Article(id=1156999963940049351, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, issueId=1156999961176003006, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2024.02.008, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1705075200000, receivedDateStr=2024-01-13, revisedDate=1711555200000, revisedDateStr=2024-03-28, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753779887423, onlineDateStr=2025-07-29, pubDate=1718812800000, pubDateStr=2024-06-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1719331200000, onlineIssueDateStr=2024-06-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753779887423, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774072570003, updator=sys-migrate, issue=Issue{id=1156999961176003006, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, year='2024', volume='3', issue='2', pageStart='4', pageEnd='135', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1718812800000', pubDateStr='2024-06-20', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=1, createTime=1753779886763, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1776075083414, updator='13041195026', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1250512793758286357, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, issueId=1156999961176003006, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=Special Issue on Pipeline Transportation Engineering Science and Technology, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1250512793758286358, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, issueId=1156999961176003006, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=管道运输工程科学与技术专刊, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=81, endPage=93, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1156999964489503176, articleId=1156999963940049351, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, language=EN, title=Current Status and Challenges of Hydrogen Energy Transportation Methods and Technological Development, columnId=1149656489310208610, journalTitle=Science and Technology Foresight, columnName=Review and Commentary, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Against the backdrop of energy structure transformation and the revolution in new energy sources, hydrogen energy has gained widespread attention and development due to its advantages of cleanliness, efficiency, abundant sources, and wide range of applications. As the crucial link between the supply and demand sides of hydrogen energy, transportation is a key component in the scaling and commercialization of hydrogen applications. Establishing a mature hydrogen energy transportation technology system and improving the related infrastructure construction are critical core issues that need to be addressed for the development of the hydrogen energy industry. On this basis, this paper provided an overview of the current development status of hydrogen energy transportation. It emphasized the prominent role of pipeline transportation in hydrogen energy transportation technology. Accordingly, the paper summarized and extracted the key scientific and technological issues faced by the development of hydrogen energy transportation. Furthermore, it presented relevant suggestions for the future development of hydrogen energy transportation from aspects such as materials, processes, equipment, risk assessment, standard and specification formulation, and strategic development planning.

, authors=null, authorsList=Yuxing LI, Cuiwei LIU, Haoping PENG, Hui HAN, Jianlu ZHU, Guangchun SONG, Cailin WANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yuxing LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
†
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在能源结构转型及新能源革命的背景下,氢能由于具有清洁高效、来源丰富及用途广泛等优点,得到广泛的重视与发展。作为连接氢能供应端和需求端的核心纽带,氢能运输是氢能规模化及商业化应用的关键环节。构建成熟的氢能运输技术体系并完善相关基础设备设施建设,是氢能产业发展亟须解决的关键核心问题。基于此,文章综述了氢能运输发展的现状,明确了管道运输在氢能运输技术中的突出作用,在此基础上总结提炼了氢能运输发展所面临的关键科学与技术问题,并从材料、工艺、设备、风险评估、标准规范制定及战略发展规划等方面对未来氢能运输的发展提出了相关建议。

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李玉星,教授,博士研究生导师。山东省油气储运安全省级重点实验室主任。中国石油大学(华东)油气储运工程学科建设负责人。国家重点研发计划首席科学家,山东省泰山学者特聘专家,教育部“新世纪优秀人才支持计划”入选者,中国石油学会智库专家。中国石油学会天然气专业委员会委员,石油储运专业委员会委员。中国工业气体工业协会液化天然气分会委员。全国石油天然气标准化技术委员会油气储运分技术委员会委员,液化天然气分技术委员会委员。甘肃省管道保护协会理事。主要从事油气与新能源融合储运、二氧化碳集输与运输、管道智能化与安全管理、液化天然气与水合物储运、油气混输与计量、节能降耗等研究。获省部级奖励20余项。发表论文460余篇。参编国家标准和行业标准等10余项。授权发明专利50余件,转化应用12件。登记软件著作权15件。电子信箱:。

, authorsList=李玉星, 刘翠伟, 彭浩平, 韩辉, 朱建鲁, 宋光春, 王财林, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=李玉星, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
†
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2. Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oil & Gas Storage and Transportation Security, Qingdao 266580, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1242113657950245017, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1156999963940049351, authorId=1242113657816027285, language=CN, stringName=李玉星, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, †, address=1.中国石油大学(华东)储运与建筑工程学院,青岛 266580
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李玉星,教授,博士研究生导师。山东省油气储运安全省级重点实验室主任。中国石油大学(华东)油气储运工程学科建设负责人。国家重点研发计划首席科学家,山东省泰山学者特聘专家,教育部“新世纪优秀人才支持计划”入选者,中国石油学会智库专家。中国石油学会天然气专业委员会委员,石油储运专业委员会委员。中国工业气体工业协会液化天然气分会委员。全国石油天然气标准化技术委员会油气储运分技术委员会委员,液化天然气分技术委员会委员。甘肃省管道保护协会理事。主要从事油气与新能源融合储运、二氧化碳集输与运输、管道智能化与安全管理、液化天然气与水合物储运、油气混输与计量、节能降耗等研究。获省部级奖励20余项。发表论文460余篇。参编国家标准和行业标准等10余项。授权发明专利50余件,转化应用12件。登记软件著作权15件。电子信箱:。

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李玉星,教授,博士研究生导师。山东省油气储运安全省级重点实验室主任。中国石油大学(华东)油气储运工程学科建设负责人。国家重点研发计划首席科学家,山东省泰山学者特聘专家,教育部“新世纪优秀人才支持计划”入选者,中国石油学会智库专家。中国石油学会天然气专业委员会委员,石油储运专业委员会委员。中国工业气体工业协会液化天然气分会委员。全国石油天然气标准化技术委员会油气储运分技术委员会委员,液化天然气分技术委员会委员。甘肃省管道保护协会理事。主要从事油气与新能源融合储运、二氧化碳集输与运输、管道智能化与安全管理、液化天然气与水合物储运、油气混输与计量、节能降耗等研究。获省部级奖励20余项。发表论文460余篇。参编国家标准和行业标准等10余项。授权发明专利50余件,转化应用12件。登记软件著作权15件。电子信箱:。

