Article(id=1156999966251110859, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, issueId=1156999961176003006, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2024.02.012, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1705161600000, receivedDateStr=2024-01-14, revisedDate=1711555200000, revisedDateStr=2024-03-28, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753779887974, onlineDateStr=2025-07-29, pubDate=1718812800000, pubDateStr=2024-06-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1719331200000, onlineIssueDateStr=2024-06-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753779887974, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774072551146, updator=sys-migrate, issue=Issue{id=1156999961176003006, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, year='2024', volume='3', issue='2', pageStart='4', pageEnd='135', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1718812800000', pubDateStr='2024-06-20', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=1, createTime=1753779886763, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1776075083414, updator='13041195026', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1250512793758286357, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, issueId=1156999961176003006, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=Special Issue on Pipeline Transportation Engineering Science and Technology, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1250512793758286358, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, issueId=1156999961176003006, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=管道运输工程科学与技术专刊, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=121, endPage=132, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1156999967165469133, articleId=1156999966251110859, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, language=EN, title=Challenges and Prospects of Pipeline Flow Measurement Technologies, columnId=1149656489310208610, journalTitle=Science and Technology Foresight, columnName=Review and Commentary, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Accurate flow metering in pipelines is not only the premise of logistics handover but also an important factor in measuring a country’s scientific and technological level. This article summarized the classification of single-phase flow metering technology and the progress of energy metering. The characteristics and technical limitations of three multi-phase flow metering methods:Gas-liquid separation metering, gas-liquid mixed-phase metering, and gas-liquid sampling metering were clarified. And the principle, characteristics, implementation methods and limitations of virtual metering were described. It is believed that traditional single-phase flow metering technology has reached a significant level of maturity. However, it still faces various key technologies and challenges, including flow metering technology for extreme parameters and complex environments, multi-phase flow metering technology for oil, gas, and water under phase change conditions, bulk crude oil trade and handover metering system, complex slurry flow metering technology, and pipeline flow value traceability. In response to the metering requirements for new pipeline business forms and scenarios, the following suggestions were put forward: Strengthening the research and development of multiphase flow meters for new business forms and scenarios and establishing multi-phase metering standards; constructing a pipeline flow value traceability system to rapidly calibrate flow meters; accelerating the research and development of models driven by data and mechanisms and promoting the large-scale application of virtual metering; building a unified and open pipeline data sharing center to advance the in-depth utilization of metering data resources.

, authors=null, authorsList=Fachun LIANG, Xiaoyu LIANG, Ligong GUO, Manqing JIN, Jing CHEN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Fachun LIANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
†
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对管道运输流体流量进行精确计量是物流交接的前提和基础,也是衡量一个国家科技水平的重要因素。文章总结了单相管道流量计量技术分类以及能量计量发展现状,分析了气液分离计量、气液混相计量、气液分流取样计量3种多相管道流量计量方式特点及技术局限,阐述了虚拟计量的原理、特点、实现方式及局限。认为传统的单相管道流量测量技术已日趋成熟,当前面临的关键技术与挑战为:极端参数和复杂环境下流量计量技术、相变工况油气水多相管道流量计量技术、大宗原油贸易交接计量体系、复杂浆体流量计量技术和管道流量量值溯源。针对管道新业态、新场景对计量的要求,提出如下建议:加大新业态、新场景多相流量计研发力度,制定多相管道流量计量规范;建设管道流量量子溯源系统,实现流量计量仪表快速校准;加快数据和机理联合驱动模型研发,推动虚拟计量规模化应用;建设管道流量量子溯源系统,实现流量计量仪表快速校准;建立统一开放的管道数据共享中心,推进计量数据资源深度利用。

, authors=

梁法春,教授,博士研究生导师。江苏省高层次创新创业人才引进计划入选者。主要从事油气安全高效集输技术、油气多相计量技术、储运大数据与人工智能方向研究。主持国家重点研发计划、国家自然科学基金等多项。获教育部高等学校科学研究优秀成果奖(科学技术)科学技术进步奖二等奖等省部级奖励8项。出版专著2部,发表论文100余篇,授权发明专利30余件。电子信箱:。

, authorsList=梁法春, 梁晓瑜, 郭立功, 金曼青, 陈婧, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=梁法春, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
†
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梁法春,教授,博士研究生导师。江苏省高层次创新创业人才引进计划入选者。主要从事油气安全高效集输技术、油气多相计量技术、储运大数据与人工智能方向研究。主持国家重点研发计划、国家自然科学基金等多项。获教育部高等学校科学研究优秀成果奖(科学技术)科学技术进步奖二等奖等省部级奖励8项。出版专著2部,发表论文100余篇,授权发明专利30余件。电子信箱:。

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梁法春,教授,博士研究生导师。江苏省高层次创新创业人才引进计划入选者。主要从事油气安全高效集输技术、油气多相计量技术、储运大数据与人工智能方向研究。主持国家重点研发计划、国家自然科学基金等多项。获教育部高等学校科学研究优秀成果奖(科学技术)科学技术进步奖二等奖等省部级奖励8项。出版专著2部,发表论文100余篇,授权发明专利30余件。电子信箱:。

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College of Pipeline and Civil Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242113577709011361, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1156999966251110859, companyId=1242113577692234143, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.中国石油大学(华东)储运与建筑工程学院,青岛 266580)])])], keywords=[Keyword(id=1242113579038605762, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1156999966251110859, language=EN, orderNo=1, keyword=pipeline), Keyword(id=1242113579097326019, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1156999966251110859, language=EN, orderNo=2, keyword=energy metering), Keyword(id=1242113579160240580, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1156999966251110859, language=EN, orderNo=3, keyword=multi-phase metering), Keyword(id=1242113579231543750, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1156999966251110859, language=EN, orderNo=4, keyword=virtual metering), Keyword(id=1242113579290264009, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1156999966251110859, language=EN, orderNo=5, keyword=flow value traceability), Keyword(id=1242113579357372874, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1156999966251110859, language=EN, orderNo=6, keyword=metering management), Keyword(id=1242113580837962188, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1156999966251110859, language=CN, orderNo=1, keyword=管道), Keyword(id=1242113580976374222, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1156999966251110859, language=CN, orderNo=2, keyword=能量计量), Keyword(id=1242113581056066000, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1156999966251110859, language=CN, orderNo=3, keyword=多相计量), Keyword(id=1242113581118980561, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1156999966251110859, language=CN, orderNo=4, keyword=虚拟计量), Keyword(id=1242113581198672338, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1156999966251110859, language=CN, orderNo=5, keyword=量值溯源), Keyword(id=1242113581274169811, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1156999966251110859, language=CN, orderNo=6, keyword=计量管理)], refs=[Reference(id=1242113582008173031, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1156999966251110859, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=41, issue=8, pageStart=186, pageEnd=193, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=0, authorNames=黄维和, 段继芹, 常宏岗, journalName=天然气工业, refType=null, unstructuredReference=黄维和, 段继芹, 常宏岗, 等. 