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Tungsten, as a critical strategic metal, is widely used in defence, new energy, and other fields. With the intensifying contradiction between global resource shortage and growing demand, traditional mining methods struggle to meet requirements. Consequently, tungsten resource recycling has become a core pathway to ensure sustainable supply, integrating economic value with ecological significance. Secondary tungsten resource recovery technologies can be categorized into chemical metallurgy and physical metallurgy methods. Emerging technologies like molten salt electrolysis demonstrate potential for efficient and clean recycling, yet they still face bottlenecks such as low recovery efficiency, high energy consumption, and pollution control challenges. To address these issues, multidimensional development strategies were proposed, including prioritizing breakthroughs in the engineering application of molten salt electrolysis and developing low-energy and high-efficiency recovery systems; strengthening policy support and international technical collaboration to establish standardized recycling networks; advancing intelligent sorting and automated purification equipment to enhance the technical efficiency of the entire process. Through technological innovation and industrial synergy, the tungsten resource recycling system is expected to achieve large-scale application. This will not only alleviate resource constraints but also drive the global tungsten industry’s green transformation, providing a practical paradigm for sustainable resource development.

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钨作为关键战略金属,广泛应用于国防、新能源等领域。随着全球资源短缺与需求增长矛盾加剧,传统开采难以满足需求,钨资源循环利用成为保障可持续供应的核心路径,兼具经济价值与生态意义。钨二次资源回收技术可分为化学冶金法和物理冶金法,其中熔盐电解等新兴技术展现出高效清洁循环潜力,但仍面临回收效率低、能耗高及污染控制等瓶颈。针对这些问题,文章提出多维度发展策略:重点突破熔盐电解技术的工程化应用,开发低能耗高效回收体系;强化政策扶持与国际技术协作,构建标准化回收网络;推进智能化分选与自动化提纯装备研发,提升全流程技术能效。通过技术创新与产业协同,钨资源循环体系有望实现规模化应用,可缓解资源约束压力,还将推动全球钨产业绿色转型,为资源可持续利用提供实践范本。

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席晓丽,教授,博士研究生导师。北京工业大学材料科学与工程学院院长。国家杰出青年科学基金获得者,国家重点研发计划首席科学家。中国有色金属学会稀有金属冶金学术委员会副主任、中国有色金属学会固废资源化专业委员会副主任、中国金属学会熔盐化学委员分会副主任等。主要从事金属材料制备及性能调控,稀缺金属材料高效循环再造,材料化学计算,熔盐电化学和环境电化学等科研工作。获国家科技进步奖二等奖2项,日内瓦国际发明展金奖1项。发表论文100余篇,出版著作1部、参编教材3部。授权中国发明专利50余件,授权美国、日本等发明专利8项。制定国家标准等5项。电子信箱:

聂祚仁,教授,博士研究生导师。北京工业大学党委副书记、校长。中国材料研究学会副理事长,教育部科技委材料科学学部副主任等。主要从事有色金属冶金材料及加工领域教学与科研工作,致力于材料全生命周期环境友好发展。获国家自然科学奖一等奖、二等奖,国家技术发明奖二等奖和国家科学技术进步奖二等奖。全国优秀科技工作者、全国五一劳动奖章获得者等。授权发明专利及软件127件。出版著作7部,发表论文270篇,授权发明专利及软件127件。电子信箱:

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席晓丽,教授,博士研究生导师。北京工业大学材料科学与工程学院院长。国家杰出青年科学基金获得者,国家重点研发计划首席科学家。中国有色金属学会稀有金属冶金学术委员会副主任、中国有色金属学会固废资源化专业委员会副主任、中国金属学会熔盐化学委员分会副主任等。主要从事金属材料制备及性能调控,稀缺金属材料高效循环再造,材料化学计算,熔盐电化学和环境电化学等科研工作。获国家科技进步奖二等奖2项,日内瓦国际发明展金奖1项。发表论文100余篇,出版著作1部、参编教材3部。授权中国发明专利50余件,授权美国、日本等发明专利8项。制定国家标准等5项。电子信箱:

"}, bioImg=+8ojltS9sZu6mwXhvsqyzw==, bioContent=

席晓丽,教授,博士研究生导师。北京工业大学材料科学与工程学院院长。国家杰出青年科学基金获得者,国家重点研发计划首席科学家。中国有色金属学会稀有金属冶金学术委员会副主任、中国有色金属学会固废资源化专业委员会副主任、中国金属学会熔盐化学委员分会副主任等。主要从事金属材料制备及性能调控,稀缺金属材料高效循环再造,材料化学计算,熔盐电化学和环境电化学等科研工作。获国家科技进步奖二等奖2项,日内瓦国际发明展金奖1项。发表论文100余篇,出版著作1部、参编教材3部。授权中国发明专利50余件,授权美国、日本等发明专利8项。制定国家标准等5项。电子信箱:

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聂祚仁,教授,博士研究生导师。北京工业大学党委副书记、校长。中国材料研究学会副理事长,教育部科技委材料科学学部副主任等。主要从事有色金属冶金材料及加工领域教学与科研工作,致力于材料全生命周期环境友好发展。获国家自然科学奖一等奖、二等奖,国家技术发明奖二等奖和国家科学技术进步奖二等奖。全国优秀科技工作者、全国五一劳动奖章获得者等。授权发明专利及软件127件。出版著作7部,发表论文270篇,授权发明专利及软件127件。电子信箱:

