Article(id=1148708273026560842, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, issueId=1148708266185646989, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2025.02.006, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1733846400000, receivedDateStr=2024-12-11, revisedDate=1740499200000, revisedDateStr=2025-02-26, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1751802994257, onlineDateStr=2025-07-06, pubDate=1750348800000, pubDateStr=2025-06-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1750867200000, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-06-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1751802994257, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774072811080, updator=sys-migrate, issue=Issue{id=1148708266185646989, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, year='2025', volume='4', issue='2', pageStart='115', pageEnd='173', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=1, createTime=1751802992624, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774072738679, updator=sys-migrate, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1157715879057342599, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, issueId=1148708266185646989, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1157715879061536904, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, issueId=1148708266185646989, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=地面运载工程专刊, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=73, endPage=83, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149664176890622501, articleId=1148708273026560842, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, language=EN, title=Development Trend and Outlook of Automotive Lightweight Design, columnId=1149656489310208610, journalTitle=Science and Technology Foresight, columnName=Review and Commentary, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Lightweight design represents one of the core technical competencies in automotive engineering, playing an important role in enhancing the international competitiveness of China’s automobile industry. Under the trend of automobile electrification, network connection, intelligence and sharing, the form and performance requirements of automobile products have undergone transformative changes. This paper comprehensively describes the new characteristics of highly integrated, modular, and bionic structural design in the field of lightweight structural design in the world. It profoundly analyzes the influence of the progress of new architecture, new materials and new technology, and artificial intelligence technology on the technical innovation of lightweight structural design of automotive products. Based on the study of the status quo, problems, and deficiencies of lightweight structural design in China, it is pointed out that multi-material structural design, integrated design, monolithic design, and artificial intelligence design have become the important development directions of lightweight structural design in China in the future, and the development suggestions are put forward.

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轻量化是汽车技术体系中重要的关键核心技术之一,对于提升中国汽车产业的国际竞争力具有重要的支撑作用,尤其在汽车电动化、网联化、智能化的趋势下,汽车产品的形态和性能要求正在发生巨大变化。文章聚焦世界汽车轻量化结构设计领域出现的高度集成化、模块化和仿生结构设计发展新趋势和新特点,深刻分析了汽车产品新架构、新材料技术、人工智能技术的进步对汽车产品轻量化结构设计技术革新的影响。结合对中国轻量化结构设计现状、问题和不足的梳理研究,指出多材料结构设计、集成化设计、一体化设计和人工智能设计是中国汽车轻量化结构设计未来的重要发展方向,并提出了中国汽车轻量化结构设计的发展建议。

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贾彦敏,国汽(北京)汽车轻量化技术研究院有限公司发展研究部副部长。主要从事汽车轻量化与环保材料评价体系相关研究工作。电子信箱:

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贾彦敏,国汽(北京)汽车轻量化技术研究院有限公司发展研究部副部长。主要从事汽车轻量化与环保材料评价体系相关研究工作。电子信箱:

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贾彦敏,国汽(北京)汽车轻量化技术研究院有限公司发展研究部副部长。主要从事汽车轻量化与环保材料评价体系相关研究工作。电子信箱:

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中国汽车轻量化结构设计发展趋势与展望
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贾彦敏 1, , 刘波 2 , 陈鑫 3 , 张宁 4
前瞻科技 | 综述与述评 2025,4(2): 73-83
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前瞻科技 | 综述与述评 2025, 4(2): 73-83
中国汽车轻量化结构设计发展趋势与展望
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贾彦敏1, , 刘波2, 陈鑫3, 张宁4
作者信息
  • 1.国汽(北京)汽车轻量化技术研究院有限公司,北京 102607
  • 2.北京科技大学机械工程学院,北京 100083
  • 3.吉林大学汽车工程学院,长春 130025
  • 4.中国汽车工程学会,北京 102607
  • 贾彦敏,国汽(北京)汽车轻量化技术研究院有限公司发展研究部副部长。主要从事汽车轻量化与环保材料评价体系相关研究工作。电子信箱:

通信作者:

Development Trend and Outlook of Automotive Lightweight Design
Yanmin JIA1, , Bo LIU2, Xin CHEN3, Ning ZHANG4