中国天然气能量计量体系建设探讨[J]. 天然气工业, 2021, 41(8): 186-193., articleTitle=中国天然气能量计量体系建设探讨, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242113582075281901, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1156999966251110859, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=41, issue=8, pageStart=186, pageEnd=193, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=1, authorNames=Huang W H, Duan J Q, Chang H G, journalName=Natural Gas Industry, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Huang W H, Duan J Q, Chang H G, et al. Construction of natural gas energy-metering system in China: A discussion[J]. Natural Gas Industry, 2021, 41(8): 186-193. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Construction of natural gas energy-metering system in China: A discussion, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242113582167556594, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1156999966251110859, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=null, issue=4, pageStart=22, pageEnd=25, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[2], rfOrder=2, authorNames=魏文强, 李吉斌, 贾玲玲, journalName=中国计量, refType=null, unstructuredReference=魏文强, 李吉斌, 贾玲玲. 国内外天然气能量计量政策研究[J]. 中国计量, 2023(4): 22-25., articleTitle=国内外天然气能量计量政策研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242113582238859766, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1156999966251110859, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=null, issue=4, pageStart=22, pageEnd=25, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[2], rfOrder=3, authorNames=Wei W Q, Li J B, Jia L L, journalName=China Metrology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Wei W Q, Li J B, Jia L L. Research on natural gas energy metering policies at home and abroad[J]. China Metrology, 2023(4): 22-25. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Research on natural gas energy metering policies at home and abroad, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242113582297580025, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1156999966251110859, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=68, issue=1, pageStart=3, pageEnd=9, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[3], rfOrder=4, authorNames=成伟, 杨添波, 李长武, journalName=计量科学与技术, refType=null, unstructuredReference=成伟, 杨添波, 李长武, 等. 多气源格局下天然气计量体系国内外进展[J]. 计量科学与技术, 2024, 68(1): 3-9, 75., articleTitle=多气源格局下天然气计量体系国内外进展, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242113582356300283, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1156999966251110859, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=68, issue=1, pageStart=3, pageEnd=9, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[3], rfOrder=5, authorNames=Cheng W, Yang T B, Li C W, journalName=Metrology Science and Technology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Cheng W, Yang T B, Li C W, et al. Advancements in the natural gas measurement system under a multi-source scenario: A domestic and international perspective[J]. Metrology Science and Technology, 2024, 68(1): 3-9, 75. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Advancements in the natural gas measurement system under a multi-source scenario: A domestic and international perspective, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242113582427603455, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1156999966251110859, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=26, issue=11, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[4], rfOrder=6, authorNames=Tromp R, Cerioni L M C, journalName=Molecules, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Tromp R, Cerioni L M C. Multiphase flow regime characterization and liquid flow measurement using low-field magnetic resonance imaging[J]. Molecules, 2021, 26(11), doi: 10.3390/molecules26113349., articleTitle=Multiphase flow regime characterization and liquid flow measurement using low-field magnetic resonance imaging, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242113582498906627, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1156999966251110859, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2009, volume=54, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[5], rfOrder=7, authorNames=Falcone G, journalName=Developments in Petroleum Science, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Falcone G. Key multiphase flow metering techniques[J]. Developments in Petroleum Science, 2009, 54, doi: 10.1016/S0376-7361(09)05404-1., articleTitle=Key multiphase flow metering techniques, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242113582578598406, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1156999966251110859, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=143, issue=9, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[6], rfOrder=8, authorNames=Kolla S S, Mohan R S, Shoham O, journalName=Journal of Energy Resources Technology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Kolla S S, Mohan R S, Shoham O. Numerical analysis of flow behavior in gas-liquid cylindrical cyclone (GLCC©) separators with inlet design modifications[J]. Journal of Energy Resources Technology, 2021, 143(9), doi: 10.1115/1.4051423., articleTitle=Numerical analysis of flow behavior in gas-liquid cylindrical cyclone (GLCC©) separators with inlet design modifications, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242113582666678793, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1156999966251110859, doi=10.2478/nuka-2019-0003, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=64, issue=1, pageStart=19, pageEnd=29, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[7], rfOrder=9, authorNames=Khayat O, Afarideh H, journalName=Nukleonika, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Khayat O, Afarideh H. Design and simulation of a multienergy gamma ray absorptiometry system for multiphase flow metering with accurate void fraction and water-liquid ratio approximation[J]. Nukleonika, 2019, 64(1): 19-29., articleTitle=Design and simulation of a multienergy gamma ray absorptiometry system for multiphase flow metering with