Article(id=1156999965244481730, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, issueId=1156999961176003006, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2024.02.003, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1705075200000, receivedDateStr=2024-01-13, revisedDate=1711555200000, revisedDateStr=2024-03-28, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753779887733, onlineDateStr=2025-07-29, pubDate=1718812800000, pubDateStr=2024-06-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1719331200000, onlineIssueDateStr=2024-06-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753779887733, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774072552303, updator=sys-migrate, issue=Issue{id=1156999961176003006, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, year='2024', volume='3', issue='2', pageStart='4', pageEnd='135', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1718812800000', pubDateStr='2024-06-20', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=1, createTime=1753779886763, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1776075083414, updator='13041195026', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1250512793758286357, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, issueId=1156999961176003006, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=Special Issue on Pipeline Transportation Engineering Science and Technology, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1250512793758286358, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, issueId=1156999961176003006, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=管道运输工程科学与技术专刊, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=30, endPage=38, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1156999965856850117, articleId=1156999965244481730, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, language=EN, title=Key Technologies and Prospects for Flexible Pipeline Network Transportation, columnId=1149656489310208610, journalTitle=Science and Technology Foresight, columnName=Review and Commentary, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Under the backdrop of reforms in the operational mechanisms of oil and natural gas pipeline networks and the objectives of “carbon peak and carbon neutrality”, the operational conditions of pipelines have become more variable and the transportation mediums more diverse, expanding the boundaries of pipeline