Affiliations
  • 1. China Automotive Lightweight Technology Research Institute Co., Ltd., Beijing 102607, China
  • 2. School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
  • 3. College of Automotive Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130025, China
  • 4. China Society of Automotive Engineers, Beijing 102607, China
出版时间: 2025-06-20 doi: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2025.02.006
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轻量化是汽车技术体系中重要的关键核心技术之一,对于提升中国汽车产业的国际竞争力具有重要的支撑作用,尤其在汽车电动化、网联化、智能化的趋势下,汽车产品的形态和性能要求正在发生巨大变化。文章聚焦世界汽车轻量化结构设计领域出现的高度集成化、模块化和仿生结构设计发展新趋势和新特点,深刻分析了汽车产品新架构、新材料技术、人工智能技术的进步对汽车产品轻量化结构设计技术革新的影响。结合对中国轻量化结构设计现状、问题和不足的梳理研究,指出多材料结构设计、集成化设计、一体化设计和人工智能设计是中国汽车轻量化结构设计未来的重要发展方向,并提出了中国汽车轻量化结构设计的发展建议。

轻量化  /  设计优化  /  集成化设计  /  一体化设计  /  人工智能设计  /  多材料设计

Lightweight design represents one of the core technical competencies in automotive engineering, playing an important role in enhancing the international competitiveness of China’s automobile industry. Under the trend of automobile electrification, network connection, intelligence and sharing, the form and performance requirements of automobile products have undergone transformative changes. This paper comprehensively describes the new characteristics of highly integrated, modular, and bionic structural design in the field of lightweight structural design in the world. It profoundly analyzes the influence of the progress of new architecture, new materials and new technology, and artificial intelligence technology on the technical innovation of lightweight structural design of automotive products. Based on the study of the status quo, problems, and deficiencies of lightweight structural design in China, it is pointed out that multi-material structural design, integrated design, monolithic design, and artificial intelligence design have become the important development directions of lightweight structural design in China in the future, and the development suggestions are put forward.

lightweight design  /  design optimization  /  integrated design  /  monolithic design  /  artificial intelligence design  /  multi-material design
贾彦敏, 刘波, 陈鑫, 张宁. 中国汽车轻量化结构设计发展趋势与展望. 前瞻科技, 2025 , 4 (2) : 73 -83 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2025.02.006