accurate void fraction and water-liquid ratio approximation, refAbstract=Multiphase flow meters are used to measure the water-liquid ratio (WLR) and void fraction in a multiphase fluid stream pipeline. In the present study, a system of multiphase flow measurement has been designed by application of three thallium-doped sodium iodide scintillators and a radioactive source of Ba-1(33) simulated by Monte Carlo N-particle (MCNP) transport code. In order to capture radiations passing across the pipe, two direct detectors have been installed on opposite sides of the radioactive source. Another detector has been placed perpendicular to the transmission beam emitted from the Ba-1(33) source to receive radiations scattered from the fluid flow. Simulation was done by the MCNP code for different volumetric fractions of water, oil, and gas phases for two types of flow regimes, namely, homogeneous and annular; training and validation data have been provided for the artificial neural network (ANN) to develop a computation model for pattern recognition. Depending on applications of the neural system, several structures of ANNs are used in the current paper to model the flow measurement relations, while the detector outputs are considered as the input parameters of the neural networks. The first, second, and third structures benefit from two, three, and five multilayer perceptron neural networks, respectively. Increasing the number of ANNs makes the system more complicated and decreases the available data; however, it increases the accuracy of estimation of WLR and gas void fraction. According to the results, the maximum relative difference was observed in the scattering detector. It was clear that transmission detectors would demonstrate the difference between the flow regimes as well. It is necessary to note that the error calculated by the MCNP simulator is <0.5% for the direct detectors (TR1 and TR2). Due to the difference between the data of the two flow regimes and the errors of data in the simulation codes of the MCNP, it was possible to separate these flow regimes. The effect of changing WLR on the efficiency for a constant void fraction confirms a considerable variance in the results of annular and homogeneous flows occurring in the scattering detector. There is a similar trend for the void fraction; hence, one can easily distinguish changes in efficiency due to the WLR. Analysis of the simulation results revealed that in the proposed structure of the multiphase flow meter and the computation model used for simulation, the two flow regimes are simply distinguishable.), Reference(id=1242113582737981962, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1156999966251110859, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=100, issue=null, pageStart=319, pageEnd=327, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[8], rfOrder=10, authorNames=Pan Y Z, Li C, Ma Y G, journalName=Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Pan Y Z, Li C, Ma Y G, et al. Gas flow rate measurement in low-quality multiphase flows using Venturi and gamma ray[J]. 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Predictive model of mixed oil length for sequential transportation of multi-product pipeline by combining mechanism and Gaussian mixture regression algorithm[J]. Journal of China University of Petroleum (Edition of Natural Science), 2023, 47(2): 123-128. 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管道流量计量技术挑战与展望
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梁法春 1, † , 梁晓瑜 2 , 郭立功 3 , 金曼青 1 , 陈婧 1
前瞻科技 | 综述与述评 2024,3(2): 121-132
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前瞻科技 | 综述与述评 2024, 3(2): 121-132
管道流量计量技术挑战与展望
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梁法春1, † , 梁晓瑜2, 郭立功3, 金曼青1, 陈婧1
作者信息
  • 1.中国石油大学(华东)储运与建筑工程学院,青岛 266580
  • 2.中国计量大学能源环境与安全工程学院,浙江省流量计量技术研究重点实验室,杭州 310018
  • 3.中国计量科学研究院,北京 102200
  • 梁法春,教授,博士研究生导师。江苏省高层次创新创业人才引进计划入选者。主要从事油气安全高效集输技术、油气多相计量技术、储运大数据与人工智能方向研究。主持国家重点研发计划、国家自然科学基金等多项。获教育部高等学校科学研究优秀成果奖(科学技术)科学技术进步奖二等奖等省部级奖励8项。出版专著2部,发表论文100余篇,授权发明专利30余件。电子信箱:。

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†
Challenges and Prospects of Pipeline Flow Measurement Technologies
Fachun LIANG1, † , Xiaoyu LIANG2, Ligong GUO3, Manqing JIN1, Jing CHEN1
Affiliations
  • 1. College of Pipeline and Civil Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China
  • 2. Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Flow Measurement Technology, College of Energy Environment and Safety Engineering, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China
  • 3. National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 102200, China
出版时间: 2024-06-20 doi: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2024.02.012
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对管道运输流体流量进行精确计量是物流交接的前提和基础,也是衡量一个国家科技水平的重要因素。文章总结了单相管道流量计量技术分类以及能量计量发展现状,分析了气液分离计量、气液混相计量、气液分流取样计量3种多相管道流量计量方式特点及技术局限,阐述了虚拟计量的原理、特点、实现方式及局限。认为传统的单相管道流量测量技术已日趋成熟,当前面临的关键技术与挑战为:极端参数和复杂环境下流量计量技术、相变工况油气水多相管道流量计量技术、大宗原油贸易交接计量体系、复杂浆体流量计量技术和管道流量量值溯源。针对管道新业态、新场景对计量的要求,提出如下建议:加大新业态、新场景多相流量计研发力度,制定多相管道流量计量规范;建设管道流量量子溯源系统,实现流量计量仪表快速校准;加快数据和机理联合驱动模型研发,推动虚拟计量规模化应用;建设管道流量量子溯源系统,实现流量计量仪表快速校准;建立统一开放的管道数据共享中心,推进计量数据资源深度利用。

管道  /  能量计量  /  多相计量  /  虚拟计量  /  量值溯源  /  计量管理

Accurate flow metering in pipelines is not only the premise of logistics handover but also an important factor in measuring a country’s scientific and technological level. This article summarized the classification of single-phase flow metering technology and the progress of energy metering. The characteristics and technical limitations of three multi-phase flow metering methods:Gas-liquid separation metering, gas-liquid mixed-phase metering, and gas-liquid sampling metering were clarified. And the principle, characteristics, implementation methods and limitations of virtual metering were described. It is believed that traditional single-phase flow metering technology has reached a significant level of maturity. However, it still faces various key technologies and challenges, including flow metering technology for extreme parameters and complex environments, multi-phase flow metering technology for oil, gas, and water under phase change conditions, bulk crude oil trade and handover metering system, complex slurry flow metering technology, and pipeline flow value traceability. In response to the metering requirements for new pipeline business forms and scenarios, the following suggestions were put forward: Strengthening the research and development of multiphase flow meters for new business forms and scenarios and establishing multi-phase metering standards; constructing a pipeline flow value traceability system to rapidly calibrate flow meters; accelerating the research and development of models driven by data and mechanisms and promoting the large-scale application of virtual metering; building a unified and open pipeline data sharing center to advance the in-depth utilization of metering data resources.