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聂祚仁,教授,博士研究生导师。北京工业大学党委副书记、校长。中国材料研究学会副理事长,教育部科技委材料科学学部副主任等。主要从事有色金属冶金材料及加工领域教学与科研工作,致力于材料全生命周期环境友好发展。获国家自然科学奖一等奖、二等奖,国家技术发明奖二等奖和国家科学技术进步奖二等奖。全国优秀科技工作者、全国五一劳动奖章获得者等。授权发明专利及软件127件。出版著作7部,发表论文270篇,授权发明专利及软件127件。电子信箱:

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Separation and Purification Technology, 2024, 330, doi:10.1016/j.seppur.2023.125270., articleTitle=Electrochemical separation technology and mechanism of tungsten and cobalt in Na2WO4-WO3-CoO molten salts, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114362048053816, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708273454375866, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[2], rfOrder=1, authorNames=余金杰, 杨郧城, 陈其慎, journalName=地球学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=余金杰, 杨郧城, 陈其慎, . 中国钨矿的矿床类型划分、空间分布和开发利用现状[J]. 地球学报, doi: 10.3975/cagsb.2024.112401., articleTitle=中国钨矿的矿床类型划分、空间分布和开发利用现状, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114362119356985, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708273454375866, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[2], rfOrder=2, authorNames=Yu J J, Yang Y C, Chen Q S, journalName=Acta Geoscientica Sinica, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Yu J J, Yang Y C, Chen Q S, et al. 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(in Chinese), articleTitle=Deposit types, spatial distribution, development, and utilization of tungsten deposits in China, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114363591557690, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708273454375866, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[3], rfOrder=3, authorNames=中华人民共和国自然资源部, journalName=中国矿产资源报告(2023), refType=null, unstructuredReference=中华人民共和国自然资源部. 中国矿产资源报告(2023)[M]. 北京: 地质出版社, 2023., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114363662860860, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708273454375866, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[3], rfOrder=4, authorNames=Ministry of Natural Resources, PRC., journalName=China mineral resources 2023, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Ministry of Natural Resources, PRC. China mineral resources 2023[M]. Beijing: Geological Publishing House, 2023. (in Chinese), articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114363759329853, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708273454375866, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[4], rfOrder=5, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Mineral commodity summaries 2024[R]. Reston: USGS, 2024., articleTitle=Mineral commodity summaries 2024, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114363839021630, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708273454375866, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=195, issue=null, pageStart=244, pageEnd=252, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[5], rfOrder=6, authorNames=Zhang A L, Zuoren Nie B, Xiaoli Xi C, journalName=Separation and Purification Technology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhang A L, Zuoren Nie B, Xiaoli Xi C, et al. Electrochemical separation and extraction of cobalt and tungsten from cemented scrap[J]. Separation and Purification Technology, 2018, 195: 244-252., articleTitle=Electrochemical separation and extraction of cobalt and tungsten from cemented scrap, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114363918713407, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708273454375866, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=55, issue=6, pageStart=4110, pageEnd=4114, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[6], rfOrder=7, authorNames=Zhang J, Zhang L W, Xi X L, journalName=Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhang J, Zhang L W, Xi X L, et al. A new method of tungsten extraction by liquid cathode molten salt electrolysis-zinc melt separation[J]. Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B, 2024, 55(6): 4110-4114., articleTitle=A new method of tungsten extraction by liquid cathode molten salt electrolysis-zinc melt separation, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114363985822272, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708273454375866, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=352, issue=null, pageStart=73, pageEnd=79, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[7], rfOrder=8, authorNames=Aihara T, Miura H, Shishido T, journalName=Catalysis Today, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Aihara T, Miura H, Shishido T. Investigation of the mechanism of the selective hydrogenolysis of CO bonds over a Pt/WO3/Al2O3 catalyst[J]. Catalysis Today, 2020, 352: 73-79., articleTitle=Investigation of the mechanism of the selective hydrogenolysis of CO bonds over a Pt/WO3/Al2O3 catalyst, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114364048736834, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708273454375866, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=4703, issue=null, pageStart=57, pageEnd=60, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[8], rfOrder=9, authorNames=Miao Y, Wu Z, Wang D, journalName=China Molybdenum Industry, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Miao Y, Wu Z, Wang D. Preparation and mechanical properties of rare earth reinforced tungsten alloy for photovoltaic cutting[J]. China Molybdenum Industry, 2023, 4703: 57-60., articleTitle=Preparation and mechanical properties of rare earth reinforced tungsten alloy for photovoltaic cutting, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114364124234307, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708273454375866, doi=10.1007/s10853-018-2876-1, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=54, issue=1, pageStart=83, pageEnd=107, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[9], rfOrder=10, authorNames=Srivastava R R, Lee J C, Bae M, journalName=Journal of Materials Science, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Srivastava R R, Lee J C, Bae M, et al. Reclamation of tungsten from carbide scraps and spent materials[J]. Journal of Materials Science, 2019, 54(1): 83-107., articleTitle=Reclamation of tungsten from carbide scraps and spent materials, refAbstract=This paper reviews the state-of-the-art recycling of tungsten from carbide (WC) scraps and other spent alloys generated by various production and application industries. With an aim of direct reuse or chemical recovery of tungsten, the reclamation of WC is commonly divided into three parts: (1) pyrometallurgy, (2) hydrometallurgy, and (3) a combined (pyro+hydro) metallurgical process. The pyrometallurgical process consists of a thermal treatment under an oxidizing, reducing, or carburizing condition and of breaking the structure of hardmetals by dissolving the binder metal in a molten bath to obtain WC from spent/scrap materials. The hydrometallurgical process, based on leaching in acid and/or alkali solutions, follows precipitation/solvent extraction/ion exchange/crystallization operations to concentrate and recover the salt/s of tungsten and associated metals. The combination of both processes is employed mainly to convert the carbide phase of WC (along with the binder and/or additive metals) to their oxide forms prior to leaching in the acid/alkali solution to enhance the extraction efficacy in the aqueous solution. A critical analysis with respect to the processing conditions for extracting tungsten with the binder metal cobalt from various scrap/spent materials is given. The present paper will be helpful in developing an overall understanding of tungsten reclamation from the WC and other alloys that can provide future research directions to obtain the sustainability of this strategically conflict element.), Reference(id=1242114364216508996, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708273454375866, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=27, issue=12, pageStart=1599, pageEnd=1617, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[10], rfOrder=11, authorNames=Xi X L, Feng M, Zhang L W, journalName=International Journal of Minerals, Metallurgy and Materials, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Xi X L, Feng M, Zhang L W, et al. Applications of molten salt and progress of molten salt electrolysis in secondary metal resource recovery[J]. 