Article(id=1156999963621286076, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, issueId=1156999961176003006, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2024.02.011, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1705248000000, receivedDateStr=2024-01-15, revisedDate=1711641600000, revisedDateStr=2024-03-29, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753779887347, onlineDateStr=2025-07-29, pubDate=1718812800000, pubDateStr=2024-06-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1719331200000, onlineIssueDateStr=2024-06-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753779887347, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774072551236, updator=sys-migrate, issue=Issue{id=1156999961176003006, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, year='2024', volume='3', issue='2', pageStart='4', pageEnd='135', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1718812800000', pubDateStr='2024-06-20', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=1, createTime=1753779886763, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1776075083414, updator='13041195026', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1250512793758286357, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, issueId=1156999961176003006, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=Special Issue on Pipeline Transportation Engineering Science and Technology, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1250512793758286358, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, issueId=1156999961176003006, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=管道运输工程科学与技术专刊, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=110, endPage=120, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1156999964128796861, articleId=1156999963621286076, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, language=EN, title=Key Technologies and Challenges of Pipeline for Efficient Cold Energy Utilization, columnId=1149656489310208610, journalTitle=Science and Technology Foresight, columnName=Review and Commentary, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In the context of China’s ‘carbon peak and carbon neutrality’ strategy, cold energy, as a new type of green energy, has received widespread attention and emphasis. A series of innovative cold energy utilization technologies have emerged in response. However, the cold energy industry currently faces challenges such as low utilization rates, lack of top-level planning, insufficient innovation in key technologies, and limitations on large-scale applications. This article summarizes and forecasts the key technologies related to the comprehensive and efficient use of cold energy, cryogenic materials, and pipeline equipment. As an essential infrastructure of the cold energy industry, the pipeline system is analyzed in terms of its operating conditions, potential risks and failure modes, and key technologies. The article identifies the challenges faced by cold energy industry pipeline technologies and the development trends of cold energy utilization pipeline technology. It proposes recommendations for the efficient use of cold energy and the development of its pipeline systems, aiming to provide robust support for the high-quality development, efficient and stable operation, safety assurance, and energy conservation and emission reduction of the cold energy industry.

, authors=null, authorsList=Huaiyuan WANG, Jiajun ZHU, Ruitao WANG, Ning XU, Chijia WANG, Yanji ZHU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Huaiyuan WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
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在“碳达峰、碳中和”战略背景下,冷能作为一种新型绿色能源得到广泛关注和重视。一系列新型冷能利用技术应运而生。然而,目前冷能产业面临利用率低、顶层规划缺乏、关键技术创新不足、规模化应用受限等难题。文章对冷能综合高效利用、低温材料、管道设备等关键技术进行总结与展望。管道系统作为冷能产业的重要基础设施,通过分析其工作状态、潜在风险与失效形式、关键技术等,明确冷能产业管道技术面临的挑战和冷能利用管道技术的发展趋势,提出面向冷能高效利用及其管道发展建议,以期为冷能产业高质量发展、高效稳定运行、安全保障和节能减排提供强力支撑。

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汪怀远,天津大学讲席教授。天津大学化工学院党委书记,化工安全与装备技术省部级重点实验室主任。国家杰出青年科学基金获得者。国家“万人计划”青年拔尖人才,国家“百千万人才工程”入选者,享受国务院政府特殊津贴专家等。主要从事深地深海装备防护、能源装备、化工新材料、材料表界面设计与强化、新型功能涂层、装备及管道腐蚀防护、氢能和CCUS储运方面研究。承担20余项省部级及以上科研项目和龙头企业课题。获国家技术发明奖二等奖等。出版专著、教材2部,发表论文200余篇,授权发明专利40余件。电子信箱:。

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汪怀远,天津大学讲席教授。天津大学化工学院党委书记,化工安全与装备技术省部级重点实验室主任。国家杰出青年科学基金获得者。国家“万人计划”青年拔尖人才,国家“百千万人才工程”入选者,享受国务院政府特殊津贴专家等。主要从事深地深海装备防护、能源装备、化工新材料、材料表界面设计与强化、新型功能涂层、装备及管道腐蚀防护、氢能和CCUS储运方面研究。承担20余项省部级及以上科研项目和龙头企业课题。获国家技术发明奖二等奖等。出版专著、教材2部,发表论文200余篇,授权发明专利40余件。电子信箱:。