pipeline  /  energy metering  /  multi-phase metering  /  virtual metering  /  flow value traceability  /  metering management
梁法春, 梁晓瑜, 郭立功, 金曼青, 陈婧. 管道流量计量技术挑战与展望. 前瞻科技, 2024 , 3 (2) : 121 -132 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2024.02.012
Fachun LIANG, Xiaoyu LIANG, Ligong GUO, Manqing JIN, Jing CHEN. Challenges and Prospects of Pipeline Flow Measurement Technologies[J]. Science and Technology Foresight, 2024 , 3 (2) : 121 -132 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2024.02.012
计量是实现单位统一、保证量值准确可靠的活动,是科技创新、产业发展、国防建设、民生保障的重要基础,是构建一体化国家战略体系和能力的重要支撑。计量对科技发展和产品制造具有重要的引领作用。历史上的工业革命和重大技术革命,都是以计量测试技术的突破为引领,通过计量的精准验证来推动。
管道运输作为五大运输方式之一,是现代工业和能源供给体系的重要组成部分。对管道运输流体流量进行精确计量是物流交接的前提和基础。从传统的原油、天然气到氢气、氨气等新能源,从集输管道内的油气水多相流到水煤浆、水合物浆等浆体。当前管道输送介质日益复杂、多元,覆盖单相气体、单相液体、油气水多相流体及浆体。与此同时,管道拓扑结构也从单一管道向复杂管网转变,新业务、新场景给管道流量计量带来新挑战。
管道流量计量技术发展正面临大变化、大综合、大创新时代,互联网、区块链和人工智能等新技术革命为解决复杂输送介质,实时工况环境和极端环境的计量需求提供了可能。面向管道自身特点和发展需求,需要研制一批专用计量测试设备,形成一系列专用计量测试方法和标准规范,提升计量自主可控能力和水平,培育计量新业态、发展计量新模式。
当前,单相管道流量计量技术主要应用流体流量与力、热、声、电、光、原子能等物理学参数之间的响应关系进行计量,包括差压式、容积式、速度式、超声波流量测量,以及直接质量流量测量等多种计量方法。
差压式流量计量通过测量节流原件前后差压来获取流量,典型仪表为孔板流量计、V锥流量计、文丘里喷嘴流量计、文丘里管流量计等。节流计量计介质适应性好,可用于单相液体、气体及蒸汽流量计量,但使用前需要对流量系数进行标定。容积式流量计主要有腰轮、刮板、齿轮、转子等多种形式,旋转一周排出恒定量的体积,通过计量单位时间转数即可获知流量。容积式流量计精度较高,对于高黏度流体具有很高的测量精度,但测量微小流量时由于泄漏比值增大,误差会增大。速度式流量计常见有涡轮、涡街、电磁流量计等,流速不同,相应的涡流转速、涡街脱落频率及电磁流量计感应电动势亦发生变化,电磁流量计不能测量非导电介质。
超声波流量计具有量程范围宽、非介入、无压损、安装使用方便和维修费用低等优点,近来备受关注,广泛应用于大口径天然气管道流量计量。按原理其可分为时差式、相差式、频差式、多普勒超声波流量计(适合于两相流的测量)。超声波流量计会受到流体声学特性的影响,并且流体的温度、密度、黏度及悬浮颗粒也会影响其测量精确度,需要进行校准。
质量流量计能直接测得管输流体质量,计量的准确度高,主要有科里奥利质量流量计和热式质量流量计两种类型。科里奥利质量流量计的优点是精度高,可以直接测量质量流量及密度,使用户不仅可获知流体的容积而且可了解其组成;缺点是压损大,且易受流体温度和压力影响。热式质量流量计利用传热原理,即流动中的流体与热源之间热量交换关系进行测量,优点是无活动部件及压损低,缺点是易受介质成分影响。
在能源气体计量方面,主要有体积计量、质量计量和能量计量3种方式。体积计量只能反映管输流体的“量”的多少,不能体现其“质”的高低,能量计量才能反映燃料的能源属性。以天然气为例,各种气源、不同产地和类型的天然气,组分差异很大,不同气源发热量差值最大,可超过20%。当前,中国开始尝试天然气掺氢输送。以目前中国天然气消费量计算,掺氢比达到20%时,可消纳1 000多万t氢气,有利于解决中国东西部资源错配问题和调峰需求。天然气主要用作燃料,热值是衡量天然气价值的最主要标志。甲烷和氢气热值差异很大,传统的体积计量方式不能体现不同气源之间的热值差异,已不适应目前综合气源交接计量需要。
能量计量自20世纪80年代初已逐渐在西欧和北美推广,现已成为在交接计量中占主导地位的计量方式。2019年5月24日,由国家发展和改革委员会等4部委联合发布的《油气管网设施公平开放监管办法》中明确要求实行天然气能量计量,并要求自2021年5月24日正式实行天然气能量计量计价体系[1⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓-7]。
中国天然气工业高速发展,已形成国产常规气、非常规气(页岩气、致密砂岩气、煤层气等)、煤制天然气、进口液化天然气(Liquefied Natural Gas, LNG)、进口管道气等多元化的供销格局。据国际能源署的最新年度报告,2023年中国已成为全球最大的LNG进口国。目前,中国大规模使用的仍是天然气体积计量体系,能量计量推行缓慢。中国天然气能量计量标准体系涉及80项内容,其中包括流量计量25项、发热量测量33项、检定规程和校准规范22项[2⇓⇓⇓⇓⇓-8]。但该体系下的流量计量归属于全国石油天然气标准化技术委员会,发热量测量归属于全国天然气标准化技术委员会,而检定规程和校准规范归属于全国流量计量技术委员会。因此,不同细分专业的技术组织之间的协调机制需要进一步优化。