Yanmin JIA, Bo LIU, Xin CHEN, Ning ZHANG. Development Trend and Outlook of Automotive Lightweight Design[J]. Science and Technology Foresight, 2025 , 4 (2) : 73 -83 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2025.02.006
汽车轻量化是在满足汽车使用性能要求、安全性和成本控制要求的条件下,以设计技术为引领,以新材料技术和先进制造工艺技术为支撑所实现的产品减重。轻量化贯穿整车集成优化、零部件设计、原材料供给、工艺(成形和连接)和与之相关的装备(模检夹)、材料的回收再利用等产业链。因此,轻量化不仅是一项涉及多学科交叉、多技术融合的集成技术,也是一项需要汽车产业链上下游协同的系统工程[1]。结构设计、材料选用、工艺保障是实现汽车轻量化的三大技术途径,其中,结构设计在轻量化技术体系中处于关键引领地位,需要统筹考虑材料技术和制造工艺技术,实现汽车产品对其构型、性能、成本等方面的要求。
当前,全球新一轮科技革命和产业变革蓬勃发展,汽车产业竞争更趋白热化,电动化、网联化、智能化成为汽车产业的发展潮流和趋势。经过30余年的发展,中国新能源汽车和智能网联汽车发展均已走在世界前列。“巩固扩大智能网联新能源汽车等产业领先优势”被写入中国2024年《政府工作报告》。新的动力形式和智能网联零部件使得汽车整备质量在不断增加,带来汽车承载架构的重大改变。可以预见,未来具有智能网联特征的新能源汽车和节能汽车将成为市场的主体,轻量化的重要性更加突出。在全球汽车产业格局加速重构的历史机遇期,亟需结合新形势对轻量化结构设计的未来发展作出新思考,谋划新布局。
汽车轻量化不仅是实现节能减排的重要措施,还影响着车辆的加速性能、制动性能、操纵稳定性等性能[2]。从20世纪70年代起,随着车辆安全性、环保性、舒适性等要求越来越高,汽车零部件数量也随之增多,为确保车辆各项性能不因整备质量的增加受到影响,轻量化开始得到重视,基于计算机辅助工程(Computer Aided Engineering, CAE)分析的汽车结构设计得到应用并逐步发展成为汽车轻量化的首选方法。
进入新时代,智能网联新能源汽车蓬勃发展,全新的汽车架构带来全新的轻量化结构设计要求。第一,高等级的自动驾驶技术的日益成熟,碰撞预警、自动紧急制动、紧急自动避让等主动安全系统的逐步完善,意味着对车辆被动安全的认识和设计理念将发生变化,这就要求未来的汽车结构设计必须满足全新的安全性能体系要求。第二,新能源汽车的动力系统与传统汽车具有巨大差异,为了追求更优的动力系统集成和更合理的空间布局等,必须围绕新的动力系统特点开展全新布置,这带来了新的结构设计要求及性能要求。第三,根据笔者对2022年和2023年1 500余辆公开车型数据的统计分析,新能源汽车较传统汽车的整备质量提高15%以上。例如,2022年紧凑型电动车和紧凑型电动运动型多用途汽车(Sport Utility Vehicle, SUV)整备质量较燃油车分别提高了19%和18%;2023年紧凑型电动车和紧凑型电动SUV整备质量较燃油车分别提高了19%和16%。新能源汽车整备质量的增加对车辆的电耗、续驶里程、动力性、制动性、被动安全性等均带来不利影响,由此对汽车结构轻量化提出了更高要求。
汽车生产组织方式的变化和技术进步,促使轻量化结构设计理念正在向体系化的正向设计方式转变。当前,汽车结构设计方式已实现从逆向结构设计到正向开发设计的根本性转变,轻量化结构设计也是如此,即轻量化设计理念正随着汽车产品新架构的需求、汽车生产组织方式不断适应性地变化。最突出的表现是通过盘平台化、模块化设计等方式提升生产效率,从而降低产品成本、提高产品价值。与之相应,汽车轻量化的设计理念不再单纯追求“轻”,而是转向追求更好的可持续性,同时满足产品多样性、技术持续升级、智能化生产和成本控制需求。
随着汽车界对轻量化的持续重视和研究投入,轻量化结构设计水平快速提升,支撑结构设计的CAE软件,也从早期主要针对单一零部件拓扑优化分析(如Altair OptiStruct软件),发展到针对车身概念设计阶段的参数化优化设计软件(如SFE-Concept、DEP-Morpher、FCM等软件)。但上述轻量化结构设计需求和理念的变化,使得轻量化结构设计要处理的科学问题越来越复杂。尺寸优化、形状优化、拓扑优化、多学科设计优化(Multidisciplinary Design Optimization, MDO)、一体化设计等使得设计手段更加多元化,轻量化结构设计的对象也从简单变得更加复杂。从早期的对单个零部件的尺寸优化和拓扑优化设计,到总成级的一体化优化设计,再到系统及整车的参数化和多目标优化设计;从钢、铝合金、镁合金这样的各向同性材料部件,到复合材料结构部件、多材料结构部件这样的各向异性部件设计。此外,随着轻量化结构材料的可设计能力提升,应用场景也越来越复杂,轻量化结构设计的精度要求越来越高,计算强度也越来越大。