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汪怀远,天津大学讲席教授。天津大学化工学院党委书记,化工安全与装备技术省部级重点实验室主任。国家杰出青年科学基金获得者。国家“万人计划”青年拔尖人才,国家“百千万人才工程”入选者,享受国务院政府特殊津贴专家等。主要从事深地深海装备防护、能源装备、化工新材料、材料表界面设计与强化、新型功能涂层、装备及管道腐蚀防护、氢能和CCUS储运方面研究。承担20余项省部级及以上科研项目和龙头企业课题。获国家技术发明奖二等奖等。出版专著、教材2部,发表论文200余篇,授权发明专利40余件。电子信箱:。

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Tianjin Key Laboratory of Chemical Safety and Equipment Technology, Tianjin 300350, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1242113585783046759, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1156999963621286076, authorId=1242113585602691678, language=CN, stringName=朱艳吉, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=2, address=2.天津市化工安全与装备技术重点实验室,天津 300350, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1242113582868005390, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1156999963621286076, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242113582876393999, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1156999963621286076, companyId=1242113582868005390, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2. Tianjin Key Laboratory of Chemical Safety and Equipment Technology, Tianjin 300350, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242113582880588304, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1156999963621286076, companyId=1242113582868005390, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.天津市化工安全与装备技术重点实验室,天津 300350)])])], keywords=[Keyword(id=1242113585934041710, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1156999963621286076, language=EN, orderNo=1, keyword=cold energy industry), Keyword(id=1242113586001150577, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1156999963621286076, language=EN, orderNo=2, keyword=efficient utilization), Keyword(id=1242113586068259444, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1156999963621286076, language=EN, orderNo=3, keyword=pipeline engineering), Keyword(id=1242113586135368311, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1156999963621286076, language=EN, orderNo=4, keyword=low-temperature materials), Keyword(id=1242113586198282874, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1156999963621286076, language=EN, orderNo=5, keyword=corrosion protection and insulation), Keyword(id=1242113586294751869, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1156999963621286076, language=EN, orderNo=6, keyword=digitalization), Keyword(id=1242113586353472128, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1156999963621286076, language=CN, orderNo=1, keyword=冷能产业), Keyword(id=1242113586424775299, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1156999963621286076, language=CN, orderNo=2, keyword=高效利用), Keyword(id=1242113586491884166, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1156999963621286076, language=CN, orderNo=3, keyword=管道工程), Keyword(id=1242113586558993034, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1156999963621286076, language=CN, orderNo=4, keyword=低温材质), Keyword(id=1242113586634490510, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1156999963621286076, language=CN, orderNo=5, keyword=腐蚀防护与保温), Keyword(id=1242113586705793681, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1156999963621286076, language=CN, orderNo=6, keyword=数智化)], refs=[Reference(id=1242113587653706418, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1156999963621286076, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=43, issue=3, pageStart=213, pageEnd=216, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=0, authorNames=黄宇, 刘梦溪, 陈海平, journalName=现代化工, refType=null, unstructuredReference=黄宇, 刘梦溪, 陈海平, 等. “双碳”背景下液化天然气工业园区能源耦合技术研究[J]. 现代化工, 2023, 43(3): 213-216., articleTitle=“双碳”背景下液化天然气工业园区能源耦合技术研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242113587720815285, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1156999963621286076, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=43, issue=3, pageStart=213, pageEnd=216, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=1, authorNames=Huang Y, Liu M X, Chen H P, journalName=Modern Chemical Industry, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Huang Y, Liu M X, Chen H P, et al. 