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International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials, 2021, 98, doi:10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2021.105546., articleTitle=Recycling of tungsten: Current share, economic limitations, technologies and future potential, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114364371698246, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708273454375866, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=2909, issue=null, pageStart=1902, pageEnd=16, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[12], rfOrder=13, authorNames=Zhao Z, Sun F, Yang J, journalName=Chinese Journal of Nonferrous Metals, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhao Z, Sun F, Yang J, et al. Status and Prospect of China's Tungsten Resources, Technology and Industry Development[J]. Chinese Journal of Nonferrous Metals, 2019, 2909: 1902-16., articleTitle=Status and Prospect of China's Tungsten Resources, Technology and Industry Development, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114364434612807, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708273454375866, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=122, issue=null, pageStart=195, pageEnd=205, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[13], rfOrder=14, authorNames=Shemi A, Magumise A, Ndlovu S, journalName=Minerals Engineering, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Shemi A, Magumise A, Ndlovu S, et al. Recycling of tungsten carbide scrap metal: A review of recycling methods and future prospects[J]. Minerals Engineering, 2018, 122: 195-205., articleTitle=Recycling of tungsten carbide scrap metal: A review of recycling methods and future prospects, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114364505915976, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708273454375866, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=179, issue=null, pageStart=107461, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[14], rfOrder=15, authorNames=Xiao L P, Ji L, Yin C S, journalName=Minerals Engineering, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Xiao L P, Ji L, Yin C S, et al. Tungsten extraction from scheelite hydrochloric acid decomposition residue by hydrogen peroxide[J] Minerals Engineering, 2022, 179: 107461, doi: 10.1016/j.mineng.2022.107461., articleTitle=Tungsten extraction from scheelite hydrochloric acid decomposition residue by hydrogen peroxide, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114364593996361, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708273454375866, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=218, issue=null, pageStart=425, pageEnd=437, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[15], rfOrder=16, authorNames=Tunsu C, Menard Y, Eriksen D Ø, journalName=Journal of Cleaner Production, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Tunsu C, Menard Y, Eriksen D Ø, et al. Recovery of critical materials from mine tailings: A comparative study of the solvent extraction of rare earths using acidic, solvating and mixed extractant systems[J]. Journal of Cleaner Production, 2019, 218: 425-437., articleTitle=Recovery of critical materials from mine tailings: A comparative study of the solvent extraction of rare earths using acidic, solvating and mixed extractant systems, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114364677882442, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708273454375866, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=11, issue=3, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[16], rfOrder=17, authorNames=Li M, Liu C Y, Ding A T, journalName=Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Li M, Liu C Y, Ding A T, et al. A review on the extraction and recovery of critical metals using molten salt electrolysis[J]. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering, 2023, 11(3), doi:10.1016/j.jece.2023.109746., articleTitle=A review on the extraction and recovery of critical metals using molten salt electrolysis, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114364736602699, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708273454375866, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=null, issue=8, pageStart=21, pageEnd=14, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[17], rfOrder=18, authorNames=Wolf-Dieter S, Burghard Z, journalName=ITIA News, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Wolf-Dieter S, Burghard Z. Recycling of Tungsten: The technology-historystate of the art and peculiarities[J]. ITIA News, 2019(8): 21-14., articleTitle=Recycling of Tungsten: The technology-historystate of the art and peculiarities, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114364795322956, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708273454375866, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[18], rfOrder=19, authorNames=Lee J, Kim M, Kim S, journalName=International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Lee J, Kim M, Kim S, et al. Facile recycling of cemented tungsten carbide soft scrap via mechanochemical ball milling[J]. International Journal of Refractory Metals and Hard Materials, 2021, 100, doi:10.1016/j.ijrmhm.2021.105645., articleTitle=Facile recycling of cemented tungsten carbide soft scrap via mechanochemical ball milling, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114364854043213, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708273454375866, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=34, issue=7, pageStart=7775, pageEnd=7805, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[19], rfOrder=20, authorNames=Cai X W, Wei X G, Du C M, journalName=Energy & Fuels, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Cai X W, Wei X G, Du C M. Thermal plasma treatment and co-processing of sludge for utilization of energy and material[J]. Energy & Fuels, 2020, 34(7): 7775-7805., articleTitle=Thermal plasma treatment and co-processing of sludge for utilization of energy and material, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1242114361775424053, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708273454375866, awardId=2023YFB3811800, language=CN, fundingSource=国家重点研发计划(2023YFB3811800), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1242114361838338614, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708273454375866, awardId=52025042, language=CN, fundingSource=国家杰出青年科学基金(52025042), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1242114357014888980, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708273454375866, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242114357019083285, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708273454375866, companyId=1242114357014888980, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1. 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金属钨材料高效循环再造技术前瞻及发展建议
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席晓丽 1, 2 , 张力文 1 , 聂祚仁 1, 2,
前瞻科技 | 综述与述评 2025,4(1): 92-99
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前瞻科技 | 综述与述评 2025, 4(1): 92-99
金属钨材料高效循环再造技术前瞻及发展建议
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席晓丽1, 2 , 张力文1, 聂祚仁1, 2,
作者信息
  • 1.北京工业大学材料循环低碳再生全国重点实验室,北京 100124
  • 2.北京工业大学材料科学与工程学院首都资源循环材料技术省部共建协同创新中心,北京 100124
  • 席晓丽,教授,博士研究生导师。北京工业大学材料科学与工程学院院长。国家杰出青年科学基金获得者,国家重点研发计划首席科学家。中国有色金属学会稀有金属冶金学术委员会副主任、中国有色金属学会固废资源化专业委员会副主任、中国金属学会熔盐化学委员分会副主任等。主要从事金属材料制备及性能调控,稀缺金属材料高效循环再造,材料化学计算,熔盐电化学和环境电化学等科研工作。获国家科技进步奖二等奖2项,日内瓦国际发明展金奖1项。发表论文100余篇,出版著作1部、参编教材3部。授权中国发明专利50余件,授权美国、日本等发明专利8项。制定国家标准等5项。电子信箱:

    聂祚仁,教授,博士研究生导师。北京工业大学党委副书记、校长。中国材料研究学会副理事长,教育部科技委材料科学学部副主任等。主要从事有色金属冶金材料及加工领域教学与科研工作,致力于材料全生命周期环境友好发展。获国家自然科学奖一等奖、二等奖,国家技术发明奖二等奖和国家科学技术进步奖二等奖。全国优秀科技工作者、全国五一劳动奖章获得者等。授权发明专利及软件127件。出版著作7部,发表论文270篇,授权发明专利及软件127件。电子信箱:

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Prospects and Development Recommendations for Efficient Recycling and Re-manufacturing of Tungsten Metal Materials
Xiaoli XI1, 2 , Liwen ZHANG1, Zuoren NIE1, 2,
Affiliations
  • 1. National Key Laboratory of Materials Low-carbon Recycling, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
  • 2. Collaborative Innovation Center of Capital Resource-Recycling Material Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
出版时间: 2025-03-20 doi: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2025.01.009
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钨作为关键战略金属,广泛应用于国防、新能源等领域。随着全球资源短缺与需求增长矛盾加剧,传统开采难以满足需求,钨资源循环利用成为保障可持续供应的核心路径,兼具经济价值与生态意义。钨二次资源回收技术可分为化学冶金法和物理冶金法,其中熔盐电解等新兴技术展现出高效清洁循环潜力,但仍面临回收效率低、能耗高及污染控制等瓶颈。针对这些问题,文章提出多维度发展策略:重点突破熔盐电解技术的工程化应用,开发低能耗高效回收体系;强化政策扶持与国际技术协作,构建标准化回收网络;推进智能化分选与自动化提纯装备研发,提升全流程技术能效。通过技术创新与产业协同,钨资源循环体系有望实现规模化应用,可缓解资源约束压力,还将推动全球钨产业绿色转型,为资源可持续利用提供实践范本。

钨二次资源  /  熔盐电化学  /  高效循环再造  /  钨材料高值化利用

Tungsten, as a critical strategic metal, is widely used in defence, new energy, and other fields. With the intensifying contradiction between global resource shortage and growing demand, traditional mining methods struggle to meet requirements. Consequently, tungsten resource recycling has become a core pathway to ensure sustainable supply, integrating economic value with ecological significance. Secondary tungsten resource recovery technologies can be categorized into chemical metallurgy and physical metallurgy methods. Emerging technologies like molten salt electrolysis demonstrate potential for efficient and clean recycling, yet they still face bottlenecks such as low recovery efficiency, high energy consumption, and pollution control challenges. To address these issues, multidimensional development strategies were proposed, including prioritizing breakthroughs in the engineering application of molten salt electrolysis and developing low-energy and high-efficiency recovery systems; strengthening policy support and international technical collaboration to establish standardized recycling networks; advancing intelligent sorting and automated purification equipment to enhance the technical efficiency of the entire process. Through technological innovation and industrial synergy, the tungsten resource recycling system is expected to achieve large-scale application. This will not only alleviate resource constraints but also drive the global tungsten industry’s green transformation, providing a practical paradigm for sustainable resource development.