transportation. However, this also introduces more operational risks and safety hazards, urgently requiring the resolution of scientific issues and key technologies for flexible transportation through complex networks. This article analyzes the essence of flexible pipeline transportation, identifies the challenges faced by different types of pipeline networks, and on this basis, summarizes the current development status and technical difficulties of key technologies in flexible pipeline transportation. Finally, from six key directions—open markets, safety protection, digital twins, transportation optimization, multi-network integration, and innovative applications—suggestions are proposed for the development of flexible pipeline transportation in China. These recommendations aim to provide more accurate guidance for energy planning and management, thereby helping to construct a low-carbon, flexible, safe, and efficient modern comprehensive energy system.

, authors=null, authorsList=Haoran ZHANG, Rui QIU, Jian DU, Xuemei WEI, Kai WEN, Renfu TU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Haoran ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
†
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石油天然气管网运营机制改革和“碳达峰、碳中和”背景下,管道运行工况多变、运输介质多元拓宽了管网运输边界,同时也带来了更多的运行风险和安全隐患,亟待解决复杂管网灵活运输的科学问题和关键技术。文章剖析了管网灵活运输的内涵,明确了不同类型管网灵活运输面临的挑战,在此基础上,总结提炼了管网灵活运输关键技术的发展现状和技术难点。最后,从开放市场、安全防护、数字孪生、运输优化、多网融合、创新应用6个重点方向,对中国管网灵活运输发展提出了建议,以期为能源规划和管理提供更准确的指导,从而助力构建低碳、灵活、安全、高效的现代综合能源体系。

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张浩然,研究员,博士研究生导师。国家优秀青年科学基金(海外)获得者。主要从事智慧油气供给链、智慧城市能源系统研究。Energy 360主编,Advances in Applied Energy、Journal of Pipeline Science and Engineering等副主编。出版专著4部,发表论文200余篇,授权发明专利20余件。电子信箱:。

, authorsList=张浩然, 邱睿, 杜渐, 魏雪梅, 温凯, 涂仁福, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=张浩然, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
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张浩然,研究员,博士研究生导师。国家优秀青年科学基金(海外)获得者。主要从事智慧油气供给链、智慧城市能源系统研究。Energy 360主编,Advances in Applied Energy、Journal of Pipeline Science and Engineering等副主编。出版专著4部,发表论文200余篇,授权发明专利20余件。电子信箱:。

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张浩然,研究员,博士研究生导师。国家优秀青年科学基金(海外)获得者。主要从事智慧油气供给链、智慧城市能源系统研究。Energy 360主编,Advances in Applied Energy、Journal of Pipeline Science and Engineering等副主编。出版专著4部,发表论文200余篇,授权发明专利20余件。电子信箱:。

