Article(id=1156999963080217028, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, issueId=1156999961176003006, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2024.02.005, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1704816000000, receivedDateStr=2024-01-10, revisedDate=1711555200000, revisedDateStr=2024-03-28, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1753779887217, onlineDateStr=2025-07-29, pubDate=1718812800000, pubDateStr=2024-06-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1719331200000, onlineIssueDateStr=2024-06-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1753779887217, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774072559656, updator=sys-migrate, issue=Issue{id=1156999961176003006, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, year='2024', volume='3', issue='2', pageStart='4', pageEnd='135', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1718812800000', pubDateStr='2024-06-20', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=1, createTime=1753779886763, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1776075083414, updator='13041195026', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1250512793758286357, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, issueId=1156999961176003006, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=Special Issue on Pipeline Transportation Engineering Science and Technology, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1250512793758286358, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, issueId=1156999961176003006, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=管道运输工程科学与技术专刊, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=50, endPage=58, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1156999963730334150, articleId=1156999963080217028, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, language=EN, title=Liquefied Natural Gas Long-distance Cryogenic Pipeline Transportation and Cold Energy Cascade Utilization, columnId=1149656489310208610, journalTitle=Science and Technology Foresight, columnName=Review and Commentary, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) is set to become the backbone of China’s natural gas market, playing a crucial role in ensuring the successful achievement of the country’s “carbon peak and carbon neutrality” targets. The long-distance cryogenic pipeline transportation of LNG facilitates the efficient transfer and tiered utilization of the inherent cold energy in LNG. Furthermore, its deep integration with cold networks and natural gas pipelines enhances the potential for leapfrog development in the integrated transportation of LNG, cold energy, and natural gas. This article systematically summarizes the current state of various technologies including long-distance cryogenic pipeline transportation for LNG, tiered utilization of cold energy in long-distance pipelines, regulation technology for long-distance cryogenic LNG pipelines, and the integration of such pipelines with multi-network systems. It analyzes the key challenges these technologies face under new energy security strategies and forecasts future trends. This outlook aims to provide scientific perspectives and directions for the development and enhancement of technologies for the integration of long-distance cryogenic LNG transportation with multi-network systems in China.

, authors=null, authorsList=Yongtu LIANG, Bo ZHANG, Bin XU, Yanxing ZHAO, Hui HAN, Fengchen AN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yongtu LIANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
†
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液化天然气(LNG)将成为中国天然气市场的主力军,对保障国家“碳达峰、碳中和”目标顺利实现起到重要作用。LNG长距离低温管网输送有助于实现LNG蕴含冷能的高效转移与梯级利用,并可与冷网、天然气管网深度耦合,有利于促进LNG、冷能、天然气等能源综合输送跨越式发展。文章系统总结了LNG长距离低温管网输送技术、长距离管网输送LNG冷能梯级利用技术、LNG长距离低温管网调控技术和LNG长距离低温管网与多网系统的融合技术发展现状,分析了相关技术在能源安全新战略驱动下面临的关键挑战,并对未来趋势进行展望,以期为后续中国LNG长距离低温输送与多网系统融合技术应用和提升提供科学思路和技术发展方向。

, authors=