高度集成化,使“更轻”的重点从单个零部件转向系统集成最优。最突出的特点是整车各个系统之间的设计界限被打破,实现了整车架构的创新设计。以电池系统为例,早期的新能源汽车动力电池的电芯是先集成到模组中,再形成电池包安装到底盘或车身上。初期的集成化体现在将电芯直接集成到电池包中,实现无模组化(Cell to Pack, CTP)设计。此后,为进一步提高集成性,将车身的地板与电池包的上盖集成为一个零部件(Cell to Body, CTB)设计,打破车身系统与三电系统(电池)的界限。近年来,出现了动力电池电芯与底盘系统的深度集成(Cell to Chassis, CTC)设计,打破了三电系统与底盘系统的设计界限(图1)。上述创新型轻量化结构集成设计,不仅减少了零部件数量,增大了车内空间,提升了动力电池的能量密度,也使电池箱体骨架结构成为整车载荷传递和能量管理的重要途径,增强了整车的刚度与结构抗撞性。
模块化正在深刻影响整车构型和结构设计。最突出的特点是模块化结构设计从部件级发展到系统级,实现了轻量化结构设计、轻质材料与先进工艺的高度融合。从发展过程看,早期只是将同一个功能系统或者区域的零部件模块化。例如,将多个钣金件冲压焊接的传统结构变成了单个铝合金的一体压铸件,下车身变成了前后两个大型复杂压铸件,通过紧固件和上车身装配式连接,大幅度减少了零部件数量,简化了连接工艺,提升了车身刚度。但如今,快速发展的模块化技术,使模块成为了可拓展整车架构,其核心是模块的合理划分和模块边界连接策略制定,这从根本上需要新的结构设计模式和方法。滑板底盘可以实现同一底盘平台适配不同上车身,是模块化的典型代表,中国宝武钢铁集团有限公司(简称宝武钢铁)、宁德时代新能源科技股份有限公司等企业均开展了滑板底盘的研制开发。图2展示了宝武钢铁开发的伏兮底盘,分为前端、中间和后端3个模块,前后端模块骨架梁采用了吉帕钢和一体化热成形钢,中间模块采用了吉帕钢一体化热辊弯成形侧边梁,还采用了一体化压铸铝合金减震塔等。特斯拉Model 2车型将采用一种全新的模块化结构设计——开箱(UnBoxed),如图3所示。有别于传统汽车生产冲压、焊接、涂装、总装的工艺;开箱工艺面向一种解构式的装配技术,将整车分成六大模块,每个模块均包括车身、内外饰、电器的一部分,单独生产后组装成整车,把模块化的设计提升到一个全新的水平。
仿生结构设计在汽车产品设计中早有应用,如鲨鱼鳍天线。新形势下的轻量化结构设计需求,赋予了仿生结构设计新的内涵,尤其是在底盘零部件的轻量化结构设计方面,即围绕零部件的造型/拓扑和构造,实现对零部件结构的优化[3]。最突出的特点是通过模仿自然界生物的各部分组织和构造进行设计,包括结构优化和材料匹配优化,在确保零部件力学性能的前提下实现轻量化。例如,日本MAZDA 3昂克赛拉的SEB(Smart Expand Beam)悬挂(图4),其设计灵感来源于蝴蝶翅膀,通过模仿蝴蝶翅膀的结构和运动方式,实现了悬挂系统的轻量化和高效化。这种仿生设计不仅提高了悬挂系统的性能,为整车提供了更为稳定、舒适的操控性能,还为汽车制造带来了全新的思路和方向。
在新一轮科技革命的推动下,汽车产业正迎来产业结构调整和产业链生态重构的关键转型期,新能源、大数据、人工智能等新技术深度融合,加速了汽车技术变革,催生了新的产品形态和产业发展的新生态、新模式,也带来了轻量化结构设计的新需求和新机遇[4]
汽车产品新架构带来轻量化结构设计的进一步演变。全新架构电动车平台结构的出现,不仅使得整车轴荷分配更为科学合理,有利于更好保护动力电池,也方便充分发挥整车的性能。最典型的演变是电动汽车模块化底盘车架结构和非承载式车身结构成为趋势,其优势在于:① 车身结构和底盘车架的单独生产实现了基于同一个底盘车架结构可满足不同款型车身结构需求;② 方便质量及体积较大的电池仓等部件的安装与布置;③ 模块化的车身结构不再作为唯一承载件,可为未来无人驾驶或智能网联汽车提供更多的设计空间。在平台化和模块化理念的推动下,大型铝合金一体化压铸部件快速发展,并逐步出现了CTB、CTC、滑板底盘等集成度更高的创新性结构形式(图5图6),可以极大提升行业的集成化设计能力和工艺协同设计能力。未来,随着分布式驱动、自动驾驶技术、飞行汽车技术的进步,整车布置、轴荷分布、碰撞能量管理、性能要求等方面还将发生巨大变化,新的架构形式将带来更多新的轻量化结构设计课题和科学问题需要解决。
材料技术与加工制造技术的进步为轻量化结构设计提供了更大空间和自由度。轻量化结构设计方法的发展,与材料技术、加工制造技术的进步密不可分。随着高性能、低密度的汽车用(超)高强钢、铝镁合金、复合材料等材料技术的发展,使得结构设计可选用的材料越来越多;(超)高强钢冷冲压、辊压、辊冲、热冲压、变强度变厚度控制,铝镁合金高压压铸、锻造,复合材料模压,以及多材料连接等与不同结构和材料相适应的制造工艺越来越成熟;增材制造通过整合设计、材料及加工过程,从根本上改变了结构的设计和制造方式(图7),其成形与加工的高自由度助力新的结构设计从构想变为现实,并已应用于部分高端车型[5]。而上述这一切,都为汽车结构设计提供了更大的自由空间。未来,轻量化结构设计对材料技术和加工制造技术发展的引领作用也将更加突出。