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Nature Environment and Pollution Technology, 2022, 21(3): 1439-1444., articleTitle=Perspectives for the use of hydrogen energy in European countries, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242113662173909244, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1156999963940049351, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=41, issue=1, pageStart=9, pageEnd=17, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[2], rfOrder=1, authorNames=匡立春, 邹才能, 黄维和, journalName=石油科技论坛, refType=null, unstructuredReference=匡立春, 邹才能, 黄维和, 等. 碳达峰碳中和愿景下中国能源需求预测与转型发展趋势[J]. 石油科技论坛, 2022, 41(1): 9-17., articleTitle=碳达峰碳中和愿景下中国能源需求预测与转型发展趋势, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242113662257795328, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1156999963940049351, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=41, issue=1, pageStart=9, pageEnd=17, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[2], rfOrder=2, authorNames=Kuang L C, Zou C N, Huang W H, journalName=Petroleum Science and Technology Forum, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Kuang L C, Zou C N, Huang W H, et al. 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The development trend of hydrogen energy industry at home and abroad and Henan's path choice[J]. China National Conditions and Strength, 2022(9): 51-54. (in Chinese), articleTitle=The development trend of hydrogen energy industry at home and abroad and Henan's path choice, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242113666078806345, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1156999963940049351, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=67, issue=19, pageStart=2172, pageEnd=2191, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[22], rfOrder=35, authorNames=蒲亮, 余海帅, 代明昊, journalName=科学通报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=蒲亮, 余海帅, 代明昊, 等. 氢的高压与液化储运研究及应用进展[J]. 科学通报, 2022, 67(19): 2172-2191., articleTitle=氢的高压与液化储运研究及应用进展, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242113666171081037, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1156999963940049351, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=67, issue=19, pageStart=2172, pageEnd=2191, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[22], rfOrder=36, authorNames=Pu L, Yu H S, Dai M H, journalName=Chinese Science Bulletin, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Pu L, Yu H S, Dai M H, et al. Research progress and application of high-pressure hydrogen and liquid hydrogen in storage and transportation[J]. Chinese Science Bulletin, 2022, 67(19): 2172-2191. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Research progress and application of high-pressure hydrogen and liquid hydrogen in storage and transportation, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242113666238189903, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1156999963940049351, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2010, volume=35, issue=10, pageStart=4512, pageEnd=4523, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[23], rfOrder=37, authorNames=Berstad D O, Stang J H, Nekså P, journalName=International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Berstad D O, Stang J H, Nekså P. Large-scale hydrogen liquefier utilising mixed-refrigerant pre-cooling[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2010, 35(10): 4512-4523., articleTitle=Large-scale hydrogen liquefier utilising mixed-refrigerant pre-cooling, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242113666296910161, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1156999963940049351, doi=10.16085/j.issn.1000-6613.2022-0279, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=41, issue=12, pageStart=6261, pageEnd=6274, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[24], rfOrder=38, authorNames=张振扬, 妙丛, 王峰, journalName=化工进展, refType=null, unstructuredReference=张振扬, 妙丛, 王峰, 等. 规模化氢液化装置现状及未来技术路线分析[J]. 化工进展, 2022, 41(12): 6261-6274., articleTitle=规模化氢液化装置现状及未来技术路线分析, refAbstract=氢能作为零碳能源,是实现我国双碳目标的有效战略途径,随着氢能被纳入我国能源体系范畴,氢能的广泛商业应用即将呈现爆发式增长。受限于氢的物理特性,氢能利用过程中的高能量密度储运技术一直是制约其发展的瓶颈之一,液氢作为储氢密度最大的方式,其规模化制取技术是解决氢能应用环节中高效储运和规模化利用的有效途径。本文对当前全球已知的规模化氢液化装置的液氢产能规模和运行状态进行了统计分析,介绍了主要生产国的工业氢液化装置,比较了三种基本氢液化原理,总结了实际工业装置特点,对当前提出的规模化概念型氢液化系统原理和能效进行了分析,提出了未来发展应参考的设计特点和建议性阶段发展方向,为氢能的高效规模化储运技术发展提供有效支持,加速实现氢能的广泛商业化应用。), Reference(id=1242113666355630421, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1156999963940049351, doi=10.16085/j.issn.1000-6613.2022-0279, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=41, issue=12, pageStart=6261, pageEnd=6274, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[24], rfOrder=39, authorNames=Zhang Z Y, Miao C, Wang F, journalName=Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhang Z Y, Miao C, Wang F, et al. Analysis of present status and future technical route on large-scale hydrogen liquefaction plant[J]. Chemical Industry and Engineering Progress, 2022, 41(12): 6261-6274. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Analysis of present status and future technical route on large-scale hydrogen liquefaction plant, refAbstract=

Hydrogen, as a zero carbon energy, is an effective strategic way to achieve China’s carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals. The commercial application of hydrogen is about to increase sharply with the incorporation of hydrogen energy into China’s energy system. Hydrogen utilization has always been restricted by the lacking of high energy density storage and transportation technology due to the physical characteristics of hydrogen. Large-scale hydrogen liquefaction technology is a valid way to deal with the high-efficiency storage, transportation and utilization during the hydrogen application on account for the high storage density of liquid hydrogen. A statistical analysis of the currently known large-scale hydrogen liquefaction plants in the world on the capacity scale and operation status is achieved in this paper. Industrial hydrogen liquefaction plants in main producing countries are introduced. Three basic hydrogen liquefaction cycles are compared and the characteristics of the actual industrial plants are summarized. The principle and energy efficiency of the currently proposed large-scale conceptual hydrogen liquefaction systems are analyzed. The future design methods and development directions are suggested, so as to provide effective support for the development of high-efficiency and large-scale storage and transportation technologies of hydrogen energy and accelerate the wide commercial application of hydrogen energy.

), Reference(id=1242113666418544984, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1156999963940049351, doi=10.19912/j.0254-0096.tynxb.2022-0930, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=44, issue=10, pageStart=557, pageEnd=563, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[25], rfOrder=40, authorNames=扬帆, 张超, 张博超, journalName=太阳能学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=扬帆, 张超, 张博超, 等. 大型液氢储罐内罐材料研究与应用进展[J]. 太阳能学报, 2023, 44(10): 557-563., articleTitle=大型液氢储罐内罐材料研究与应用进展, refAbstract=国外液氢应用技术起步较早,液氢储罐的设计制造能力已达到最大3800 m<sup>3</sup>储罐应用案例,相关技术主要由美、日、俄等国所掌握;中国液氢应用技术起步较晚,液氢储罐设计制造能力上限为300 m<sup>3</sup>储罐,与国际先进水平相比还有较大差距。由于液氢储罐内罐材料的设计、制造属于其最关键核心技术之一,因此,该文综述了液氢储罐内罐材料的研究进展及发展现状,并对生产标准、中国制造能力等进行分析,对下一步液氢储罐材料的技术开发和试制提出建议。), Reference(id=1242113666494042459, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1156999963940049351, doi=10.19912/j.0254-0096.tynxb.2022-0930, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=44, issue=10, pageStart=557, pageEnd=563, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[25], rfOrder=41, authorNames=Yang F, Zhang C, Zhang B C, journalName=Acta Energiae Solaris Sinica, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Yang F, Zhang C, Zhang B C, et al. Research and application progress of inner tank materials for large liquid hydrogen storage tanks[J]. Acta Energiae Solaris Sinica, 2023, 44(10): 557-563. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Research and application progress of inner tank materials for large liquid hydrogen storage tanks, refAbstract=The application technology of liquid hydrogen in foreign countries started relatively early, and the design and manufacturing capacity of liquid hydrogen storage tanks has reached the maximum 3800 m<sup>3</sup> storage tank application case. The relevant technologies are mainly mastered by the United States, Japan, Russia and other countries. The application technology of liquid hydrogen in China started relatively late, and the upper limit of the design and manufacturing capacity of hydrogen storage tanks is 300 m<sup>3</sup>, which is still far behind the international advanced level. Since the design and manufacture of the inner tank material of liquid hydrogen storage tank is one of its most critical core technologies, this paper summarizes the research progress and development status of the inner tank material of liquid hydrogen storage tank, and conducts research on production standards and domestic manufacturing capacity, etc. Based on the analysis, the suggestions for the technical development and trial production of liquid hydrogen storage tank materials in the next step are proposed.), Reference(id=1242113666569539935, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1156999963940049351, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=null, issue=4, pageStart=63, pageEnd=69, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[26], rfOrder=42, authorNames=杨行, 曲捷, 张春伟, journalName=低温工程, refType=null, unstructuredReference=杨行, 曲捷, 张春伟, 等. 仲正氢催化转化对液氢无损储存的影响研究[J]. 低温工程, 2023(4): 63-69, 85., articleTitle=仲正氢催化转化对液氢无损储存的影响研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242113666636648802, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1156999963940049351, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=null, issue=4, pageStart=63, pageEnd=69, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[26], rfOrder=43, authorNames=Yang H, Qu J, Zhang C W, journalName=Cryogenics, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Yang H, Qu J, Zhang C W, et al. Influence of para-ortho hydrogen catalytic conversion on lossless storage of liquid hydrogen[J]. Cryogenics, 2023(4): 63-69, 85. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Influence of para-ortho hydrogen catalytic conversion on lossless storage of liquid hydrogen, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242113666699563365, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1156999963940049351, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=43, issue=2, pageStart=131, pageEnd=138, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[27], rfOrder=44, authorNames=林文胜, 刘洪茹, 许婧煊, journalName=天然气工业, refType=null, unstructuredReference=林文胜, 刘洪茹, 许婧煊. 液氢和液态有机氢载体的氢运输链能效及碳排放[J]. 天然气工业, 2023, 43(2): 131-138., articleTitle=液氢和液态有机氢载体的氢运输链能效及碳排放, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242113666762477930, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1156999963940049351, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=43, issue=2, pageStart=131, pageEnd=138, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[27], rfOrder=45, authorNames=Lin W S, Liu H R, Xu J X, journalName=Natural Gas Industry, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Lin W S, Liu H R, Xu J X. Energy efficiency and carbon emission of hydrogen transportation chain in the mode of liquid hydrogen and liquid organic hydrogen carrier[J]. Natural Gas Industry, 2023, 43(2): 131-138. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Energy efficiency and carbon emission of hydrogen transportation chain in the mode of liquid hydrogen and liquid organic hydrogen carrier, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242113666833781101, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1156999963940049351, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1000-8144.2021.10.019, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=50, issue=10, pageStart=1101, pageEnd=1107, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[28], rfOrder=46, authorNames=刘红梅, 徐向亚, 张蓝溪, journalName=石油化工, refType=null, unstructuredReference=刘红梅, 徐向亚, 张蓝溪, 等. 储氢材料的研究进展[J]. 石油化工, 2021, 50(10): 1101-1107., articleTitle=储氢材料的研究进展, refAbstract=氢能是一种高密度的二次清洁能源,用途广泛,而能否解决氢气安全有效存储和运输的问题是制约氢能大规模应用的决定性因素。综述了物理吸附类储氢材料和化学类储氢材料的研究进展,分析并对比了各类储氢材料的优缺点。指出了储氢材料的研究现状及面临的关键技术问题,并展望了储氢材料的应用前景和发展趋势。), Reference(id=1242113666909278575, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1156999963940049351, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1000-8144.2021.10.019, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=50, issue=10, pageStart=1101, pageEnd=1107, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[28], rfOrder=47, authorNames=Liu H M, Xu X Y, Zhang L X, journalName=Petrochemical Technology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Liu H M, Xu X Y, Zhang L X, et al. Research progress of hydrogen storage materials[J]. Petrochemical Technology, 2021, 50(10): 1101-1107. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Research progress of hydrogen storage materials, refAbstract=