secondary tungsten resource  /  molten salt electrochemistry  /  efficient recycling and re-manufacturing  /  high-value utilization of tungsten material
席晓丽, 张力文, 聂祚仁. 金属钨材料高效循环再造技术前瞻及发展建议. 前瞻科技, 2025 , 4 (1) : 92 -99 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2025.01.009
Xiaoli XI, Liwen ZHANG, Zuoren NIE. Prospects and Development Recommendations for Efficient Recycling and Re-manufacturing of Tungsten Metal Materials[J]. Science and Technology Foresight, 2025 , 4 (1) : 92 -99 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2025.01.009
钨,作为自然界中熔点最高(3 422 °C)、密度较高(19.3 g/cm³)且硬度极大的稀有金属,被誉为“高端制造的脊梁”和“工业的牙齿”。凭借优异的高温强度、耐磨性、抗腐蚀性及化学稳定性,钨基材料广泛应用于航空航天、国防军工、电子信息、新能源、机械制造等关键领域[1-2]。例如,硬质合金刀具在高端制造业中不可替代,光伏钨丝在新能源行业发挥重要作用,而钨基高温合金则是航空发动机和核工业屏蔽材料的关键组成部分。钨基材料在国家战略安全及高科技产业发展中发挥着不可替代的核心作用。
全球钨矿资源的分布高度集中,截至2023年,全球已探明钨储量约为380万t,其中中国占比超过75%(约285.1万t),远超其他国家。然而,尽管中国是全球最大的钨资源国和生产国(2022年占全球产量84%),但长期高强度开采已导致高品位黑钨矿资源加速消耗,矿山品位下降,开采成本逐年上升,资源可持续性问题日益突出[3-4]。与此同时,全球钨需求在新兴产业的拉动下快速增长,特别是在硬质合金、电子信息、新能源等领域,年均需求增速超过20%。预计2025—2030年,全球钨的供需缺口可能扩大至3万t/a以上。
在资源有限、需求增长的背景下,如何保障钨资源供应安全已成为国家战略性课题。由于钨具有极高的回收价值和再利用潜力,仅依赖原生矿开采难以满足未来产业发展需求,同时也不符合“碳达峰与碳中和”(简称“双碳”)目标下绿色制造的环保要求。因此,构建绿色、高效的钨材料循环再造体系势在必行,这不仅可以缓解资源供需矛盾,降低对原生矿的依赖,同时还能减少碳排放,实现钨产业的可持续发展。
文章围绕金属钨材料的高效循环再造技术,系统分析钨二次资源的特性,梳理全球钨循环再造技术的发展现状,研判未来的技术趋势及面临的挑战,并提出针对性的政策与技术发展建议,以期为中国钨资源高效利用、产业升级及资源安全保障提供理论支撑。
在全球钨资源日益紧缺、开采成本不断上升的背景下,钨二次资源的高效回收已成为缓解原生矿枯竭的重要路径。钨二次资源主要来源于制造业、石化行业及电子行业的废弃物等领域,包括报废的硬质合金刀具、钻头、模具,失效的含钨催化剂,以及报废的高纯钨电极、溅射靶材等。这些资源因其高品位、成分稳定,具备显著的回收价值,但同时也面临较大的再生技术挑战。
以碳化钨(WC)为主的废硬质合金为例,其钨质量分数高达75%~95%,而中国主采的黑钨矿[(Fe,Mn)WO4]原矿中WO3平均品位仅为0.3%~0.6%,须经复杂选矿富集至65%以上才能用于冶炼[5]。相较而言,回收1 t废硬质合金可直接提取0.75~0.95 t金属钨,相当于200~500 t原矿的提炼量,同时可精简采矿、选矿等环节,降低30%~40%的生产成本。若全面回收中国每年产生的5.2万t含钨废料,理论上可减少约23%的原矿开采量,经济效益超50亿元/a,并显著降低矿山开采带来的生态破坏和碳排放。
相比原生矿伴生的铁、锰、硅等20余种杂质,二次资源的杂质谱系更清晰可控,为高效回收与再生提供了良好的基础。例如,废硬质合金中WC含量通常≥85%,结合相主要为Co/Ni(5%~15%),杂质总量低于2%[6];石化废催化剂中钨主要以WO₃形式负载在Al2O3/SiO2载体上,占比60%~70%[7];电子废料中的高纯钨电极,其纯度可达99.95%以上。这种成分确定性使回收工艺大幅简化,传统黑钨矿冶炼需经历“破碎-浮选-焙烧-浸出”等12~15道工序,而钨二次资源可通过“破碎-选择性浸出”等5~7道工序实现高效回收,极大提高资源利用效率。然而,若沿用传统湿法冶金工艺(如硝酸-氢氟酸体系),仍会带来较大的环境负荷,如产生3~5倍于原料质量的废水,并伴随NOx等有害气体排放。因此,开发更加环保、高效的回收技术成为研究的重点方向[8]