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National Engineering Research Center of Oil and Gas Pipeline Transportation Safety, Beijing Key Laboratory of Urban Oil and Gas Distribution Technology, College of Mechanical and Transportation Engineering, China University of Petroleum (Beijing), Beijing 102249, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242113583153218084, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1156999965244481730, companyId=1242113583140635170, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.中国石油大学(北京)机械与储运工程学院,城市油气输配技术北京市重点实验室,油气管道输送安全国家工程研究中心,北京 102249)])])], keywords=[Keyword(id=1242113586152145529, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1156999965244481730, language=EN, orderNo=1, keyword=pipeline network system), Keyword(id=1242113586227643003, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1156999965244481730, language=EN, orderNo=2, keyword=flexible transportation), Keyword(id=1242113586307334782, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1156999965244481730, language=EN, orderNo=3, keyword=operational optimization), Keyword(id=1242113586370249345, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1156999965244481730, language=EN, orderNo=4, keyword=multi-network integration), Keyword(id=1242113586441552516, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1156999965244481730, language=CN, orderNo=1, keyword=管网系统), Keyword(id=1242113586508661383, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1156999965244481730, language=CN, orderNo=2, keyword=灵活运输), Keyword(id=1242113586575770251, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1156999965244481730, language=CN, orderNo=3, keyword=运行优化), Keyword(id=1242113586651267727, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1156999965244481730, language=CN, orderNo=4, keyword=多网融合)], refs=[Reference(id=1242113587502711468, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1156999965244481730, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=42, issue=7, pageStart=721, pageEnd=730, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=0, authorNames=陈朋超, journalName=油气储运, refType=null, unstructuredReference=陈朋超. “双碳”愿景下管网多介质灵活输运与智能化高效利用发展战略思考[J]. 油气储运, 2023, 42(7): 721-730., articleTitle=“双碳”愿景下管网多介质灵活输运与智能化高效利用发展战略思考, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242113587565626031, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1156999965244481730, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=42, issue=7, pageStart=721, pageEnd=730, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=1, authorNames=Cheng P C, journalName=Oil & Gas Storage and Transportation, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Cheng P C. 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管网灵活运输关键技术与展望