Hydrogen energy is a kind of high-density,secondary and clean energy with a wide range of uses. The problem of safe and effective storage and transportation of hydrogen is the decisive factor that restricts the large-scale application of hydrogen energy. The research progress of physical adsorption hydrogen storage materials and chemical hydrogen storage materials is reviewed. The advantages and disadvantages of each hydrogen storage materials are analyzed and compared. The research status and key technical problems of hydrogen storage materials are summarized,and the application prospect and development trend of hydrogen storage materials are prospected.

), Reference(id=1242113666976387443, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1156999963940049351, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=37, issue=6, pageStart=1461, pageEnd=1478, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[29], rfOrder=48, authorNames=曹军文, 覃祥富, 耿嘎, journalName=石油学报(石油加工), refType=null, unstructuredReference=曹军文, 覃祥富, 耿嘎, 等. 氢气储运技术的发展现状与展望[J]. 石油学报(石油加工), 2021, 37(6): 1461-1478., articleTitle=氢气储运技术的发展现状与展望, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242113668456976756, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1156999963940049351, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=37, issue=6, pageStart=1461, pageEnd=1478, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[29], rfOrder=49, authorNames=Cao J W, Qin X F, Geng G, journalName=Acta Petrolei Sinica (Petroleum Processing Section), refType=null, unstructuredReference=Cao J W, Qin X F, Geng G, et al. Current status and prospects of hydrogen storage and transportation technology[J]. Acta Petrolei Sinica (Petroleum Processing Section), 2021, 37(6): 1461-1478. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Current status and prospects of hydrogen storage and transportation technology, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242113668532474230, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1156999963940049351, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=42, issue=8, pageStart=856, pageEnd=871, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[30], rfOrder=50, authorNames=李敬法, 李建立, 王玉生, journalName=油气储运, refType=null, unstructuredReference=李敬法, 李建立, 王玉生, 等. 氢能储运关键技术研究进展及发展趋势探讨[J]. 油气储运, 2023, 42(8): 856-871., articleTitle=氢能储运关键技术研究进展及发展趋势探讨, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242113668607971707, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1156999963940049351, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=42, issue=8, pageStart=856, pageEnd=871, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[30], rfOrder=51, authorNames=Li J F, Li J L, Wang Y S, journalName=Oil & Gas Storage and Transportation, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Li J F, Li J L, Wang Y S, et al. Research progress and development trends of key technologies for hydrogen energy storage and transportation[J]. Oil & Gas Storage and Transportation, 2023, 42(8): 856-871. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Research progress and development trends of key technologies for hydrogen energy storage and transportation, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242113668670886268, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1156999963940049351, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=42, issue=1, pageStart=1, pageEnd=8, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[31], rfOrder=52, authorNames=程玉峰, journalName=油气储运, refType=null, unstructuredReference=程玉峰. 高压氢气管道氢脆问题明晰[J]. 油气储运, 2023, 42(1): 1-8., articleTitle=高压氢气管道氢脆问题明晰, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242113668763160959, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1156999963940049351, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=42, issue=1, pageStart=1, pageEnd=8, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[31], rfOrder=53, authorNames=Cheng Y F, journalName=Oil & Gas Storage and Transportation, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Cheng Y F. 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Hydrogen embrittlement behavior of typical hydrogen-blended natural gas pipeline steel[J]. Oil & Gas Storage and Transportation, 2022, 41(6): 732-742. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Hydrogen embrittlement behavior of typical hydrogen-blended natural gas pipeline steel, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242113668960293253, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1156999963940049351, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=48, issue=1, pageStart=243, pageEnd=256, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[33], rfOrder=56, authorNames=Wang C L, Zhang J X, Liu C W, journalName=International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Wang C L, Zhang J X, Liu C W, et al. Study on hydrogen embrittlement susceptibility of X80 steel through in situ gaseous hydrogen permeation and slow strain rate tensile tests[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2023, 48(1): 243-256., articleTitle=Study on hydrogen embrittlement susceptibility of X80 steel through in situ gaseous hydrogen permeation and slow strain rate tensile tests, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242113669044179337, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1156999963940049351, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=48, issue=71, pageStart=27766, pageEnd=27777, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[34], rfOrder=57, authorNames=Liu C W, Yang H C, Wang C L, journalName=International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Liu C W, Yang H C, Wang C L, et al. Effects of CH4 and CO on hydrogen embrittlement susceptibility of X80 pipeline steel in hydrogen blended natural gas[J]. 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Corrosion Science, 2024, doi: 10.1016/j.corsci.2023.111789., articleTitle=Inhibiting effect of carbon monoxide on gaseous hydrogen embrittlement of pipelines transporting hydrogen, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242113669199368588, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1156999963940049351, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=43, issue=39, pageStart=18392, pageEnd=18402, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[36], rfOrder=59, authorNames=Ono H, Fujiwara H, Nishimura S, journalName=International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Ono H, Fujiwara H, Nishimura S. Penetrated hydrogen content and volume inflation in unfilled NBR exposed to high-pressure hydrogen—What are the characteristics of unfilled-NBR dominating them?[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2018, 43(39): 18392-18402., articleTitle=Penetrated hydrogen content and volume inflation in unfilled NBR exposed to high-pressure hydrogen—What are the characteristics of unfilled-NBR dominating them?, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242113669279060366, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1156999963940049351, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=43, issue=1, pageStart=21, pageEnd=31, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[37], rfOrder=60, authorNames=李玉星, 周慧, 朱建鲁, journalName=油气储运, refType=null, unstructuredReference=李玉星, 周慧, 朱建鲁, 等. 纯氢/掺氢天然气管道的减压与调压[J]. 油气储运, 2024, 43(1): 21-31., articleTitle=纯氢/掺氢天然气管道的减压与调压, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242113669350363536, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1156999963940049351, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=43, issue=1, pageStart=21, pageEnd=31, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[37], rfOrder=61, authorNames=Li Y X, Zhou H, Zhu J L, journalName=Oil & Gas Storage and Transportation, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Li Y X, Zhou H, Zhu J L, et al. Decompression and pressure regulation of pure hydrogen and hydrogen-enriched compressed natural gas pipelines[J]. Oil & Gas Storage and Transportation, 2024, 43(1): 21-31. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Decompression and pressure regulation of pure hydrogen and hydrogen-enriched compressed natural gas pipelines, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242113669409083794, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1156999963940049351, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=42, issue=8, pageStart=944, pageEnd=951, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[38], rfOrder=62, authorNames=孔莹莹, 崔继彤, 韩辉, journalName=油气储运, refType=null, unstructuredReference=孔莹莹, 崔继彤, 韩辉, 等. 国内外氢气管道输送技术标准对比与探讨[J]. 油气储运, 2023, 42(8): 944-951., articleTitle=国内外氢气管道输送技术标准对比与探讨, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242113669471998355, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1156999963940049351, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=42, issue=8, pageStart=944, pageEnd=951, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[38], rfOrder=63, authorNames=Kong Y Y, Cui J T, Han H, journalName=Oil & Gas Storage and Transportation, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Kong Y Y, Cui J T, Han H, et al. Comparative analysis and discussion on domestic and foreign technical standards for hydrogen pipeline transportation[J]. Oil & Gas Storage and Transportation, 2023, 42(8): 944-951. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Comparative analysis and discussion on domestic and foreign technical standards for hydrogen pipeline transportation, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242113669543301525, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1156999963940049351, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=48, issue=13, pageStart=5186, pageEnd=5196, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[39], rfOrder=64, authorNames=Liu C W, Pei Y B, Cui Z X, journalName=International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Liu C W, Pei Y B, Cui Z X, et al. Study on the stratification of the blended gas in the pipeline with hydrogen into natural gas[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2023, 48(13): 5186-5196., articleTitle=Study on the stratification of the blended gas in the pipeline with hydrogen into natural gas, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242113669602021783, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1156999963940049351, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[40], rfOrder=65, authorNames=Zhu J L, Wang S L, Pan J, journalName=Applied Energy, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhu J L, Wang S L, Pan J, et al. Experimental study on leakage temperature field of hydrogen blending into natural gas buried pipeline[J]. Applied Energy, 2024, doi: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2024.122656., articleTitle=Experimental study on leakage temperature field of hydrogen blending into natural gas buried pipeline, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242113669685907864, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1156999963940049351, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[41], rfOrder=66, authorNames=Han H, Chang X W, Duan P F, journalName=Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Han H, Chang X W, Duan P F, et al. Study on the leakage and diffusion behavior of hydrogen-blended natural gas in utility tunnels[J]. Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.jlp.2023.105151., articleTitle=Study on the leakage and diffusion behavior of hydrogen-blended natural gas in utility tunnels, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1242113661855142131, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1156999963940049351, awardId=2021YFB4001602, language=CN, fundingSource=国家重点研发计划(2021YFB4001602), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1242113661918056693, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1156999963940049351, awardId=2022CXPT030, language=CN, fundingSource=山东省重点研发计划(2022CXPT030), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1242113657560174731, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1156999963940049351, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242113657572757644, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1156999963940049351, companyId=1242113657560174731, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1. 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Characteristics of various hydrogen energy transportation methods