梁永图,教授,博士研究生导师。Computer Modeling in Engineering & Science、Journal of Pipeline Science and Engineering、《石油科学通报》副主编,Energy 360和《油气储运》编委。主要从事液化天然气长距离管网输送系统调度、油气物流与管道系统优化、油气田地面系统优化研究。主持国家级科研项目7项及多项其他类型科研项目。获高等学校科学研究优秀成果奖科技进步奖、中国石油和化工自动化应用协会科技进步奖、中国机械工业科技进步奖等省部级奖励10项。出版专著2部、译著1部,发表论文220余篇,授权发明专利10余件。电子信箱:。

, authorsList=梁永图, 张博, 徐斌, 赵延兴, 韩辉, 安峰辰, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=梁永图, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
†
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梁永图,教授,博士研究生导师。Computer Modeling in Engineering & Science、Journal of Pipeline Science and Engineering、《石油科学通报》副主编,Energy 360和《油气储运》编委。主要从事液化天然气长距离管网输送系统调度、油气物流与管道系统优化、油气田地面系统优化研究。主持国家级科研项目7项及多项其他类型科研项目。获高等学校科学研究优秀成果奖科技进步奖、中国石油和化工自动化应用协会科技进步奖、中国机械工业科技进步奖等省部级奖励10项。出版专著2部、译著1部,发表论文220余篇,授权发明专利10余件。电子信箱:。

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梁永图,教授,博士研究生导师。Computer Modeling in Engineering & Science、Journal of Pipeline Science and Engineering、《石油科学通报》副主编,Energy 360和《油气储运》编委。主要从事液化天然气长距离管网输送系统调度、油气物流与管道系统优化、油气田地面系统优化研究。主持国家级科研项目7项及多项其他类型科研项目。获高等学校科学研究优秀成果奖科技进步奖、中国石油和化工自动化应用协会科技进步奖、中国机械工业科技进步奖等省部级奖励10项。出版专著2部、译著1部,发表论文220余篇,授权发明专利10余件。电子信箱:。

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液化天然气长距离低温管网运输与冷能梯级利用
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梁永图 1, † , 张博 1 , 徐斌 1 , 赵延兴 2 , 韩辉 3 , 安峰辰 1
前瞻科技 | 综述与述评 2024,3(2): 50-58
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前瞻科技 | 综述与述评 2024, 3(2): 50-58
液化天然气长距离低温管网运输与冷能梯级利用
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梁永图1, † , 张博1, 徐斌1, 赵延兴2, 韩辉3, 安峰辰1
作者信息
  • 1.中国石油大学(北京)机械与储运工程学院,北京 102249
  • 2.中国科学院理化技术研究所,北京 100190
  • 3.中国石油大学(华东)建筑与储运工程学院,青岛 266033
  • 梁永图,教授,博士研究生导师。Computer Modeling in Engineering & Science、Journal of Pipeline Science and Engineering、《石油科学通报》副主编,Energy 360和《油气储运》编委。主要从事液化天然气长距离管网输送系统调度、油气物流与管道系统优化、油气田地面系统优化研究。主持国家级科研项目7项及多项其他类型科研项目。获高等学校科学研究优秀成果奖科技进步奖、中国石油和化工自动化应用协会科技进步奖、中国机械工业科技进步奖等省部级奖励10项。出版专著2部、译著1部,发表论文220余篇,授权发明专利10余件。电子信箱:。

通信作者:

†
†
Liquefied Natural Gas Long-distance Cryogenic Pipeline Transportation and Cold Energy Cascade Utilization
Yongtu LIANG1, † , Bo ZHANG1, Bin XU1, Yanxing ZHAO2, Hui HAN3, Fengchen AN1
Affiliations
  • 1. College of Mechanical and Transportation Engineering, China University of Petroleum (Beijing), Beijing 102249, China
  • 2. Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
  • 3. College of Pipeline and Civil Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao 266033, China
出版时间: 2024-06-20 doi: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2024.02.005
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液化天然气(LNG)将成为中国天然气市场的主力军,对保障国家“碳达峰、碳中和”目标顺利实现起到重要作用。LNG长距离低温管网输送有助于实现LNG蕴含冷能的高效转移与梯级利用,并可与冷网、天然气管网深度耦合,有利于促进LNG、冷能、天然气等能源综合输送跨越式发展。文章系统总结了LNG长距离低温管网输送技术、长距离管网输送LNG冷能梯级利用技术、LNG长距离低温管网调控技术和LNG长距离低温管网与多网系统的融合技术发展现状,分析了相关技术在能源安全新战略驱动下面临的关键挑战,并对未来趋势进行展望,以期为后续中国LNG长距离低温输送与多网系统融合技术应用和提升提供科学思路和技术发展方向。

LNG管网输送  /  冷能利用  /  管网调控  /  多网融合

Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) is set to become the backbone of China’s natural gas market, playing a crucial role in ensuring the successful achievement of the country’s “carbon peak and carbon neutrality” targets. The long-distance cryogenic pipeline transportation of LNG facilitates the efficient transfer and tiered utilization of the inherent cold energy in LNG. Furthermore, its deep integration with cold networks and natural gas pipelines enhances the potential for leapfrog development in the integrated transportation of LNG, cold energy, and natural gas. This article systematically summarizes the current state of various technologies including long-distance cryogenic pipeline transportation for LNG, tiered utilization of cold energy in long-distance pipelines, regulation technology for long-distance cryogenic LNG pipelines, and the integration of such pipelines with multi-network systems. It analyzes the key challenges these technologies face under new energy security strategies and forecasts future trends. This outlook aims to provide scientific perspectives and directions for the development and enhancement of technologies for the integration of long-distance cryogenic LNG transportation with multi-network systems in China.

