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The unique structure and innovative drive mode of distributed electric drive vehicles can significantly enhance overall vehicle performance, making them a crucial direction for the future development of electric vehicles. The application of distributed electric drive vehicles has greatly promoted technological innovations in high-performance vehicles. It not only improves energy efficiency, driving safety, and maneuverability but also provides new solutions for specialized applications such as the road transportation of oversized and heavy-haul cargo. This paper reviews the century-long evolution of vehicle configurations and highlights the inevitability of the development of distributed electric drive architectures in the context of vehicle electrification and intelligence, as well as the profound transformations they bring to the automotive industry. The paper conducts a comprehensive analysis of the core technologies of distributed electric drive vehicles worldwide, identifying key challenges in their current development. Finally, the paper presents an outlook on the field, proposing future development goals and technological transformation directions for distributed electric drive vehicles, with the aim of providing scientific insights and strategic recommendations for advancing research and application in China.

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分布式电驱动车辆的独特结构和创新驱动方式能够显著提升整车的综合性能,是未来电动汽车发展的重要方向。分布式电驱动车辆的应用极大地推动了高性能车辆的技术革新,不仅可提升车辆的能量利用率、行驶安全性和机动能力,还为超大件与重载货物道路运输等新型特种应用场景提供了新的解决方案。文章回顾车辆构型的百年发展历程,阐明了车辆智能化、电动化发展趋势下分布式电驱动构型的发展必然性,以及其为汽车行业带来的深远变革;深入分析国内外分布式电驱动车辆核心技术,总结了当前分布式电驱动车辆技术发展面临的关键挑战;对当前分布式电驱动车辆技术领域进行展望,提出了未来分布式电驱动车辆技术的发展目标与技术变革方向,以期为中国推进分布式电驱动车辆技术的研发与应用提供科学思路和发展建议。

, correspAuthors=杨殿阁, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
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杨殿阁,清华大学车辆与运载学院长聘教授,博士研究生导师。主要从事车辆设计、控制和智能化相关技术研究。主持国家自然科学基金重大项目、重点项目,国家重点研发计划等重要项目30余项。获国家技术发明奖二等奖2项,国家科技进步奖二等奖1项,教育部科技进步一等奖1项,中国汽车工程学会特等奖1项、一等奖1项,中国测绘学会科学技术一等奖1项。发表论文200余篇,授权发明专利120余件。电子信箱:

, authorsList=杨殿阁, 刘辉, 殷国栋, 高镇海, 朱学斌, 任林杰, 江昆, 杨蒙蒙, 黄晋)}, authors=[Author(id=1242114733814382960, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708272267387824, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=ydg@mail.tsinghua.edu.cn, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=1, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1242114733889880434, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708272267387824, authorId=1242114733814382960, language=EN, stringName=Diange