language=CN, label=图1, caption=4种典型电解水制氢技术原理示意图, figureFileSmall=jdOGxGNCm1vrdQYU27nUeA==, figureFileBig=L9m5xFCCUzn9ulrLv1H4QQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242114001178530775, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157002943091270418, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Chemical-looping hydrogen production from partial oxidation of biomass and complete oxidation of biomass, figureFileSmall=xydu98cE8bbnU74NwBk1oA==, figureFileBig=8kY/6GqGcJSyDEl4i1TdOg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242114001233056728, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157002943091270418, language=CN, label=图2, caption=生物质部分氧化和生物质完全氧化化学链制氢示意图

CLRB:Chemical Looping Reforming of Biomass,化学循环生物质重整。

, figureFileSmall=xydu98cE8bbnU74NwBk1oA==, figureFileBig=8kY/6GqGcJSyDEl4i1TdOg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242114001308554201, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157002943091270418, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Comparison of technical parameters for hydrogen production through water electrolysis

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目 AWE PEMWE AEMWE SOWE
电解质 氢氧化钾溶液 PFSA膜 阴离子交换膜 钇稳定的氧化锆
阴极材料 镍基材料 铂基材料 镍基材料 Ni/YSZ
阳极材料 镍基材料 钌或铱基材料 镍、铁、钴氧化物 YSZ
操作温度/oC 70~90 50~80 40~60 700~850
操作压力/MPa 小于3 小于7 小于3.5 0.1
运行寿命/kh 60~100 20~60 <小于10
电流密度/
(A·cm-2)
0.2~0.8 1.0~2.0 0.2~2.0 0.3~1.0
效率/% 50~78 50~83 57~59 89
电压/V 1.4~3.0 1.4~2.5 1.4~2.0 1.0~1.5
技术成熟度 成熟工业化 商业化过程中 示范装置 示范装置
优点 已成熟工业化、无贵金属电催化剂、成本相对较低、长期稳定性 商业化技术、高电流密度、气体纯度高、反应器紧凑、响应迅速 无贵金属电催化剂、低浓度(1 mol/L KOH)液体电解质 效率高、效率更高
缺点 电流密度有限、气体交叉(渗透)、高浓度碱电解质 电池组件成本高、贵金属电催化剂、酸性电解质 稳定性不够、尚在研发过程中 稳定性不够、尚在研发过程中
), ArticleFig(id=1242114001388245978, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1157002943091270418, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

电解水制氢技术参数对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目 AWE PEMWE AEMWE SOWE
电解质 氢氧化钾溶液 PFSA膜 阴离子交换膜 钇稳定的氧化锆
阴极材料 镍基材料 铂基材料 镍基材料 Ni/YSZ