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Journal of Environmental Sciences (China), 2024, 136(2): 682-697., articleTitle=A review of low-carbon technologies and projects for the global cement industry, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242113587871810235, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1156999963621286076, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=44, issue=33, pageStart=17649, pageEnd=17661, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[3], rfOrder=3, authorNames=Bao J, Yuan T, Song C X, journalName=International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Bao J, Yuan T, Song C X, et al. Thermodynamic analysis of a new double-pressure condensation power generation system recovering LNG cold energy for hydrogen production[J]. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 2019, 44(33): 17649-17661., articleTitle=Thermodynamic analysis of a new double-pressure condensation power generation system recovering LNG cold energy for hydrogen production, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242113587930530494, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1156999963621286076, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[4], rfOrder=4, authorNames=Zonfrilli M, Facchino M, Serinelli R, journalName=Journal of Cleaner Production, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zonfrilli M, Facchino M, Serinelli R, et al. Thermodynamic analysis of cold energy recovery from LNG regasification[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2023, doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.138443., articleTitle=Thermodynamic analysis of cold energy recovery from LNG regasification, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242113587997639361, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1156999963621286076, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=null, issue=3, pageStart=93, pageEnd=94, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[5], rfOrder=5, authorNames=杨静明, journalName=当代化工研究, refType=null, unstructuredReference=杨静明. LNG冷能空分的工业化应用研究[J]. 当代化工研究, 2018(3): 93-94., articleTitle=LNG冷能空分的工业化应用研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242113588064748228, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1156999963621286076, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=null, issue=3, pageStart=93, pageEnd=94, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[5], rfOrder=6, authorNames=Yang J M, journalName=Modern Chemical Research, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Yang J M. Research on industrial application of LNG cold energy air separation[J]. Modern Chemical Research, 2018(3): 93-94. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Research on industrial application of LNG cold energy air separation, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242113588131857095, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1156999963621286076, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2011, volume=52, issue=6, pageStart=2401, pageEnd=24044, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[6], rfOrder=7, authorNames=Gao T, Lin W S, Gu A Z, journalName=Energy Conversion and Management, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Gao T, Lin W S, Gu A Z. Improved processes of light hydrocarbon separation from LNG with its cryogenic energy utilized[J]. Energy Conversion and Management, 2011, 52(6): 2401-24044., articleTitle=Improved processes of light hydrocarbon separation from LNG with its cryogenic energy utilized, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242113588203160266, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1156999963621286076, doi=S0043-1354(16)30484-5, pmid=27371931, pmcid=null, year=2016, volume=102, issue=null, pageStart=282, pageEnd=293, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[7], rfOrder=8, authorNames=Chang J, Zuo J, Lu K J, journalName=Water Research, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Chang J, Zuo J, Lu K J, et al. Freeze desalination of seawater using LNG cold energy[J]. Water Research, 2016, 102: 282-293., articleTitle=Freeze desalination of seawater using LNG cold energy, refAbstract=With the aid of cold energy from regasification of liquefied natural gas (LNG), freeze desalination (FD) is an emerging technology for seawater desalination because of its low energy characteristics and insensitivities to fouling problems. This work aims to investigate the major operating parameters of FD such as coolant temperature, freezing duration, supercooling, seeding, agitation, crystallizer material and