YANG, firstName=Diange, middleName=null, lastName=YANG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, , address=1. School of Vehicle and Mobility, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1242114733948600691, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708272267387824, authorId=1242114733814382960, language=CN, stringName=杨殿阁, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, , address=1.清华大学车辆与运载学院,北京 100084, bio={"img":"fNOLPTQiR0P6Ix2q/7WVpg==","content":"

杨殿阁,清华大学车辆与运载学院长聘教授,博士研究生导师。主要从事车辆设计、控制和智能化相关技术研究。主持国家自然科学基金重大项目、重点项目,国家重点研发计划等重要项目30余项。获国家技术发明奖二等奖2项,国家科技进步奖二等奖1项,教育部科技进步一等奖1项,中国汽车工程学会特等奖1项、一等奖1项,中国测绘学会科学技术一等奖1项。发表论文200余篇,授权发明专利120余件。电子信箱:

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杨殿阁,清华大学车辆与运载学院长聘教授,博士研究生导师。主要从事车辆设计、控制和智能化相关技术研究。主持国家自然科学基金重大项目、重点项目,国家重点研发计划等重要项目30余项。获国家技术发明奖二等奖2项,国家科技进步奖二等奖1项,教育部科技进步一等奖1项,中国汽车工程学会特等奖1项、一等奖1项,中国测绘学会科学技术一等奖1项。发表论文200余篇,授权发明专利120余件。电子信箱:

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分布式电驱动车辆现状与发展趋势
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杨殿阁 1, , 刘辉 2 , 殷国栋 3 , 高镇海 4 , 朱学斌 5 , 任林杰 1 , 江昆 1 , 杨蒙蒙 1 , 黄晋 1
前瞻科技 | 综述与述评 2025,4(2): 84-98
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前瞻科技 | 综述与述评 2025, 4(2): 84-98
分布式电驱动车辆现状与发展趋势
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杨殿阁1, , 刘辉2, 殷国栋3, 高镇海4, 朱学斌5, 任林杰1, 江昆1, 杨蒙蒙1, 黄晋1
作者信息
  • 1.清华大学车辆与运载学院,北京 100084
  • 2.北京理工大学机械与车辆学院,北京 100081
  • 3.东南大学机械工程学院,南京 211189
  • 4.吉林大学汽车底盘集成与仿生全国重点实验室,长春 130022
  • 5.北京航天发射技术研究所,北京 100070
  • 杨殿阁,清华大学车辆与运载学院长聘教授,博士研究生导师。主要从事车辆设计、控制和智能化相关技术研究。主持国家自然科学基金重大项目、重点项目,国家重点研发计划等重要项目30余项。获国家技术发明奖二等奖2项,国家科技进步奖二等奖1项,教育部科技进步一等奖1项,中国汽车工程学会特等奖1项、一等奖1项,中国测绘学会科学技术一等奖1项。发表论文200余篇,授权发明专利120余件。电子信箱:

通信作者:

Current Status and Development Trends of Distributed Electric Drive Vehicles
Diange YANG1, , Hui LIU2, Guodong YIN3, Zhenhai GAO4, Xuebin ZHU5, Linjie REN1, Kun JIANG1, Mengmeng YANG1, Jin HUANG1
Affiliations
  • 1. School of Vehicle and Mobility, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
  • 2. School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
  • 3. School of Mechanical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
  • 4. National Key Laboratory of Automotive Chassis Integration and Bionics, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China
  • 5. Beijing Institute of Space Launch Technology, Beijing 100070, China