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张浩然 1, † , 邱睿 2 , 杜渐 2 , 魏雪梅 2 , 温凯 2 , 涂仁福 2
前瞻科技 | 综述与述评 2024,3(2): 30-38
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前瞻科技 | 综述与述评 2024, 3(2): 30-38
管网灵活运输关键技术与展望
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张浩然1, † , 邱睿2, 杜渐2, 魏雪梅2, 温凯2, 涂仁福2
作者信息
  • 1.北京大学城市规划与设计学院,深圳 518055
  • 2.中国石油大学(北京)机械与储运工程学院,城市油气输配技术北京市重点实验室,油气管道输送安全国家工程研究中心,北京 102249
  • 张浩然,研究员,博士研究生导师。国家优秀青年科学基金(海外)获得者。主要从事智慧油气供给链、智慧城市能源系统研究。Energy 360主编,Advances in Applied Energy、Journal of Pipeline Science and Engineering等副主编。出版专著4部,发表论文200余篇,授权发明专利20余件。电子信箱:。

通信作者:

†
†
Key Technologies and Prospects for Flexible Pipeline Network Transportation
Haoran ZHANG1, † , Rui QIU2, Jian DU2, Xuemei WEI2, Kai WEN2, Renfu TU2
Affiliations
  • 1. School of Urban Planning and Design, Peking University, Shenzhen 518055, China
  • 2. National Engineering Research Center of Oil and Gas Pipeline Transportation Safety, Beijing Key Laboratory of Urban Oil and Gas Distribution Technology, College of Mechanical and Transportation Engineering, China University of Petroleum (Beijing), Beijing 102249, China
出版时间: 2024-06-20 doi: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2024.02.003
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石油天然气管网运营机制改革和“碳达峰、碳中和”背景下,管道运行工况多变、运输介质多元拓宽了管网运输边界,同时也带来了更多的运行风险和安全隐患,亟待解决复杂管网灵活运输的科学问题和关键技术。文章剖析了管网灵活运输的内涵,明确了不同类型管网灵活运输面临的挑战,在此基础上,总结提炼了管网灵活运输关键技术的发展现状和技术难点。最后,从开放市场、安全防护、数字孪生、运输优化、多网融合、创新应用6个重点方向,对中国管网灵活运输发展提出了建议,以期为能源规划和管理提供更准确的指导,从而助力构建低碳、灵活、安全、高效的现代综合能源体系。

管网系统  /  灵活运输  /  运行优化  /  多网融合

Under the backdrop of reforms in the operational mechanisms of oil and natural gas pipeline networks and the objectives of “carbon peak and carbon neutrality”, the operational conditions of pipelines have become more variable and the transportation mediums more diverse, expanding the boundaries of pipeline transportation. However, this also introduces more operational risks and safety hazards, urgently requiring the resolution of scientific issues and key technologies for flexible transportation through complex networks. This article analyzes the essence of flexible pipeline transportation, identifies the challenges faced by