transportation of LNG in pipeline network  /  utilization of cold energy  /  pipeline network regulation  /  multi-network integration
梁永图, 张博, 徐斌, 赵延兴, 韩辉, 安峰辰. 液化天然气长距离低温管网运输与冷能梯级利用. 前瞻科技, 2024 , 3 (2) : 50 -58 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2024.02.005
Yongtu LIANG, Bo ZHANG, Bin XU, Yanxing ZHAO, Hui HAN, Fengchen AN. Liquefied Natural Gas Long-distance Cryogenic Pipeline Transportation and Cold Energy Cascade Utilization[J]. Science and Technology Foresight, 2024 , 3 (2) : 50 -58 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2024.02.005
在“碳达峰、碳中和”(简称“双碳”)目标的推动下,天然气逐步成为现代清洁能源体系的主体能源之一。根据中国海关总署公布的数据,2023年中国天然气进口量达1 655.6亿m3,海运液化天然气(Liquefied Natural Gas, LNG)进口量达984.2亿m3,约7 132万t(图1),在天然气进口总量中占比59.4%[1]。作为保障国家能源安全的“第五大战略能源通道”,海运LNG在未来一段时间内仍将是中国天然气进口的主要形式。2022年1月,国家发展和改革委员会、国家能源局发布的《“十四五”现代能源体系规划》指出,要优先推进重要港址已建、在建和规划的LNG接收站项目;加快天然气长输管道及区域天然气管网建设,推进管网互联互通,完善LNG储运体系。
现阶段,中国LNG一般在沿海接收站内与海水换热气化,再通过长距离天然气管网输送至内陆需求城市,但该处理方式对海洋生态环境造成显著的不良影响[2],并且LNG中蕴含的冷能未能得以充分利用。根据测算,单位质量天然气热值约为4.62×108 MJ/万t,其中LNG携带的冷能占单位质量天然气热值的3.5%,单位冷能的发电能力约为0.146 (kW·h)/MJ[3]。2023年中国进口LNG蕴含的冷能超过1.15×1011 MJ,最大理论发电量可达1.68×1010 kW·h,然而LNG接收站冷能投运项目的冷能利用率不到10%,远低于日韩的20%~30%的水平。究其原因,中国冷能需求地理分布广且规模不一,导致LNG气化过程与冷能利用过程在空间和时间上高度不同步。鉴于此,发展LNG长距离低温管网(简称LNG管网)输送技术至关重要,与气态输送方式相比,液态输送方式具有能量密度高、运输成本低等优势,不仅能够实现LNG的大规模、长距离输送,还能在输送过程中将LNG蕴含的冷能分配至沿途冷能需求点,实现冷能充分利用。同时,LNG管网系统可与城市冷网、天然气管网等系统深度耦合,促进综合能源输送跨越式发展(图2)。