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
运输方式 运输工具 原理 压力/MPa 适用场景 发展现状
高压气态运输 长管拖车 将氢气以高压气体形式注入特定储氢容器或管道中进行运输
15~35 短距离
小规模
1)发展成熟,是目前中国应用最广泛的输氢方式;
2)单车装载量约350 kg,装卸时间各需4~8 h,技术及产品成熟,前期投资小
长输管道 中低压≤4
高压4~12
长距离
大规模
1)目前中国氢气长输管道建设尚处于起步阶段;
2)前期投资大,存在材料相容性、密封性等技术难点,是实现氢气长距离、大规模运输的最经济选择和必然趋势
低温液态运输 液氢槽车
液氢船舶
通过物理或化学方式将氢能从气态变为液态进行运输 <1 中长距离
中大规模
1)目前主要应用于航天及军事领域,在民用领域尚处于起步阶段;
2)单车装载量约3 000 kg,装卸时间1~2 h,液化成本高
有机液体运输 罐车
长输管道
通过不饱和有机液体与氢的可逆反应实现加氢与脱氢 与成品油运输压力类似 中长距离
中大规模
1)目前中国通过有机液体运输氢能尚处于试验阶段;
2)在储氢载体、脱氢能耗、脱氢催化剂成本等方面亟待进一步改进
固态金属运输 货车 使用具有物理吸附性质和微格网孔的材料吸附氢气或镁、铁等化学氢化物进行储氢 — 短距离 1)目前处于研发试验阶段,未来发展潜力较大;
2)储氢密度高,安全性高,可控性和灵活性强,但材料制备成本、循环稳定性等方面仍需改进
), ArticleFig(id=1242113661733507310, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1156999963940049351, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同氢能运输方式特点总结

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
运输方式 运输工具 原理 压力/MPa 适用场景 发展现状
高压气态运输 长管拖车 将氢气以高压气体形式注入特定储氢容器或管道中进行运输
15~35 短距离
小规模
1)发展成熟,是目前中国应用最广泛的输氢方式;
2)单车装载量约350 kg,装卸时间各需4~8 h,技术及产品成熟,前期投资小
长输管道 中低压≤4
高压4~12
长距离
大规模
1)目前中国氢气长输管道建设尚处于起步阶段;
2)前期投资大,存在材料相容性、密封性等技术难点,是实现氢气长距离、大规模运输的最经济选择和必然趋势
低温液态运输 液氢槽车
液氢船舶
通过物理或化学方式将氢能从气态变为液态进行运输 <1 中长距离
中大规模
1)目前主要应用于航天及军事领域,在民用领域尚处于起步阶段;
2)单车装载量约3 000 kg,装卸时间1~2 h,液化成本高
有机液体运输 罐车
长输管道
通过不饱和有机液体与氢的可逆反应实现加氢与脱氢 与成品油运输压力类似 中长距离
中大规模
1)目前中国通过有机液体运输氢能尚处于试验阶段;
2)在储氢载体、脱氢能耗、脱氢催化剂成本等方面亟待进一步改进
固态金属运输 货车 使用具有物理吸附性质和微格网孔的材料吸附氢气或镁、铁等化学氢化物进行储氢 — 短距离 1)目前处于研发试验阶段,未来发展潜力较大;
2)储氢密度高,安全性高,可控性和灵活性强,但材料制备成本、循环稳定性等方面仍需改进
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氢能运输方式与技术发展现状及挑战
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李玉星 1, 2, † , 刘翠伟 1, 2 , 彭浩平 3 , 韩辉 1, 2 , 朱建鲁 1, 2 , 宋光春 1, 2 , 王财林 1, 2
前瞻科技 | 综述与述评 2024,3(2): 81-93
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前瞻科技 | 综述与述评 2024, 3(2): 81-93
氢能运输方式与技术发展现状及挑战
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李玉星1, 2, † , 刘翠伟1, 2, 彭浩平3, 韩辉1, 2, 朱建鲁1, 2, 宋光春1, 2, 王财林1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.中国石油大学(华东)储运与建筑工程学院,青岛 266580
  • 2.山东省油气储运安全省重点实验室,青岛 266580
  • 3.常州大学石油与天然气工程学院,常州 213164
  • 李玉星,教授,博士研究生导师。山东省油气储运安全省级重点实验室主任。中国石油大学(华东)油气储运工程学科建设负责人。国家重点研发计划首席科学家,山东省泰山学者特聘专家,教育部“新世纪优秀人才支持计划”入选者,中国石油学会智库专家。中国石油学会天然气专业委员会委员,石油储运专业委员会委员。中国工业气体工业协会液化天然气分会委员。全国石油天然气标准化技术委员会油气储运分技术委员会委员,液化天然气分技术委员会委员。甘肃省管道保护协会理事。主要从事油气与新能源融合储运、二氧化碳集输与运输、管道智能化与安全管理、液化天然气与水合物储运、油气混输与计量、节能降耗等研究。获省部级奖励20余项。发表论文460余篇。参编国家标准和行业标准等10余项。授权发明专利50余件,转化应用12件。登记软件著作权15件。电子信箱:。