subsequent washing procedure on ice production and water quality. It was found that the optimal freezing duration per batch was 1 h for an iron crystallizer and 1.5 h for a glass crystallizer. The optimal coolant temperature should be around -8 °C. The optimal amount of washing water to clean the raw ice was about 50 wt% of the raw ice. Over 50 wt% of the feed could be recovered as raw ice within 1 h, which means an overall ice recovery rate of higher than 25% (of the original seawater), considering the consumption of washing water. Both artificial and real seawater were tested under the optimized conditions. The total dissolved solid in the product ice was around 300 ppm, which met the World Health Organization (WHO) potable water salinity standard of 500 ppm. Therefore, the process parameters optimized in this study can be directly used for the freeze desalination of seawater.Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.), Reference(id=1242113588274463437, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1156999963621286076, doi=10.1016/j.energy.2018.12.170, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=170, issue=null, pageStart=557, pageEnd=568, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[8], rfOrder=9, authorNames=He T, Chong Z, Zheng J J, journalName=Energy, refType=null, unstructuredReference=He T, Chong Z, Zheng J J, et al. LNG cold energy utilization: Prospects and challenges[J]. Energy, 2019, 170: 557-568., articleTitle=LNG cold energy utilization: Prospects and challenges, refAbstract=Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is widely used in many countries around the world primarily as a mode of transport for natural gas. However, massive amount of energy (around 830 kJ/kg of LNG) is wasted during the regasification process in the LNG regasification terminals. Therefore, the technologies to utilize the LNG cold energy have received significant attention over recent decades. In this paper, we review various studies on the current LNG cold energy utilization systems, including power generation, air separation, desalination, cryogenic carbon dioxide capture, and NGL recovery. Utilizing LNG cold energy on such systems can improve the energetic and exergetic efficiencies significantly. Furthermore, several potential applications to utilize LNG cold energy in the future are proposed and discussed to broaden the perspectives of the researchers in the community. Among these potential applications, recovering LNG cold energy on cold chain for food transportation, data center cooling and hydrate based desalination are very promising. Finally, the limitations and challenges to be addressed for LNG cold energy utilization are discussed in detail. (C) 2018 Elsevier Ltd.), Reference(id=1242113588341572304, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1156999963621286076, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=41, issue=8, pageStart=194, pageEnd=202, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[9], rfOrder=10, authorNames=王震, 孔盈皓, 李伟, journalName=天然气工业, refType=null, unstructuredReference=王震, 孔盈皓, 李伟. “碳中和”背景下中国天然气产业发展综述[J]. 天然气工业, 2021, 41(8): 194-202., articleTitle=“碳中和”背景下中国天然气产业发展综述, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242113589813773011, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1156999963621286076, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=41, issue=8, pageStart=194, pageEnd=202, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[9], rfOrder=11, authorNames=Wang Z, Kong Y H, Li W, journalName=Natural Gas Industry, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Wang Z, Kong Y H, Li W. Overview of the development of China’s natural gas industry under the background of carbon neutrality[J]. Natural Gas Industry, 2021, 41(8): 194-202. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Overview of the development of China’s natural gas industry under the background of carbon neutrality, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242113589906047702, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1156999963621286076, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2005, volume=46, issue=5, pageStart=789, pageEnd=796, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[10], rfOrder=12, authorNames=Sun W, Hu P, Chen Z S, journalName=Energy Conversion and Management, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Sun W, Hu P, Chen Z S, et al. Performance of cryogenic thermoelectric generators in LNG cold energy utilization[J]. Energy Conversion and Management, 2005, 46(5): 789-796., articleTitle=Performance of cryogenic thermoelectric generators in LNG cold energy utilization, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242113590082208473, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1156999963621286076, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2016, volume=35, issue=4, pageStart=401, pageEnd=405, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[11], rfOrder=13, authorNames=杨经敏, journalName=油气储运, refType=null, unstructuredReference=杨经敏. LNG冷能发电梯级利用法的优化[J]. 