然而,受限于低温输送对管道保冷及管道力学稳定性因素的影响,在国际上尚无LNG长距离低温管网输送的先例,仅在沿海LNG接收站等少数场景存在公里级管道输送应用。同时,管道沿线LNG所蕴含冷能品位逐渐降低,需通过管道调控满足沿线站场对天然气及不同品位冷能的需求,并在此过程中实现不同品位冷能梯级利用,问题规模庞大且耦合性极强。为此,从LNG长距离低温管网输送技术、长距离管网输送LNG冷能梯级利用技术、LNG长距离低温管网调控技术及LNG长距离低温管网与多网系统的融合技术4个角度出发,分析国内外发展现状、关键挑战,并总结发展趋势,以期为中国LNG长距离低温管网输送与冷能梯级利用技术发展提出相关建议。
实现LNG长距离低温管网输送需重点关注低温管网保冷机制和低温管材力学特性。LNG低温管网的保冷机制主要涵盖保冷方式、保冷材料和保冷厚度3大要素。目前,LNG长距离低温管网主要采用真空绝热和堆积绝热两种保冷方式。真空绝热以其卓越的性能而备受关注,但高昂的造价限制了其在长距离低温管网中的应用。相对而言,堆积绝热具有较好的应用前景。在堆积绝热中,常用的保冷材料包括聚异氰脲酸酯泡沫及无机泡沫玻璃[4]等。聚异氰脲酸酯泡沫因其导热系数低与较好的经济性而被广泛采用,但在低温环境下,其易脆断的特性可能导致材料中的闭孔转变为开孔,进而丧失保冷功能[5];泡沫玻璃以其阻燃、抗压和氯离子含量低等特点受到青睐,但其导热系数相对较大,导致管网保温层厚度增加。因此,在实际工程项目中,通常采用复合保冷结构以克服上述单一材料的局限性。在此结构中,泡沫玻璃被用作最内层的保冷材料,能够直接与低温管网接触,从而有效地防止氯离子对奥氏体不锈钢产生腐蚀;中间层选用聚异氰脲酸酯,能够降低整个保冷层的厚度;最外层再次使用泡沫玻璃,起到了关键的防火作用[6]。在保冷厚度设计方面,已有一些国内外规范或者标准,如中国的《工业设备及管道绝热工程设计规范》(GB 50264—2013)[7]、日本的《绝热保温工程施工标准》(JISA 9501—2006)等,但上述规范和标准对换热系数的计算进行了大量简化,未能反映真实传热过程。
低温管网通常采用奥氏体不锈钢材料。该材料具有优良的低温适应性,然而在面临大幅度温差时也会产生显著的冷收缩,对管网的安全性和稳定性构成潜在威胁。此外,在长距离输送过程中,地形的起伏、管网的运行压力以及保温性能的变动均可能引起LNG热力学状态的变化。这些因素可能诱发气化、超压、流动不稳定等一系列问题,从而对管网的力学稳定性产生较大影响。在LNG长距离低温管网的预冷过程中,由于管道顶部空间气体对流换热相较于管道底部液体的沸腾换热较弱,导致管道顶部温度高于底部。因此,在同一横截面位置,管道上下部之间存在显著的温差,进而引发热拱现象。尽管有学者对低温液氮冷却水平管道的流动状态和力学特性进行了大量实验研究[8],但相关结论仅针对较小规模的公里级管道。未来需进一步研究长距离低温管网应变随温度场变化的规律,保证低温管材的力学稳定性,为LNG长距离低温管网输送技术的可持续发展提供支持。
LNG蕴含的高品位冷能常规应用方式主要涵盖以下3类。第1类为冷能冷却,即通过热交换器将LNG冷能传递给用冷设备或场所,是最简单的冷能利用方式,包括金属低温加工、干冰制备、低温储存、大型空调、数据中心散热等。此类利用方式的核心是LNG与载冷介质或冷却对象的传热过程,但由于两者温差大,往往产生较大的㶲损失。第2类为冷能制冷,即以LNG作为散热端实现更低温度区域的制冷,包括空气分离/液化、氢气液化预冷、超导输电等。该方式利用了LNG本身携带的高品位冷能,可大幅降低能耗。例如,在氢液化预冷中,较传统流程能耗可降低40%以上。目前涉及冷能制冷的研究相对较少,但理论上可通过充分利用LNG高品位冷能实现制冷功耗的大幅降低,是一种有潜力的冷能利用方式。第3类为利用冷能做功或发电,即利用LNG低温与环境温度(海水温度或太阳能集热温度等)间的温差实现不同能量形式的转换,该方式不受场地、需求侧等的限制,且能充分利用高品位冷能,是最具前景的冷能利用方式之一。冷能发电包括直接膨胀法、朗肯循环法、联合法、布雷顿循环法和燃气轮机利用法等。