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†
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Current Status and Challenges of Hydrogen Energy Transportation Methods and Technological Development
Yuxing LI1, 2, † , Cuiwei LIU1, 2, Haoping PENG3, Hui HAN1, 2, Jianlu ZHU1, 2, Guangchun SONG1, 2, Cailin WANG1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1. College of Pipeline and Civil Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266580, China
  • 2. Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oil & Gas Storage and Transportation Security, Qingdao 266580, China
  • 3. School of Petroleum and Natural Gas Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, China
出版时间: 2024-06-20 doi: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2024.02.008
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在能源结构转型及新能源革命的背景下,氢能由于具有清洁高效、来源丰富及用途广泛等优点,得到广泛的重视与发展。作为连接氢能供应端和需求端的核心纽带,氢能运输是氢能规模化及商业化应用的关键环节。构建成熟的氢能运输技术体系并完善相关基础设备设施建设,是氢能产业发展亟须解决的关键核心问题。基于此,文章综述了氢能运输发展的现状,明确了管道运输在氢能运输技术中的突出作用,在此基础上总结提炼了氢能运输发展所面临的关键科学与技术问题,并从材料、工艺、设备、风险评估、标准规范制定及战略发展规划等方面对未来氢能运输的发展提出了相关建议。

氢能  /  运输  /  管道  /  大规模  /  长距离

Against the backdrop of energy structure transformation and the revolution in new energy sources, hydrogen energy has gained widespread attention and development due to its advantages of cleanliness, efficiency, abundant sources, and wide range of applications. As the crucial link between the supply and demand sides of hydrogen energy, transportation is a key component in the scaling and commercialization of hydrogen applications. Establishing a mature hydrogen energy transportation technology system and improving the related infrastructure construction are critical core issues that need to be addressed for the development of the hydrogen energy industry. On this basis, this paper provided an overview of the current development status of hydrogen energy transportation. It emphasized the prominent role of pipeline transportation in hydrogen energy transportation technology. Accordingly, the paper summarized and extracted the key scientific and technological issues faced by the development of hydrogen energy transportation. Furthermore, it presented relevant suggestions for the future development of hydrogen energy transportation from aspects such as materials, processes, equipment, risk assessment, standard and specification formulation, and strategic development planning.

