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前瞻科技
| 前瞻
2024, 3(2) : 4-7
推动管道工程技术创新,构建新型管道运输系统
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出版时间: 2024-06-20
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推动管道工程技术创新,构建新型管道运输系统.
前瞻科技,
2024
, 3
(2)
: 4
-7
.
.
Science and Technology Foresight ,
2024
, 3
(2)
: 4
-7
.
管道运输作为五大运输方式之一,特别是油气管道运输系统作为国家能源的大动脉,承载着实现“两个一百年”奋斗目标及构筑社会主义现代化强国的沉甸甸历史责任。在提升管道运输效率与安全的关键领域中,管道运输系统占据着不可替代的战略高地。在支持国家能源战略的深远规划,实现“碳达峰、碳中和”(简称“双碳”)目标的宏伟蓝图,以及推动能源结构的转型升级中,管道运输系统发挥着至关重要的核心作用。管道运输系统如同国家生命线,确保国家工业动力的源源不断、居民生活的安定和谐、经济活动的高效流畅。
在全面建设社会主义现代化国家的新征程中,持续强化管道基础设施的建设和应用,加速技术创新,推进管道运输系统的智能化与绿色化改造,与国家发展大局同频共振,对于国家战略安全的长远保障和可持续发展战略的深入实施,具有重要意义和深远影响。
1 油气管道工程科技创新成果丰硕,奠定了管道运输工程学科发展的基础
收起
自1958年新中国首条原油管道——克拉玛依—独山子输油管道建成投产起,中国油气管道行业经历了60多年的风雨历程,行业发展可划分为自力更生与艰苦创业、技术引进与能力提升,以及自主创新与安全保障3个阶段。截至2023年底,中国已建成并投产的油气管道网络覆盖全国,特别是东北、西北、西南及海上四大能源战略通道。中国油气管道总里程已达到18.5万km,形成了一张连通海外、覆盖全国、横跨东西、纵贯南北的油气骨干网络,有效保障了中国的能源供应和国民经济的快速发展。
随着中国管道建设的迅猛发展,管道工程科技实现了显著的进步,在工程设计、施工、材料与装备、完整性管理及油气运输与储存等多个领域,形成了许多具有自主知识产权的核心科技成果。在高钢级、高压力、大口径输气管道的设计与建造技术方面已达到国际领先水平,成功建立了从基础研究到工业应用的创新链。特别是在X80钢级管道建设上,中国已完成1.9万km工程,约占全球同类管道总里程的60%。自主研发的全自动焊接、超声检测等技术广泛应用,极大提升了施工效率和质量。中俄东线天然气管道的成功建造,使单管年输气能力达380亿m3 ,展示了中国在全球能源输送领域的领先地位。在处理“高黏性、高凝点、高含蜡”特性原油的技术上也取得国际领先成就,成功解决了易凝高黏原油的长距离输送难题,并开创性地建立了含蜡原油流动表征体系。自主研发的减阻剂和降凝剂技术已实现工业化应用,显著提升了原油运输效率和安全;自主研发并不断升级的油气管网仿真软件,成功整合并推广了大规模油气管网的集中调控技术,实现了全国范围内油气资源的实时监测、集中调度和优化配置,显著提高了能源管理的效率并增强了能源供应的安全性和稳定性。此外,建立了以风险预控为核心的管道完整性技术体系,依托自主研发的中心线惯性导航装置和多物理场综合状态检测技术,形成了一套全面的管道内检测技术体系,使管道失效率显著降低,从2006年的每千公里0.87次/年降低至目前的0.3次/年。在油气储运关键装备的制造、供给及运维方面,突破了大功率调频电驱/燃驱压缩机组、输油泵机组、全口径各类阀门和数据采集与监视控制(Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition, SCADA)系统等七大类22种关键装备的技术瓶颈,实现了设备的国产化及核心技术的自主可控,打破了国外技术垄断,为中国能源战略通道建设及能源安全提供了坚实的技术保障。
2 统筹部署管道运输系统前沿科技创新,构建现代管道运输工程学科体系
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在全球供应链重塑和能源转型的关键时期,中国正面临能源安全保障和实施“双碳”战略的重大挑战。为了进一步扎实推进《交通强国建设纲要》《国家综合立体交通网规划纲要》实施,响应国家对供应链高效快捷的战略要求,保障关键的能源运输体系安全,解决关键核心技术“卡脖子”问题,最终实现“物优其流,人享其行”的目标,在国家自然科学基金委员会交通与运载工程学科的统筹指导下,围绕国家石油天然气管网集团有限公司的科技发展需求,中国石油大学(北京)梁永图教授等组织管道运输领域专家开展了充分论证,管道运输工程学科体系应运而生。新学科聚焦管道运输方式下的多类型运输对象理化性质变化规律研究,瞄准液化天然气、氢能、二氧化碳等新型管道运输新工艺、新技术和新装备研发,重点解决管道低碳转型、多能互补、灵活输运、多网融合、智慧互联新要求下的综合性和交叉性科学问题,实现管道安全运输、高效运行和价值服务。这一新兴学科不仅针对当前的能源与环境挑战提供解决方案,更是基于长远视角,推动能源基础设施的现代化,确保国家能源供应链的安全、高效和可持续发展。