尽管钨二次资源具备高品位和成分稳定的优势,但其化学惰性也给回收带来了巨大挑战。例如,碳化钨(WC)在浓盐酸中的溶解速率仅为0.02 g/(cm²·h),极难溶解,使得传统湿法工艺的回收效率受限。火法回收须在1 600~2 000 °C高温下熔融分离,能耗高达2 500 kW·h/t,伴随的钴挥发损失超过15%;主流湿法回收依赖高浓度硝酸(8~10 mol/L)长时间(24~48 h)反应,回收过程中会产生大量NOx废气,不符合绿色低碳要求;物理回收方法虽可保留WC晶粒结构,但粒径分布不均(中位粒径D50=5~50 μm),再生材料难以满足高端制造需求[9-11]。这些技术瓶颈使得如何在低能耗、低污染的前提下高效解构钨化合物的稳定化学键,成为钨资源循环再造领域亟需解决的核心问题。
钨二次资源的高品位、成分确定性使其成为替代原生矿的重要来源,合理开发和利用这些资源对于保障钨供应安全、促进绿色制造至关重要。然而,受限于其化学惰性以及现有回收技术的能耗与环境影响,钨的高效、低碳循环仍面临诸多技术挑战。因此,未来需在技术创新和产业化应用方面加大投入,以推动钨资源循环再造体系的构建。
围绕钨二次资源的高品位、成分确定性与化学惰性特征,全球再生技术体系主要沿着化学冶金法(含火法、湿法及电化学法)与物理冶金法两大路径演进。截至2024年,全球钨再生率综合估算约为32%,其中欧洲(超50%)处于领先地位,而中国虽具备较大的废钨料处理能力(行业估算年处理量约12万t),但整体再生利用率仅约20%,尤其在高端应用领域(如高纯度钨材、硬质合金等)的再生率不足15%[12]
湿法冶金技术作为钨二次资源回收的重要手段,广泛应用于废钨钢和钨基粉末的处理。传统的湿法冶金过程通常包括酸浸、碱浸及后续的沉淀、萃取等步骤[13]。尤其是硝酸-氢氟酸体系,虽然长期作为主要的回收工艺,但由于其对环境的负面影响,逐渐被环境友好型工艺所替代。近年来,研究者致力于开发更环保的湿法冶金技术。例如,HCl-H2O2体系已被证明能够有效溶解钨渣中的WO3,并通过调节pH值实现钨与其他金属离子的分离。这一方法不仅减少了有害气体的排放,还提高了钨的回收率[14]。此外,Cyanex 923作为一种高效的溶剂萃取剂,已广泛应用于湿法冶金中,能够显著提高钨的纯度[15]。为了进一步提升湿法冶金工艺的绿色化和可持续发展,微波、超声波和高转速反应器等新技术开始得到应用。通过超声波强化作用,可以显著提高浸出效率和反萃效果,这些技术相比传统的高温高压工艺,不仅减少了能耗和环境污染,还提高了反应速率和选择性。然而,湿法冶金过程中产生的大量废水仍然是一个亟待解决的问题。废水中的重金属离子和其他有害物质若未经妥善处理,可能对环境造成二次污染。先进的膜分离技术和生物吸附技术可以有效去除这些污染物。此外,开发新型溶剂萃取剂和优化膜分离技术,不仅有助于减少废水排放,还能够实现资源的高效回收和再利用。
火法冶金作为一种传统且广泛应用的钨二次资源回收技术,其核心在于通过高温化学反应将废料中的钨转化为氧化物(如WO3),随后利用酸或碱溶液进行溶解提取[9]。尽管这种方法在处理复杂成分废料方面表现出色,但其高能耗和环境污染问题不容忽视。在实际操作中,火法冶金需要在高温条件下运行,这不仅导致了显著的能源消耗,还可能产生有害气体(如SO2、NOx)和粉尘,对环境造成一定影响[11]。对于含有多种金属元素的复杂废料,火法冶金的选择性较差,可能导致目标金属与其他杂质难以有效分离,从而影响最终产品的纯度。为解决上述问题,研究者正在积极探索改进措施。一方面,引入富氧燃烧技术和开发新型添加剂成为降低反应温度、减少污染物排放的重要手段。这些技术的应用不仅能够提高反应效率,还能显著减少温室气体的排放。另一方面,低温热解技术的开发为火法冶金的绿色化转型提供了新思路。通过优化工艺参数,这种技术能够在较低温度下实现高效回收,同时最大限度地减少能源消耗和环境负担。
未来,火法冶金技术的发展应着重关注智能化控制和多技术集成。结合人工智能和大数据技术,可以实现对反应条件的实时监测与动态调整,从而进一步优化工艺参数,提升反应效率和选择性。此外,将火法冶金与其他回收技术(如湿法冶金和电化学法)相结合,形成综合回收体系,有望充分发挥各技术的优势,弥补单一技术的不足。例如,通过湿法冶金对火法冶金产生的中间产物进行进一步提纯,可以显著提高钨的回收率和纯度。总之,火法冶金技术在未来的发展中需要不断优化和创新,以适应日益严格的环保要求和资源高效利用的需求。
熔盐电解法作为一种新兴的绿色技术,在钨资源的回收领域展现出巨大潜力。其核心原理是通过电解含钨熔盐,利用阴极还原反应直接沉积出高纯度钨粉或钨涂层[16]。这种方法不仅操作简单,而且绿色环保。近年来,随着对环保和资源高效利用的关注度不断提高,熔盐电解法提取钨逐步从实验室研究向工业化生产迈进。例如,北京工业大学联合厦门钨业股份有限公司开发了一种基于Na2WO4-WO3熔盐体系的工艺(熔点700 ℃)。该系统在电流密度300 mA/cm²、温度850 ℃条件下实现了连续72 h稳定运行,钨沉积速率达到1.2 kg/(m²·h),电流效率高达92%。这一成果标志着熔盐电解法正逐步走向规模化生产。其主要创新点包括:①直接采用钨二次资源为阳极,工艺简捷;②采用工业钨酸钠作为熔盐体系,与湿法冶金工艺互相配合;③开发熔盐内加热外循环系统,实现熔盐在线净化与产物收集。