出版时间: 2025-06-20 doi: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2025.02.007
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分布式电驱动车辆的独特结构和创新驱动方式能够显著提升整车的综合性能,是未来电动汽车发展的重要方向。分布式电驱动车辆的应用极大地推动了高性能车辆的技术革新,不仅可提升车辆的能量利用率、行驶安全性和机动能力,还为超大件与重载货物道路运输等新型特种应用场景提供了新的解决方案。文章回顾车辆构型的百年发展历程,阐明了车辆智能化、电动化发展趋势下分布式电驱动构型的发展必然性,以及其为汽车行业带来的深远变革;深入分析国内外分布式电驱动车辆核心技术,总结了当前分布式电驱动车辆技术发展面临的关键挑战;对当前分布式电驱动车辆技术领域进行展望,提出了未来分布式电驱动车辆技术的发展目标与技术变革方向,以期为中国推进分布式电驱动车辆技术的研发与应用提供科学思路和发展建议。

分布式电驱动技术  /  车辆构型设计  /  车辆控制  /  特种车辆

The unique structure and innovative drive mode of distributed electric drive vehicles can significantly enhance overall vehicle performance, making them a crucial direction for the future development of electric vehicles. The application of distributed electric drive vehicles has greatly promoted technological innovations in high-performance vehicles. It not only improves energy efficiency, driving safety, and maneuverability but also provides new solutions for specialized applications such as the road transportation of oversized and heavy-haul cargo. This paper reviews the century-long evolution of vehicle configurations and highlights the inevitability of the development of distributed electric drive architectures in the context of vehicle electrification and intelligence, as well as the profound transformations they bring to the automotive industry. The paper conducts a comprehensive analysis of the core technologies of distributed electric drive vehicles worldwide, identifying key challenges in their current development. Finally, the paper presents an outlook on the field, proposing future development goals and technological transformation directions for distributed electric drive vehicles, with the aim of providing scientific insights and strategic recommendations for advancing research and application in China.

distributed electric drive technology  /  design of vehicle architecture  /  vehicle control  /  special vehicle
杨殿阁, 刘辉, 殷国栋, 高镇海, 朱学斌, 任林杰, 江昆, 杨蒙蒙, 黄晋. 分布式电驱动车辆现状与发展趋势. 前瞻科技, 2025 , 4 (2) : 84 -98 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2025.02.007
Diange YANG, Hui LIU, Guodong YIN, Zhenhai GAO, Xuebin ZHU, Linjie REN, Kun JIANG, Mengmeng YANG, Jin HUANG. Current Status and Development Trends of Distributed Electric Drive Vehicles[J]. Science and Technology Foresight, 2025 , 4 (2) : 84 -98 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2025.02.007