hydrogen energy  /  transportation  /  pipeline  /  large scale  /  long distance
李玉星, 刘翠伟, 彭浩平, 韩辉, 朱建鲁, 宋光春, 王财林. 氢能运输方式与技术发展现状及挑战. 前瞻科技, 2024 , 3 (2) : 81 -93 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2024.02.008
Yuxing LI, Cuiwei LIU, Haoping PENG, Hui HAN, Jianlu ZHU, Guangchun SONG, Cailin WANG. Current Status and Challenges of Hydrogen Energy Transportation Methods and Technological Development[J]. Science and Technology Foresight, 2024 , 3 (2) : 81 -93 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2024.02.008
氢能具有来源丰富、质量燃烧热值高、比冲量大、使用过程零碳清洁、用途广泛等特点,氢能发展为推动“碳达峰、碳中和”(简称“双碳”)目标的实施和绿色低碳转型提供了有效途径,对于构建清洁低碳、安全高效的现代能源体系,落实能源安全新战略具有重要意义。氢能有望在交通、化工、发电等多个领域发挥重要作用[1]。
氢能产业链主要包括上游制氢、中游储运,以及下游多元化的应用场景(图1)。中国是全球最大的氢气生产国,根据中国煤炭工业协会数据,2022年国内氢气产量4 004万t,同比增长32%,占2021年全球氢气产量的28%。其中,化石能源制氢占比为81%,主要包括煤制氢和天然气制氢;工业副产氢占比为18%,主要包括氯碱工业副产氢、焦炉煤气副产氢、轻烃裂解副产氢、合成氨及甲醇副产氢4类;电解水制氢技术要求较高,成本较高,占比约为1%,包括电网、风电、光伏、水电、核电电解水制氢等。目前,中国可再生能源装机量全球第一,未来通过可再生能源电解水制氢潜力巨大。
目前,中国下游用氢成本较高,市场尚处于培育期,但长期来看,氢能将在中国新型能源体系中发挥核心作用[2]。据中国氢能联盟等机构预测,2030年中国氢能总需求预计达到约3 715万t,在终端能源消费中占比约5%,绿氢产量约为500万t。随着技术成熟度提高和“双碳”战略实施,氢能需求增长加快,2040年和2050年将分别达到5 700万t和9 690万t,2060年将突破1.3亿t,在终端能源消费中占比约为20%[3]。目前,中国氢能的应用场景主要包括化工、钢铁、交通、航空航天等领域,其中化工领域在氢能消费中占比最高。化工领域的氢能应用场景主要集中在合成氨、合成甲醇、炼厂炼化等高耗氢环节;钢铁领域主要集中在头部钢企对氢能炼钢项目的广泛布点;交通领域在重型货运、轻中型物流车、公交车、矿山机械、港口机械、清洁车等多个场景得到一定比例的应用;航空领域,氢能飞机快速发展,氢涡轮和氢燃料电池是航空领域的重要应用方向,预计2035年后使用氢燃料替代现用喷气燃料的氢能飞机将投入使用[4];航天领域,液态氢(简称液氢)可作为火箭的燃料和推进剂,被广泛应用于火箭的一、二级动力系统中。
中国制取氢能源的分布情况主要受到地域、资源、技术和经济等多方面因素的影响。对于化石能源制取蓝氢,中国氢气产能主要集中在西北、华北和华东地区,合计占比达到75%。对于绿电制取氢源,中国风能、太阳能等可再生能源资源丰富,尤其是西北、华北和西南地区的风能和太阳能资源更是得天独厚。在这些地区,通过建设风电、光伏等可再生能源发电项目,可以实现绿电制取氢源的大规模生产。中国用氢市场主要集中在东部沿海地区和内陆经济发达人口密度大的地区。这些地区经济发展活跃,工业基础好,对氢能的需求较大。其中,长三角、珠三角和京津冀等城市群是氢能应用的主要区域,因为这些地区有较多的工业企业和交通需求,对氢能的消费量较大。因此,氢能产业链的上、下游存在严重的空间分布不均衡问题。由于氢气体积能量密度极低且液化困难,其运输成本远高于石油及天然气等传统燃料,现阶段氢能储运在全产业链的成本占比为30%~40%[5],氢能储运成为现阶段制约氢能产业链发展的瓶颈环节[6-7]。构建经济高效的大规模氢能运输及配送基础设施,则是氢能产业发展必须解决的重大问题。
常温常压状态下氢气密度极小,仅为空气的1/14,单位体积储能密度低。一般情况下氢气液化需降温至-253 ℃以下,液化困难。氢气分子量小,容易发生渗漏与泄漏;氢气渗透性强,易渗透至材料内部,造成材料损伤或失效。氢气点火能量低,爆炸极限范围宽,易燃易爆。氢气的以上特性导致氢能的安全高效运输难度较大。
氢能根据储存形态不同可分为高压气态储氢、低温液态储氢、有机液体储氢、固态金属储氢等[8]。
高压气态储氢是将工业氢气压缩到耐高压容器中,钢瓶是最常用的高压气态储氢容器。该方法是目前最常用、最成熟的储氢技术,具有成本较低、充放氢速度快等特点,汽车市场主要使用该储氢技术[9]。
低温液态储氢指将氢气冷却至-253 ℃时,氢气由气态变成液态,然后再将液氢储存在高真空的绝热容器中。这种储存方式成本较高,安全技术也比较复杂,主要运用在航空航天领域。受技术限制,目前尚未实现大规模民用[10]。
有机液体储氢是通过不饱和有机液体与氢的可逆反应来实现储氢的一种技术。有机液体在常温常压下较为稳定,可利用储罐、罐车、管道等传统石油基础设施进行储存和运输,安全方便。有机液体储氢存在循环使用寿命较短、脱氢反应能耗较大、脱氢催化剂成本较高等难题,目前尚未实现大规模应用。
固态金属储氢技术是将氢与金属或合金化合形成金属氢化物,以固体的形式储存[11]。其技术路线是利用储氢合金捕捉氢的能力,在一定的温度和压力条件下,与氢气反应生成金属氢化物,在使用时对这些金属氢化物加热,将储存在其中的氢释放出来。此方法适用于体积要求较严格的场合,如氢能燃料电池汽车等。
目前,氢能的主要运输方式包括高压气态运输、低温液态运输、有机液体运输和固态金属运输等,典型氢能运输方式的原理、适用场景及发展现状等如表1所示。
长管拖车是由大容积钢制无缝气瓶通过框架与走行装置固定或直接与走行装置固定而组成的高压氢气运输设备,其储氢空间一般由6~10个压力15~35 MPa、容积10~30 m3的无缝高压气瓶组成,可充装3 500~4 500 m3氢气。它具有灵活机动、方便快捷、运输效率高等优势,是目前技术最成熟、使用最广泛的高压氢气运输方式。尽管长管拖车灵活便捷,但单车单次运氢量通常在500 kg以内,只占总运输质量的1%~2%,且卸载时间长。并且将氢气加压至20 MPa时,还会消耗能量约14 MJ/kg,即氢气加压的过程需要消耗约10%的氢气能量。由此可见,依靠长管拖车运输的方式,在增压和运输过程中存在较大的能量损失,运输成本较高[12]。
管道输氢是指利用管道系统将氢气从生产地点运输至使用地点的过程。氢气管道的应用场景涵盖了工业生产、交通运输、能源储运等多个领域。在工业生产中,氢气管道的运输距离通常为数百米至数公里,用于将氢气从氢气生产设施运输至各种生产设备或反应器。燃料电池车辆加氢站通常需要与氢气生产设施或氢气供应网络相连接,运输距离一般为数十米至数百米。在能源储运领域,运输距离通常较长,可能需要数十公里甚至上百公里的氢气管道网,用于连接氢气生产设施、氢气储存设施和能源利用设施。
随着氢能产业大力发展,氢能运输需求规模不断扩大,管道输氢是氢能产业发展成熟阶段实现氢气长距离、大规模运输的必然趋势,也是最经济的方式,其具体运输方式主要分为纯氢管道运输、天然气管道掺氢运输和在役油气管道改输氢气等[13]。
1)国外氢气运输管道
国外纯氢管道建设较早,技术较为成熟,X52及以下钢级输氢管道已经大规模工程应用,建成的氢气管道一般以低于6.9 MPa的压力运行[14]。由于新建输氢管道投资大且建设时间长,全球各国在2000年就开始深入研究天然气管网中掺氢,如荷兰Ameland项目、英国HyDeploy项目、德国Avacon计划、欧盟NaturalHy项目、欧洲氢气骨干网计划等,大部分示范项目掺混比例控制为0.1%~20.0%[15⇓⇓⇓-19]。将在役石油或天然气管道改造成输氢管道也是提高管道输氢经济性、节省建设时间的重要选择,典型项目包括荷兰Dow Benelux—Yara的天然气改输氢气管道、法国Corpus至Christi的原油改输氢气管道等[20]。
2)国内氢气运输管道
相比国外,中国纯氢运输管道建设比较缓慢,现有纯氢运输管道总里程仅约400 km[21],均以炼油化工用氢为目的且普遍采用低钢级(20号钢或L245N)、中低压力(≤4 MPa)运行,输量小、管材成本高,在设计、运维、试验方法等方面尚未形成标准体系。巴陵—长岭氢气管道是中国目前最长的纯氢运输管道,全长约42 km,设计压力为4 MPa。中国石油化工集团有限公司“西氢东送”输氢管道示范工程已纳入国家规划,该项目起于内蒙古自治区乌兰察布市,终至北京市,管道全长超过400 km,是中国首条跨省区、大规模、长距离的纯氢运输管道。预计到2030年,中国纯氢运输管道总里程将超过3 000 km。
中国的掺氢天然气管道建设也处于起步阶段,仅有少数示范应用项目。2023年深圳市燃气集团股份有限公司与中国石油大学(华东)等合作,搭建并投用了中国首座城镇燃气掺氢综合实验平台,包括掺混模块、减压调压模块、管材相容性评价模块、燃气器具测试模块及终端利用模块。据中国城市燃气协会《天然气管道掺氢输送及终端利用可行性研究报告》预测,“十四五”时期中国将新增天然气管道掺氢示范项目15~25个,掺氢比为3%~20%,总长度超过1 000 km。