different types of pipeline networks, and on this basis, summarizes the current development status and technical difficulties of key technologies in flexible pipeline transportation. Finally, from six key directions—open markets, safety protection, digital twins, transportation optimization, multi-network integration, and innovative applications—suggestions are proposed for the development of flexible pipeline transportation in China. These recommendations aim to provide more accurate guidance for energy planning and management, thereby helping to construct a low-carbon, flexible, safe, and efficient modern comprehensive energy system.

pipeline network system  /  flexible transportation  /  operational optimization  /  multi-network integration
张浩然, 邱睿, 杜渐, 魏雪梅, 温凯, 涂仁福. 管网灵活运输关键技术与展望. 前瞻科技, 2024 , 3 (2) : 30 -38 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2024.02.003
Haoran ZHANG, Rui QIU, Jian DU, Xuemei WEI, Kai WEN, Renfu TU. Key Technologies and Prospects for Flexible Pipeline Network Transportation[J]. Science and Technology Foresight, 2024 , 3 (2) : 30 -38 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2024.02.003
相较于道路、轨道、水路和航空等运输方式,管道运输具有成本低、损耗少、运量大、安全性高等优势,是油气输送的重要手段。2019年,中央全面深化改革委员会审议通过《石油天然气管网运营机制改革实施意见》,中国油气管网改革正式进入实操执行阶段。同年,国家石油天然气管网集团有限公司(简称国家管网集团)正式挂牌成立,推动形成“上游油气资源多主体多渠道供应、中间统一管网高效集输、下游销售市场充分竞争”的油气市场体系。截至2022年底,中国长输油气管道总里程约18万km,其中原油管道2.8万km,成品油管道3.2万km,天然气管道12万km。然而,管网多是以定向定点方式运输大宗、特定的物料,运输灵活性较低。随着管网运营机制改革和“碳达峰、碳中和”(简称“双碳”)目标的提出,管道行业迎来了发展的关键期、黄金期和攻坚期[1]。中国原油、成品油消费预计在2025—2030年达峰,原油、成品油管道的低输量趋势愈发明显,天然气管网输量季节性波动持续增强,低需求季节管输资源浪费情况愈发严重,亟须进一步提高管网运输灵活性以应对上述挑战[2]。2022年,国家发展和改革委员会、国家能源局联合印发了《“十四五”现代能源体系规划》,要求积极开展电网、油气管网、油气储备库、终端用能等领域设备设施、工艺流程的智能化升级,提高能源系统灵活感知和高效生产运行能力,为中国油气管网发展指明了新的方向[3]。一方面,需要推动管道数字化、智能化转型,提高油气储运效率,有效发挥管道的能源枢纽作用;另一方面,面对“双碳”目标,需要有序推动化石能源与新能源协同互补发展,其中氢气、二氧化碳、甲醇、液氨等多种介质灵活输运是赋能管道行业绿色高质量发展的有效举措。
中国油气管网规模位居世界前列,管网结构复杂,随着运行介质的多元和运行环境的多变,管网系统将面临更多的运行风险和安全隐患,亟待解决复杂管网灵活运输的科学问题和关键技术。文章将在剖析管网灵活运输内涵与特征的基础上,总结管网灵活运输关键技术挑战和发展现状,展望该领域的后续发展并给出建议。
管网是国家能源大动脉,承担了中国约85%原油、30%成品油以及95%天然气的陆上运输任务。管网灵活运输的综合目标是通过降低输送能耗、保障输送安全、提高输送质量、降低环境影响,实现管网运输系统的安全、高效、环保和可持续发展。管网灵活运输可增强能源系统的适应性和韧性,对于保障国家能源的供应安全至关重要。管网灵活运输的内涵如图1所示。
(1)输送新型资源介质,提高能源供应的稳定性与多样性。管网不仅能够大批量运输单一产品,如原油、成品油、天然气等传统化石能源,以及氢气、二氧化碳、液氨、生物燃料等新型能源;还能够小批量运输多类型产品,如成品油和液氨顺序输送,天然气和氢气掺混输送。此外,管网还可以根据市场需求、资源供应或环境政策的变化快速切换输送介质。通过管网运输多种能源,可以降低对单一能源的依赖,提高能源供应的稳定性与多样性。
(2)升级系统工艺,提升管道运输效率。管道运输效率是管道运输系统关键性指标,直接影响着管网的灵活运输能力及整体经济效益。目前多种新型工艺,如原油改性、新型隔离液、管道内涂层技术等,不仅可以提高输送过程的效率,降低能耗,还可以增强管道的安全性和环保性。