人工智能技术的融入,有望大幅度提升轻量化结构设计的效率与水平。一个轻量化新技术从理念形成、研究开发、试验验证、规模化量产到市场广泛接受并成为成熟产品,通常需要10年以上的时间。但进入大数据和人工智能时代,借助移动互联网、大数据、超级计算、传感网、脑科学等新理论新技术驱动,以及人工智能在深度学习、跨界融合、人机协同、群智开放、自主操控等方面的技术优势,轻量化新技术的开发和应用周期有望大大缩短[6-10]。例如,基于机器学习的汽车吸能结构耐撞性智能预测方法,使压溃变形量和最大吸能值计算效率分别提升了174.5和210.5倍,可以快速准确地预测吸能盒的碰撞性能[8]。人工智能用于电动汽车车轮设计,可以帮助识别电动汽车车轮的最佳几何形状、材料和制造工艺,优化车轮强度、重量和耐久性,实现轻量化车轮结构的设计[9],相关技术已在大众概念车轮上应用(图8)。加拿大滑铁卢大学利用人工智能在汽车铝合金轻量化结构中开展耐撞性设计[10],建立了一种新的人工智能设计工具,将材料特性、部件设计、生产制造与碰撞脉冲联系起来,利用先进的递归神经网络,预测撞击时的碰撞脉冲响应,从而可以在轻量化结构设计中探索不同材料和加工条件的轻量化方案,同时保障耐撞性,将效率提升了一个数量级。未来,人工智能技术赋能轻量化结构设计,将解决轻量化结构设计中的非线性问题及各向异性材料设计优化等问题[11],推动轻量化结构设计取得新突破,加速下一代汽车的发展。
汽车轻量化技术包括结构、材料和工艺3个路线,其中结构优化设计是轻量化的基础和最重要的手段,如图9所示。目前中国轻量化结构设计的研究从逻辑上可分为两个方面:一是以材料分布最优为目标的结构拓扑优化设计;二是以结构性能最优为目标的结构单目标和多目标协同优化设计,主要包括拓扑优化、形貌优化、尺寸优化、布局优化、单目标优化、多目标优化等[1]。目前,以上技术已在企业得到广泛应用。根据近几年中国车身会议统计,车身采取结构优化设计实现了减重10%左右。支撑软件方面也有可喜的进展,国内已开发出具有自主知识产权的车身结构智能优化软件,其典型代表如上海典凡信息科技有限公司开发的DFC软件,可以智能快捷实现车身概念阶段的快速高效计算机辅助设计(Computer Aided Design, CAD)/CAE一体化建模,从而实现车身多种结构方案的分析和优化。
基于各向同性材料的优化设计技术,无论在国内还是国外都已成熟,并被广泛应用于整车、总成和零部件的优化设计中,显著提高了汽车轻量化结构设计开发的质量和水平。在一体化设计、可靠性设计和各向异性材料部件的设计方面,通过“十三五”国家重点研发计划项目“电动汽车结构轻量化共性关键技术研究与应用”攻关,突破了全新架构电动汽车多材料车体与底盘车架正向设计开发中性能指标分解、结构优化和性能集成等技术难点,研究建立了全新架构电动汽车结构-材料-性能一体化轻量化多目标优化设计方法,并已在国内电动汽车和节能汽车开发中应用。尚在进一步深入研究和探索的技术包括基于疲劳寿命的汽车承载件轻量化结构设计、各向异性材料连接接头的高精度建模、超大型一体压铸零部件性能不均预测与优化、CAE软件与人工智能技术的深度融合。
经过10余年努力,中国汽车轻量化设计水平不断提升,自主品牌汽车产品已经由原来的钢制结构为主,发展为现在的铝镁合金结构、碳纤和玻纤增强复合材料结构、钢铝混合结构、钢塑复合结构等多种形式,乘用车整车轻量化系数从2013年的3.05降至2022年的2.3[12],大幅度提升了自主品牌产品的市场竞争力,也为国家汽车节能减排目标的实现和中国汽车产品走向世界作出了贡献。
随着汽车架构的演变、新材料新技术的发展和数字化时代的到来,轻量化结构设计面临以下挑战。
1)面向未来全新架构的轻量化结构设计系统化研究不足
轻量化结构设计不仅要考虑部件本身结构的厚度、尺寸、形貌和性能要求,还需要综合考虑结构的选材与部件性能要求的匹配性、零部件的可成形性、制造工艺选择和对部件性能的影响、与周边部件连接方式及可靠性等方方面面。因此,轻量化结构设计是一个多学科高度交叉的技术领域,汽车实现轻量化必须建立以设计为引领,形成从基础理论到应用技术、从结构优化到材料和工艺的完整技术链,开展系统化的研究工作。从发展的眼光看,电动化、网联化和智能化带来了社会对汽车性能要求的巨大改变,将催生更加多样化的汽车新架构形式,新材料和新工艺更加丰富也增加了结构性能预测及优化分析的复杂性,创建与此相适应的、轻量化的结构形态,将面临着空间设计、强度分布、厚度分布、材料优化、连接界面处理、材料流动特性、工艺可靠性等全新的科学问题,需要从结构设计新需求出发,开展系统化的多学科问题研究,抓住发展需求窗口期,以系统观念启发颠覆性创新,促进科技竞争力提升。
2)多方案、多目标轻量化结构设计效率亟待提升