油气储运, 2016, 35(4): 401-405., articleTitle=LNG冷能发电梯级利用法的优化, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242113590153511644, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1156999963621286076, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2016, volume=35, issue=4, pageStart=401, pageEnd=405, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[11], rfOrder=14, authorNames=Yang J M, journalName=Oil and Gas Storage & Transportation, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Yang J M. Optimization of LNG cold energy elevator utilization method[J]. Oil and Gas Storage & Transportation, 2016, 35 (4): 401-405. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Optimization of LNG cold energy elevator utilization method, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242113590220620511, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1156999963621286076, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=38, issue=7, pageStart=728, pageEnd=737, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[12], rfOrder=15, authorNames=俞光灿, 李琦芬, 宋丽斐, journalName=油气储运, refType=null, unstructuredReference=俞光灿, 李琦芬, 宋丽斐, 等. LNG冷能利用方式分类及其工艺流程[J]. 油气储运, 2019, 38(7): 728-737., articleTitle=LNG冷能利用方式分类及其工艺流程, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242113590312895202, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1156999963621286076, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=38, issue=7, pageStart=728, pageEnd=737, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[12], rfOrder=16, authorNames=Yu G C, Li Q F, Song L F, journalName=Oil & Gas Storage and Transportation, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Yu G C, Li Q F, Song L F, et al. Classification and process flow of LNG cold energy utilization methods[J]. Oil & Gas Storage and Transportation, 2019, 38(7): 728-737. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Classification and process flow of LNG cold energy utilization methods, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242113590380004068, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1156999963621286076, doi=10.3969/j.issn.0438-1157.2014.12.027, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2014, volume=65, issue=12, pageStart=4844, pageEnd=4849, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[13], rfOrder=17, authorNames=张小锋, 冯霄, journalName=化工学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=张小锋, 冯霄. LNG轻烃分离与乙烯冷分冷量联合[J]. 化工学报, 2014, 65(12): 4844-4849., articleTitle=LNG轻烃分离与乙烯冷分冷量联合, refAbstract=乙烯深冷分离过程需要冷剂为分离过程提供不同等级的冷量,可以把乙烯深冷分离过程作为一个冷阱;LNG气化过程中,需要加热,可以作为冷源.考虑到冷阱冷源的相互匹配,提出通过将LNG经过轻烃分离,为乙烯深冷分离提供冷量,降低了制冷公用工程消耗,同时LNG气化装置降低了加热公用工程消耗,且LNG分离出的轻烃直接供给乙烯装置作为裂解原料使用,优化乙烯装置裂解原料.以300万吨/年的LNG装置和64万吨/年的乙烯装置为例进行模拟计算得到,LNG轻烃分离装置可为乙烯冷分提供冷量41464 kW,降低乙烯冷分三元冷剂消耗75%,为乙烯装置提供优质裂解原料约65万吨/年.), Reference(id=1242113590484861671, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1156999963621286076, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2014, volume=65, issue=12, pageStart=4844, pageEnd=4849, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[13], rfOrder=18, authorNames=Zhang X F, Feng X, journalName=Journal of Chemical Engineering, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhang X F, Feng X. LNG light hydrocarbon separation and ethylene cold separation combined cooling capacity[J]. Journal of Chemical Engineering, 2014, 65(12): 4844-4849. 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箭头表示物质流动。

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面向冷能高效利用的管道关键技术与挑战
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汪怀远 1, 2, † , 朱嘉君 1, 2 , 王瑞涛 2 , 徐宁 3 , 王池嘉 1 , 朱艳吉 2
前瞻科技 | 综述与述评 2024,3(2): 110-120
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前瞻科技 | 综述与述评 2024, 3(2): 110-120
面向冷能高效利用的管道关键技术与挑战
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汪怀远1, 2, † , 朱嘉君1, 2, 王瑞涛2, 徐宁3, 王池嘉1, 朱艳吉2