(3)加强信息化、智能化水平,实现管网灵活调度。随着多种石油化工新型介质输送需求的增加,将逐步形成多主体参与建设、公平服务的管网输配格局。管网上下游用户数量和个性化需求不断增加,输送起终点位置也将随之变化。同时,面对能源互联网的发展,管网将进一步与其他能源网络实现协同互联,管理难度进一步加大。提升管网信息化、智能化水平,可进一步激活现有运输能力,以管网灵活调度为更多市场主体提供灵活的运输服务。
(4)实现管网全面互联互通,增强能源系统的韧性及可靠性。地缘政治冲突以及极端天气、自然灾害,增加了能源稳定供应风险。国家管网集团成立后,“全国一张网”的油气供应格局即将实现。油气管网及沿线油气储备库的全面互联互通可以提升油气应急调峰能力,减少管网安全运行风险,整体增强能源系统的韧性及可靠性。
(5)优化综合运输体系,提升能源化工要素配置效率。管道和轨道、水路、道路等交通方式分工合作、互相补充、共同形成中国能源化工运输体系。实现管道与其他运输方式高效融合、综合优化,有助于石油化工企业获得稳定的原料供应,减少物流费用,降低能源和化工基础原料成本,提升整体资源配置效率和经济效益。
中国油田生产的原油大多为易凝高黏的含蜡原油,且通常采用加热方式输送,一旦发生停输,重新启动可能会变得非常困难和耗时。如果停输时间过长,原油温度降至析蜡点以下,大量蜡晶析出并导致管内原油胶凝,可能造成管道再启动困难,甚至引发管道报废的严重后果。当今,资源枯竭、政治因素或极端天气等因素可能造成原油供应紧张;季节性因素、市场动态变化或能源政策调整等因素同样造成能源需求变化愈发复杂。在特定情况下(如战时),可能出现远超或远低于常规水平的原油输送需求,这要求原油管道运输系统具有更高的灵活性和适应性,以应对这些挑战[4]。
原油改性技术是一系列用于改善原油流动性和加工特性的方法,这些技术对于降低原油在运输和炼制过程中的难度尤为关键[5]。原油改性通常需要针对原油中的重组分和杂质,特别是对高黏度、高蜡含量的原油进行处理。目前,国外相关技术公司已开发出诸多改性技术并实现了工程应用。例如,考虑高黏度油砂原油难以通过传统方式输送,加拿大油砂项目通过使用稀释剂或采用热力学方法,降低油砂原油的黏度,从而使其可通过管道运输。俄罗斯管道公司在其寒冷地区的原油管道中使用了加热技术和流动改进剂,提高了原油的流动性,解决了低温条件下的原油输送问题。英国北海地区的原油开发企业通过使用具有防腐蚀和降低摩擦特性的内涂层技术及化学剂,有效改善了原油的流动性,并保护管道免受腐蚀损害。中俄原油管道是连接俄罗斯和中国的重要管道,由于跨越了多种气候条件,该管道使用了多种原油改性技术,包括加热、添加流动改进剂及采用高效的泵送系统,以确保原油顺利输送。中国由于所产原油普遍具有黏度大、凝点高、流动性差等特点,因而发展了系列加剂综合热处理技术,处于国际领先水平,这对于未来提高原油管输灵活性具有十分重要的支撑作用。电场改性是一种新兴的原油改性方法,其通过对原油短时间(数秒到1 min量级)施加高压电场(大于0.2 kV/mm),降低原油黏度,弱化原油结构强度(黏弹性、屈服应力、触变性),从而达到改善原油低温流动性的目的[6]。对于某些原油,在其凝点温度附近的电场处理可取得高达80%的降黏效果及90%的降屈服应力效果[7]。此外,原油改性方法还包括超临界流体技术、微波处理、水环输送、乳化输送、纳米技术、高剪切技术和蒸汽裂解法等[8]。但目前上述研究多以理论为主,缺乏规模应用实证。
通常成品油管道设计用于输送特定的石油产品,例如在同一条管道中顺序输送汽油、柴油、喷气燃料等。当引入其他产品(如生物燃料、液氨、甲醇)时,需要考虑它们是否会与当前输送的石油产品或管道材料发生物理化学反应,以及可能导致的产品污染或管道腐蚀等问题。为了确保安全和可靠运输,顺序输送多种介质时,需要精确控制各个批次之间的切换,以最小化交叉污染的风险[9]。这通常需要借助精密的流量和质量监测系统,准确监测站间批次运移及批次界面处的混油发展情况。在批次界面处添加隔离液是一种有效的油品质量控制方式。常用的隔离液包括水、醇类、丙酮、二乙基胺等。目前,一些国外企业已通过这种方法有效减少了混油。例如,加拿大Interprovincial管道采用沥青砂合成混油隔离段,而俄罗斯的行业标准规定在油品界面注入部分输油首站的工艺混油作为隔离段。国内企业从输送介质特性和输送方式出发,开发出相应的油品隔离方式。例如,原中国石化鲁皖管道在97#清洁汽油与93#组分汽油之间注入97#组分汽油作为隔离液,也有企业将煤油添加至汽油与柴油之间作为隔离液。在管道运输过程中,对隔离液的注入和排出需要进行精确控制,这对操作人员的技能和现场管理系统提出了极高要求。同时,需要有效的监测和检测手段来确保隔离液的正确投放以及油品批次的纯净性。此外,管道运输条件(如温度、压力)的变化可能会影响隔离液的性能,需要对不同隔离液的物理化学机理开展进一步研究。