阳极材料 镍基材料 钌或铱基材料 镍、铁、钴氧化物 YSZ
操作温度/oC 70~90 50~80 40~60 700~850
操作压力/MPa 小于3 小于7 小于3.5 0.1
运行寿命/kh 60~100 20~60 <小于10
电流密度/
(A·cm-2)
0.2~0.8 1.0~2.0 0.2~2.0 0.3~1.0
效率/% 50~78 50~83 57~59 89
电压/V 1.4~3.0 1.4~2.5 1.4~2.0 1.0~1.5
技术成熟度 成熟工业化 商业化过程中 示范装置 示范装置
优点 已成熟工业化、无贵金属电催化剂、成本相对较低、长期稳定性 商业化技术、高电流密度、气体纯度高、反应器紧凑、响应迅速 无贵金属电催化剂、低浓度(1 mol/L KOH)液体电解质 效率高、效率更高
缺点 电流密度有限、气体交叉(渗透)、高浓度碱电解质 电池组件成本高、贵金属电催化剂、酸性电解质 稳定性不够、尚在研发过程中 稳定性不够、尚在研发过程中
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绿氢生产技术研究进展及发展趋势
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党成雄 1 , 杨光星 1 , 王宇 2 , 王浩帆 2 , 余皓 2,
前瞻科技 | 综述与述评 2024,3(4): 9-21
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前瞻科技 | 综述与述评 2024, 3(4): 9-21
绿氢生产技术研究进展及发展趋势
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党成雄1 , 杨光星1, 王宇2, 王浩帆2, 余皓2,
作者信息
  • 1.广州大学化学化工学院,广州 510006
  • 2.华南理工大学化学与化工学院,广州 510641
  • 党成雄,副教授。主要从事生物质热化学制氢、CO2捕获与催化转化、钙基化学链的构建与应用等领域的研究。主持国家自然科学基金、广东省自然科学基金等项目5项。获2020年中国颗粒学会优秀博士论文奖等。发表论文29篇。电子信箱:

    余皓,教授,博士研究生导师。华南理工大学化学与化工学院副院长。中国颗粒学会理事,广东省化工学会副秘书长,科普与学术工作委员会主任委员。主要从事纳米碳材料、多相催化等研究。获教育部新世纪优秀人才、广东省自然科学基金杰出青年基金、广东省“千百十”省级培养对象、广州市珠江科技新星、全国石油化工青年教学名师。广东省线上线下混合本科一流课程《化学反应工程》课程负责人。获教育部自然科学奖一等奖、二等奖,中国石油和化学工业联合会科技进步奖一等奖。发表论文200余篇。电子信箱:

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Research Progress and Trends of Green Hydrogen Production Technology
Chengxiong DANG1 , Guangxing YANG1, Yu WANG2, Haofan WANG2, Hao YU2,
Affiliations
  • 1. School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
  • 2. School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
出版时间: 2024-12-20 doi: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2024.04.001
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绿氢已经成为构建多元绿色能源结构的重要技术选项,在实现“碳达峰与碳中和”目标进程中具有关键作用。文章旨在综述绿氢生产技术的研发进展和发展趋势。根据中国氢能产业的发展现状和政策背景,界定了适合于国内外研发现状的绿氢定义,重点介绍了可再生能源分解水制氢、生物质制氢技术,分析了各自的技术特点、优势和挑战。此外,还探讨了核能制氢、甲烷热解制氢、绿氨制氢和水氢等虽不属于传统的绿氢,但有可能对碳减排起到重要作用的技术。最后,对绿氢生产中存在的问题进行了总结,从政策激励、技术创新、市场应用等方面对中国绿氢发展给出了建议。

绿氢  /  电解水  /  水分解  /  生物质  /  碳排放