在汽车工业建立的百余年历程中,车辆架构基本以化石能源为代表的内燃机作为动力源,并配合传动机构形成动力总成。内燃机车辆以包含汽油与柴油等化石燃料作为驱动能源,以曲柄连杆机构、曲轴飞轮组等机构将化石燃料的内能转变为飞轮的动能输出至传动系统,基于配气、冷却与润滑系统优化化石燃料的燃烧效能,驱动车辆完成相应的驾驶任务。传统车辆的动力总成具有车辆加速时间短、结构紧凑、可靠耐用且环境适应性强等性能优势,但由于驱动能源为不可再生的化石燃料,无法实现燃料的可持续使用,且燃烧后的废气对自然环境会造成一定程度的破坏[1]
汽车历经长期演进与积淀,已逐渐成为人们不可或缺的日常代步工具。随着汽车保有量的持续增长,其能耗和污染问题日益凸显,引起了广泛关注。相比传统燃油汽车,电动汽车凭借节能、高效及操控便捷等显著优势,正逐步成为缓解全球汽车能耗及污染问题的关键途径之一。2020年11月,国务院办公厅印发的《新能源汽车产业发展规划(2021—2035年)》中强调以电动化、网联化和智能化作为汽车发展的重点方向,将智能汽车的创新发展提升至国家战略层面[2]。随着“碳达峰与碳中和”目标的逐步实施,中国正在向绿色、环保与低碳的智慧型城市迈进[3]
1)内燃机集中式驱动+机械传动
作为传统汽车核心动力方案,内燃机集中式驱动+机械传动形式以单一内燃机为动力源,通过机械变速箱和传动轴驱动车轮。典型布局将发动机置于前/后舱,经百年演进已形成成熟技术体系。但机械传动系统存在效率损失大、结构复杂等固有缺陷,其能量损耗主要来自传动系统摩擦和发动机热能散失,能量转化效率一般不超过50%。如图1所示的大众高尔夫和日产轩逸等为典型的内燃机集中式驱动的代表车型。
2)单电机集中式驱动+机械传动
单电机集中式驱动+机械传动的形式以电动机替代内燃机,保留机械传动结构实现动力传输。相较传统方案,能量效率提升至85%~90%,且具备噪声振动小、动力响应快的优势。但受限于单一驱动源和机械传动,存在动力分配不精准、传动损耗等问题。但这种构型配置方案实现了电动化转型的技术衔接,为后续发展奠定基础。如图2所示,单电机集中式驱动+机械传动的代表车型有小鹏P5和比亚迪秦EV等。
3)轮毂/轮边电机分布式驱动
多电机分布式驱动形式取消机械传动,为扭矩矢量带来了更大的分配自由度,更容易实现对横摆力矩和纵向力矩的控制,特别是四电机构型能够实现全轮的独立扭矩控制,被视为电动汽车的最终解决方案。能够完全释放车辆的运动潜力,通过毫秒级的响应实现主动姿态控制;支持爆胎应急行驶等冗余功能,确保车辆在极端环境下的基本行驶能力,有效改善车辆的转向特性。如图3所示,四电机构型的代表性车型包括仰望U8和Rivian R1S等。
1)多轮多轴分布式电驱动车辆构型
分布式驱动形式带来的核心构型变革体现在车辆轮轴数目增多之后。多轮多轴分布式电驱动车辆构型以2个以上驱动轴为核心特征,各车轮独立配置驱动电机,实现全轮扭矩精准控制。通过快速响应的电机实现动力灵活分配,显著提升操控性、牵引效率及能量利用率。典型应用场景为重型卡车与全地形车,如图4所示的厦门铱钼智汇科技有限公司(简称铱钼科技)EM165H和重庆金冠汽车制造股份有限公司(简称重庆金冠)8×8车型,多轴独立驱动设计可适应复杂路况。
2)模块化可扩展分布式电驱动车辆构型
模块化可扩展分布式电驱动车辆构型以单轮为最小单元,根据实际的运输需求,通过模块化组合实现轴数与轮距的自由扩展,打破传统机械转向约束。支持纵向/横向拼接,满足超大件运输需求;独立驱动单元协同作业,能够有效提升爬坡能力与极端工况制动效能;取消机械转向机构,有效降低最小转弯半径,满足狭窄转弯功能,支持“前拉后顶”多车协同运输模式。如图5所示,德国曼商用车辆股份公司的重型卡车曾组成多车运输系统,承担Catwalk游艇的长途运输任务。在场地运输中,一般以阵列连接可以横向或纵向拼接的模块化液压式自行运输平板车进行组合以实现超大件的短途转场;全长70 m的意大利加富尔号航母船艏,在意大利泛安科纳造船厂通过组合多个自行式模块运输车(Self-propelled Modular Transporter,SPMT)并进行协调操作进行合拢;中铁大桥局集团有限公司采用湖北天地重工有限公司900 t液压模块化平板车,运输巨型架桥机,用于高速铁路建设工程。
1)轮毂/轮边电机技术
基于轮毂或轮边电机驱动系统的分布式电驱动车辆,通过高度集成化实现了车轮端驱动、制动、转向与悬架功能的有机结合,形成了具有多功能特性的复合功能单元,如图6所示。这种创新设计通过取消传统的传动链,不仅显著提升了系统的集成度和轻量化水平,还进一步简化了车辆结构,为优化整车性能提供了全新的技术路径。系统直接将动力传递至车轮端,彻底省去了传统的发动机、变速器、驱动轴等复杂部件,有效减少了机械能量传递过程中的损耗,从而提高了系统的整体能效。
轮毂电机驱动的核心优势体现在其高效的制动与能量回收能力上。依托高度精确的电机力矩控制,该系统能够显著提升车辆的操控稳定性,尤其是在转弯、加速或制动等动态工况下。此外,通过电子机械制动技术的集成应用,系统可以对制动力进行精准分配与优化,不仅提升了制动响应速度,还显著改善了能量回收效率,实现了更高效的能量利用。这种技术特性对于提升电动车辆的续航能力和环境友好性具有重要意义。
2)电机及电驱动系统控制
图7所示,Protean公司推出轮毂电机产品与整车集成“电动角模块”解决方案,能满足绝大多数乘用车和轻型商务车对动力总成整车匹配的应用需求和ISO26262功能安全规范。PD18电机峰值功率可达80 kW,峰值扭矩为1 250 N·m,支持整车应用最大速度为225 km/h,其中电机质量只有36 kg。对于簧下质量负效应问题,Protean公司测试结果表明,通过更换不同刚度的悬架部件,可以显著降低簧下质量增加对驾驶性和操控性带来的影响。
1)角模块设计
集成驱动、制动、转向与悬架系统的车轮角模块构型赋予底盘高灵活、自重构、高智能的行驶能力,是智能底盘的前沿发展方向。