灵活利用管道运输多品种、小批次产品意味着需要更加精密复杂的调度来实现产品的运输安排[10]。顺序输送调运优化技术是提升成品油管道灵活性、提高管道运行效率的重要手段。国外在成品油管道调运计划编制方面的研究起步较早,已针对特定管道开发出调运计划优化软件,如科洛尼尔管道,考虑了全流量注入、全流量分输、部分流量注入和部分流量分输等工艺。在国内,针对成品油管道调运计划编制问题进行了广泛研究,涵盖了单点注入-单点分输管道、单点注入-多点分输管道及多点注入-多点分输管道等不同情况。为适应国内管道的特有运行模式,中国石油大学(北京)提出了成熟的成品油管道调运优化模型及算法,并开发出相应的调运计划优化软件,实现了对管内油品批次界面的准确跟踪与离线模拟(图2),辅助计划编制人员快速、高效地进行计划的编制与调整[11]。中转油库作为上游管道和下游管道的衔接点,其收发油计划关乎管网的正常运行[12]。随着国家管网集团的成立,管输与生产、销售分离,部分油库的运营直接归属于国家管网集团,从而促进了市场在资源配置中的作用。为提高管网的运行效率和竞争力,优化库存管理方案、合理安排收发油计划将变得愈发重要。如何与管网调度相结合,同时管理多种油品的接收、存储和发送,以及如何规划油品间的轮换和隔离,是当前成品油管网管理面临的挑战。目前,中国成品油管网调度优化主要基于国外商业优化求解器(如美国的Gurobi和CPLEX)作为核心计算引擎[13]。在中国管网规模逐渐大型化、管网信息安全要求逐步提高、核心自主知识产权“卡脖子”问题日益凸显的背景下,依赖国外软件所带来的高成本、缺乏深度定制功能,以及信息安全问题愈发突出。国外软件的版权和技术保护限制使其难以完全适应中国独立发展的智能管网系统需求。为了确保国内成品油管网的规划、设计、运营和管理的独立性和安全性,迫切需要掌握和发展针对成品油管网调度优化求解的关键理论和方法。
为了实现天然气“全国一张网”的灵活运输,需要在物理联通的基础上,进一步强化其市场功能及平台属性。“全国一张网”的市场不再仅仅局限于传统的油气消费市场,服务对象进一步扩大到数据服务企业、各类能源公司、通信服务商等。为了加强和完善上中下游衔接,并更好地适应市场多元化的竞争,需要建立全面科学的市场预测分析模型,并具备灵活的市场反应机制。将各项服务平台化也是实现天然气灵活运输的关键。通过基于管输能力分配模型的物流调度平台和基于管网运行优化模型的调控平台,实现全国资源的灵活可靠配置和调运。
加速天然气管网与电网、热网等其他能源网络的互联是实现能源互联网的关键一步(图3)。现有的综合能源系统多依托电网结构进行分析,较少以天然气管网为主进行研究[14]。考虑天然气在一次能源的占比中将显著提升,天然气价格、电力风险、天然气管网与其他能源子系统间的耦合协同技术将逐步成为新的研究重点。天然气管网的分析方法、主要变量的特征、水力及热力方程的求解方法均与相对成熟的电网系统具有显著的不同,从物理层面建立天然气管网模型至关重要[15]。
作为综合能源系统的重要组成部分,天然气管网需要在储存、转换、运输和计量4个方面进行新工艺的研究与应用。相较于电网,天然气管网的储存能力强、损耗低,可依托地下储气库或者地上储气罐群进行大规模储气。地下储气库多利用盐穴、废弃矿穴或枯竭油气藏建设,受地理因素限制,无法大规模建设。地上储气库则需要寻找平坦空旷地区,远离人口密集区域。而太阳能、风能、水能等新能源电厂多分布在远离储气库地区,因此建议采用小型储气罐进行分布式储气。对于天然气管网,最关键的能量转换设施是电转气(Power to Gas, P2G)设施和燃气发电机,前者将电能转化为氢气或天然气并进入天然气管网,后者利用燃气轮机产热驱动蒸汽轮机发电,从而形成气电的相互转换[16]。燃气发电技术已经相当成熟,也是新型电力系统的重要支撑。而P2G技术仍在发展阶段,需要重点解决P2G效率和成本问题,并大规模推广应用。目前,国内天然气计量贸易交接仍以体积计量为主,这种计量模式不利于综合能源系统中不同能量载体之间的交接,因此需要进一步推广热值计量,即能量计量模式。一方面,在贸易交接站场和能量转换站场引入更多的热值计量装置;另一方面,需要普及和标准化能量赋值技术,对于未设置热值计量装置的地区,可以采用计算方式进行代替。
与纯氢输送管道建设相比,利用现有的天然气管道进行掺氢输送可以节省资金和时间成本,是实现氢能大规模、长距离、安全高效输送的最佳方式之一。目前,德国Energiepark Mainz项目在运行压力低于1 MPa的条件下,实现了掺氢比为2%的氢气输送;荷兰Sustainable Ameland项目为当地14家用户提供掺氢比为5%~20%的天然气,在示范周期3年内未发现问题。但是,在掺氢混合气体输送过程中,氢原子渗透到管道钢材内部易诱发氢脆,引起氢致开裂、氢鼓泡,导致金属机械性能下降;同时,氢气掺混均匀度影响系统的稳定性和安全,影响机制复杂,还需进一步深入研究。国家管网集团在2023年成功实施了9.45 MPa全尺寸非金属管道纯氢爆破试验和全尺寸掺氢天然气管道封闭空间泄漏燃爆试验,为实现大规模、低成本的远距离氢气运输提供了必要的技术支撑。
现阶段管网运营机制改革需立足当下,加快适应新形势的运营模式,提高油气管网运输灵活性。加速管网与其他能源网络的互联是石油石化行业转型升级的重要途径,也是推动能源革命的重要手段。随着综合能源系统的不断完善,需要构建能源互联新场景,强化管网系统与其他能源系统的互补融合,因而对管网灵活运输技术发展提出以下建议。
1)进一步开放管网运输市场,促进管道运输介质向多元化发展
随着管网设施的逐步开放,管网运营模式逐渐向面向市场需求转变,有利于进一步激活现有运输能力,为更多市场主体提供储运服务。但是,管道多介质灵活输运仍处在初步发展阶段,应参照其他国家成功案例,制定适用于中国的管网灵活运输设计和运行规范。各地区应因地制宜,充分发挥差异化优势,开展新型介质的管道运输试验。尤其是在风能、太阳能发电量大的地区,应考虑建立绿色能源的集输系统,通过管网直接输送到需求地。这不仅可以平衡可再生能源波动性,降低输电损耗,也有利于促进清洁能源的进一步发展和能源结构的绿色升级。
2)提升管道安全防护技术,保障管网灵活运输安全
提升管道安全防护技术对于确保多介质管网运输的安全至关重要。相较于成品油,液氨、甲醇等介质的易燃易爆、毒性及气化特性增加了运输风险,未来应重点关注泄漏监测、应急处理和环境修复等方面。泄漏事故是主要风险,涉及的泄漏扩散机理复杂,需要通过数值模拟预测泄漏影响,并用实验验证模拟结果;多方位监测技术可实时检测管道状况,以便提早发现问题;应急预案和演练能加强快速响应能力,减少事故损失;环境修复则须利用多种技术手段,恢复受影响区域。在考虑掺氢输送可能引发的氢脆风险时,管网的材料和结构设计须符合氢输送的特殊要求;在管网的运营和维护过程中,也须全面考虑氢脆问题,以确保输送安全。相应的监测系统应能够监测与氢相关的泄漏和管道完整性问题。