作者信息
  • 1.天津大学化工学院,化学工程联合国家重点实验室,天津 300350
  • 2.天津市化工安全与装备技术重点实验室,天津 300350
  • 3.中国石油大学(北京)克拉玛依校区工学院,克拉玛依 834000
  • 汪怀远,天津大学讲席教授。天津大学化工学院党委书记,化工安全与装备技术省部级重点实验室主任。国家杰出青年科学基金获得者。国家“万人计划”青年拔尖人才,国家“百千万人才工程”入选者,享受国务院政府特殊津贴专家等。主要从事深地深海装备防护、能源装备、化工新材料、材料表界面设计与强化、新型功能涂层、装备及管道腐蚀防护、氢能和CCUS储运方面研究。承担20余项省部级及以上科研项目和龙头企业课题。获国家技术发明奖二等奖等。出版专著、教材2部,发表论文200余篇,授权发明专利40余件。电子信箱:。

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Key Technologies and Challenges of Pipeline for Efficient Cold Energy Utilization
Huaiyuan WANG1, 2, † , Jiajun ZHU1, 2, Ruitao WANG2, Ning XU3, Chijia WANG1, Yanji ZHU2
Affiliations
  • 1. State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
  • 2. Tianjin Key Laboratory of Chemical Safety and Equipment Technology, Tianjin 300350, China
  • 3. Engineering College, China University of Petroleum (Beijing) at Karamay, Karamay 834000, China
出版时间: 2024-06-20 doi: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2024.02.011
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在“碳达峰、碳中和”战略背景下,冷能作为一种新型绿色能源得到广泛关注和重视。一系列新型冷能利用技术应运而生。然而,目前冷能产业面临利用率低、顶层规划缺乏、关键技术创新不足、规模化应用受限等难题。文章对冷能综合高效利用、低温材料、管道设备等关键技术进行总结与展望。管道系统作为冷能产业的重要基础设施,通过分析其工作状态、潜在风险与失效形式、关键技术等,明确冷能产业管道技术面临的挑战和冷能利用管道技术的发展趋势,提出面向冷能高效利用及其管道发展建议,以期为冷能产业高质量发展、高效稳定运行、安全保障和节能减排提供强力支撑。

冷能产业  /  高效利用  /  管道工程  /  低温材质  /  腐蚀防护与保温  /  数智化

In the context of China’s ‘carbon peak and carbon neutrality’ strategy, cold energy, as a new type of green energy, has received widespread attention and emphasis. A series of innovative cold energy utilization technologies have emerged in response. However, the cold energy industry currently faces challenges such as low utilization rates, lack of top-level planning, insufficient innovation in key technologies, and limitations on large-scale applications. This article summarizes and forecasts the key technologies related to the comprehensive and efficient use of cold energy, cryogenic materials, and pipeline equipment. As an essential infrastructure of the cold energy industry, the pipeline system is analyzed in terms of its operating conditions, potential risks and failure modes, and key technologies. The article identifies the challenges faced by cold energy industry pipeline technologies and the development trends of cold energy utilization pipeline technology. It proposes recommendations for the efficient use of cold energy and the development of its pipeline systems, aiming to provide robust support for the high-quality development, efficient and stable operation, safety assurance, and energy conservation and emission reduction of the cold energy industry.

cold energy industry  /  efficient utilization  /  pipeline engineering  /  low-temperature materials  /  corrosion protection and insulation  /  digitalization
汪怀远, 朱嘉君, 王瑞涛, 徐宁, 王池嘉, 朱艳吉. 面向冷能高效利用的管道关键技术与挑战. 前瞻科技, 2024 , 3 (2) : 110 -120 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2024.02.011
Huaiyuan WANG, Jiajun ZHU, Ruitao WANG, Ning XU, Chijia WANG, Yanji ZHU. Key Technologies and Challenges of Pipeline for Efficient Cold Energy Utilization[J]. Science and Technology Foresight, 2024 , 3 (2) : 110 -120 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2024.02.011
能源是整个世界发展和经济增长的基本保障。“冷能”和“热能”一样,是人类所需绝大部分能源的源泉。随着现代工业的发展,产生的大量工艺冷能比天然冷能更加集中可控,为冷能的产业发展奠定了基础。近年来,由于液化天然气(Liquified Natural Gas, LNG)冷能具有低碳洁净、利用价值高的特点,使冷能利用成为备受关注的新兴产业。很多工业低温介质,如LNG、液体二氧化碳、液氮、液氢、液氧、液氨、液氦等气化过程,都蕴含大量冷能利用。因为各种液化气体在由低温转化为常温气体的过程中会释放大量高品质冷能。
LNG储运使用中产生的大量高品质冷能,利用价值极高。进口的LNG从接收站在向用户输送前,需要经过气化升温过程。据计算,常压下每吨LNG从-162 ℃升温气化到5 ℃时,可产生约230 kW⋅h的冷量[1-2]。而2023年中国LNG进口量接近7 000万t,气化过程中可产生高达161亿kW⋅h冷量,相当于三峡年发电量的1/5,可够一个中等城市的年用电量。此外,目前LNG接收站基本位于珠三角、长三角和京津冀等经济发达地区。这些地区自身能源需求量大,需要大量外地输入,且年平均气温偏高、夏季炎热,温度调节消耗电能比例较大,LNG冷能利用可有效缓解当地能源紧张问题。
冷能利用方式包括低温发电[3]、低温金属处理、低温粉体加工[4]、空气分离(空分)(液化分离)[5]、轻烃分离(乙烯、丙烯等气体)[6]、海水淡化[7]、干冰制备、冷能仓储、冷链物流、区域冷能利用(冰蓄冷、水蓄冷、大型空调)、数据中心冷能需求[8]、低温生物工程和低温养殖等。冷能主要利用方式如图1所示。LNG已成为中国天然气供应的主要来源之一。2021年,中国超越日本成为全球最大的LNG进口国,年进口LNG 7 893万t,占中国天然气消费量31%[9]。中国已建、在建LNG接收站24座。LNG接收站在保障供应和市场调节方面发挥了重要作用。随着LNG接收站及LNG进口量不断增长,LNG气化过程中产生的冷能资源潜力巨大。冷能产业规模化发展是必然趋势。因此,加快冷能产业链规划和建立冷能梯级利用是当务之急,而管道工程在冷能规模化利用及产业链的发展中具有重要作用。
传统空气分离需要的冷能通常是利用氟利昂制冷机和组合膨胀机产生的,需要消耗大量电能。低温精馏法空气液化或精馏的温度均低于-153 ℃,可将LNG的再气化过程与空气分离过程相融合。利用LNG高品质的低温冷能可有效降低空气分离单位耗电。利用LNG的冷能维持低温环境和生产液体产品,可简化空气分离的流程,减少建设费用,缩短空气分离设备启动时间,提高空气分离生产效率。经空气分离装置换冷后,LNG的温度约为‒100 ℃,仍含有高品质的冷量[10]。
LNG冷能用于制备干冰是一种新型工艺技术。该工艺是将二氧化碳气体液化成一定温度和压力的液体二氧化碳,再进入干冰机,经过节流膨胀,变成固体二氧化碳(干冰)。二氧化碳原料气来自于钢厂或火电厂的工业废气,整个过程可以实现变废为宝,将工业废气和浪费的LNG冷能制备成干冰[11]。