当前,各国政府及企业均对LNG冷能的高效利用给予高度关注,并开展了广泛的研究工作。然而,在实际应用中,仍存在以下两方面的不足。一是目前载冷工质的冷能传递效率较低,与LNG直接换热的载冷工质性质是决定冷能传递效率的关键。在国家“十四五”重点工程——中国石化天津南港乙烯项目建设中[9],LNG的冷能通过低温甲醇载冷工质(约-80 ℃)与乙烯装置进行能量交换,以较低成本实现了LNG冷能利用,是国内首次开发的乙烯装置回收LNG冷能技术。但该项目忽视了载冷工质与LNG的温度匹配性,存在较大的传热温差和传热㶲损失。二是目前中国LNG高品位冷能梯级利用程度不足。在制冷领域中,对LNG高品位冷能的利用有限,未能充分发挥其在制取低温区冷能方面的潜力;在冷能发电方面,中国仍缺乏多级循环发电工艺的实际应用与优化;针对国内中小型LNG接收站,目前尚未形成可行的三级或多级冷能梯级利用方案。因此,未来需进一步研究LNG冷能高效转化机制,基于“温度对口、梯级利用”原则提出LNG冷能利用新方式。
LNG长距离低温管网调控主要研究如何控制和优化LNG在管网输送过程中的流量、压力、温度等参数,以满足管网沿线城市对不同品位冷能及天然气的需求,同时确保管网输送系统的安全、高效以及稳定运行。LNG长距离低温管网调控具体包含管网流动与传热过程模拟、调度计划优化两部分。精确的模拟是实现管网调控的基础。通过建立计算流体力学及传热学数值仿真模型,对管网输送系统中的流体进行分析和预测[10]。在此基础上,通过构建数学模型并应用优化算法,提升管网输送系统的运行效率和经济性,从而实现对管网流量、压力和温度等参数的精确控制。
LNG长距离低温管网调控涉及多种能源形式之间的转化(包括冷能和天然气)、多种品位的需求(如深冷区制冷、中冷区发电、普冷区冷却等)以及多元化的优化目标(如安全、经济、环境、㶲效率和能量效率等),调控复杂度高于常规油气长距离管网及区域综合能源系统(图3)。常规油气管网的调控主要关注单一形式的能源(如原油、成品油、天然气等),未涉及能源之间的相互转换,一般以管网运行方案(包括输送温度、输送压力)和站场操作方案(包括首站注入量、沿线分输量)为决策变量,以整个系统的运行效率和经济性为目标函数制定调控方案,管网输送的温度与压力对分输量的影响较小[11]。然而,LNG长距离低温管网的分输站操作方案(包括气化量、气化压力及气化温度)与管网输送温度和压力的耦合性较强,且整个系统的优化目标还涉及㶲效率和能量效率等,调控难度更大。区域综合能源系统的调控主要考虑不同能源形式之间的转化、储存、运输、分配等环节,较少研究涉及多品位冷能系统的调控问题。同时,综合能源系统的能量输入一般具有确定的数量及品位,未考虑长距离输送过程中不同空间位置能量输入的品位差异。因此,LNG长距离低温管网调控需要将油气管网与综合能源系统的调控技术相结合,研究LNG长距离输送过程,能量形式的转化、储存,以及分配过程之间的物理、化学和热力学变化,以实现更加高效和稳定的管网调度优化。
LNG长距离低温管网输送能源形式多样,包括LNG及其蕴含冷能,以及LNG气化后所形成的天然气,可与城市冷网、天然气管网等多网络融合形成综合能源系统。传统综合能源系统的输入端多为天然气与电力,融合LNG管网后,输入端增加了蕴含高品位冷能的LNG,进一步提高了系统规划与运行的灵活性。然而,融合LNG管网的综合能源系统涉及气、热、冷、电等多种能源形式的耦合,需从源-网-荷-储多元环节进行研究,并兼顾安全性、能源利用效率、灵活性等多方面性能,具体包括如下耦合方式。