Green hydrogen has become an important technological option for building a diversified green energy structure and plays a key role in achieving carbon neutrality goals. This article aims to review the research and development progress of green hydrogen production technology. Based on the current development status and policy background of China’s hydrogen energy industry, this article defined green hydrogen according to the Chinese and international research and development status and focused on hydrogen production from renewable energy water splitting and biomass. The technical characteristics, advantages, and challenges of these technologies were analyzed. Additionally, technologies such as hydrogen production by nuclear energy, methane pyrolysis, green ammonia, and aqua hydrogen, which do not belong to traditional green hydrogen but may play an important role in carbon emission reduction, were explored. Finally, the article summarized the issues existing in green hydrogen production and provided suggestions for the development of green hydrogen in China from aspects such as policy incentives, technological innovation, and market application.

green hydrogen  /  water electrolysis  /  water splitting  /  biomass  /  carbon emission
党成雄, 杨光星, 王宇, 王浩帆, 余皓. 绿氢生产技术研究进展及发展趋势. 前瞻科技, 2024 , 3 (4) : 9 -21 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2024.04.001
Chengxiong DANG, Guangxing YANG, Yu WANG, Haofan WANG, Hao YU. Research Progress and Trends of Green Hydrogen Production Technology[J]. Science and Technology Foresight, 2024 , 3 (4) : 9 -21 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2024.04.001
2021年,国家发展和改革委员会、国家能源局印发《氢能产业发展中长期规划(2021—2035年)》,明确了氢的能源属性和国家能源体系中的重要角色,提出到2025年燃料电池车辆保有量约5万辆,可再生能源制氢量达到10万~20万t/a,以及实现二氧化碳减排100万~200万t/a等阶段性目标。据国际能源署发布的《世界能源投资报告》预测,2024年全球能源投资将首次超过3万亿美元,其中清洁能源技术和基础设施投资高达2万亿美元。2023年末,中国氢气产能已超过4 900万t/a,实际产量超过3 500万t。然而,由于中国资源禀赋的约束,通过煤气化生产的氢气占比仍然超过60%,其次为工业副产氢,约占21%;电解水产氢能力达到了45万t/a,年产量大约为30万t,但仍仅占中国氢气产量的1.5%[1]