在汽车市场竞争白热化状态下,汽车企业对于汽车新产品开发周期和性能的要求日益严格,研发周期已经从过去的3~5年缩减到2年左右,为适应越来越快的研发节奏,势必对轻量化结构设计效率提出了更高的要求。在概念设计阶段,需要对多个结构设计技术方案可行性进行高效评估,且随着材料与工艺技术进步,评估的技术方案数量也更多更复杂。在产品结构优化阶段,从结构-材料-性能多目标优化逐渐增加了工艺、成本和环保等多个指标,优化模型需要考虑的变量和参数也越来越多。在开发验证阶段,为减少实车验证次数,降低成本,缩减开发周期,汽车结构设计的模型精度和可靠性要求也更高。目前,受限于多方案、多目标和多学科轻量化结构设计的计算处理能力,或特殊结构缺乏有效的设计方法(如梯度结构设计主要依赖于经验或不断地“试错”,还处于起步阶段[13]),企业往往选择简化模型的方式。例如,压铸件往往按照等厚等性能建立模型,连接方式按照简化和单一形式进行分析,同时也缺少对铸件缺陷的预测等。这不仅会造成性能冗余影响轻量化,也会影响结构的可靠性。尤其在集成化趋势下,超大总成部件对局部性能的要求不同,甚至采用不同材料和工艺来实现,材料强度等级或者厚度属性以某种离散或连续梯度形式分布,方案处理的复杂程度更高,所需的周期更长,这与企业缩减整车开发周期的诉求相悖。
3)人工智能与轻量化结构设计融合基础薄弱
目前,世界各国人工智能与工业技术的融合仍处于探索阶段。在汽车轻量化领域,数字化转型工作才刚刚开始战略布局。由于理论基础较为薄弱,该领域仍面临众多未知科学问题,需要进一步研究和解决。从长远看,大数据是实现人工智能的基础,为人工智能模型不断学习优化和精准预测提供支撑。当前,轻量化产业链数据信息相对封闭难以链合,数据碎片化、孤岛化情况普遍存在,传统轻量化工艺装备有待进行智能化升级,轻量化结构设计也有待于与数据整合、数据结构化、数据分析和数据安全等数据技术进一步融合。算法和模型是人工智能的大脑,是轻量化结构设计效率和可靠性的保障。目前,以神经网络等[14-18]为代表的智能设计方法虽然已有一定的应用,但仅可应用于对单方案的设计变量优化,再根据响应度进行人工决策。随着多材料、集成化、一体化结构设计带来越来越多的新需求,对多目标、多学科和离散结构等优化算法的要求也将提高。人工智能将依托算法和模型实现过程的自动化和智能化决策,实现从全局响应到变量结果集合的转变。这意味着实现人工智能的轻量化结构设计算法和模型还要经历一个很长的研究、自我学习和验证的过程。
由于汽车行驶工况和结构复杂多变,对每一零部件都有不同的性能要求,甚至对同一零部件的不同部位也有不同的性能要求,单一材料已经很难满足车辆精细化开发的要求,多材料混合应用成为趋势。应用多材料可以充分发挥各材料的特性,不同的比强度、比刚度,以及结构可设计性和成形特点,可以实现“刚柔并济”的协同效应,但也为结构设计带来了新挑战,包括不同材料的线膨胀系数不同导致的多材料零部件温度适应性问题、不同材料连接中电位差造成的电化学腐蚀问题、不同材料连接的可靠性等。此外,还要考虑产品全生命周期成本、全生命周期减碳和回收利用法规的约束。因此,未来多材料结构设计发展的核心,是掌握多材料零部件材料-界面-结构-性能-工艺协同设计方法,实现不同材料和性能分布之间的最佳匹配和协同效应。
集成化已经成为汽车工业轻量化结构设计研究的一个重要方向。如前所述,集成化设计是将多个零部件或功能集成到单一结构单元中,以减少材料使用、减轻重量和简化装配过程。这种设计方法允许通过减少连接点和零部件数目来优化产品的重量和性能,同时提高生产效率和结构可靠性。此外,集成化设计还有助于提升汽车的整体性能。例如,通过结构优化使车辆获得更好的空气动力学特性,以及噪声、振动与声振粗糙度(Noise, Vibration and Harshness, NVH)性能。进入电动化、网联化、智能化时代,汽车架构及相应的结构形态在逐步发生演变,随着平台化和模块化研究的逐步深入,结构的极致集成化将成为未来的发展趋势,整个汽车产品主体架构将变成几个大总成,通过一定的连接方式进行组装,形成以“集成化设计”为结构特点的新型装配式汽车产品。目前,国内企业和高校正在研究的一体化压铸前后地板技术、CTX技术(Cell-to-X,指电芯与某一部分结构整合,如CTC、CTB等)、双门环技术等都为极致集成化奠定了研究基础。但仍有一系列科学技术问题有待解决。例如:热冲压双门环如何进行强度、厚度和结构设计,使其软硬兼备,既能完成吸能,又能保障安全性,热冲压工艺如何梯度冷却保障强度分布状态;玻璃纤维、碳纤维、玄武岩纤维等纤维增强复合材料在代替多钣金部件进行集成化结构设计时,如何开展铺层设计、结构特征设计、性能各异性设计和连接可靠性设计等;大型一体化压铸部件结构设计如何确保材料的流动性和均匀性,如何调控材料性能、开展缺陷预测等;面向增材制造新型制造工艺的轻量化结构设计,如何选择材料,并预测和控制其材料力学行为;如何设计高性能和增材制造的多尺度/多层结构;如何将增材制造的设计约束集成到结构优化设计[18]等。
轻量化结构设计的本质是多目标、多学科的优化设计,一体化设计是将汽车开发中与结构设计相互影响的指标提取出来,如材料、结构、性能、工艺、成本、环保、低碳等,利用多学科优化面向多指标要求寻求最优解。由于各学科响应函数的性质各不相同(线性、非线性、多峰、噪声等),对学科变量的选择也不同,需要经过多轮优化才能找到一个满足各个学科性能要求的妥协解。目前,材料-结构-性能的一体化设计应用较为广泛,材料-结构-性能-成本的一体化设计是当前研究热点,即设计材料、结构、性能、成本的相关变量参数并纳入优化模型,在满足轻量化、安全等单目标或多目标的前提下综合得出最优方案。未来,一体化设计将纳入制造、功能、电气安全性、回收利用性、舒适度、可维修性等更多指标要求,新的设计方法及评价体系有待研究。例如,建立新指标的变量体系及响应函数,与其他指标的关系模型等等。