尽管熔盐电解法在钨回收领域具有诸多优势,但其仍存在一些亟待解决的问题。①电流效率偏低。目前工业化装置的电流效率尚未达到理想水平,能量空耗较高,经济性受到限制。②设备成本较高。熔盐电解法需要高温操作环境,对设备材料的要求极为严格,导致初期投资成本较高。同时,长期运行过程中可能面临设备腐蚀问题,增加了维护费用。③规模化应用的技术瓶颈。虽然实验室研究取得了显著进展,但在实际工业应用中,如何实现大规模连续生产仍是一个挑战,熔盐体系的稳定性、设备耐材的选择及副产物的处理等问题都需要进一步优化。
械破碎技术作为一种常用于钨二次资源回收的物理处理方法,近年来在钨资源的回收领域得到了广泛应用。其基本原理是通过机械力作用将废料中钨基材料进行破碎和粉碎,使钨废料得到初步分离或预处理。常见的机械破碎设备包括颚式破碎机、圆锥破碎机、锤式破碎机等。这些设备通过不同形式的破碎作用对废钨材料进行初步处理,进而提高后续冶金工艺的效率[17]。机械破碎技术的优点在于其操作简单、能耗较低且能够处理较大粒度的废料,因此在钨二次资源的初级回收中具有明显的优势。尽管机械破碎技术在钨回收中展现了广泛的应用潜力,但其技术局限性也不容忽视。机械破碎技术无法有效克服废料中钨与其他金属之间的成分干扰,尤其是在含有多种金属元素和其他杂质的废料中,钨的回收率和纯度往往较低。现有破碎技术在对不同粒度的废料处理过程中,往往存在粒度分布不均、破碎效率不高的问题,限制了其在大规模钨回收中的应用[11]。针对这些局限,未来机械破碎技术的发展应集中在提高破碎效率、改善粒度分布和增强钨分离效果方面。具体包括:一是开发新型耐磨材料以延长设备使用寿命,同时优化破碎腔设计,提升能量利用率,降低单位能耗;二是引入智能化控制系统,通过实时监测物料特性和破碎效果,动态调整运行参数,从而实现更高效的破碎过程;三是结合湿法辅助或低温冷冻预处理等手段,降低硬质材料的破碎难度,同时减少粉尘产生,提高环保性能。此外,探索多技术集成方案,如将机械破碎与化学冶金或电化学法相结合,可以进一步提高资源回收率并降低整体工艺复杂度。
为突破单一纯物理法或纯化学法的局限,将物理法与化学法耦合也是未来回收钨二次资源的重要方向,可实现复杂废料中有价成分的高效分离与提纯。物理-化学耦合技术的核心在于将物理方法(如机械破碎、分选)与化学方法(如酸浸、溶剂萃取)相结合,以克服单一技术的局限性。例如,在处理硬质合金废料时,首先通过机械破碎将其细化为颗粒状,随后利用酸浸或溶剂萃取实现钨与其他金属的分离[18]。这一过程中,物理方法通过破碎提高了废料的反应表面积,化学方法则在后续分选阶段确保了钨的高效回收。该耦合方式不仅提高了回收效率,还有效降低了能耗和环境污染。此外,等离子体辅助热解技术也被广泛应用于预处理阶段,通过高温分解有机涂层或黏结相,进一步简化后续分离步骤[19]。然而,尽管这一技术在实验室中展现了较好的效果,仍面临设备成本高和操作复杂等问题,限制了其大规模应用。针对这些挑战,未来的研究应聚焦于开发低成本、高效的物理-化学耦合设备,优化各工艺环节,特别是通过减少金属元素的挥发损失、提高资源的回收率。此外,引入智能化控制系统,能够实时监控并动态调整工艺参数,将进一步提升整个回收过程的稳定性和效率。将物理-化学耦合技术与其他回收方法(如湿法冶金或电化学法)结合,形成多技术集成的综合回收方案,不仅能够充分发挥各技术的优势,还能简化工艺流程,减少技术间的冲突和重复,提高整体资源回收率,并降低工艺的复杂性。
钨资源的高效回收和再利用在全球范围内引起了广泛关注。随着钨资源供应日益紧张,各国在钨材料回收技术和产业化应用方面的竞争日趋激烈。尽管钨资源的分布高度集中,全球主要的钨生产和消费国仍在积极推动本国的钨回收体系建设,以确保资源供应的可持续性并降低对原生矿的依赖。
欧洲在全球钨二次资源回收领域无疑是领先者。欧洲多个国家,特别是德国、瑞典和英国,已实现钨资源回收技术的产业化应用,并且大多数企业已实现了50%以上的钨回收率。这一成就主要得益于欧洲地区对绿色环保和资源可持续利用的重视。欧洲各国政府在政策和资金支持方面具有积极推动作用,特别是在促进钨废料处理技术的研发、提高回收工艺效率和环保性方面。欧盟在钨循环利用方面的法律法规(如《欧洲资源效率战略》)为钨资源的回收提供了法律保障,并促进了循环经济的发展。
美国在钨资源回收的研发上也不断取得进展。近年来,美国政府通过设立钨资源回收专项基金和支持钨循环利用技术的科研项目,推动了钨废料的回收技术发展。在钨的回收和再利用方面,特别是在钨粉末、硬质合金等高端应用领域,美国通过与科研机构和企业的合作,逐步提升了回收技术的水平。然而,由于钨矿资源的分布相对有限,美国仍需依赖国际市场采购大量原生钨矿,回收体系的建设仍在不断完善中。