可持续的氢能技术需要以绿氢生产技术为支撑。文章将对绿氢的生产技术加以概述和总结,以探讨制氢技术研发的发展趋势。需要指出,虽然氢气的颜色谱系在技术文献中广为使用,但目前绿氢的定义还缺乏统一的共识。为明确论述的范围,有必要对绿氢的定义和内涵进行必要的梳理。绿氢概念的提出最初是为了强调其清洁和可再生的属性,主要用来指代那些使用可再生能源制取的氢气,风能、光能发电电解水制氢是典型的代表。为了更好地讨论那些具有低碳排放特征的制氢技术,人们提出了多种关于绿氢的解读。纵览文献,大致存在3类绿氢定义[2]。①狭义的绿氢定义:特指绿电电解水制氢,此定义最常见于各类报道。②可再生导向的绿氢定义:该类定义强调制氢技术的可再生属性,特指那些使用可再生物质和能量载体,且碳排放低于一定阈值的制氢技术。③广义的绿氢定义:该定义为技术中立的,即所有碳排放低于一定阈值的制氢技术均可称为绿氢技术。
考虑到氢能色彩谱系中的其他类别,如黑氢、灰氢、蓝氢等,主要是以碳排放的强度来加以区分的;而且为了让氢在未来的低碳能源系统中发挥作用,绿氢必须具有足够低的碳排放量,近年来的国际标准和国内标准倾向于基于温室气体排放生命周期评估方法(Life Cycle Assessment, LCA)定量定义绿氢。中国于2020年12月发布了全球首个正式的绿氢标准,即T/CAB 0078—2020《低碳氢、清洁氢与可再生氢的标准与评价》。该标准指出,低碳氢的碳排放量阈值为14.51 kgCO2eq/kg H2,清洁氢和可再生(绿)氢的阈值为4.9 kgCO2eq/kg H2,可再生氢同时要求制氢能源为可再生能源。这一标准大大丰富了绿氢的内涵,有助于推动更广泛的制氢新技术研发和政策制定。
由于一些还在研发中的制氢技术的LCA碳排放数据不完善且有较大的改善空间,笔者建议以上述第二类绿氢定义为基础,选择纳入具有良好发展前景的绿氢技术加以讨论。氢气兼具物质和能源载体属性,同时其LCA特征也受制于具体的制造工艺,故应从所使用的原料中碳来源、制氢过程能量来源、制氢工艺技术发展水平3个维度来判定制氢技术是否绿色。如不考虑自然界中自然存在的氢[3],水是不含碳的最重要氢的来源;生物质中的碳在原理上可以通过光合作用在生态圈内循环,也可认为是“零”碳排放。当以水或生物质为原料、以可再生能源为能量时,采用低碳排放的新技术生产的氢气可认为是绿氢。
文章旨在介绍绿氢生产技术的最新研究进展,重点讨论可再生能源分解水制氢和生物质制氢,并兼论一些虽不满足以上原料特征,但通过工艺创新有望消除碳排放的制氢新技术,希望为氢能产业的未来发展提供参考和借鉴。
水电解制氢是一种利用电能将水分子分解为氢气和氧气的过程。该技术的核心在于电解槽的设计与应用,依据不同的工作原理和技术特点,电解槽主要分为碱性电解水(Alkaline Water Electrolysis, AWE)、质子交换膜电解水(Proton Exchange Membrane Water Electrolysis, PEMWE)、阴离子交换膜电解水(Anion Exchange Membrane Water Electrolysis, AEMWE)和固体氧化物电解水(Solid Oxide Water Electrolysis, SOWE)四大类型[4],其原理如图1所示。
AWE是一种历经80余年发展、技术高度成熟的氢气生产方法。该技术采用氢氧化钾或氢氧化钠的强碱性溶液作为电解质,操作条件温和,工作温度通常在80~90 ℃,压力不超过3.2 MPa。由于电解膜的存在,有效阻止了电解产生的气体交叉渗透,使得氢气和氧气能够分别收集。尽管AWE技术已经实现了工业化应用,但仍面临一些技术挑战,如总电流密度相对较低、阴阳极之间存在一定的气体渗透问题。碱性电解水制氢技术与可再生能源(如太阳能和风能)的集成应用展现出巨大潜力,这有助于降低绿氢成本。在此背景下,具有更高效率、更低成本的AWE新型催化剂是目前研发的重点。
质子交换膜(Proton Exchange Membrane, PEM)水电解技术在1966年由通用电气公司成功研发,以克服碱性水电解技术存在的局限。PEM水电解与PEM燃料电池在技术上紧密相关,两者都采用了磺化聚合物膜作为关键电解质。PEM水电解技术的一个突出优势是其能够在较低的温度范围(30~80 ℃)内高效运行,在高活性Pt催化剂和酸性电解质的条件下,同时实现高电流密度(1~2 A/cm²)和高纯度气体产出(氢气和氧气的纯度均可达到99.999%),其产氢动力学性能超越AWE。此外,PEM水电解技术避免了碱性电解质的使用,具有更高的安全性,且设备占用空间更小。全球多家水电解槽制造商正在积极研发适用于工业和交通领域的大型(MW级)PEM水电解槽。据报道,PEM水电解系统的稳定性已达到60 000 h,期间性能损失极小,而行业目标是高达100 000 h的稳定运行时间。PEM水电解技术主要的挑战是组件成本较高,包括电极材料、集电器和双极板等关键部件。