此外,天然气的能量值通常由单位时间内的体积流量或者质量流量乘以发热量所确定,对天然气发热量的准确检测是实施能量计量的前提。直接法通过燃烧天然气获得直接发热量,难以在线实时监测。国外普遍采用在线气相色谱仪通过组成分析进行间接检测。中国近12万km的天然气管道上所采用的在线色谱分析仪主要为进口产品。目前,国家石油天然气管网集团有限公司组织国内研究和制造力量,已研制出性能良好的在线色谱分析仪,并于2023年召开了发布会。
气液多相流广泛存在于石油、化工、电力、核能等多个工业管道运输领域。例如,在海洋油气开发中,水下井口产物为油气多相流,需要通过管道混输到平台或陆上终端;在注蒸汽稠油开采中,蒸汽管网内流动介质亦为蒸汽-水两相流。多相流体的流量计量对于生产管理、流动保障、贸易交接都具有重要意义。
由于气液两相流动的复杂性和随机性,两相流量的准确计量始终是个难题。依据气液流量计量原理不同,目前对于多相管道流量计量的研究主要分为3种方法:气液分离计量、气液混相计量和气液分流取样计量[4-5]。
气液分离计量技术是应用分离设备将气液混合物分离成单相气体和单相液体后,再通过普通单相流量计进行计量。该方法把两相流量的测量转化为单相流量测量,具有工作可靠、测量精度高、测量范围宽且不受气液两相流流型变化影响等优点。常见的计量分离器采用立式或卧式容器。为了保证分离效果,分离器的直径通常为管道直径的5~10倍,体积庞大。美国塔尔萨大学提出柱状旋流式气液分离器(Gas-Liquid Cylindrical Cyclone, GLCC)是完全分离计量的典型代表[6]。
气液分离计量技术存在以下难点。① 分离设备体积庞大,价格昂贵。② 由于存在较大的缓冲容积,存在计量延迟,实时性差。③ 需要建立专门的计量站和测试管道,这在很大程度上增加了计量成本。
气液混相计量技术是当前工业现场多相管道流量计量的主流方式。该技术无须采用分离装置,因此体积小、结构紧凑。气液总流量通常采用文丘里管等节流型流量计来测量,而相分率则采用电容、电导、射线等相分率传感器进行测量[7-8]。近年来,实验室内开始采用层析成像技术测量气液相分率,主要有电容成像、电导成像、超声成像、核磁共振成像等。在多相流相分率参数测量中,由于油气水三相物理特性存在较大差异,其相间接触界面十分复杂,滑脱效应显著,致使油气水三相在管道截面及轴向方向均呈现非均匀分布形态,给相分率参数的准确测量带来极大挑战。近年来还出现了利用真实质量流量计直接测量多相流体质量流量的报道,但质量流量计流动阻力损失大,流型和各相组成均对测量精度有影响。气液混相计量技术存在以下难点。① 直接面向气液两相流体,受气液两相流动复杂性的影响,误差甚至超过10%。② 采用文丘里管等节流型流量计进行气液混相计量,存在较大的阻力损失。③ 相分率传感器受管道流型和流体介质含盐量等因素影响,需要定期标定,射线类方法还存在放射性污染风险。
气液分流取样计量技术原理是成比例地从多相流中分流出一小部分有代表性的多相混合物(分流体),然后将其分离成单相气体和液体,并用常规流量计测量其各相流量,最后再根据比例关系确定总流量[9⇓⇓-12]。由于进行了分流取样,需要处理的流体只占总流量的很少一部分,因此所需分离器的体积可以大幅度缩小;同时通过分离计量将多相流体的流量测量转化成了单相流体的流量测量,从根本上保证了测量仪表的稳定性、可靠性和测量精度。当前开发了取样管、管壁取样器等基于空间的取样器,以及转轮分配器等基于时间取样等多种取样结构。
气液分流取样计量技术存在如下难点。① 与单相流不同,气液两相混合物通过取样装置时通常会发生相分离,造成取样流体失去代表性。② 取样比受上游流型及下游压力波动影响,很难维持稳定。③ 转轮等具有运动部件的取样器难以长期在恶劣现场工况下稳定运行。
气液分流取样计量技术兼有传统完全分离计量法的精度高、性能稳定,以及非分离法的体积小、结构简单紧凑、物理机理明确等优点,是一种有广阔发展前景的多相管道流量计量方法。
虚拟计量系统(Virtual Metering System, VMS)属于软测量方法。该技术早在20世纪90年代就被提出并首先应用于油气两相流计量。虚拟计量技术不采用实体的流量测量设备,利用管道系统上的正常工艺信号,如压力、温度、流量控制阀开启度等,通过推理模型反演获得管道流量,并且可根据周期检定数据对模型进行参数更新[13]。因此,虚拟计量技术在本质上是一种基于数学模型的预测计量方法,通过数学模型建立输入生产参数和油气流量之间的映射关系。
与传统的实体流量计计量方式相比,虚拟计量技术无需实体流量计,借助生产系统已有的温度、压差、压力传感器即可实现测量,无需额外仪表投入,采用虚拟计量技术可省去大量的实体计量设备投入,成本低,环保安全;工作可靠性高,环境适应性强,可用于难以进行实际计量的应用场合,如深水油气开发水下计量;适用多种流型、测量范围宽、量程比大。例如,在多相管道流量计量领域,可根据生产数据的动态变化进行适合目标油气田的多相流模型的修正,从而扩大适用范围。
当前虚拟计量技术有两种实现方式:一是基于物理模型,二是基于数据驱动。物理机制嵌入通过对目标管道建立水力、热力多相流模型,将采集的生产数据作为特征输入向量来实现流量的预测。而数据驱动则无须建立模型,根据生产检测的大量数据,通过机器学习算法来建立流量映射关系,常用方法包括:K-最近邻(K-Nearest Neighbor, KNN)、决策树(Decision Tree)、基于统计分析的线性回归、支持向量机(Support Vector Machine, SVM)及人工神经网络(Artificial Neural Network, ANN)等[14]。
在单相管道流量计量技术领域中,欧洲能源公司E.ON开发了天然气管网仿真软件SmartSim,可以模拟管网运行状况并实时跟踪管网中的气体组分,进而用于能量计量,已广泛应用于德国Minkwitz管网、德国Ferngas公司配气管网、丹麦Fyn West管网、瑞典Malmö配气管网等[15]。中国石油大学(华东)将虚拟计量技术用于成品油顺序输送混油长度检测,采用混油物理模型与高斯混合回归算法构建融合算法取得良好效果[16]。
在多相管道流量计量技术领域中,典型的代表有Shlumberger公司的OGLA Online系统和FMC公司的Flow Manger模块等。中国石油大学(北京)联合中海油研究总院等单位开展了海上天然气-凝析液气田两井生产系统流量软测量研究,建立了数据驱动的流量、压力动态估计模型综合动态和稳态样本,采用以深度学习为基础的黑箱辨识技术和以迁移学习为基础的参数校正技术,建立了深度前馈网络模型(DNN-NARX)库,用以估计单井流量和井口压力[17]。