1)应对管道运输对象的延展,完善管道运输工程学科理论体系
管道运输系统正面临向多种类型介质输送、多任务、低成本、低碳排放、高可靠性和互联互通方向加速发展。在一段时间内,传统能源运输仍将在管道运输介质中占主导地位,二氧化碳、氢(气态和液态)、甲醇、液氨、浆体等将日益得到重视;海洋、矿山资源开发所需的特殊管道、地下物流管道、超低温输送管道、真空管道及流固混合输送管道等仍有发展潜力,为未来管道运输提供了新的可能性。
管道运输工程学科作为交叉学科,在应用基础方面,亟待探索建立在不同环境下各种介质在管道运输方式下的流动、传质、传热等规律和管道运输新理论;在工程技术与装备方面,需要推动管道新材料、泵送装备、海洋软管等关键技术创新,以及管网综合输送、高效利用、精准计量、仿真技术等关键技术应用。持续完善管道运输工程学科理论和技术体系,开发现代管道可能需要运输多种新介质的新技术、新工艺和新装备,为管道运输工程学科持续进步注入新的活力。
2)应对能源转型和新的综合运输体不断演进,加快推进管道运输技术体系建设
当前,全球能源结构正在经历深刻的变革,其中可再生能源与传统化石能源的互补和综合利用日益成为主流趋势。为了适应这一趋势,构建多元化的综合运输体系显得尤为重要。在此背景下,深入研究管道运输系统工程、加速管道运输技术体系建设成为当务之急。基于全生命周期资产数字化,需要建立包括管道线路、核心设备设施、介质流动等要素在内的管网系统模型,并开展离线及在线仿真。此外,智能化调控、综合运输体适用性和可靠性的技术研究也将促进管道运输系统的数字化转型和智能化发展,从而提高运输效率和安全性,为可持续发展提供强有力的支撑。
针对不同类型能源的融合发展,应深化对管网在灵活运输条件下的设备适应性、管道安全防护、管道运行优化以及多网互补融合技术的研究,以挖掘油气管网在综合能源运输系统中的多能互补潜力,加速形成新型管道运输技术体系。例如,通过实现液化天然气与超导电能的融合输送,有效利用液化天然气的冷能,不仅可以解决常规电力输送的能损问题,还能实现节能降耗和减少碳排放的双重目标。
在综合运输体建设方面,将管网与道路、轨道、水路,以及未来的地下物流管道等多种运输方式有机耦合集成,使整个系统更开放且复杂,边际更多元,系统优化难度增加。因此,研究和建立管道与多种运输方式边际接口的技术标准和体系显得尤为重要,这将进一步促进管道运输工程与其他运输学科的融合与发展。
中国正将资源开发推向前所未至的领域——深邃海洋、广袤高原及地壳深层,管道运输系统将扮演更重要的角色,应当展现出与之相应的适应性、灵活性、安全性和可靠性能力。在当前全球百年未有之大变局的关键时刻,以及自然灾害突发和国际地缘政治紧张等极端环境下,管道运输系统要担当资源保障的使命责任。
为响应这一命题,需要全力推动管道运输工程系统的科技创新,探索适应极端环境和复杂条件下工程技术解决方案。通过科学规划管道网络布局,不断优化运输结构,提升智能化管理水平,加强与国家其他基础设施的互联互通,塑造一个全新的、更高效、更环保的管道运输新体系,为国家的繁荣发展和人民的美好生活提供更加坚实的能源支持。
《前瞻科技》2024年第2期以“管道运输工程科学与技术”为主题,梳理国内外管道运输工程的理论发展现状及其核心技术,提出管道运输工程系统中的多介质、多方式、多能融合互补、多网智慧互联等新理念,以期为相关学者的研究和政府部门的决策提供借鉴。同时,也期待得到各方对管道运输工程领域的更多关注、支持和关怀!
2024年第3卷第2期
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出版时间:2024-06-20
发布时间:2024-06-26
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表1 2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科 Family 属数 Number of genus 种数 Number of species 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) 属 Genus 种数 Number of species 占总种数比例 Percentage of total species (%) 鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78 小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39 多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39 红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87 小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26 光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39 红菇属 Russula 17 8.13 栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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