AEMWE采用阴离子交换膜替代常规碱性水电解中的传统隔膜,实现了技术上的重大突破。AEMWE技术的两大显著优势在于其成本效益和环保特性。一方面,AEMWE采用了经济实惠的过渡金属催化剂;另一方面,其能够使用蒸馏水或低浓度碱性溶液作为电解质,显著提升了技术的经济性和可持续性。然而,在膜电极组件的稳定性和电池效率方面仍需进一步研究和优化。这两个因素对于技术的大规模应用和商业化推广至关重要。
SOWE技术是一种在高温环境下运行的电化学过程,它利用水蒸气作为反应介质,高效地产生清洁的氢气和氧气。SOWE的研发由美国通用电气公司和布鲁克海文国家实验室于20世纪70年代共同启动。固体氧化物水电解器在高温范围(500~850 ℃)内以水蒸气形式运行,能够显著降低水分解的能耗,从而提高能源利用效率,对降低绿氢生产成本具有重要意义。固体氧化物水电解技术具有两大突出优势:一是高温有利于热力学和反应动力学的优化,从而实现更高的转换效率;二是易于与下游化学合成过程进行热集成,提高整体能效[5]。此外,固体氧化物水电解技术还无需使用昂贵的贵金属电催化剂。然而,其商业化进程仍受到长期稳定性挑战的制约。目前,采用钇稳定氧化锆作为薄电解质的系统,其稳定性仅达到20 000 h[6]。因此,提高系统的长期稳定性仍是未来研究的重要方向。表1对比了4种电解水制氢技术的主要技术参数。
1972年,日本东京大学Fujishima和Honda[7]发现在光催化剂的参与下,利用太阳能可以分解水产生氢气和氧气,目前已成为各国科学家研究的热点之一。目前的光催化全解水制氢技术由于低太阳能转换效率限制了其实际应用。2020年日本东京大学的Kazunari Domen教授团队采用铝掺杂的钛酸锶作为光催化剂来分解水制取氢气。该团队不仅在1 m2的平板反应器系统中成功放大了这一过程,还展示了总面积达100 m2的平板反应器阵列,并实现了0.76%的最高太阳能转换效率[8]。不过该系统的能效比,特别是太阳能转换效率,仍低于采用太阳能电池辅助的电解水制氢方法。推动光催化水分解技术向实际应用迈进,核心挑战在于研发新型光催化剂以提升转换效率。
直接进行太阳能热化学分解水制氢能够充分利用全光谱太阳辐射,并有望实现高效的太阳能转换。太阳能热化学循环制氢技术利用聚光系统产生的高温(通常在500~2 000 ℃),可以分解水,最终制取氢气[9-10]。早在1971年就已提出直接光热分解制氢工艺:在光照下使系统温度达到2 000 K以上,直接热解水制取氢气和氧气,再经过分离装置得到纯氢。为了降低水直接热解反应温度,可以利用热化学反应循环将产氢和产氧反应解耦,降低分步反应温度,同时实现氢气和氧气的分离。科研人员深入研究了数百种基于太阳能的热化学制氢方法,这些方法涉及HyS、Cu-Cl循环及硫碘(S-I)循环等热化学循环制氢策略[10-12]。安大略理工大学Farsi等[13]利用铜氯循环,得到光热产氢100 gH2/d实验装置,其整机的能量效率及㶲效率分别为11.6%和34.9%。德国宇航中心太阳能研究中心开发了一种利用高达900 ℃高温太阳热能的混合硫HyS太阳能反应堆,不仅生成了氢气,还重新生成了H2SO4,实现了资源的循环利用,在相同的太阳能输入下,氢气产量提升了约50%。清华大学核能与新能源技术研究所成功开发了一套100 L/h(标准态)级别的硫碘循环制氢原理样机。在连续60 h的运行测试中,达到了60 L/h(标准态)的氢气产率和30 L/h(标准态)的氧气产率[14-15]
生物质中含有约6%的氢,这些氢可以作为绿氢的来源,对应着1 kg生物质产生0.672 m3的氢气[16]。更进一步,利用其中的碳置换水分子中的氢,可以提高绿氢的产率。
生物质气化制氢通常是指生物质在高温和气化剂共同作用下发生热化学反应转化为氢或富氢合成气的过程[17]。典型的气化剂包括空气、氧气和水等。以空气作为气化剂,混合气中的氮气浓度较高,会加大后续分离难度。以氧气为气化剂可以避免氮气的影响,但要考虑高纯氧的制取带来的高能耗。无论是空气还是氧气都会消耗部分氢,但它们对原料的适用性强且焦油少,工业应用较为有利。以水作为气化剂的生物质水蒸气气化技术是热化学过程中氢气理论产率最高的方法,有望获得体积分数40%~60%的氢气或高热值合成气,因此被认为是生物质产氢最有效方法之一。水蒸气气化会产生大量的焦油,由此容易引发管道堵塞等问题。水作为气化剂的另一个选择是超临界水气化技术[18]。该技术能有效克服生物质中水分的影响,避免了干燥过程,同时还能有效抑制焦油和焦炭的产生。但超临界水系统的初期投资与运行成本较高,目前尚无大规模示范性项目,短期内无法商业化。近年来,以共气化、等离子体气化和化学链气化等为代表的新技术也得到广泛关注和研究,虽尚未工业化,但都展现出一定前景。