虚拟计量技术存在以下难点。
(1)机理模型建立复杂,求解复杂度高。图1为一个典型的水下油气生产系统虚拟计量示意图。根据节点分析原理,从井底至采油平台的流动存在3种流动形式,即地层中的渗流、井筒及海管中的多相流动和过油嘴处的多相流动,涉及长流程、多相、多尺度,非常复杂,准确建模难度大[18]。截至2022年底,在单相管道流量计量技术领域中,中国长输油气管道总里程达到15.5×104 km,油气管道“全国一张网”的格局已经形成。这种超大规模油气管网涉及的要素多、非线性强、功能多、交互复杂,对仿真模型的适应性、准确性、高效性、稳定性、容错率等有极高要求,仿真软件核心自主知识产权的“卡脖子”问题日益凸显[19]。
(2)数据精度要求高,数据量要求大,数据范围要求宽。数据的质量和数量对于流量预测至关重要。通常现场采集数据存在噪声甚至被人为污染,正常生产数据变化范围窄,模型可解释性差、泛化能力弱。在利用特征工程筛选流量敏感参数,以及开展缺失数据补齐的同时,保障数据能反映真实物理过程尤为重要。应用区块链技术,以点对点(Point-to-Point, P2P)网络作为通信载体,以管道流量数据库作为数据存储载体,通过非对称密钥机制的签名验证和零知识证明等密码学技术确定所有权和保障隐私,依赖分布式基础架构和计算范式,将大幅提升流量数据安全和质量,为提高数据驱动效果提供保障[20]。
(3)管道运行工况多变,更新维护要求高。管道运行过程中,输量、流体性质、周围环境,甚至管网结构也会发生变化,其运行参数可能偏离学习工况,存在需要自动校正等问题。需要扩大模型维度,形成开放性网络系统,定期补充新鲜数据,实现模型和数据的及时更新。
传统的单相管道流量计量技术日趋成熟,但新的计量需求和场景不断涌现。极端高压、高温、低温场景的计量,对传统的单相传感器工作范围、响应特性提出了挑战。
例如,在航天领域,以液氢、液氧、液态甲烷为代表的低温燃料以其高比冲、大推力、无毒无污染等性能优势,成为未来空间任务的首选推进剂。甲烷临界温度为-161.5 ℃,而液氢在常压下饱和温度约为-253 ℃,为极端低温。理论上,只要输送介质始终保持单相流状态,即可采用传统的单相流量计进行计量。极端低温环境下的介质密度、黏度、电导率等物性参数需要准确测量,极端低温环境对触液材料冷脆、密封和绝热都提出了严苛要求,亟须研发适用于低温环境的新材料、低温传感器及密封设备。对于中国载人航天技术,如航天器热与流体管理系统、空间站与深空探测器等大型航天器动力系统,在发射、返回及在轨运行中,存在失重、超重,以及微重力多种重力场环境,从而影响或改变管道内流动传热机制与行为,进而影响流体测量的准确性,甚至导致流量计完全失效。例如,微重力环境中,浮力对流、重力沉降及分层、液体静压等极大减小,地面重力效应掩盖的次级效应凸显,传统的浮子流量计将无法正常工作[21]。
当前典型的流量测量挑战场景如下。① 超高压力场景,如40 MPa以上,科里奥利质量流量计、超声流量计等,高压对于传感器的影响。② 极高温度场景,高温水(核电站一回路、二回路)、高温蒸汽流量测量新方法、新技术。③ 极低温度场景,液氢、液氧、液体甲烷等低温介质流量测量。④ 脏污介质环境,冶金行业高炉煤气、焦炉煤气、高焦混合煤气等流量测量。⑤ 动态测量场景,发动机进气等瞬态流量测量、高频响流量传感技术。
此外,当前还存在测不了、测不全、测不准的难题,需要聚焦特殊场景下关键计量测试技术、测量方法研究和新型流量传感器研制,为管道流量计量提供全场景、全寿命周期计量测试服务。
与单相管道流量不同,气液在管道内流动会呈现分层流、波浪流、段塞流、弥散流、环状流等多种流动形态,气液速度往往不一致,存在速度滑移,气-液相间还存在质量和能量交换。流动过程中,随着输送温度和压力的变化,会发生相态转变,压力降低时一部分伴生气从油相析出,引起流型变化。温度降低时原油发生蜡晶析出,甚至造成蜡沉积堵塞流体通道。这就要求多相管道流量计量技术实时性好,能够及时捕捉当前流动界面信息,且要求流动保障性好,不发生堵塞。
随着中国经济的高速增长,中国对原油坚实需求日益上升。原油贸易交接计量标准体系,主要包括国际标准化组织(International Organization for Standardization, ISO)标准、美国石油学会(American Petroleum Institute, API)标准、美国材料实验协会(American Society for Testing and Materials, ASTM)标准、俄罗斯国家标准(Gosudarstvennyy Standart, GOST)标准、中国国家标准(GB)五大体系。欧洲和北美管输原油贸易交接计量多转化釆用ISO标准、API标准及ASTM标准。中国管输原油贸易交接计量主要应用GB标准、中国国家计量检定规程和计量技术规范;油品计量基础、动态计量和油品检验方法标准主要转化采用ISO标准;静态计量标准主要转化采用API标准。由于国内外标准不同,导致国外与国内计算原油净质量上存在差异。此外,原油贸易交接中,密度和水含量是对原油计量影响较大的两个因素,通常采用取样分析确定[22]。由于取样位置、取样工具、取样方法及分析方法不同,导致贸易双方测量的含水率有较大偏差。因此,需要对当期原油计量体系进行改革,建立一个既与国际接轨又适合国情的先进的油量计量交接标准。
浆体管道运输是一种高效、节能、环保的运输方式,已被广泛应用于磷、硫、高岭土、铝矾土、石灰石等矿物,以及水泥、泥沙等浆体的输送[23]。中国已建成瓮福磷精矿、大峪口磷精矿等矿浆管道运输工程。近年来,水合物浆体管道运输也备受关注。天然气水合物俗称可燃冰,其储量大、能量密度高、燃烧清洁,被认为是21世纪最有潜力的接替能源。固态流化开采方法是将天然气水合物成藏岩层破碎后形成的水合物浆体通过管道从海底输送至海上平台[24]。