(1)LNG管网与城市冷网、天然气管网的耦合。LNG管网输送能源包含LNG、气化过程中释放的冷能以及气化后形成的气态天然气。LNG管网可与城市冷网、天然气管网构建形成多网系统,从而提升多种能源输送和利用效率。但这也会增大多网系统网络规模与复杂度,导致多网系统整体规划与协调运行难度大大增加。多网系统规划研究关注的时间尺度较长,需要考虑月、季、年度下各城市或工业用户对冷能和天然气需求的差异,合理进行气化站的布局及站内设备容量的设计,尽可能克服冷、气负荷在较长时间尺度下的需求不均匀性问题。而多网系统协调运行研究关注更为细致的时间尺度,如时、日等短周期时段,需要基于具体梯级利用场景下的LNG冷能转移过程和LNG-天然气相态转换过程揭示多网耦合机理,实现多网系统实际运行过程中的能源调控。
(2)LNG管网与电网的输送方式耦合。近年来,中国海上风电产业呈现出迅猛的发展态势,然而传统的输电方式存在金属耗材多、电力损耗大、输送容量小等问题。超导电缆作为一种新型的输电方式,其具有传输容量大、损耗低、体积小、重量轻等优点,但超导电缆需要在低温区附近工作,制冷成本较高,这在一定程度上限制了其应用。因此,超导直流能源管道输送技术随之发展,将低温液态LNG与超导电缆相结合,充分利用LNG的冷能为超导电缆提供低温环境支撑,从而有效降低了超导电缆的制冷成本。同时,LNG液态输送还能大幅减小管道直径,提高管网输送容量,是一种极具前景的能源运输方式[12]。经测算,若将中国“西气东输”一线工程中的天然气以低温液态形式输送,并与中国西电东送项目相结合,则联合输送系统的损耗率仅为传统输送系统的1/3,其能源输送效率高达96%。该输送方式所节约的能量十分可观,占到西电东送输电总量的9.9%,该工程节约的输送成本完全可以弥补建设成本的增长[13]。然而,超导直流能源管道目前仍处于概念设计和小规模实验阶段,相应的结论难以直接推广至长距离管网。该系统涉及多个学科领域,包括热力学、传热学、化学燃料、电气工程、低温学、超导和材料科学等,未来需要从管道的设计、预冷、运行、调控、安全等角度出发,研究LNG和超导电力长距离联合输送的基础问题,推动相关技术发展。
LNG长距离低温管网输送对冷能高效利用提出两个新的问题。一是如何实现对长距离低温管网沿线冷能分布参数的精确预测。在长距离输送过程中,LNG会受到压力损失和热耗散的影响,导致其沿线的温度、压力等关键热力学参数发生变化。当前,对于LNG在管网输送过程中冷能与温度、压力等状态参数之间复杂的关系,尚缺乏有效的研究方法和手段进行准确描述和预测。二是如何满足更广阔空间范围内的城市冷能需求。传统的LNG冷能梯级利用系统主要服务于LNG接收站附近的工业生产过程。然而,随着新型冷能利用方式的发展,需更多关注如何满足更广阔空间范围内城市的制冷需求,如城乡冷库、居民用冷等。因此,新型冷能利用方式需具备更高的灵活性和适应性,有效应对需求波动,减少能源浪费,并降低对环境的影响。
用冷与用气需求波动极易造成冷能供应不足或过剩的情况,对管网输送系统调控提出了挑战。LNG气化过程中主要产生冷能与天然气两种能源,然而用冷与用气需求通常呈现出明显的季节性变化和日内波动特征。在季节性变化方面,夏季用冷需求增加、用气需求相对减少,而冬季呈现相反变化趋势;在日内波动方面,白天用冷能需求较高,通常在午后会达到峰值,这是因为日间高温下空调及工业冷却系统的使用量增加,而用气需求高峰则相反,一般出现在居民在家取暖和烹饪的早晨或夜晚。为此,需研究LNG管网与城市冷网、天然气管网耦合过程中涉及到的复杂且相互作用的物理、化学和热力学过程,实现系统的精确模拟,并通过LNG管网与城市冷网、天然气管网的协同优化和调控,实现不同时空尺度上的供需动态平衡,并提高综合能源输送效率。