制造冰雪需要的温度为-70~-10 ℃。冷能制造冰雪世界在技术上完全可行。如果直接将-162 ℃高品质LNG冷能用于制造冰雪是深冷降质利用,效率不高。探索如何将冰雪世界与其他冷能通过管道工程有效结合起来,实现冷能梯级利用[11-12],对资源利用率提升具有重要意义。
利用大量冷能完全可满足夏天空调所需的巨大电力消耗。利用自然环境温度的时间、空间差,聚集并储存能量,达到利用冷能目的。例如,将LNG冷能与冰蓄冷空调供冷相结合的技术方案,可以解决LNG气化过程的冷能回收利用,达到节能降耗目的。
与过去轻烃分离技术相比,利用LNG冷能代替压缩机制冷进行轻烃回收技术则更为先进。例如,采用LNG冷能来实现对塔顶气降温[13]和贫气降温,从而呈现为液态。利用冷能的轻烃分离(乙烯、丙烯等)工艺管道示意图如图2[14]所示。各种冷能管道的工艺、材料、建设值得重点关注,这对工程安全十分重要。
中国冷链产业发展迅猛。LNG冷能可用于冷链物流中的冷库、仓储和冷藏车的制冷[15-16]。例如,疫苗、骨髓及血浆等特殊的医药生物制品储藏温度为-80~-28 ℃;肉类冷冻储藏温度为-25~-18 ℃。建设与之配套的低温养殖场和冷冻、冷藏库群,可以方便海产品及其他鲜活食品的保鲜储存。将大量冷能作为冷库的冷源,可以简化制冷工艺,大幅削减冷库的建设和运行费用,因此可根据不同的存储温度需求,利用管道系统将不同温度区间的冷库集中起来串联使用,实现冷链物流与LNG冷能利用相结合。
一些常温下难以粉碎的物质(如塑料、合成橡胶、金属等)具有低温脆性,可在低温下把这些物质破碎成极小的可分离微粒,且安全可靠。首先将LNG冷能用于空气分离,然后利用空气分离生产的液氮进行低温粉碎。利用冷能进行低温金属制造、低温橡胶塑料粉碎是间接利用冷能的一种方式[17],可以获得高韧钢、高质量精细橡塑粉体。
然而,目前中国冷能利用率低,缺乏关键技术和顶层设计规划,亟待加强产业链布局。一方面,石油、煤炭等能源的日益枯竭,LNG等冷能作为低温高品质能源,是发展低碳经济和节能减排的重要能源补充;另一方面,由于冷能的经济性、实用性、储存和使用可规模化的特点,可为未来冷能冶炼、低温加工和冷链物流等诸多产业提供经济性可再生绿色能源。只有因地制宜开展冷能梯级利用,释放冷能资源价值,才能更好地发展冷能。
目前,中国已经规划和建设的LNG接收站在选址时对港口和气化设施的空间布局考虑较多,而较少考虑冷能利用产业链设计、空间集中布局、气化站内陆城市设计和LNG接收站与下游工业产业的统一布局。很多LNG接收站周围没有足够的用地来安排冷能利用产业企业,且远离大型石化工业群,很难发挥集成优化利用能量的优势。LNG冷能利用也是能源循环经济园区的重要组成部分。在中国的能源需求形势下,优先结合大型空分、煤气化、轻烃分离和冷链物流等大市场,才可以实现对大型LNG接收站的冷能充分利用。对冷能利用系统与LNG接收站的协同设计和同步建设,把冷能利用产业链视为液化天然气气化产业的一部分,既可以保障LNG气化,又可以兼顾规模化冷能的合理利用。
当前,LNG应当抓住中国经济高速发展的历史机遇,按照市场机制优化配置资源,逐步推进冷能利用产业规划。中国人口多、经济体量大,只要形成冷能综合利用的共识,并建立相应的顶层发展规划,中国LNG冷能利用产业才会得到很大发展。能源和经济的效益会驱动气化站不断寻找潜在的冷能用户、开拓下游市场、降低气化成本、提高经济效益[18]。
低温管道技术发展可包括3个阶段。第1阶段:寒冷冻土(-30~-10 ℃)环境的低温管道技术,包括油气长输管道材料、海底管道,以及管道设计、材料设计制造、安装检测等关键技术。第2阶段:极寒、高寒冷(-60~-40 ℃)区域能源发展,包括北美区域、北极区域、俄罗斯等。这些区域大规模油气开采和输送急需低温管材。第3阶段:深冷(-255~-80 ℃)与冷能利用发展需求。空分、LNG、液氢等超低温产业快速发展,需要大量多种耐极低温的管道材料,对管材的超低温韧性、冲击韧性、交变应力和耐蚀性等要求更高,逐渐成为超低温管道关键技术需求。图3为冷能高效利用中管道关键技术与未来展望。
LNG输送离不开管道,且长距离输送需要设置相应的冷泵站对管道进行冷却及加压。LNG在管道输送中会出现一定程度的气化,使管道出现两相流动,流动控制变得复杂,并增大管道的阻力,严重时甚至会出现气塞的现象。对于低温液体的长输管道,在进行高压输送过程中要确保液体的压力大于临界压力以及冷却升高的液体温度,保证液体的温度低于临界温度,减少液化天然气的气化量[19]。
LNG长距离低温管网同时面临径向和纵向大温度梯度热耗散问题,需综合考虑经济性与安全性,重点关注管网保冷机制。保冷主要从材料和保冷技术两个方面考虑[20]。常用保冷材料包括聚异氰脲酸酯泡沫、无机泡沫玻璃、气凝胶等。用于低温管道保冷绝热的材料应满足导热系数小、吸湿性低、抗冻性强、极低温度下不开裂、耐火性好、经久耐用、经济性及施工方便等综合要求。其中,聚异氰脲酸酯(Polyisocyanurate, PIR)泡沫导热系数低、经济性好,在石油化工、建筑等领域广泛应用。然而,其在低温下易脆断,导致材料中的闭孔演变为开孔,丧失保冷效果。泡沫玻璃具有阻燃、抗压、氯离子含量低等优良性质,但其导热系数相对较大,导致管网保温层厚度变大。因此在实际工程中,通常采用复合保冷结构(图4)。例如,泡沫玻璃作为最内层保冷材料可直接接触低温管网,能够有效避免氯离子对奥氏体不锈钢产生的应力腐蚀;中间层选用聚异氰脲酸酯,得益于其导热系数较低,可降低整个保冷系统的厚度;最外层则再次使用泡沫玻璃,起到防火作用,确保保冷系统的安全性。
目前,常用低温管道保冷技术主要为一体式整体发泡保冷和真空式双壁管保冷技术。一体式整体发泡保冷技术方案是将LNG低温管路、保冷材料及外护层紧密结合为一个整体,形成三位一体的结构,其保温材料一般为聚氨酯(Polyurethane, PUR)或聚异氰脲酸酯,外护层为高密度聚乙烯(High Density Polyethylene, HDPE)[21]。真空式双壁管保冷技术不需要任何保冷材料,通过真空泵将腔体内气体抽出,达到真空状态,实现真空隔绝起到良好保冷效果。双壁管外管上设置真空表,用于日常巡检观测;同时设置压力传感器,实时监控;还设有安全阀,如内管发生泄漏,可将LNG气体排放至安全区域。
在保冷结构设计方面,国内外为保冷层厚度计算提供了规范或标准,如中国的《工业设备及管道绝热工程设计规范》(GB 50264—2013)、日本的《绝热保温工程施工标准》(JISA 9501—2006)等[22],但对换热系数的计算进行了很多简化。针对LNG在换热器内的流动传热特性已有大量研究,尤其是在天然气液化领域,但对长距离管道输送中的流动传热特性研究极少。未来还需要开展LNG长距离低温管网的保冷机制及保冷结构研究,为管网规模、输送长度等输送参数的确定提供关键数据支撑[19]。
金属压力管道广泛应用于LNG、燃油、原油等管道输送领域。LNG输送管道所用的管材主要为低温高强高韧钢材,其腐蚀防护技术对长寿命安全运行十分重要。在防腐方面可以结合碳钢防腐原理进行阴极保护。此外,超低温内涂层防腐技术已开始兴起。未来LNG管道腐蚀防护可以将阴极保护和低温内涂层防护相结合,保障管道长寿命安全稳定运行。
LNG接收站的低温管道对干燥要求极高。如果管道或者阀门里有残留水,在低温状态下运营,不仅会引起管道内侧腐蚀,而且更会造成管道内部结冰而导致管道堵塞。所以,采用水压试验的高压低温管道,需要采用干燥技术对管道进行干燥。目前,中国常用的干燥方法有干燥剂法、流动气体蒸发法(干燥空气和氮气)、真空法。在唐山LNG接收站项目中,不仅采用了真空干燥技术,还进行了氮气置换。首先,采用真空干燥技术蒸发掉管道中的水;其次,使用氮气吹扫来进行干燥。这样既可提高干燥效率和质量,又可节约大量氮气,达到降本增效[23]。
超低温金属材料属于特种钢,因为在超低温度下不仅要有较高的强度,而且还要有优良的低温塑性和韧性。低温脆性断裂是指在服役状态下没有征兆的情况下,设备或者仪器突然发生开裂或者破坏,危害性很大。因此,超低温材料的韧性指标尤为重要。极寒区域的重大工程需求促进极寒环境管材技术的发展。欧美国家发展了X42、X52、X56等低强度管线钢;俄罗斯发展了K65钢;中国发展了X60、X65、X70钢,特别关注包括低温韧性、冲击韧性、应力效应、建造安装等关键技术。超低温管道材料的低温冲击性能对材料组成设计、微结构控制、工艺控制和安全操作步骤等具有更高的要求。针对LNG等超低温材料需求,发展了殷瓦钢、9%镍钢、X80、K65等高强韧特种钢材。这些管材对极端工况下设备服役十分关键。此外,常见的低温材料还有聚乙烯、聚四氟乙烯、聚对二甲苯、Ni36殷瓦合金、9%Ni钢、5系铝合金等固态材料。目前,服役温度低于-150 ℃的国产钢材,尤其是工程薄壁金属还存在挑战。
低温输送泵是LNG等冷能输送管道的核心动力设备。由于条件苛刻,低温泵及可靠性十分关键。目前,低温输送泵包括非潜液泵和潜液泵。非潜液泵中的无轴封电动泵是将泵体与电动机的壳体通过静密封结构相连,不会出现轴封泄漏的现象。电动机的接线一般选用气密型的电源连接装置,在电动机和泵之间要安置一片较大的翅片,防止电动机温度过低。潜液泵将电动机及泵安装在密闭的金属容器中,不进行轴封,不会出现轴封泄漏等问题。输送泵的进、出口要用法兰结构与电动机整体安装在一个密封的金属容器内。动力电缆系统要选用可靠的材料进行特殊的设计,确保电缆浸入低温的液化气后仍能保持弹性。电气的接线端要采用双头密封结构及陶瓷气体密封端子,使其能够经受得住高压的冲击。
LNG工程管道材料需要长期适用于-162 ℃超低温环境,要求具有优异的低温韧性,同时还需要具有良好焊接性和较低的膨胀系数。冷能管道输送距离较长时,由于结构复杂且需常温建设、低温服役运行,因此工作时往往存在收缩应力。在材料选择上要尽可能选用低膨胀系数材料,减小收缩应力,同时,材料应具有优异的低温韧性。在应力产生时,确保管道只发生弹性形变,避免发生脆性断裂,尤其是在焊接或粘接等薄弱部位更需要从连接材料和工艺上进行全面研究,确保低温运行材料的可靠性。目前,用于LNG领域的材料主要为殷瓦钢、9%镍钢和奥氏体不锈钢,相对于常温管道所用碳钢或复合材料材质成本高很多,规模化建设冷能管道需要充分研究适用材料的设计制造、可靠性及经济性[24]。
与常规管道相比,冷能管道系统设计需要考虑的影响因素更为复杂,包括防止可燃气体的积聚、可燃液体溢流、低温应力失效,低温保冷等。特别是低温应力问题,虽然材料可选用低膨胀系数材质,但由于温度变化范围往往超过200 ℃,加之管道长度较大,需要进一步从管路结构设计入手,防止出现应力集中点,通过优化管路形状及走向,使收缩应力分散,防止低温服役安全事故发生。