生物质重整制氢一般用于对小分子的生物质进行转化,包括生物气、生物乙醇和生物甘油等,也常用于对生物质的热解产物进行二次处理。源于生物质的碳氢分子(如CH4)的重整制氢技术在工业上技术成熟度最高。生物质蒸汽重整是最为常用的技术,这与水蒸气提供部分氢从而获得更高氢气产率有关。但蒸汽重整反应中的积碳难以避免,尤其是在使用复杂生物质原料时(如生物油)。另外,高温水蒸气带来的能耗大幅增加也需要关注。在重整反应中引入氧与生物质分子发生氧化反应可以补充重整反应所需的热量,从而减少能耗。氧的存在也能减少甚至消除积碳。这类引入氧进行重整反应的技术被称为生物质氧化重整制氢技术[19]。更进一步,通过调控引入氧的量和反应条件,有望实现放热的氧化反应和吸热的重整反应间热量的匹配,以达到自热重整[20]。氧化重整和自热重整均需注意避免过度氧化,且氧的引入会导致产氢量减少。另外,氧和氢气等可燃物的混合带来的潜在危险也是工业上要重点关注的。生物质干重整制氢技术[21]以CO2作为反应物参与重整反应,实现CO2的转化利用,但制氢效率不高。近年来,有研究者提出生物质吸附强化重整制氢技术,通过原位捕获反应过程中生成的CO2,一步生产高纯度氢气,同时对CO2进行固定和富集[22]。该技术能够用于简单的生物质分子如生物气、生物乙醇、生物甘油等,也能够用于复杂的生物质分子如苯酚、造纸黑液等,在生物质制氢领域具有较强的适应性。另外,吸附强化重整制氢技术还可以与碳酸盐催化转化进行耦合,对捕获的CO2直接进行转化,以达到负排放的效果[23],极具发展前景。
无论是气化还是重整反应,若选用空气参与,其中的氮气会稀释氢气;若选用氧气参与,则需要高耗能的深冷空分过程。化学链制氢是一种新兴绿色制氢技术,以金属基载氧体为中介,借助电子和氧的晶格内迁移,将氧化还原反应解构为还原、水蒸气氧化、空气氧化3个阶段,在不同阶段分别产出纯氢气和CO2[24]。生物质化学链制氢技术生产过程清洁,不产生NOx、二噁英等污染物,且可原位分离CO2直接供给碳捕集、利用与封存技术(Carbon Capture, Utilization and Storage, CCUS),其既可以利用沼气、填埋气、热解气等作为原料也可以利用废塑料、废弃木制品等生物质固废直接产出绿氢。另外,该技术避免了生物质分子与空气直接接触爆炸的危险,受到工业界的欢迎。生物质化学链制氢有两种技术途径。一种是生物质分子被载氧体部分氧化(图2(a)[25]),随后通过水气变换反应、冷凝和变压吸附等处理,获得高纯度的氢气。氧的补充是通过空气氧化载氧体进行,该途径中的氢来源于生物质和水。另一种是生物质分子作为还原气(图2(b)[26]),先将载氧体还原为金属单质或低价态的金属氧化物,随后金属单质或低价态的金属氧化物被水蒸气氧化从而生成氢气,该途径中的氢气并不是来源于生物气的氢而是水蒸气中的氢,虽然容易得到高纯氢,但是氧化和还原温度高。生物质化学链制氢过程中还可以引入催化剂来对该过程进行强化[26]。因为目前化学链制氢过程中用到的反应物主要为气体,因此生物质化学链制氢技术一般选用生物气或沼气作为原料,也常与生物质气化过程进行结合。
生物质发酵制氢技术是借助微生物代谢来实现产氢的,其具有原料来源广和反应条件温和等优势,但目前产氢的规模与效率均处于较低水平,难以与热化学过程竞争。生物质发酵制氢包括光发酵和暗发酵。光发酵制氢依赖于太阳能,反应器结构相对复杂,且难以在自然条件下实现连续的产氢。暗发酵产氢以有机物为唯一能量来源,不依赖光源或电源,反应器结构简单,产氢效率相对较高。另外,还有研究者提出光发酵和暗发酵耦合制氢技术,以期结合两种技术的优势,达到“1+1>2”的效果。目前,生物质发酵制氢技术大部分处于实验室的小试研究阶段,距离大规模商业化应用还有较远的距离。
甲烷在高温下(600~1 200 °C)热解释放氢气,碳元素被固定在固体碳副产物中,并不排放CO2[27]。甲烷裂解制得的氢气也被称为绿松石氢[28]。甲烷热解理论上制备1 mol氢气所需的能量为37.425 kJ,仅为电解水的13%[29],产生的碳副产物,如碳纳米管、炭黑等附加值高[30]。假如甲烷制氢的原料来自从沼气中提取的生物气甲烷,则可能实现负碳排放[31]