LNG长距离低温管网可与城市冷网、天然气管网耦合,提升综合能源输送效率,但由于多网系统涵盖多种能源形式,并且多种能源需求之间存在复杂的耦合关系。因此,多网系统协同规划需要描述长周期时间尺度下多类型用户对多种能源的需求特性,从多个维度对需求的类型、大小、分布、变化趋势等特点进行刻画,从而实现用户用能需求的准确描述。LNG管网的接入带来更多不确定因素。尽管在已有研究中考虑的不确定性因素数量逐渐增加,但融合LNG管网的多网系统用户类型多样,不确定性因素的类别、时间尺度、空间尺度均不相同,需进一步开展多种不确定性因素下多网系统协同规划方法研究。同时,多网系统中各参与主体之间在多能源形式、多输送方式等方面存在竞争。在此过程中,不同的网络实体(如个体、组织等)通过博弈的方式进行决策,以实现自身的利益最大化并将达到平衡状态。融合LNG管网的多网系统输送LNG、高品位冷能、天然气等多种能源,系统中各管网介质的生产者、消费者、输送者等多主体之间也存在竞争、合作等博弈行为,使得多网系统博弈行为表征更加复杂。
针对LNG所带来的深冷环境,未来需研究保冷材料的导热系数、机械强度等性能变化规律,并提出适用于LNG长距离低温管网的新型保冷结构。例如,将玻璃纤维作为增强相掺入聚氨酯泡沫中,在进一步提高保冷材料孔隙率的同时增强其机械强度和稳定性。同时,搭建LNG长距离低温管网物理缩比实验系统,研究LNG输送时的换热与流动特性,开展超低温条件下长距离LNG管道用材的材料力学实验,通过理论分析、数值模拟及实验研究等手段联合确定LNG长距离低温管网在不同工况下的热-流-固耦合特性,明晰LNG输送工况下管道结构稳定运行机制。
此外,还需探索管网运输系统各内部单元及外部环境间的相互作用,以系统的可靠性和经济性为目标,考虑水力、热力、管道强度、管道规格、管道保温、泵机组特性和制冷站特性等约束,研究低温管道本体、保冷层和冷泵站场的优化设计准则,发展LNG长距离低温管网设计理论。
针对高效换热设备,需提出基于LNG温度的混合工质制冷新循环,实现液氮温度及更低温度的制冷,并通过优化混合工质配比,实现混合制冷工质与LNG温度以及目标制冷温度的良好匹配,降低传热㶲损失,大幅降低低温制冷功耗。考虑温度负荷匹配和传热损耗设计出高效的组合式换能器件,开展液氮温区下制冷样机研制及性能测试。
针对新型冷能利用工艺,需提出基于混合工质的多级朗肯循环发电方案。采用多级发电方案可避免由于大的换热温差导致不可逆的㶲损失,提出针对中小型LNG接收站的冷能梯级利用方案。同时,LNG冷能梯级利用可结合储能技术,在用电高峰时释放冷能,在非用电高峰时储存冷能,以平衡能源需求。
针对冷能利用评价,管网输送系统调控涉及到多能源(LNG、冷能、天然气)、多品位(制冷、发电、冷却等不同品位的需求)和多目标(安全、经济、环境、㶲效率和能量效率)优化。《能量系统㶲分析技术导则》(GB/T 14909—2021)规定了能量系统㶲平衡计算、㶲分析评价指标及㶲分析的步骤,但㶲分析片面强调降低㶲损耗来达到过程热力学的完善性,而忽视了㶲损耗对实际过程进行的推动力作用,也不能反映能量在变化过程中价值的变化。因此,需要从热力学、经济学等角度出发,综合考虑LNG冷能利用过程中的工质、设备、循环与系统,构建一个深度描述冷能利用率、效率等与LNG温度和压力的关系的评价体系。