随着国家“双碳”目标的稳步推进,预计从2040年开始,石油天然气需求量将呈现下降趋势,利用在役天然气管道或油品管道改输氢气具有迫切的生产需求和显著的经济优势,而中国针对在役油气管道改输氢气尚无实践成果,以鄯乌线为代表的在役油气管道改输氢气项目正处于规划阶段。目前,中国的氢能运输技术远远不能满足未来大规模输氢的需求,正在加快纯氢及掺氢长输管道规划布局。
液氢的储氢密度较高,在0.1 MPa压力下的密度为70.9 kg/m3,是标准状况下氢气密度的856倍,在长距离、大规模的氢气运输方面具有一定的优势[22]。作为一种高效燃料,液氢可与液氧等氧化剂混合使用,产生强大推力,用于推动航天器进入轨道或进行太空探测任务;同时,液氢可作为航天飞机的发动机燃料,也可作为航天器燃料电池的燃料,因此液氢在航空航天领域已有广泛应用。目前,美国国家航空航天局(National Aeronautics and Space Administration, NASA)、日本宇宙航空研究开发机构(Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency, JAXA)等在该领域均取得显著成绩[23]。液氢运输已进入成熟应用阶段。在民用方面,低温液态储氢技术主要应用于液氢储氢型加氢站及氢液化工厂。截至2023年,美国建设有25座以上的液氢工厂,主流生产能力为10~30 t/d,产能占全球80%以上。中国在液氢民用领域尚处于起步阶段[24]。
低温液态储氢容器对绝热性能有较高的要求,目前制约其大规模发展的因素是低温材料和绝热技术。在低温材料技术方面,液氢储存容器通常采用不锈钢、镍基合金、铝合金及玻璃纤维强化塑料等材料,这些材料能在液氢低温环境下保持出色的性能。目前,在役液氢储罐主要采用常规奥氏体不锈钢作为容器材料。从成本角度考虑,是否可以将常规奥氏体不锈钢作为推荐使用的液氢容器材料纳入标准中,值得进一步研究和评估。
为提高液氢储存容器的保冷效果,在低温绝热技术方面,需要从导热、对流和辐射3个方面着手[25]。根据外界是否主动提供冷量输入,低温绝热技术可分为被动绝热和主动绝热。目前,被动绝热技术已得到广泛应用,常见的被动绝热技术包括堆积绝热、高真空绝热、真空粉末绝热、真空多层绝热、变密度多层绝热、自蒸发蒸气冷却屏,以及上述技术的组合应用。相比之下,主动绝热技术结构复杂、能耗大、成本高,应用场景相对有限。
液氢是仲氢和正氢的混合物,仲氢与正氢的化学性质相同,而物理性质有所差异,表现为仲氢的基态能量比正氢低,正氢会自发地向仲氢转化并放出热量,使液氢产生蒸发损失。因此,需在氢气液化过程中使用催化剂来提高正-仲氢转化率[26]。
由于目前技术的限制,在液氢远洋运输的船舶上对性质活泼的液氢蒸发气(Boil-Off Gas, BOG)的可靠处理技术还存在挑战。鉴于液氢蒸发气挥发率低、蒸发量小,无法满足燃料系统的需求,需要配备气化器来补充BOG。由于液氢的纯度要求极高,同时氢气液化的难度很大,因此液氢一旦气化,不是在运输船上处理和再液化,而是在运输船上设计液氢蒸发气缓冲罐,用来储存常压BOG气体。这些BOG气体既可以作为燃料供给主机,也可以调压后运输给下游用户。
液氢加注系统一般为自增压式挤压加注。在液氢的加注系统中,尤其是在航空航天领域,液氢的安全运输对成功加注至关重要。由于液氢具有超低温、易燃、易蒸发等性质,它在管道运输中如果漏热很容易产生两相流,造成管内的压力和温度发生突变,影响管道的寿命,甚至发生爆裂、爆炸等安全事故。同时,在液氢加注过程中,由于静电电荷积累、加注速度过快、带电介质掺入、人体导电等原因容易出现静电起电的现象,甚至引发爆炸事故。
有机液体储氢技术具有储氢密度高、可利用现有石化设施进行运输等优势,避免了物理运输氢能时所需要的高压与低温等苛刻条件。有机液体管道输氢技术通常涉及3个环节(图2):① 不饱和有机液体经催化加氢反应形成储氢有机液体,实现氢能常温常压液态储存;② 储氢有机液体的管道运输;③ 储氢有机液体到达用户终端后借助催化剂实现氢能的释放和利用[27]。
储氢有机液体可以像石油一样实现长距离管道运输,因而降低氢能规模利用运输成本。一般来说,性能优良的有机液体储氢介质需要具有高沸点(>300 ℃)、高储氢密度、低放氢温度等技术参数优势。其中,对于储氢密度,国际能源署规定标准为质量储氢率>5%,体积储氢率>40 kg/m3。此外,有机液体储氢介质还需具备低成本、低毒性以及与当前燃料基础设施高兼容性等商业优势。
在适合作为有机液体储氢的材料中,甲醇是目前在理论上和实际应用中均具有管道运输可行性的有机液体储氢载体。国内外甲醇管道累计长度约5 000 km。此外,氨作为一种高效、安全的氢能载体也逐渐受到国际社会的高度关注。以液氨为储氢载体的长距离管道运输技术已经在全球范围内实现工程应用。目前,世界上长输液氨管道主要分布在美国和俄罗斯。美国液氨管道总里程接近5 000 km,俄罗斯总里程约2 400 km。中国液氨管道起步较晚且总里程较短,目前总里程不超过200 km。
储氢有机液体管道运输安全性方面,甲醇具有腐蚀性很小,不需要内防腐,并且运输过程中不需要保温设施等优势。已有的甲醇运输管道项目表明,甲醇属于易运输的介质,并且在运输过程中具有较高的安全性[28]。液氨管道运输时,必须保证管道中任何一点的压力都高于液氨在运输温度下的饱和蒸气压力,否则液氨会在管道中气化形成气塞,大大降低管道的流通能力。此外,若液氨中含水、氧气、氮气等杂质,则会增加管材发生应力腐蚀开裂的可能性。
氢气的固态金属运输是以金属氢化物、化学氢化物或纳米材料作为储氢载体,通过化学吸附和物理吸附来实现氢的运输。固态金属储氢具有储氢压力低、储氢密度高、放氢纯度高、安全性好等优势,在燃料电池汽车上的应用优点明显;其劣势是储氢合金材料的质量储氢率较低。目前,主流固态金属储氢材料质量储氢率低于3.8%,质量储氢率大于7%的轻质储氢材料吸放氢温度偏高、循环性能较差[29]。由于固态金属运输技术复杂度高,该领域目前仍处在试验阶段,距离商业化较远,但未来发展潜力较大,其技术突破的主要方向是提高质量储氢密度及降低温度要求。
氢能运输方式的选用除了需考虑上述气态、液态、固态3种运输方式的特点及适用性,还需关注不同运输方式的经济性。有学者总结了不同运输方式的经济性对比结果,表明运输成本与运输距离及运输规模密切相关[30]。为确保运输安全性、经济性和运输效率,需根据具体需求和场景选择合适的运输方式。总体而言,小范围、短距离运输或移动式供氢场景适合采用长管拖车;需要高密度储存或远距离运输的场景适合采用液态运输,液氢也适合用于航空航天领域;长距离、大规模运输的场景适合采用管道运输。
未来氢能供应链网络将以高压气态、低温液态及管道运输3种方式为主。在氢能产业发展初期阶段,氢气用量及运输半径相对较小,此时长管拖车运输的成本较低,更具性价比;氢能市场发展到中期,氢气需求半径将逐步增大,将以高压气态和低温液态为主;远期来看,管道运输是氢能产业发展成熟阶段实现氢气长距离、大规模运输的必然趋势。与新建纯氢运输管道相比,天然气管道掺氢运输或将在役油气管道改输氢气更具经济性,有助于解决中国能源地域分布不平衡等问题,促进氢能产业快速发展。
在氢能管道运输过程中,需重点考虑管道在氢气环境中的相容性、适应性和完整性。与天然气环境相比,管道材料、焊缝、设备及密封部件长期工作在临氢环境下会造成性能劣化,从而增加管道损伤与失效风险。此外,管道运输氢气的一个重要特征是流量大,需要大流量压缩机、氢气计量设备、仪表等匹配运行。
中国氢能制备资源和市场需求整体呈错位分布基本特征。目前,中国主要的绿氢供给地一般在风光资源比较丰富的中西部地区,而氢能利用的负荷中心多分布于华东、华南等经济发达、人口稠密地区。海上风电制氢是未来绿氢生产的主力军之一,将海上制得的氢气经管道运输至岸上是海上风电制氢系统的重要可行方案。
综上,中国对长距离、大规模氢气运输存在迫切需求,然而中国现有氢气管道以化工园区内应用为主,缺乏规模化氢气运输网络体系。统筹规划陆地及海上氢气管道运输在内的氢能运输基础设施,科学确定氢能管网规模和空间布局,实现氢能供给端与需求端的安全、经济、高效管网运输,是未来亟须解决的重要问题。
氢气分子在与管道内壁碰撞的过程中会吸附在管线钢表面并解离为吸附氢原子,吸附氢原子吸收、扩散至管线钢内部成为溶解氢原子,并在钢材内部迁移以及缺陷和微裂纹尖端聚集,聚集至一定程度后会引起管线钢脆化并进一步产生氢致裂纹[31],严重威胁氢气管道的安全运行。氢气管道氢脆是在高压气相环境中发生,氢原子的解离、吸附、吸收过程与液相环境氢脆存在本质区别。中国石油大学(华东)团队[32⇓⇓-35]基于氢气管道实际运行工况,设计搭建了高压原位气相渗氢扩散及氢相容性评价实验平台,为中国氢气管道材料相容性数据库建设提供了支撑。管道运行工况(气体组分、温度、总压、氢气分压等)及管材状态(元素组成、金相组织、应力状态、析出物杂质、缺陷等)都会对氢气与管线钢之间的相互作用产生较大影响。管线钢母材及焊缝在氢气环境下的失效机制及相容性是氢气管道运输的关键问题。
非金属聚合物材料已被大规模用作中低压燃气管道管材。由于聚合物材料具有一定的气体可渗透性,在氢气环境中服役的聚合物管材会渗入氢分子,造成一定的性能劣化。温度、氢压、材料微观结构等因素会对非金属管材渗透性能及力学性能产生影响,因此非金属聚合物管材在临氢条件下的氢相容性也是氢气管道材料安全的重要问题。