甲烷因其对称的分子结构和强C-H键(439.3 kJ/mol)而具有高度稳定性,其裂解需要高温和催化剂。非催化热解温度高达1 200 ℃,且碳副产物为无定形碳,经济价值不高。为了提高氢气产率并降低反应温度,研究者提出了多种绿松石氢制备方法,例如催化热解[32]、熔融金属浴[33]和熔融盐浴[34]、热等离子体[35]等。以Ni为主要活性组分设计甲烷裂解催化剂以同时生产氢气和碳纳米管,目前已可以实现长达6 h的连续生产,甲烷转化率可达80%。熔融金属浴或熔融盐浴甲烷裂解技术中,生成的碳由于密度的差异会上浮至熔融液体的上层,实现碳和催化剂的分离,因此避免了焦化和烧结的问题[33]。Upham等[33]采用27%Ni-73%Bi合金在1.1 m气泡塔中裂解甲烷,在1 065 ℃下,甲烷转化率达到95%。Chen等[36]通过添加Mo对Ni-Bi液体合金进行改性,削弱由于电负性差异导致带负电的Bi包围带正电的Ni的“笼效应”,改性后的催化剂在800 ℃下表现出100%的H2选择性和120 h的稳定性,产氢速率达到了4.05 mL/(g·min)。
氨具有高储氢密度(氢元素质量分数为17.6%),且易液化、不含碳。然而,氨在自然界中并无丰富储藏。因此,氨的制备是由氨制氢路线中不可缺少的环节。以氨为原料制备绿氢,需要保证氨生产过程的低碳排,即实现绿氨的生产。
据统计,中国氨工业在2022年的碳排放量高达2.2亿t,约占化工行业碳排放总量的1/7[37]。若要在传统Haber-Bosch工艺的基础上实现绿氨生产,则需要在全流程中充分使用可再生能源替代化石能源。例如,应以如可再生能源驱动的电解水制氢、生物质制氢等技术制备绿氢作为合成氨的原料,氮气纯化也应使用如变压吸附、膜分离等能耗较低的工艺[38]。在这一过程中,绿氨的作用更接近于储氢载体,利用自身易液化、较难燃爆的优点,将绿氢由产地输运至使用终端。除传统的Haber-Bosch法之外,目前还有许多新型的制氨技术处于研发阶段[39],如电/光催化氮气/硝酸根还原制氨、等离子体合成氨、化学链合成氨等,均可降低合成氨过程的能耗与碳排放,但氨的产量、合成速率仍处于较低水平,目前尚难以支撑绿氨的大规模应用。
将绿氨转化为绿氢的过程同样需要低碳排的氨分解技术。传统的氨分解过程在高温下进行,在催化剂的作用下将氨分解为氮气和氢气,经进一步的纯化处理获得氢气,若采用化石能源供能,则仍有大量碳排放[40]。针对这一问题,有研究提出使用太阳能集热器供热,并采用膜反应器降低能耗[41]。此外,利用绿电催化氨分解制氢也是由氨制绿氢的重要途径,此方法与直接电解水制氢相比,可大幅降低所需槽电压[42]。综上所述,以绿氨作为制氢原料或储氢介质,有望降低碳排放量与储运成本,但实际应用价值仍需结合制氨、制氢成本等加以综合考量。
研究者提出“水氢”(Aqua Hydrogen)的概念,其核心思想是从化石燃料中提取氢气,但是在制氢过程中又不排放CO2。“水氢”实现了化石燃料零碳排放的氢气生产,被认为是一种介于绿氢和蓝氢间的新低碳氢制取技术,且因为以化石燃料为原料,具备成本优势。该技术是将氧气注入油砂或者废弃油井中,通过自发进行的氧化反应放热来促使重油分子和水分子反应生成氢气,随后将氢气选择性分离出来,并把其他气体留在地底下。该工艺可以实现开采大量氢气的同时将碳留在地底[43]。“水氢”的生产成本预计将可落至10~50美分/kg,相比于目前氢气约2美元/kg的价格,极具竞争优势。但“水氢”还处于发展的早期阶段,相关的基础研究有待加强,另外,“水氢”技术对环境影响的LCA及如何规模化等是其商业化需要解决的关键问题。
核能热化学制氢利用核反应堆产生的热能作为驱动力制取氢气。此过程既可以通过核能发电后电解水的方式实现,也可以直接利用核反应堆的高温热量进行制氢[44-46]。由于核能不可再生,因此核能制氢被称为“粉氢”[47]。但核能制氢具有低碳排放的特点,也可能符合绿氢的第三类定义。核能制氢的研究主要集中在4种工艺上:甲烷蒸汽重整、高温电解分解水、热化学循环分解水及通过透平发电电解水。与现有热化学制氢技术相比,主要区别在于使用核能作为热源。在全球范围内,核能制氢的研究与工业化应用正加速推进。美国能源部已启动九英里峰核电站的1 MW核能制氢示范项目,采用PEM低温电解制氢技术,每日可产氢气560 kg[48]。清华大学核能与新能源技术研究院自2001年建成10 MW高温气冷实验反应堆以来,一直致力于核能制氢技术的研发[49]。2018年,中国核工业集团有限公司携手清华大学和中国宝武钢铁集团有限公司成功建成了通过核能产氢100 L/h(标准态)的试验台架,实现了86 h的连续稳定运行。核能制氢技术在不断进步,但其在技术完善和安全性方面仍面临挑战,尤其核反应堆与制氢设施的耦合安全性是核能制氢发展中必须高度重视的。
虽然绿氢近年来得到了产业界和学界的广泛重视,其大规模生产及广泛应用仍需克服一系列来自技术、市场、政策方面的挑战。除了整个氢能产业面临的一般性问题之外,绿氢的生产存在以下需要重视的问题。