针对LNG管网输送系统调控优化,需借鉴电力系统调控模型、气电耦合模型、综合能源系统调控模型等,并分析冷、气负荷的日变性和时变性特性,描述用户冷、气负荷变化在不同时间尺度上的随机性,综合考虑冷、气负荷预测日前及日内不确定性,实现基于“日前-日内”的多时间尺度的协调优化调控,逐级、滚动响应城市用冷、用气需求,从而发展出适用于LNG管网输送系统的多能耦合建模方法,实现面向冷能梯级利用的LNG管网输送系统调控优化。
针对超导直流能源管道,建立中等规模实验设施,探索管网众多结构参数与运行参数之间的耦合关系,推动超导直流能源管道输送技术发展。在此过程中,研究预冷过程的热-流-固耦合特性,探索中等规模实验管道在正常扰动以及非正常扰动下的安全问题。同时,LNG管网输送具有规模效应,在大输量、大管径、长距离输送时,单位气体的边际输送成本较低,但随着管网的管径及输量的不断增大,低温管道的保温、施工、预冷、投产的难度增大,运行安全性降低,且大管径管道能为超导电缆提供的边际冷能逐渐降低。因此,需考虑超导能源管道的设计结构、LNG管网输送的规模效应、管道保温结构、保温材料,以及天然气与电力协同运输的空间场景,确定综合能源管网输送的合理规模。
冷能作为一种能源形态,与热能、电能和原子能一样具有巨大的发展潜力。当前中国已成为全球最大LNG进口国,并且LNG冷能市场庞大,利用LNG冷能是必要的。尽管当前国际范围内尚无LNG长距离低温管网输送的先例,但中国已在LNG冷能梯级利用技术、管网输送与调控技术等方面取得了一定成果,从而支撑LNG长距离低温输送管网的发展。未来,需通过研发新型保冷结构、高效换热设备,并在此基础上进一步发展LNG管网输送系统调控与多网系统规划技术,解决LNG供应与需求时空不同步问题,实现LNG高品位冷能梯级利用,推动中国LNG冷能综合利用率与冷㶲利用率走向世界前列。
  • 国家自然科学基金(52341203)
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doi: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2024.02.005
  • 接收时间:2024-01-10
  • 出版时间:2024-06-20
  • 发布时间:2024-06-26
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  • 收稿日期:2024-01-10
  • 修回日期:2024-03-28
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国家自然科学基金(52341203)
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    1.中国石油大学(北京)机械与储运工程学院,北京 102249
    2.中国科学院理化技术研究所,北京 100190
    3.中国石油大学(华东)建筑与储运工程学院,青岛 266033

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表12种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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