现有的角模块通常采用驱动与制动向轮内集成,转向与悬架向轮边集成的方案,如图8所示。第1类典型的构型是将转向自由度直接串入原有悬架的拓扑回路内,并通过转向电机驱动。典型构型包括日本NTN株式会社开发的角模块构型[4]和中国第一汽车股份有限公司设计的采用高抛式转向节结合双横臂悬架的角模块结构[5]。然而,上述构型在单开链内集成多驱动副将导致不同运动相互耦合,降低系统的可靠性和承载能力。第2类构型在悬架与转向节之间引入轭形构件以实现轮跳与转向自由度的解耦。典型构型如Iconer Module构型[6],以及东风汽车集团股份有限公司设计的基于麦弗逊悬架的角模块构型[7]。然而,在上述构型中,用于运动解耦的构件会占据较大的轮边空间使悬架执行单元的布置困难,易导致机构的传递性能下降。第3类构型将悬架系回路与车身断开,令其完全依附于转向系,形成串联拓扑,如Schaeffler Mover 1.0搭载的拖曳悬架构型[8];现代Mobis的双纵臂悬架构型[9];Protean 360+的双横臂悬架构型[10]。上述构型可以使角模块实现全周转动。但存在垂向空间占用较大,转向臂与车架的连接点承受的弯矩过大,转向传动链长等缺陷。
综上可知,现有的角模块构型以轮毂电机和线控转向的集成为主,通常沿用传统悬架结构而很少涉及与悬架系统的集成,模块化程度不高。因此,为提高底盘的集成度,同时实现良好的悬架几何运动学特性,需从机构学原理的角度提出适用于底盘角模块的悬架结构及转向-悬架集成机构的创新设计方法。
2)悬架技术
在分布式电驱底盘中,轮毂电机的引入不仅增大了非簧载质量,同时也使道路不规则产生的激励转移到了较低的频率上。因此,为了有效缓解轮毂电机引入带来的操纵稳定性、平顺性问题并兼顾在有限空间内的布置需求,新型主动悬架将成为发展趋势。
主动悬架按照供能方式不同可分为液压式主动悬架、空气悬架和电磁悬架。液压执行器具有抗负载刚度大、调节范围宽等优点。液压式主动悬架主要由液压泵、电液伺服阀、液压缸等相关液压元件及电控系统构成。梅赛德斯-奔驰集团股份公司的魔术车身控制系统(Magic Body Control)搭载液压伺服控制的全主动悬架系统[11],能够根据前方路况及时调节车身的侧倾、俯仰、高度。然而严重的能量消耗问题限制了此类主动悬架的发展。
近年来,响应迅速、控制精确且能量消耗低的电磁主动悬架及其相关研究逐渐兴起。电磁主动悬架按执行器类型可分为旋转电机式电磁主动悬架和直线电机式电磁主动悬架。旋转电机式电磁主动悬架的动力来源为旋转电机,通过齿轮齿条、滚珠丝杠或摇臂等机构传递作用力。美国德克萨斯大学机电中心Beno等[12]与美国国防部合作开发了新型的电控主动悬架系统,该系统将旋转电机与齿轮齿条结合用以传递转矩。滚珠丝杠机构具有传动效率高、运行平稳、定位准确等优势,现已广泛应用于旋转电机式电磁主动悬架系统中。东京大学Suda等[13]使用旋转电机与滚珠丝杠机构作为执行器,考察了该系统的减振性能和能量回收特性。
直线电机式电磁主动悬架具有结构通用性更强、响应快、功率密度大等优势,且能够避免旋转电机主动悬架由于传动装置磨损带来的效率损失问题。Gysen等[14]与瑞典斯凯孚(Svenska Kullager-Fabriken, SKF)公司合作为BMW 530i开发了筒型永磁作动器,外筒与车轮连接,为永磁体动子;内筒为三相开槽定子,与车身连接。Eckert等[15]设计了具有双层海尔贝克阵列的直线电机并与悬架系统集成。为避免电磁悬架系统的能耗过高,Shen等[16]设计了一种直驱电磁主动悬架系统,该系统具有双层海尔贝克阵列的管状直线电机并与一个螺旋弹簧并联。
在悬架系统方面,主动悬架与电磁悬架逐步成熟,有效改善了车辆舒适性和稳定性,并缓解了非簧载质量增加带来的不利影响。整体而言,线控底盘技术显著提升了分布式电驱动车辆的综合性能,但散热、振动控制与能量回收等问题依然是亟待解决的挑战。未来研究将着重于系统间的协同优化,以满足智能电动汽车的多元化需求。
3)整车设计
许多整车企业都参与了分布式电驱动车辆的整车设计。丰田公司先后在2003年、2004年推出了四轮毂电机驱动的FINE-X和FINE-T燃料电池概念车;三菱公司在2005年推出了后轮轮毂电机驱动的Colt EV电动汽车,之后几年又推出了系列车型[17-18];标致公司在2009年的法兰克福车展上推出了后轮轮毂电机驱动的PeugeotBB1微型概念车,电机由Michelin公司联合开发[19]。除了整车企业,一些零部件供应商也开始进行轮毂电机的开发。法国Michelin轮胎公司在2008年巴黎车展上推出的主动轮系统,将电机、悬架和制动系统全都集成在轮毂内,结构紧凑[20]
目前,国内外很多高校和研究机构也开发了分布式电驱动原型车。在国外高校中,东京大学Hori团队[21]开发了轮毂电机四轮独立驱动的UOT Electric March 2电动汽车;东京大学Fujimoto团队[22]开发了轮毂电机两后轮独立驱动的EV FPEV2-Kanon电动汽车;美国俄亥俄州立大学Wang等[23]开发了轮毂电机四轮驱动的EGV型电动汽车。如图9所示,日本应庆义塾大学的研发小组主导研制了Eliica八轮独立驱动高速电动汽车。在国内高校中,清华大学欧阳明高课题组开发了轮毂电机四轮驱动的哈利电动汽车;李克强课题组开发了采用轮毂电机四轮驱动的实验平台车;吉林大学、同济大学和北京理工大学等也各自开发了基于轮毂电机的四轮驱动试验车平台。
1)分布式电驱动车辆多执行器协调控制与容错控制
分布式电驱动车辆各轮驱动、制动力矩独立可控,具有传动链短、传动效率高、易于实现底盘模块化设计与主动安全控制等特点,是智能汽车的理想载体。分布式电驱动车辆可通过协同控制线控驱动、线控转向、线控制动及主动/半主动悬架等多个线控子系统中的1个或多个,充分发挥各线控子系统的性能优势,提升车辆在纵向、横摆、侧倾等多维运动耦合下的操纵稳定性和安全性。