冷能管道在服役过程中,存在应力腐蚀、氧化腐蚀、电化学腐蚀和化学腐蚀等多种腐蚀方式,这对装备长期可靠运行提出了一定挑战。冷能管道中普遍存在的应力会造成材料出现晶间和晶界的应力腐蚀,易引起材料在腐蚀部位出现开裂等严重后果[25];同时管道外壁长期与空气接触,且低温造成的冷凝水为氧化腐蚀的发生创造了条件。此外,低温管道材质一般为合金材料,由于腐蚀电位不同也会形成原电池。电化学腐蚀会进一步增大氧化腐蚀速率。液化天然气中含有的硫元素也会对管道内壁造成化学腐蚀,长期影响比较明显。
针对上述多种腐蚀方式共存情况,探究在超低温环境下的长效防护涂层技术对输送LNG管道壁面进行防护,开展适用于低温环境运行的冷能管道防护的有机复合涂层、阴极保护等先进防护技术研究具有重要意义。对于管道外壁的防护主要是从材质选取和合理设计、环境介质的控制,涂覆保护层和电化学保护等方面进行;对于管道内壁的防护,主要是从管材的选择,内表面镀层和增加内涂层等方面进行。
数智化需要大量电子元器件组成的感知测控系统。在LNG等冷能应用时对电子测控系统的耐低温性、防爆性、运行可靠性提出了更高要求。半导体材料的电子元器件在超低温运行时,其导电性和绝缘性等电学性能与常温相比会出现较大变化,因此需要评估电子测控系统低温环境的适用性。此外,LNG为可燃气体,测控系统需要进行防爆设计,防止出现电火花引起的爆燃事故发生。因此,冷能管道的数智化仍需要开展大量的检测硬件基础研究、安全稳定和耐久性考核[26]。
鉴于低温介质气化和冷能利用之间存在空间和时间上的不同步性,大多数LNG接收站的冷能利用效率为20%~30%。如何优化冷能利用方案,提高冷能利用效率,推进清洁冷能绿色化发展非常重要。通过特定工艺实现冷能梯级利用,从单项高效利用和综合利用技术两方面提高冷能利用效率,达到节能减排和提高经济效益的目的。单项高效利用技术是对原流程进行合理的优化,并积极拓展冷能的应用领域,开发新的冷能利用技术。LNG冷能综合利用技术开发是在单项利用技术和LNG冷媒技术的基础上,以LNG冷媒系统为纽带,采用系统工程技术,对多项冷能利用技术进行集成和优化,开发适用于冷能接收站的通用LNG冷能综合利用工艺。优先在LNG接收站附近,因地制宜地建设利用LNG冷能的工业、商业设施,形成低温仓库,深冷发电,冷冻食品,空分、液体二氧化碳和干冰等企业的生产聚集区,为整体产业发展打造良好的园区平台[27]。
㶲是衡量冷能大小和品质的重要指标。㶲越高,能量的“品质”越高,越有能力转化为其他形式的能量。两个物体温差越大,㶲损耗越大。如果降低㶲损,则应该采取较小的传热温差。因此,通过㶲效率分析确定冷能高效利用方案是非常必要的。
按照梯级利用思路可将冷能利用划分为4个温度段,分别为-162~-100 ℃、-100~-70 ℃、-70~0 ℃和0~10 ℃。对于不同的接收站,冷能梯级利用方式不同,需要充分考虑周围的环境和可利用资源[28]。对于大型气化站,LNG冷能利用第1级用于空气分离或液化空气,LNG出口温度约为-100 ℃;第2级用于为金属加工、橡胶粉碎加工、液体二氧化碳制取或制干冰,二氧化碳的液化温度为-70 ℃,干冰的生成温度为-78.5 ℃;第3级用于冷库仓储、冷链物流等;第4级用于区域供冷或者城市空调。冷能梯级利用可以结合低温管道技术,借助管道服役条件分区分类,按照优化方案将不同温度范围的冷能产业串联衔接在一起,构建集中的冷能产业园,从而有效提高冷能利用率。
近年来,中国大幅提高清洁高效LNG应用。研究LNG巨大冷能梯级利用问题,将有利于提高冷能利用效率,推动清洁能源的循环综合利用。加强冷能综合利用,既可节能减排又提高了能源利用效率。未来将重点通过管道工程将冷能梯级利用、产业布局、空间布局进行协同优化发展,积极谋划提升冷能利用率。中国大型LNG接收终端需要实现冷能梯级利用,并与接收终端同步进行规划设计,这对于冷能综合利用、集成优化提高能效具有重要意义。
近年来,虽然管道系统风险防控能力大幅提升,但恶性事故仍时有发生。管道系统的安全高效运行面临诸多挑战。随着LNG冷能利用产业链的逐步发展,与之密切相关的冷能产业管道系统更加复杂,势必与外界发生更多能量流、信息流交互及与环境耦合,多系统多单元工作,需要集中力量解决管道系统监测和评估问题,进而更好保障管道安全运行。
完善管道系统的在线监督与评估技术对提升管道系统的风险防控能力具有重要意义。数据采集与监督控制系统可整合到一个完整系统中进行集中调控。系统集成仿真模拟软件可对管道系统与场景进行模拟,优化运行系统。利用对声波负压参数搜集和统计分析,可识别管道系统中泄漏、清管操作等异常情况,保证管道系统安全。基于地理信息系统(Geographic Information System, GIS)可视化技术,全面整合内外部数据,用户通过分级筛选功能实现从不同角度查看和快速定位数据对生产运行、设备状态等近实时监测,包括风险管控、情境感知和管道威胁监测主动风险评估,并进行预测分析,进而实现预知性维护,保证低温管道系统的完整性和安全运行[29]。
人工智能、大数据、物联网、云计算等新兴技术正引发新一轮科技革命和产业变革。数智化与工业化交叉融合将成为能源行业高质量发展的重要途径,势必对冷能管道工业产生深远影响。冷能管道系统的传统技术与人工智能、大数据、物联网等深度融合,将巩固扩大中国“智能管道、智慧管网”建设的先发优势,全力推进建设智慧互联大管网,以更高层级的业务需求和拓展为管道技术进步确立新目标、开辟新方向。
数字管道(Digital Pipeline)系统的核心是信息化的管道,包括全部管道及其周边地区资料的数字化、网络化、智能化和可视化过程。冷能管道系统的数智化是发展趋势,将从数据采集与可视化开始,向监视与诊断、分析、优化与预测、人工智能应用方向发展,最终实现最高级的管道自主、无人运营。
数字孪生技术将充分利用物理模型、传感器、运行历史等数据,在虚拟空间中完成映射,反映相对应的管道系统实体装备的全生命周期过程。管道系统物联网将开启一个全新的自动化集成水平,进一步减少人为影响,并为管道系统生产运行与资产维护创造更加安全、高效的环境。智能图像识别技术将帮助完成管道系统资料的数字化、结构化,进而实现智能巡检,进行管网运行仿真,保证管道系统安全平稳运行。应抓住产业数字化、数字产业化赋予的机遇,加快管道数智化等新型基础设施建设,抓紧布局冷能战略性新兴产业,大力推进科技创新,形成冷能产业链发展新动能[30-31]。
冷能综合利用应从接收站、卫星站、加注站等全产业链角度考虑冷能资源利用,结合国内快速发展的冷链物流体系,从原来由单点接收站冷能的利用扩展到与卫星站、加注站形成冷能供应网络。未来可进一步扩大冷能利用产业范围,如乙烯生产工艺流程需要深冷分离工段,需要约-100 ℃的低温。将LNG冷能作为深冷分离冷源,可以节省制冷设备投资,降低乙烯生产成本。用LNG冷能预冷氢气,制液化氢气,在天然气制氢过程中会副产热量(蒸汽),最终形成气、氢、热、冷联供的能源系统。如果在建设LNG接收站的同时,规划和建设相关冷链产业、城市区域供冷,那么每年就可以产生出非常可观的折合电力,实现冷能综合利用、达到节能减排的目标[32-33]。
(1)大力开发规模化冷能综合利用关键工艺及技术。随着冷能产业的快速发展,高品质冷能利用仍存在冷能利用方式单一、冷能利用率低、规模化利用受限、综合利用缺乏等关键问题。只有不断地对冷能综合利用方式进行研究和技术创新,开发冷能利用新技术新领域,研发高效冷能综合利用工艺技术,建立冷能利用产业链集成技术,才能更好推动冷能梯级利用产业全面、多元化发展,实现冷能高效率和高附加值利用。
(2)加快推进面向冷能产业发展的换热器、低温泵、管道等低温材料及关键设备技术研发,破解冷能高效利用中仍存在的难题。冷能管道系统是冷能利用率提升、系统建立、产业链形成的基础。长距离冷能管道工程涉及超低温材料、腐蚀与防护、低温保冷技术等多学科领域技术需求。未来向着冷能综合利用、梯级利用、数智化、效率提升和产业链完善等方向发展,亟待在冷能管道系统材料的设计制造、可靠性与经济性、冷能管道系统与结构设计、冷能管道的腐蚀与防护、冷能管网数字化等关键技术上加强研究,寻求突破,为冷能综合利用、高效利用提供技术保障。
(3)加大对冷能综合高效利用研究的扶持力度。冷能综合高效利用将是发展趋势,具有显著的社会效益和经济效益。国家和地方科技主管部门要加大相关研究的扶持力度。相关龙头企业和研究机构在对各种冷能应用和研究过程中,应当充分利用国家政策和地方资源特点,抓住机遇,因地制宜,快速推进冷能综合相关关键技术突破与技术进步。
大量的冷能具有低碳洁净、品质高、利用价值大的特点。随着能源工业发展,冷能利用成为热门新兴产业。冷能综合高效利用将是发展方向,冷能综合利用新技术、先进设备和关键材料将是优先发展的重点。通过冷能产业科学合理规划设计,加强冷能的有效梯级利用,能够节约能源,促进经济社会绿色高质量发展。
  • 国家自然科学基金(51925403)
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2024年第3卷第2期
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doi: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2024.02.011
  • 接收时间:2024-01-15
  • 出版时间:2024-06-20
  • 发布时间:2024-06-26
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  • 收稿日期:2024-01-15
  • 修回日期:2024-03-29
基金
国家自然科学基金(51925403)
作者信息
    1.天津大学化工学院,化学工程联合国家重点实验室,天津 300350
    2.天津市化工安全与装备技术重点实验室,天津 300350
    3.中国石油大学(北京)克拉玛依校区工学院,克拉玛依 834000

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表12种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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