3)打造管网智能数字孪生技术,实现管网的智能调控和辅助决策
管网结构复杂,设备繁多,工况变化频繁,难以及时掌控系统全局运行状态,同时管网系统控制需求多样、控制模式跨度较大,仅凭人力无法快速制定面面俱到的控制方案,这都给管网的灵活运输带来了挑战。目前,新信息技术使管道的硬件水平得到了空前提升,海量数据保证了任何动作导致的响应是短期可预测的,但灵活自主调控技术研发尚处于起步阶段。数字孪生技术在数据处理的高效性、运行控制的准确性等方面表现出强大优势,能够将广泛的数据源闭环化,实现管网系统的状态评估、调运优化、智能控制和辅助决策。
4)突破复杂系统分析、建模与求解技术,实现管网灵活运输优化
管网本身属于复杂系统,尚缺乏管网独立环境下的运营机制和资源配置的经验和指导。现阶段,还需立足油气管网,发展能够适应供给多元化、运营市场化、结构复杂化等发展趋势的管网运营机制和资源配置新理论、新方法。通过探索管网运输能力模拟仿真计算方法,研究市场化条件下的管道运输能力交易机制,并开发复杂供需网络管输资源优化配置方法,为管网运营技术提供核心理论支撑。面向综合能源系统的规划、计划、运行场景具有泛耦合、非线性、不确定等特征,对系统状态演化分析提出了更高要求。对于此类复杂系统的分析,主要涉及数值模拟理论、博弈理论、运筹理论等,其建模与求解过程需要依靠大量的迭代计算、公式推导、数据训练等,以及高性能计算平台,因而要求对标国外先进的商业软件,自主搭建运算环境、开发高性能算法。
5)搭建多元化服务的能源综合管理体系,实现多网融合互补
为应对日益增长的能源与运输服务需求,建设一个多元服务的综合管理体系,实现不同能源网络和运输网络之间的融合与互补变得至关重要。这种融合不仅涉及传统的管网、电网、热网、冷网等能源网络,还包括道路、轨道和水路等运输网络。通过利用信息技术、物流管理和运输规划,可以优化多种运输资源配置,提升服务效率与可靠性。需要综合考虑不同能源网络在传输特性、需求特性上存在的差异以及不同运输方式的经济性和可靠性,进一步开放管网运输市场,建立多能生产-运输-供应-存储协同优化管理体系,实现全链条、全周期、全方位的能源供给链管理。
6)开拓管道运输创新应用,提高管输资源利用效率
对于废弃的油气管道,通过检修和改造,可以改输其他介质、拆除回收、改造成储存设施(如储存天然气、成品油)、改建为其他设施(如通信线缆管道),以减少资源的浪费。发展地下物流管道,把管道物流从配送液体、气体等物质向配送其他固体能源物资等领域延伸,把地面上以车辆配送为主要形式的物流转向地下和管道中,可以极大地减少城市环境污染并提高物流输配效率。未来需借鉴国外经验,采用自动化运行与智能化控制技术实现地下管道运输的全自动化。此外,真空管道运输系统也是一个新兴领域,在陆地要突破600 km/h的超高速,真空管道运输是唯一途径。然而,目前真空管道运输系统尚处于探索和验证阶段,未来还要在管道材料和结构、真空维持技术、适应真空管道环境的载具和推进技术等方面开展研究。
管网运营机制改革和“双碳”背景下,中国能源结构正面临深刻的变革,管道行业也迎来了发展的关键期、黄金期和攻坚期,亟须提高管网运输灵活性以应对管道运行工况多变、输送介质多元的挑战。管道灵活运输对新型资源介质输送、系统工艺升级、信息化和智能化水平、管网互联互通程度、综合运输体系优化提出了更高要求。当前,需要依靠科技创新和学科交叉研究,突破管网灵活运输关键技术,需要进一步开放管网运输市场,促进管道输送介质向多元化发展;提升管道安全防护技术,保障管网灵活运输安全;打造管网智能数字孪生技术,实现管网的智能调控和辅助决策;突破复杂系统分析、建模与求解技术,实现管网灵活运输优化;搭建多元化服务的能源综合管理体系,实现多网融合互补;开拓管道运输创新应用,提高管输资源利用效率。依靠创新思维打造灵活、可靠的管网运输体系,助力构建低碳、灵活、安全、高效的现代综合能源体系。
  • 国家自然科学基金(52341203)
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2024年第3卷第2期
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doi: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2024.02.003
  • 接收时间:2024-01-13
  • 出版时间:2024-06-20
  • 发布时间:2024-06-26
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  • 收稿日期:2024-01-13
  • 修回日期:2024-03-28
基金
国家自然科学基金(52341203)
作者信息
    1.北京大学城市规划与设计学院,深圳 518055
    2.中国石油大学(北京)机械与储运工程学院,城市油气输配技术北京市重点实验室,油气管道输送安全国家工程研究中心,北京 102249

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表12种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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