在生产技术上,重点应关注由于可再生能源或原料引入后带来的新的工艺和工程问题。对于电解水制绿氢技术,可再生电能的使用虽不从根本上改变制氢的电化学原理,但风能、光能为代表的可再生电力具有的本质波动性将为电解水制氢带来新的技术挑战。如何克服制氢作为化学品生产过程所要求的过程稳定性与可再生电力生产过程的波动性之间的矛盾是亟待解决的问题[50]。同时,风电、光伏等可再生能源的使用也对电解水的原料和生产场景提出了新的要求,海水制氢[51]、现场制氢[52]等技术需要突破。对于生物质制氢技术,其原料虽然具有可再生性,但这些技术中的能量输入往往来自于不可再生能源。按狭义的绿氢定义,生物质制氢技术尤其是热化学制氢技术中,还必须考虑这些输入能量的绿色化。目前,将风能、光伏、核新能源技术与生物质制氢技术有机结合实现全过程的绿色化还有待技术上的集成和创新。例如,可将可再生能源提供的绿电作为过程的输入能源,形成焦耳热[53]、电感加热[54]、微波加热[55]和等离子等制氢新技术[56],而这些化工过程电气化新技术还有待进一步完善和工业验证。除以上新的技术挑战外,绿氢的生产还受质子交换膜等核心材料依赖进口等制约,增加了技术应用的难度和成本。
绿氢是一场工业范式的转型,但目前其生产成本仍然难具备市场竞争力。目前碱性和PEM电解水制氢成本是化石能源制氢成本的2~3倍。电力成本在绿氢生产成本中占比超过70%,因此电价是影响绿氢成本的重要因素。降低绿氢成本的关键在于选取风光发电资源丰富、水资源丰富的地区设立制氢项目。从生产技术创新来说,一些新的电解水制氢技术有望降低绿氢的成本。例如,电解水与化学品生产的耦合技术[57],将动力学迟缓的产氧反应替换为电催化的氧化反应,在制氢的同时制取高附加值的化学品。这不仅降低了槽压,而且联产有价值的化学品,有望提高电解水制氢的经济效益。这类技术近年来受到较多关注,但离工业化还有较大差距。
绿氢及相关产业的健康发展,对中国顺利实现“双碳”目标具有重要意义。为提高中国绿氢产业的竞争力和影响力,可以在以下方面加以布局和谋划。
(1)在政策支持与激励方面,应推动完善国家氢能发展规划,明确绿氢在能源体系中的地位和作用;组织制定绿氢技术发展路线图,设定阶段性目标和实施路径;从财政补贴、税收抵免政策等方面,鼓励企业投资绿氢产业,降低初期投资成本;探索制定绿氢项目专项电价,降低绿氢生产的电力成本;扩大绿电交易规模,为绿氢生产提供稳定、低成本的电力供应。
(2)在技术创新与升级方面,应加大在电解水制氢、生物质制氢等领域的技术研发力度,提高制氢效率和降低成本;推动高效大功率碱性电解槽、PEM电解槽等关键设备的国产化进程;加强与国际组织和其他国家在绿氢领域的合作与交流,发起、参与制定绿氢全球标准倡议,提升中国在国际氢能领域的话语权。
(3)积极拓展绿氢应用市场,加快氢燃料电池汽车的发展,扩大绿氢在交通领域的应用规模;加强氢燃料电池汽车公共采购,推动绿氢在公共交通领域的应用;推动绿氢在钢铁、水泥、化工等重排放工业生产中的应用,助力减碳目标实现;探索绿氢和碳市场相结合,加快大型工业排放企业用绿氢替代灰氢。
展望未来,技术的持续进步将推动制氢技术的碳排放进一步降低,使得更多创新的制氢技术成为实现碳中和目标的有力支撑。通过技术创新、政策支持和市场机制的有效结合,有望打造一个清洁、高效、可持续的氢能经济体系,为全球能源结构的转型和应对气候变化的挑战作出积极贡献。
  • 国家自然科学基金(22078106)
  • 广东省自然科学基金(2024B1515040016)
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doi: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2024.04.001
  • 接收时间:2024-10-15
  • 出版时间:2024-12-20
  • 发布时间:2024-12-24
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  • 收稿日期:2024-10-15
  • 修回日期:2024-11-01
基金
国家自然科学基金(22078106)
广东省自然科学基金(2024B1515040016)
作者信息
    1.广州大学化学化工学院,广州 510006
    2.华南理工大学化学与化工学院,广州 510641

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表12种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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