一般物料需要在制浆前进行称重计量或管道运输后经过过滤脱水再进行称重计量。部分物料受工艺条件限制,在制浆前后均无法称重计量。当前,在线浆体流量计量技术主要通过计量体积流量和浆体浓度来获得固体物料质量。计量物料体积的流量计主要有差压式流量计、转子流量计、容积流量计、电磁流量计、超声波流量计等。在矿浆领域,电磁流量计和超声波流量计应用最为广泛。浆体浓度测量通常采用γ射线式浓度计、放射性同位素浓度计、差压法浓度计、差动浸没浮子式浓度计、振动式浓度计、电磁感应式浓度计及超声波式浓度计,实际使用中认为γ射线式浓度计精度最高、稳定性最好。
复杂浆体流量计量技术面临的主要难点如下。
(1)非均值流及非满管流。浆体输送站管路系统复杂,起停泵、非均质流等导致管道系统稳定性差。在正常情况下,浆体管道的全部管段都应该是满管填充状态,但管道在翻越陡坡或倾斜敷设时,液体在到达峰值点后还会继续流动,导致垂直方向上管道出现不满流现象。
(2)冲蚀。在浆体输送条件下,位于浆体环境下的流量计感测部位腐蚀和冲蚀磨损严重,不仅影响测量精度,而且导致服役寿命短,维护成本高。影响浆体管道冲蚀磨损的主要因素包括颗粒浓度、撞击速度和角度,颗粒形状、硬度和直径,以及管壁硬度与强度等。需要研发耐冲蚀新材料和表面技术,增强流量计感测部位的耐磨性能和抗腐蚀能力。
(3)计量管道堵塞。浆体流速低于临界流速时固体颗粒易发生沉降,形成一层固定或者滑动床,甚至导致管道堵塞。由于笼型水合物颗粒在管道中容易凝聚成块状,尤其是在水合物的固相分数较高时,管道中水合物浆体流动过程中水合物颗粒之间会发生碰撞、聚集及破碎,可能导致管道堵塞,对水合物浆体在管道中的流动输送及计量产生极大的影响。
(4)相变影响。水合物浆体在管道运输过程中,管道内压力低于其三相平衡压力时,水合物开始相变分解出甲烷气体,形成固-液-气三相流动。随着分解气体的不断增加,在管道内会演化形成不同的流动形态。
因此,浆体流量计量精度与管道内介质流动特征密切相关,需要采取流动保障技术,合理控制物料的粒度、输送流速和输送浓度,并研发先进浓度测量技术。
随着国内能源需求的增加,油气管道向高压、大口径方向发展,进口油气的品种、来源、组成等均较复杂,计量检定机构的检定能力和计量技术能否满足外贸交接计量要求,如何维护油气对外交接计量的合法权益,避免油气交接纠纷,成为目前亟待解决的问题。计量是可以溯源到标准量的测量,以此保证测量数据的准确性。从计量数据角度看,测量设备或仪器仪表的检定或校准,实质上是计量标准数据传递赋值活动。
对于管道液体流量标定,国内外大多采用环道式检测方式,代表性装置主要有欧洲液体环道(Euroloop)、美国喀麦隆(Cameron)液体环道和法国福尔赫曼(Faure H-Ermanrma)液体环道。LNG、液氢等低温液体流量标准装置的国内外研究迄今还处于探索期,且大多以水、液氮和液氦等作为替代工质。气体具有可压缩性,体积流量会随温度、压力发生变化,标定系统更复杂。成都、南京、武汉已建成3套压力为0.4~10.0 MPa、测量不确定度0.05%~0.07%的质量时间法和高压活塞式体积管法天然气流量原级标准装置,还有广州分站、乌鲁木齐分站、塔里木分站等11个国家天然气专业计量站,次级标准和工作标准的测量不确定度为0.16%~0.29%[1]。但在目前国际流行的70 MPa及更高压力的加氢机应用方面,中国的计量溯源能力还不完善,因此亟须解决70 MPa加氢站商业化运营后贸易结算的民生计量及加氢机溯源问题。在发热量测定方面,中国虽然发布了一系列有关天然气发热量直接和间接测定方法的国家标准,但是在执行这些标准涉及的有关术语和定义的规范、溯源链结构的架构、标准方法的确认、标准气混合物的研制及测定结果不确定度的评定等方面,与国外先进水平相比尚有差距[25]。
现有的标定建立于传统的基于实物的标定体系上,从最高等级的实物基准到具体应用场景,量值要经过多次传递准确度,存在量值传递检定系统庞大繁杂的难题。量子计量体系已于2019年国际计量日(5月20日)在全球范围正式实施,其采用普朗克常数h、基本电荷e、阿伏伽德罗常数NA和玻尔兹曼常数k,分别重新定义SI基本单位kg、A、mol和K[26]。
全球发达国家和区域都已竞相布局以量子计量为核心的先进测量体系。2018年12月,美国签署了《国家量子倡议法案》,其中将投入4亿美元用于研究量子计量技术和测量标准。美国国家标准与技术研究院(National Institute of Standards and Technology, NIST)提出了嵌入式芯片级计量标准的概念。芯片集成了若干美国计量标准,有望实现计量标准和测量仪器(传感器)一体化,以及参数测量与校准融合发展。欧盟于2016年启动量子技术旗舰计划,将量子计量和传感作为四大优先发展领域之一。英国专门成立了先进量子计量研究院,加强对量子计量标准研究。
以自然常数为基准的新型计量体系改变了过去依靠实物基准逐级传递的计量模式,量值溯源不随时间、空间和环境条件变化,从而使量值溯源链条更短、速度更快,以及测量结果更准、更稳、更安全。中国发布了《计量发展规划(2021—2035年)》,明确指出实施“量子度量衡”计划,重点研究基于量子效应和物理常数的量子计量技术及计量基准、标准装置小型化技术,突破量子传感和芯片级计量标准技术,形成核心器件研制能力。在管道量值溯源领域,也应提前布局建立国家级高精密管道流量计量设施,构建基于量子计量的先进测量体系,加快研发嵌入式芯片级计量标准,实现流量传感器在线自动校准。
1)管输燃料实施能量计量
实施能量计量是燃料类管输介质交接计量发展的必然趋势,也是维护公平、公正天然气贸易交易的必要条件[25]。在中国天然气能量计量领域,能量计量的标准体系已基本建立,但针对掺氢天然气,乃至液体燃料的能量计量体系建设亟须提上日程。能量计量需要对介质流量、压力、温度及组成进行快速准确计量,其中组分测量最为关键。现有组分测量测定周期较长,难以适应高流速管道运输快速检测要求。随着“碳达峰、碳中和”(简称“双碳”)目标的深入开展,天然气掺氢比例将会不断提高。目前,国际上在天然气管网中掺氢比例最高达到了30%,这无疑会带来天然气组分与物理性质方面较大程度的改变,对天然气流量计量、组分分析、发热量计算、能量计量等方面带来了新的挑战。应加快在线色谱设备和发热量赋值方法研究。基于激光吸收、光折射-超声原理的发热量测试有较大的应用潜力,也应加快发展。
2)人工智能、大数据赋能管道流量计量