车辆纵向稳定控制系统通过控制各轮驱/制动力,使各轮滑动率维持在最佳滑动率附近,保证车辆纵向行驶安全性[24]。纵向稳定控制主要包括驱动防滑控制和制动防抱死控制,核心技术主要包括车辆纵向速度估计、路面最优滑转率辨识与轮胎滑动率控制。横摆稳性控制是提升车辆操纵性的重要手段[25],常通过转向、驱/制动系统协同控制实现,其本质是通过差动驱动/制动与主动前轮转向共同作用形成附加横摆力矩。侧倾稳定性控制可以分为侧倾姿态控制和防侧翻控制。侧倾姿态控制主要根据车身垂向加速度信息调节半主动[26]或主动悬架[27]阻尼系数,改善车辆转弯侧倾姿态。防侧翻控制可以直接利用主动悬架或主动防侧倾杆产生抵消车辆侧倾运动的作动力,降低车辆侧翻风险。也可通过降低横摆角速度或纵向速度的方式减小侧向加速度和侧翻风险,常采用主动前轮转向、差动驱动或差动制动控制。
分布式电驱动车辆是一种典型的过驱动系统,可以提升车辆运行稳定性和安全性,扩展车辆运动功能。然而,系统的复杂性和多执行机构的高度集成,也增加了故障的发生频率和影响范围。研究分布式电驱动车辆的容错控制方法已成为提高系统可靠性和安全性的重要手段。多执行器协同容错控制主要包括驱动/制动系统失效容错控制和转向系统失效容错控制。例如,当某一驱动电机失效时,可通过剩余正常驱动电机间的转矩重构,保证车辆动力性和安全性;当转向系统卡死失效时,可通过差动驱动/制动形式生成附加横摆力矩,保持方向稳定性。
2)分布式电驱动车辆新运动功能实现
分布式电驱动车辆可以独立控制每个车轮的轮边/轮毂电机,通过多种形式的扭矩分配,即便不具备全轮独立转向的车型,也可以通过分布式驱动实现原地转向(坦克掉头)、横向移动等传统车辆无法轻易实现的新型运动功能。原地转向的基本原理是利用轮胎纵滑侧偏复合工况时的附着特性,通过人为制造左右侧车轮反向的滑转状态,维持较高轮胎纵向力水平的同时降低轮胎侧向力裕度,产生绕车辆旋转中心的横摆力矩克服路面侧向阻力达到原地转向状态,如图10图11所示。采用相似的原理,当某一车轮原地制动抱死,向剩余车轮施加不同方向的驱动力矩达到原地滑转时,车辆可以产生绕抱死车轮的横摆力矩,使得车辆绕某一车轮顺时针/逆时针转动,实现圆规掉头(甩头/甩尾入库)功能。
在四轮分布式电驱动构型的基础上,新型滑板底盘构型车辆往往具备角模块式设计。除了各轮驱动、制动转矩独立可控外,还能实现全轮转角的独立调控,部分结构设计能够实现±90°甚至360°的车轮转角。此时车辆的运动灵活性可以进一步增强,仅通过全轮大角度转向同样能实现原地掉头、横向移动等高灵活行驶功能。在高速行驶时,还可通过四轮同向转动,实现斜行换道等新型运动功能,大幅提升车辆机动速度与横摆稳定性,如图12所示。
分布式驱动构型的特种全地形车辆、多轴重载车辆,不仅可以采用分组驱动的形式提升常规行驶经济性,在非结构化路面部分车轮受陷卡滞时,还可以通过驱动力矩的轮间转移实现轻松脱困。具备全轮独立转向控制能力的模块化分布式驱动重载车辆,还可开发新型的近零转向、蠕行、之字爬坡等特殊行驶功能,在路面附着不佳、重载爬坡等极端工况下提升车辆的脱困与机动行驶性能,如图13所示。
3)分布式电驱动车辆智能驾驶功能实现
分布式电驱动技术在智能驾驶功能实现中发挥着关键作用。相较于传统车辆,分布式电驱动车辆通过以每个车轮的独立控制为核心设计,缩短动力传输链路,显著提高系统的响应速度,拓宽行驶性能边界,支撑车辆的智能驾驶功能实现。在自动驾驶场景下,独立控制设计使得车辆可以灵活地调节各车轮的驱动力和制动力,从而确保平稳操控和高效行驶,实现更高效的路径规划和车辆控制[28]
在智能驾驶中,基于对周围环境的感知信息,分布式电驱动车辆通过动态扭矩分配和高效能量管理进一步优化了车辆的性能表现[29]。基于精确的传感器数据和算法调节,每个车轮的驱动力和制动力都可以根据实时的载荷与路况条件进行独立调整,从而最大化车辆的稳定性与能效。综上,分布式电驱动车辆通过对各车轮的独立控制,不仅有效增强了车辆的操控性和稳定性,也在适应多变路况和保障行驶安全性方面展现了显著优势。
1)大件货物道路运输多车系统
长期以来,道路货物运输的承担者主要为厢式货车、自卸车、半挂车等运载车辆,运输模式以单车独立运输为主。当要运输特殊的不可解体大件货物时,这类运输模式会面临以下问题:① 运载能力问题。单辆运载车辆的承载能力和驱动能力有限,而不可解体的大件货物常具有较大的质量,单辆运载车辆难以独立完成此类设备的运输。② 适配能力问题。单一运载车辆构型固定,限制其可载运货物的形态。若采用单车运输的模式,需要为大件货物定制专属的、难以复用的运载车辆,大幅提升运输成本,不利于高效集约。③ 机动性问题。若用单辆大型运载车辆运输大件货物,车辆自身体积庞大,行驶的灵活性与机动性受到制约,对运输线路的要求较高。
多车协同为解决大件货物运输提供了可行方案。在运载能力方面,多车协同可以运输单车难以承载的超大超重货物,突破单车重载运输极限。在适配能力方面,多车协同可以实现“以小运大、一车多用”,通过多样化的组合扩展适配不同形态的大件货物,如图14所示。在机动性方面,货物与各单车之间可通过铰接承载等方式连接,单车具备一定的运动自由度,相比单辆超大型运输车辆具备更好的灵活性与机动性。多车协同运输的方案目前在大件货物地面运输中已有一定应用,其核心特征是大件货物跨车连接,车车配合是否得当决定大件运输是否安全可靠。然而,目前多车协同运输依赖多名驾驶员共同操作,人工精准协同难度极大,配合失当在所难免;而大件货物质心高、质量大,应力冲击与失稳现象极易发生,甚至导致危险的运输事故,实际工程中常通过低速行驶的方式提升安全性,但极大降低了整体运输效率。
分布式电驱动车辆驱动能力强、机动性佳和模块化可扩展的特征,可为多车协同运输系统提供更好的单车基础。分布式电驱动重载车辆和多车协同控制技术的结合是解决超大件运输难题的创新技术思路。然而,超大件货物跨车连接、重心高、动量大,需要保障多车系统整体处于可控稳定状态,才能避免倾覆、侧翻等情况的发生。此外,控制机制必须实现车车之间的高度协同,否则,货物和车辆受力的不协调容易带来超大件货物的应力损伤。这些因素都使得实现多车系统的协同控制极具挑战。