人工智能技术的应用,可以极大提升轻量化结构设计的效率和可靠性,是未来的必然发展趋势。重点工作主要围绕以下两方面:其一,构建适应未来人工智能轻量化结构设计应用的数据体系。应面向人工智能轻量化结构设计应用,建立高质量、可持续的数据采集渠道,制定数据采集、存储、处理等标准,搭建行业协同开放共享的大数据平台。其二,面向多材料、集成化、一体化和多尺度等设计应用,开发适应未来人工智能轻量化结构设计应用的算法及模型。通用模型缺少必要的专业知识和优化决策模型,人工智能与轻量化结构设计的融合是一个系统工程,这将涉及轻量化结构设计过程的再认识、设计知识表示、多专家系统协同技术、再设计与自学习机制、智能化人机接口等多方面课题的研究。其中,设计过程的再认识要建立与轻量化结构设计流程相适应的、反映不同约束且梯度连续的神经网络;设计知识表示要解决多源异构大数据(二维、三维、仿真和试验等多模态数据)的挖掘和与多维非结构化知识表征;多专家系统协同技术要融合算法与模型,面向性能、安全和环保等设计指标建立主观感受与客观指标融合的人机耦合评价策略;再设计与自学习机制要能够基于大数据分析发掘潜在规律,实现算法和模型体系的逐步动态优化和迭代;智能化人机接口要设计简洁化的人工指令输入方式,并能够精准识别,执行指令后呈现结果等。
1)整合创新资源,面向汽车装配式轻量结构,系统突破多材料、集成化设计及成套技术
低成本和高效率开发和制造,是未来企业争夺市场竞争优势的焦点,装配式轻量结构是一种重要且有效的解决方案。特斯拉的解构式装配技术(unBoxed)是提升生产制造效率的典范,将集成化的系统部件通过先进的制造成形工艺或连接技术,在工厂内预先单独制造或组装,然后再运输到总线上最终组装。“装配式轻量结构”以装配式制造工艺为目标,在产品设计中需要多材料设计技术和集成化设计技术的支撑,即在多部件集成的情况下,通过不同材料优势实现同一集成部件的不同性能要求分布。同时,为了更好地发挥集成化和多材料的优势,需要将传统车身结构解耦重新进行系统分配,并且需要解决设计、材料、成形、连接、仿真、评价和装备等方面出现的新的技术问题,这需要整合各类创新资源,协同进行技术攻关。
2)研究结构-材料-性能+X的多目标优化设计方法,构建高效的轻量化评估模型和评价方法
随着集成化与多材料设计逐渐进入深水区,在轻量化结构设计中需要解决单部件多材料造成的厚度不均匀、性能非线性分布、多材料连接性能评估等问题,原有的结构-材料-性能多目标优化设计方法需要根据新的科学问题进行完善,且应该引入成本、工艺和低碳等指标,开展综合性优化设计,提升方案评估决策的效率和准确性。
3)布局轻量化数字化、智能化转型工作,促进轻量化与国家智能制造发展战略的融合
面向未来人工智能轻量化结构设计,加快引入与机器学习、知识地图和类脑智能等代表性人工智能共性技术并实现逐步融合,建立轻量化材料和工艺等相关数据标准及采集系统,形成面向轻量化结构优化的大数据体系,开发基于多目标的轻量化结构优化方法和智慧决策模型。让大数据和人工智能发挥作用,提升轻量化结构设计的精度和效率,加速轻量化结构设计方法的不断更新迭代。
轻量化是汽车技术体系的重要组成部分,更是形成未来汽车产业国际竞争力的关键要素之一。欧美发达国家和地区汽车工业均将轻量化作为国家发展战略,由专职部门负责推进汽车轻量化相关技术发展,并构建产业保障体系[19-20]。在轻量化领域的持续性投入不仅驱动了创新技术的快速进步,也通过孵化和转移培育了新的经济增长点。为提升中国汽车产业国际竞争力,加快实现“汽车工业强国”的梦想,应进一步明确轻量化技术的战略地位,建立政产学研用金高效协同体制,加强轻量化技术提升的持续投入,通过跨学科与跨产业协同,加快形成与汽车产业发展趋势相适应的新型轻量化结构设计技术体系和应用体系。这将有助于提升国家科技水平和工业发展水平,进而支撑国家新质生产力的构建。
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doi: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2025.02.006
  • 接收时间:2024-12-11
  • 出版时间:2025-06-20
  • 发布时间:2025-06-26
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  • 收稿日期:2024-12-11
  • 修回日期:2025-02-26
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    1.国汽(北京)汽车轻量化技术研究院有限公司,北京 102607
    2.北京科技大学机械工程学院,北京 100083
    3.吉林大学汽车工程学院,长春 130025
    4.中国汽车工程学会,北京 102607

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表12种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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