此外,亚洲其他一些国家(如日本和韩国)也积极推动钨材料回收技术的进步,尤其在电子废料中的钨回收方面取得了显著进展。日本在钨材料回收技术的应用上相对成熟,回收率接近30%,且在钨粉末和钨基合金的高端市场中占据了一定的份额。
中国在回收技术创新和产业化应用方面的差距主要体现在回收工艺的环保性和高效性上,特别是在湿法冶金和火法冶金技术的能耗和污染控制方面。因此,中国需要在技术革新和政策支持方面进一步加大投入,推动钨资源的高效循环再造体系的建设,以实现资源的可持续利用。
基于钨二次资源特性与再生技术发展现状,中国需从技术攻关、政策保障、智能发展三方面发力,推动钨再生技术从“实验室突破”向“产业化领跑”跨越。
熔盐电解法作为一种新兴的绿色回收技术,在钨回收领域展现了巨大的潜力。为了推动其从实验室研究向大规模工业化应用的转化,建议加大对熔盐电解技术工程化能力的研发投入,重点突破核心装备与工艺瓶颈。具体来说,应优化熔盐体系,提高电流效率,降低能耗,并解决设备材料的耐高温性和腐蚀性问题。此外,针对电解过程中的副产物处理、设备腐蚀与维护等问题,开发更加高效的解决方案,以实现熔盐电解法在工业中的大规模应用。
各国政府应加强政策支持,制定更具前瞻性和系统性的钨资源回收法规和标准,鼓励钨资源回收技术的创新与推广。例如,可以设立专项基金支持企业和科研机构开展钨循环利用的关键技术研发,并提供财政补贴或税收优惠以促进钨废料的回收利用。与此同时,加强国际合作与经验分享,共同推动全球钨资源的可持续利用。通过跨国合作,可以共享技术成果和产业化经验,推动全球钨资源回收体系的建设。
随着智能化技术的不断发展,钨资源回收工艺应加快向自动化和智能化方向转型。建议加强人工智能、大数据等技术在回收工艺中的应用,提升废料处理的精度和效率。例如,通过智能化控制系统实时监测回收过程中的各项参数,优化工艺控制,提高资源回收率,降低成本。同时,探索与物联网技术结合的智能化回收设施,实现全流程的数字化管理,提高回收过程的透明度和管理效率。
建议加大对高端钨材料(如高纯钨、硬质合金等)的回收技术研发,特别是在钨粉末、钨涂层等高附加值产品的回收工艺优化方面。通过提升回收技术水平,确保高端应用领域的钨材料供应,同时推动钨产业的技术升级与高附加值产品的发展。
通过上述三大战略举措的系统推进,我国有望在2025—2030年实现钨再生技术从“并跑”到“领跑”的跨越,再生钨占消费量比例从18%提升至45%,带动全产业链减碳超1 200万t/a,最终构建资源安全与绿色制造协同发展的新格局。
实现金属钨材料的高效循环再造,不仅需要在技术研发上不断突破,还要通过产业协同、政策引导和国际合作,共同推动回收工艺的优化和资源利用效率的提升。尤其是熔盐电解技术、低能耗回收技术和智能化技术的创新应用,将为钨资源的高效回收开辟新的发展方向。同时,国家在政策支持和全球资源整合方面的不断推动,也将为钨产业的可持续发展提供强有力的保障。
未来,在政策的引导和技术的突破下,钨再生技术将从实验室的探索走向产业化的高效应用,最终实现资源安全与绿色制造的协同发展。通过各方的共同努力,中国在全球钨资源循环利用领域的领先地位将愈加巩固,为全球钨产业的可持续发展作出积极贡献。
  • 国家重点研发计划(2023YFB3811800)
  • 国家杰出青年科学基金(52025042)
参考文献 引证文献
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2025年第4卷第1期
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doi: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2025.01.009
  • 接收时间:2024-12-23
  • 出版时间:2025-03-20
  • 发布时间:2025-03-27
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  • 收稿日期:2024-12-23
  • 修回日期:2025-02-19
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国家重点研发计划(2023YFB3811800)
国家杰出青年科学基金(52025042)
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    1.北京工业大学材料循环低碳再生全国重点实验室,北京 100124
    2.北京工业大学材料科学与工程学院首都资源循环材料技术省部共建协同创新中心,北京 100124

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表12种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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