2)大件货物场地运输多车系统
场地运输一般指短途转场的超大件运输。目前较为成熟的运输方式是以阵列连接的形式,将模块化SPMT进行组合。其主要优点是使用灵活、装卸方便,且最大载重量可达万吨级。SPMT现已在各工程领域中广泛应用。例如,德国Dahlhaus公司使用两组SPMT,完成了500吨位核反应堆的运输任务;中国长沙梅溪湖大桥的施工中使用的SPMT技术,实现了300 m、重16 000 t的桥梁整体运输任务;中国航天科技集团公司通过组合多个SPMT车辆并进行协调操作,实现了“长江号”船舶的平稳运输。Zhu等[30]和Lavrikov等[31]研究的SPMT系统可以与牵引车、推顶车配合完成运输任务。
虽然SPMT在载重能力上具有显著优势,且可实现各车轮的分布式独立驱动、转向控制,然而液压驱动的形式制约了整个车辆系统的响应精度与速度。此外,多车的智能协同能力仍然不足。SPMT各模块车的驾驶行为根据提前设置的规则保持高度同步,即采用固定的分配规则进行控制,以实现整体动作一致。其优点是动作同步性较为稳定可靠,但存在难以应对道路状况变化的缺点。因此,当前矩阵连接的SPMT仅适用于平坦场地,难以扩展至道路运输场景。
分布式电驱动车辆关键技术的研究仍面临多方面的挑战,而其发展趋势也较为明晰,即未来关于分布式电驱动车辆的相关研究应围绕模块化可扩展、智能网联化、特种运载等领域深入开展,以突破传统车辆设计与控制的技术瓶颈,向“更高效、更安全、应用更广泛”的方向发展。在车辆构型方面,研究应聚焦模块化可扩展平台设计,提升车辆承载性与通过性,实现多种路况乃至特种运输极限场景下的灵活适应。在车辆控制方面,协同控制将是关键研究方向。未来应致力于开发稳定性高、响应精度优的新型控制算法,进一步提高分布式电驱动车辆在不同工况下的行驶安全与稳定性。此外,随着车联网技术和人工智能的应用,分布式电驱动车辆有望在多车协同、自动驾驶、能源管理等方面助力构建更高效、智能的未来交通生态系统,成为未来运输体系的核心技术。因此,科研院所、高校、企业应持续大力推动分布式电驱动车辆的理论技术研究,突破关键难题与研究瓶颈,为相关技术的进一步应用提供坚实技术支撑。
分布式电驱动理论技术的研究还将带来车辆工程专业知识体系的重构。传统车辆专业知识体系主要包含《汽车构造》《汽车理论》《汽车设计》,用于传统固定构型车辆机械结构设计、参数匹配与运动分析,是车辆工程专业学生、工程师、相关从业人员的专业基础知识。在传统知识体系中,车辆构型设计与控制相互独立。而在分布式电驱动车辆的语境下,为充分发挥分布式电驱动的优势,未来车辆将以功能为导向,通过构型设计与软件控制协同,进而实现车辆功能需求。这种模块化、解构化的思维与传统车辆工程的专业体系存在显著差异。因此,亟需重构传统车辆专业知识体系,建立新一代车辆专业基础知识体系,以适应分布式电驱动体系下的车辆构型变革和控制变革。
分布式电驱动车辆具有结构及驱动控制系统丰富多样、功能复杂、开发成本高昂、匹配设计困难等特点,加强分布式电驱动技术工具链、测试仿真平台及评价标准建设是推动电动汽车及相关领域技术发展、缩短新能源汽车研发周期、降低测试风险及成本的关键。
分布式电驱动技术工具链是涵盖设计、仿真、测试、优化、制造等多个环节的综合体系。其建设要点应包括集成化设计工具、高效仿真软件及智能测试设备三大板块。其中,集成化设计工具应致力于实现分布式电驱动系统的快速设计、仿真与整车多目标性能优化的预期,需要综合考虑驱动电机、控制器、动力传动系统、电池等关键部件的性能,以及分布式电驱动车辆的动力学特性。高效仿真软件主要用于模拟分布式电驱动系统的运行工况,评估其性能与可靠性。仿真软件应具备实时性、高精度和扩展性,能够支持多种复杂工况条件下的仿真分析。
测试仿真平台是前期开发及验证分布式电驱动系统性能的重要手段。目前,国内外企业、高校、科研院所重点聚焦于硬件基础设施建设、软件平台建设及数据管理与分析系统3个方面,通过搭建高性能计算集群和仿真实验室,提供强大的计算能力和逼真的仿真环境,有效支撑大规模并行计算和实时仿真,满足复杂系统的仿真需求。同时,开发集成化仿真软件平台,提供完善的用户界面和自定义仿真功能,支持多种格式的多学科多领域仿真模型、算法和工具链的集成,方便用户进行多系统联合仿真分析与优化。
在评价标准体系方面,根据分布式电驱动系统的特点和应用需求,需要进一步制定科学合理的性能指标。这些指标应能够全面反映系统的效率、可靠性、安全性等方面的性能,制定详细的测试方法规范,明确测试条件、测试步骤和测试结果判定标准,规范应能够确保测试结果的准确性和可比性,为系统的性能评估提供可靠依据。
针对分布式电驱动车辆的发展趋势展望,未来相关研究应围绕智能化、模块化与协同控制等领域深入开展。应加大机械、电子、计算机、材料等领域基础科学研究的投入,通过建立跨学科平台整合多领域核心资源,引导设立专项研发基金定向支持关键技术攻关。增强科技创新人才投入,将青年学者揭榜挂帅、企业技术骨干驻点研究等模式引入研发全流程,推动分布式电驱动技术在火箭运输、矿区重载等场景形成规模化应用。
在研究组织形式上,应高度重视产学研合作和产品技术落地。首先,应联合高校、科研机构与汽车企业,建立专注于分布式电驱动车辆技术的跨学科研究平台,促进机械、电子、计算机等领域的交叉融合;其次,可通过政府资助或企业投资的方式,启动一系列针对性强、目标明确的联合研发项目,聚焦于关键技术突破和系统集成优化;再次,加强产学研之间的人才交流与合作,包括设立联合实验室、数据共享平台,提供实习实训机会,培养既懂技术又懂市场的复合型人才;最后,建立高效的成果转化机制,有针对性地开展分布式电驱动车辆示范项目和试点运营,积极参与或主导相关国际、国内标准的制定工作,加强与上下游企业的合作,确保研究成果能够快速、有效地转化为实际生产力。通过以上措施,可以有效集中各界力量,共同推动分布式电驱动车辆技术的快速发展与广泛应用,为构建更加高效、智能、绿色的未来交通体系贡献力量。