数据是新时代重要的生产要素,是国家基础性战略资源。油气管道工程每日通过数据采集与监视控制(Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition, SCADA)系统实时监测和采集管道各节点流量传感器的流量数据,采集参数包括体积流量,以及与流量相关的温度、压力,乃至介质组成等。管道运行长期积累了海量数据,但大部分数据信息缺乏有效利用,形同“数据垃圾”。大数据技术的战略意义不在于掌握庞大的数据信息,而在于对这些含有意义的数据进行深度挖掘处理。
2022年1月,国务院出台了《“十四五”数字经济发展规划》,推进数字产业化和产业数字化发展。数据已是重要的生产因素,如何科学、高效地利用这些计量历史数据,实现对管网流量的科学分配调度以及对未来趋势预测是亟须解决的问题。近年来,随着人工智能技术的突飞猛进,发展了如深度置信网络、卷积神经网络、循环神经网络及物理信息神经网络结构。管道大数据结合人工智能已经开始应用于管网的负荷预测、安全预警、调度评估与优化、性能监视等方面,以保障管网安全高效运行[27-28],凸显了强大的数据推演能力。
3)践行“碳计量”服务绿色低碳管道运输
管道既是油气等能源输能载体,也是用能大户,在管道运输中会消耗大量电能、热能。为实现“双碳”目标,需要精准开展碳排放计量评估,进而制定合理可行的“双碳”实施路径。碳排放计量又称为碳盘查,认为碳排放计量也就是计算企业和政府的生产或各种社会活动直接或间接向大气排放的温室气体。碳排放计量主要有三大方法:排放系数法、物料衡算法、实测法。其中,实测法具有连续检测等优点,是未来重点发展方向。当前对管道运输领域碳排放实时计量还没有统一的计算方法和评价标准。下一步应完善碳排放计量体系,提升碳排放监测能力和水平,研发实时流量、碳浓度等碳排放综合参数监测方法。加强碳计量在碳足迹核算、碳追踪中的应用。
1)加大新业态、新场景多相流量计研发力度,制定多相管道流量计量规范
管道新业态、新场景对多相管道流量计量技术提出新要求。目前,多相流仪表的工作范围和精度受含气率、含油率、含水率、黏度、盐度及管道流型等多种因素的影响。亟须开发和研制适应0~100%含气率、0~100%含水率,覆盖分层流、波浪流、段塞流、环状流的新一代多相流量计。当前多相管道流量计量领域尚缺乏相应的标准规范,应成立管道多相流委员会,为多相流量计标准化、规范化发展提供指导。
2)加快数据和机理联合驱动模型研发,推动虚拟计量规模化应用
虚拟计量可省去大量的实体计量设备,显著降低计量成本。然而其计算复杂度更高,需要大量带有流量标记的现场数据,以及准确挖掘提取流动特征的参数。建议加大对可靠的多相流模型和稳健高效的建模求解算法研发支持力度,将多相流模型和数据驱动相结合,利用多相流模型对数据进行清洗和降维,从数据和机理两个维度提高虚拟计量系统的预测精度和泛化能力。
3)建设管道流量量子溯源系统,实现流量计量仪表快速校准
中国普遍采用以实物为基准的溯源模式,相关溯源基础技术和设施还很薄弱,天然气发热量溯源存在短板。中国已具备长度、时间、电学等方面的量子基准,但微小型化、可分发、免校准量子计量标准和仪器还未全面突破。建议加快建立国家级单相、多相管道流量溯源系统,为中国数以万计的管道流量计量仪表快速精准溯源提供支撑。
4)建立统一开放的管道数据共享中心,推进计量数据资源深度利用
管道长期积累的计量数据已成为企业的宝贵资源,应提升计量数据的战略地位,加强数据的积累和应用。但数据存在人为污染、格式不统一、不规范等问题;数据自下而上,层层上报,缺乏统一直达的数据上传与管理应用平台;互联网时代,中心化数据的可篡改、伪造、虚构、追溯性差和容易被不法组织窃取等缺陷日益凸显。需要制定颁布管道流量数据应用规范,运用大数据、区块链、人工智能等技术,推动计量行业数字产业化规模化应用,提升过程监管能力和服务水平。
管道流量计量是保障管道安全高效运行,实现公平贸易的基础性工程。历经数十年发展,中国管道流量计量技术取得重大进展,建立了较为完善的计量体系,但也应看到,与国外先进水平相比尚有差距,尤其是多相管道流量计量领域,用于深水油气开发的水下多相流量计多为国外石油巨头垄断。《计量发展规划(2021—2035年)》指出要加强计量基础和前沿技术、新型量值传递溯源技术等相关技术研究,构建符合时代发展需求和国际化发展潮流的国家现代先进测量体系。当前,以大数据、人工智能、云计算为代表的新科技浪潮已赋能千行百业,势必带来计量技术和应用场景的重大变革。在管道流量计量领域,亟须建立智能化、网络化、易溯源的现代先进流量计量体系和技术生态,实现多相、多场、复杂严苛工况流量原创性突破,为中国管道准确、高效计量提供自主可控的技术和装备支撑。
  • 国家自然科学基金(52176165)
  • 山东省自然科学基金(ZR2021ME034)
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doi: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2024.02.012
  • 接收时间:2024-01-14
  • 出版时间:2024-06-20
  • 发布时间:2024-06-26
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  • 收稿日期:2024-01-14
  • 修回日期:2024-03-28
基金
国家自然科学基金(52176165)
山东省自然科学基金(ZR2021ME034)
作者信息
    1.中国石油大学(华东)储运与建筑工程学院,青岛 266580
    2.中国计量大学能源环境与安全工程学院,浙江省流量计量技术研究重点实验室,杭州 310018
    3.中国计量科学研究院,北京 102200

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表12种不同金属材料的力学参数
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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