在低温液氢运输材料方面,中国现有的标准对于奥氏体不锈钢的最低设计温度为‒196 ℃,不能满足低温液氢储存容器的设计温度要求,需建立奥氏体不锈钢材料的低温力学性能数据库。基于此,液氢温度(-253 ℃)下材料力学性能的测试及评价是低温液氢运输面临的关键问题。
氢分子是自然界中最小的分子,易通过管道接头、阀门等位置发生泄漏,这对氢气运输管道系统的密封性能提出了更高要求。管道常用密封元件有密封圈和密封垫。密封圈常用材料为橡胶,其中丁腈橡胶、氟橡胶及氟硅橡胶与氢气具有较好的相容性,更适用于输氢管道。在管道压力容器、阀门及外壳结合面等位置处密封垫较为常见,且垫片材料可为橡胶、聚四氟乙烯和高强石墨等非金属,也可为铝、铜以及碳钢等金属材料。
氢气在非金属密封材料中的渗透性较强,但不同研究中渗透速率结果差异较大,尚未形成统一结论。此外,氢气会使非金属密封材料性能产生劣化,长期处于氢气环境的橡胶密封件会产生吸氢膨胀[36],随氢气渗透过程进行,外界氢气压力突然降低也会诱发橡胶密封件鼓泡断裂,导致密封圈使用寿命降低甚至失效。目前,国内外对于高压氢气环境下非金属密封材料吸氢膨胀和氢鼓泡行为的研究较少,尚不能够明确这两种现象的影响因素及机理。针对金属密封材料,氢气渗透过程中会诱发其产生微裂纹,导致密封元件延迟开裂,进而影响管道系统的密封性能。临氢环境非金属及金属密封材料在氢-应力耦合作用下的密封性能劣化及失效机理,是氢气管道运输面临的关键科学问题。
现有管道运输水力、热力计算模型及多数模拟软件等基本是针对天然气作为管道运输介质开展设计,其在典型天然气工况下计算较为准确,但当管道运输介质更换为氢气后,物性参数的状态方程、流动压力损失及节流效应等均需进行适应性验证,也是氢气管道运输面临的关键科学问题。
低温液氢储存方面,目前国内大多数地面液氢储罐采用“珍珠岩+真空绝热”的被动绝热技术,鲜有主动绝热措施,导致液氢具有较高的蒸发率。因此,高效经济液氢保冷也是氢能运输面临的关键技术问题。此外,针对液氢加注工艺,国内尚未形成系统的设计标准和规范。关于液氢加注过程中因管道漏热引发两相流问题的流动和传热特性的研究鲜有报道,是氢能运输技术发展亟须解决的关键问题。
在役天然气管道的调压设备(压缩机、调压阀等)、计量设备(流量计等)和用户终端设备(燃气灶具、燃气轮机等)在氢气环境下的适用性受材质相容性、燃气互换性和燃爆安全性等共同约束[37]。设备在经过长时间服役后,材料表面或内部可能产生一定的磨损或缺陷,更易在氢气环境下发生氢脆失效。由于掺氢后天然气的密度、热值和燃烧特性等发生改变,直接影响了调压设备的效率与稳定性、计量设备的准确性、用户终端设备的燃烧性能等。掺氢天然气管道的掺混设备决定了掺混均匀度,进一步影响了管道运输流动特性和安全性。同时,氢气运输过程中需要高精度传感器来探测氢气泄漏。因此,探究掺氢天然气管道及在役油气改输氢气管道的设备仪表适应性,保证管道运输设备仪表及用户终端设备的安全、平稳、高效、经济运行,是氢气管道运输亟须攻克的关键问题。
天然气管道的安全与维护技术已经较成熟,但氢气的物理性质和燃烧特性与天然气相比存在明显不同,同时管道失效概率及管道失效后事故的严重程度有显著差异。氢气管道的运行安全保障及完整性管理技术是氢气管道发展需攻克的关键技术问题。
目前,关于液氢无损储存的仲正氢转化的影响及其流动和传热特性的研究较多,而缺乏关于建立液氢储罐内部的气相氢的压力场、温度场、浓度场和自然对流流场等的研究。因此,气相氢的物理场研究及仲正氢催化区位置的确定也是未来需要解决的关键问题。
目前,中国氢能运输产业发展的政策体系相对松散,政府在制定产业宏观政策时应重视各地区的氢能禀赋差异,因地制宜、精准施策,把握差异化优势,鼓励氢能运输基础设施建设,合理匹配低压高压、气态液态固态等各类运输方式,逐步提高氢气储存和运输能力,构建多元化氢能运输网络体系,保证氢能“制储输用”全产业链的稳定发展。
欧美国家已颁布ASME B31. 12等纯氢管道设计运行标准,中国除正在征求意见稿的行业标准《输氢管道工程设计规范》外,缺乏相关的自主标准规范[38]。现有氢气管道建设施工和完整性管理等相关内容基本参照油气运输管道和工业管道标准及国外氢气管道标准设计建造,运行管理也基本按照油气长输管道模式进行,因此亟须建立适用于中国氢气管道的标准规范体系。
氢气管道系统面临材料种类多、受力状态和服役环境复杂等问题,需探究不同材质(金属和非金属)、多组分、复杂受力和不同表面状态下管材及连接部位的渗氢扩散及氢相容性。同时,需进一步探究有机液体输氢中存在的应力腐蚀开裂等管材失效问题及液氢温度下材料力学性能测评问题,实现有机液体输氢及液氢运输的材料相容性评价。
在管道运输系统密封材料方面,需探明氢-应力耦合作用下密封材料的渗透性能及力学性能变化规律,建立管道运输压力、运输介质与橡胶密封材料吸氢膨胀效应的量化关系,揭示多因素耦合下密封元件的抗爆破减压失效机制,同时构建金属密封材料密封性能与材料劣化定量关系,形成临氢环境非金属及金属密封材料相容性评价体系。
管道运输设备仪表在氢气环境下的适应性评价尚无统一结论,仍不明确管道运输设备在材料相容性、燃气互换性和燃爆安全性等共同约束下的临界安全氢气含量。需探究输氢管道压缩机和流量计等核心部件及特殊构造在氢气环境下的材质安全性;研究复杂管道运输条件下管道调压设备、计量设备的运行稳定性与准确性;明确阀门及密封部件在氢气环境下的密封性能;进一步研制临氢环境高性能掺混设备,包括氢气探测器、调压阀、流量计等关键管道运输设备。
由于目前缺乏氢气管道运输工艺设计导则,需搭建氢气管道运输流动实验平台,构建氢气管道运输水热力计算模型,进一步建立氢气管道动态仿真模型,综合考虑输气能力、压力、能量流量等条件[39],形成管道站间距、储气调峰等设计导则。国内尚未形成有机液体及液氢管道运输系统的设计方法。针对BOG的低温特性和氢气的易燃易爆特性,BOG的安全回收和高效处理是BOG处理系统的关键。未来应开展BOG工艺优化、管道扫气介质及操作流程、BOG后处理(储存、液化或运输)等研究。同时,国内的氢气及有机液体管网系统工艺设计及运行仿真主要采用国外商业软件,亟须加快相关软件国产化的进程,开发适用于复杂拓扑管网的工艺仿真软件。
大规模制氢过程通常会产生大量氧气作为副产品,然而目前缺乏针对大规模制氢所得氧气的储存和运输手段。基于氧气用途、运输距离、安全性以及经济性考量等因素,需形成规模化氧气运输与利用策略,优化氧气运输工艺,进一步提高制氢经济性,推动氢能运输及氢产业链发展。
针对氢能运输管道系统安全事故演化规律不清、失效后果难预测和防护效果差的问题,需进一步开展事故特征演化及完整性管理研究;需研究全域多物理场多因素作用下氢气渗/泄漏与积聚、燃烧、爆炸事故特征演化规律[40-41];需考虑氢促失效作用建立管道系统缺陷、裂纹发展模型,建立全域多物理场监测的状态感知体系。最终建立“管道安全状态—检/监测数据—事故特征识别—失效评估—应急方案决策智能化”的动态风险评估流程和完整性管理体系。
在“双碳”目标下,随着中国能源生产和消费结构的进一步灵活多样,氢能已成为管网输配的重要对象。管道运输行业面临着氢能运输问题的一系列挑战。目前,中国已在纯氢管道运输技术、掺氢管道运输技术、储氢有机液体管道运输技术及储氢技术等领域取得了一定进展及成就,有力支撑了中国氢能运输行业的发展,但在一些方面与国外相比仍存在较大差距。未来,管网布局规划、材料相容性、管道运输工艺及设备适应性、运行安全保障技术等将是氢能管道运输行业发展的重点方向。氢能管道运输技术的进步,将对中国氢能产业规模化和可持续性发展发挥关键作用。
  • 国家重点研发计划(2021YFB4001602)
  • 山东省重点研发计划(2022CXPT030)
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2024年第3卷第2期
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doi: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2024.02.008
  • 接收时间:2024-01-13
  • 出版时间:2024-06-20
  • 发布时间:2024-06-26
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  • 收稿日期:2024-01-13
  • 修回日期:2024-03-28
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国家重点研发计划(2021YFB4001602)
山东省重点研发计划(2022CXPT030)
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    1.中国石油大学(华东)储运与建筑工程学院,青岛 266580
    2.山东省油气储运安全省重点实验室,青岛 266580
    3.常州大学石油与天然气工程学院,常州 213164

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表12种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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