分布式电驱动技术作为新能源汽车的关键创新技术之一,将逐渐成为未来交通运输体系的重要组成部分。为促进汽车产业和交通运输行业的发展,必须加大对分布式电驱动技术的产业推广力度,推动从技术研发到市场应用的全链条发展。第一,紧密结合新能源汽车市场需求,推动分布式电驱动技术快速进入消费市场,满足消费者对汽车智能化、节能化的强烈需求,推动分布式电驱动系统的标准化和模块化设计,提高市场竞争力。第二,加强汽车制造商与上下游企业的深度合作,提升分布式电驱动系统的集成度与可靠性。释放并共享分布式驱动关键技术,围绕高校-企业的深度合作,共同推动相关技术标准的制定,推动并形成分布式电驱动技术的上下游产业联盟。第三,进一步拓宽分布式电驱动技术的应用场景,挖掘分布式电驱动技术在大件运输、长途物流等传统行业的发展潜力,并赋能共享出行、智能网联等新兴交通模式,推动分布式电驱动技术在智能交通系统的标准化、泛用化进程。第四,分布式电驱动技术的发展不应局限于国内市场,其全球化推广和应用同样至关重要,应当发挥中国作为全球最大电动汽车市场的生产与研发潜力,加强与国际企业和科研机构的合作,推动技术标准的国际对接和技术成果的全球化应用。
分布式电驱动技术的推广应用不仅是技术的革新,更是产业结构调整和升级的必然要求。传统汽车行业正面临电动化、智能化、网联化的转型压力,而分布式电驱动技术则为这一转型提供了重要的技术支撑。通过加大对该技术的产业化投入,不仅能够提升国内汽车产业的创新能力,还能够提高全球竞争力,特别是在国际市场中占据有利位置。分布式电驱动技术的广泛应用,将促使汽车产业加速从单一的制造业向智能制造与绿色制造并行发展的模式转变。这种转型不仅仅体现在产品层面,更将在供应链管理、生产流程优化以及数字化工厂等方面产生深远影响。
分布式电驱动技术目前已成为国防军工、航空航天特种运载领域的主流技术路线。在国防军工领域,分布式电驱动的高容错能力能够满足军事装备的高安全性需求,可以提高无人机的续航能力和负载能力,适用于侦察和打击任务。在战场环境中的军用无人车辆,分布式电驱动系统可提供快速响应、高度机动性和任务适应性,适合各种战术需求。
分布式电驱动技术的推动在国防军工和航空航天特种运载领域具有重要意义。可从以下方面推动分布式电驱动技术在国防军工、航空航天特种运载领域创新应用:① 促进军工企业、科研机构与高校的合作,共同攻克关键技术难题,如高性能电机、高性能电池、先进电池管理系统、高效控制器等。例如,国家自然科学基金委员会交通与运载工程学科的第一个重大项目正在融合高校与军工科研院所的研究力量,以有组织科研的形式推动基础理论研究。② 选择具有代表性的国防军工、航空航天特种运载项目,开展分布式电驱动技术的示范应用,验证技术的可行性和有效性,通过示范项目积累经验,不断优化技术方案和应用模式,为大规模推广应用奠定基础。③ 完善政策支持,政府出台相关政策,加大对分布式电驱动技术在国防军工、航空航天特种运载领域的应用的研发财政支持,包括财政补贴、税收优惠项目资助等。④ 加强国际合作,积极开展国际合作与交流,引进国外先进技术和经验,提升中国分布式电驱动技术的水平,参与国际标准制定,提高中国在该领域的国际影响力和竞争力。
汽车发展的百年历史见证了技术的不断迭代更新。近年来,随着分布式电驱动技术的研究深入,分布式电驱动车辆因其独特的优势,包括高度的灵活性、高效的驱动与制动性能、卓越的智能化潜能等,在民用和军用场合中扮演着越来越重要的角色,并逐步成为学界和业界公认的未来车辆构型的核心发展方向。分布式电驱动车辆为提升车辆综合性能开辟了新路径,将成为未来的新型运输场景,如超大件/重载货物自动化运输、多车协同运输的重要解决方案之一。在此背景下,政府、高校和科研院所以及企业携手紧密合作,开展有组织的科研和管理服务,持续推进分布式电驱动理论技术的研究,加大基础科学研究与应用研究投入,并大力支持分布式电驱动技术在多领域的创新应用,具有重大的现实意义与未来前景。
  • 国家自然科学基金(52394264)
  • 国家自然科学基金(52394260)
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2025年第4卷第2期
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doi: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2025.02.007
  • 接收时间:2024-12-11
  • 出版时间:2025-06-20
  • 发布时间:2025-06-26
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  • 收稿日期:2024-12-11
  • 修回日期:2025-03-31
基金
国家自然科学基金(52394264)
国家自然科学基金(52394260)
作者信息
    1.清华大学车辆与运载学院,北京 100084
    2.北京理工大学机械与车辆学院,北京 100081
    3.东南大学机械工程学院,南京 211189
    4.吉林大学汽车底盘集成与仿生全国重点实验室,长春 130022
    5.北京航天发射技术研究所,北京 100070

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表12种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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