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With the rapid development of application fields such as 5G/6G communication technologies, big data, and artificial intelligence, there is an increasingly urgent demand for new-generation photonic chips. Lithium niobate crystals, due to their excellent electro-optic, nonlinear optical, and piezoelectric properties, have become the core material of the new-generation integrated photonic chips and are known as the “optical silicon”. With the breakthroughs in the preparation and device processing technologies of lithium niobate single-crystal thin films, the single-crystal thin films have demonstrated unique advantages in their applications in high-speed electro-optic modulators, integrated optics, and quantum optics, including smaller size, higher integration, ultrafast electro-optic effect, wide bandwidth, and low power consumption. This paper introduced the research and development progress in the preparation technologies of optical-grade lithium niobate crystals and single-crystal thin films in China and abroad, as well as relevant science and technology policies and their latest applications in fields such as photonic chips, integrated optical platforms, and quantum optical devices. It analyzed the development trends and challenges of the industrial chain of lithium niobate crystals, thin films, and devices and put forward suggestions for the development and future layout of the lithium niobate industry. In China, the research on lithium niobate single-crystal thin films and advanced devices is almost on a par with the international advanced level. However, there is still a large gap in the industrialization of high-quality lithium niobate crystal materials compared with other countries. By optimizing the industrial layout and strengthening basic research and development, China will form a lithium niobate industry cluster covering material preparation, device design, manufacturing, and application in the future.

, correspAuthors=Dongfeng XUE, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
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随着5G/6G通信技术、大数据、人工智能等应用领域的快速发展,新一代光子芯片的需要日益增长。铌酸锂晶体凭借优异的电光、非线性光学和压电特性,成为光子芯片的核心材料,被称为光子时代的“光学硅”材料。近年来,铌酸锂单晶薄膜制备和器件加工技术取得突破,展现出尺寸更小、集成度更高、超快电光效应、宽带宽、低功耗等优势,在高速电光调制器、集成光学、量子光学等领域应用前景广阔。文章介绍了光学级铌酸锂晶体、单晶薄膜制备技术的国内外研发进展和相关政策,以及其在光芯片、集成光学平台、量子光学器件等领域的最新应用。分析了铌酸锂晶体-薄膜-器件产业链的发展趋势及挑战,并针对未来布局提出建议。目前,中国在铌酸锂单晶薄膜、铌酸锂基光电器件领域与国际先进水平处于并跑阶段,但在高品质铌酸锂晶体材料产业化方面仍有较大差距。通过优化产业布局和加强基础研发,中国有望形成从材料制备到器件设计、制造和应用的完整的铌酸锂产业集群。

, correspAuthors=薛冬峰, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
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陈昆峰,教授,博士研究生导师。山东大学齐鲁青年学者、济南市高层次人才等。中国稀土学会稀土晶体专业委员会副主任委员、中国化工学会无机酸碱盐专业委员会委员。主要从事多尺度晶体材料智能制备技术及应用研究。入选全球前2%顶尖科学家榜单“终身科学影响力排行榜”。获山东省科学技术进步奖一等奖、中国颗粒学会自然科学奖一等奖等。发表论文100余篇,授权发明专利7件。电子信箱:

薛冬峰,教授,博士研究生导师。国家杰出青年科学基金获得者。国家新材料产业发展专家咨询委员会委员,英国皇家化学会会士,主要从事无机材料多尺度多自由度研究、新型材料的设计与探索、晶体生长机理和方法。获湖南省自然科学奖一等奖、山东省科技进步奖一等奖、中国颗粒学会自然科学奖一等奖、中国化工学会基础研究一等奖等奖项,入选教育部“新世纪优秀人才支持计划”。出版专著4部、译著1部。发表论文600余篇,授权发明专利40余件。电子信箱:

, authorsList=陈昆峰, 唐供宾, 胡卉, 乔伟, 王亚男, 薛冬峰)}, authors=[Author(id=1242114314782446195, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708271147508649, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=kunfeng.chen@sdu.edu.cn, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1242114314853749366, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708271147508649, authorId=1242114314782446195, language=EN, stringName=Kunfeng CHEN, firstName=Kunfeng, middleName=null, lastName=CHEN, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1. Shenzhen Institute for Advanced Study, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Shenzhen 518110, China
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陈昆峰,教授,博士研究生导师。山东大学齐鲁青年学者、济南市高层次人才等。中国稀土学会稀土晶体专业委员会副主任委员、中国化工学会无机酸碱盐专业委员会委员。主要从事多尺度晶体材料智能制备技术及应用研究。入选全球前2%顶尖科学家榜单“终身科学影响力排行榜”。获山东省科学技术进步奖一等奖、中国颗粒学会自然科学奖一等奖等。发表论文100余篇,授权发明专利7件。电子信箱:

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陈昆峰,教授,博士研究生导师。山东大学齐鲁青年学者、济南市高层次人才等。中国稀土学会稀土晶体专业委员会副主任委员、中国化工学会无机酸碱盐专业委员会委员。主要从事多尺度晶体材料智能制备技术及应用研究。入选全球前2%顶尖科学家榜单“终身科学影响力排行榜”。获山东省科学技术进步奖一等奖、中国颗粒学会自然科学奖一等奖等。发表论文100余篇,授权发明专利7件。电子信箱:

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薛冬峰,教授,博士研究生导师。国家杰出青年科学基金获得者。国家新材料产业发展专家咨询委员会委员,英国皇家化学会会士,主要从事无机材料多尺度多自由度研究、新型材料的设计与探索、晶体生长机理和方法。获湖南省自然科学奖一等奖、山东省科技进步奖一等奖、中国颗粒学会自然科学奖一等奖、中国化工学会基础研究一等奖等奖项,入选教育部“新世纪优秀人才支持计划”。出版专著4部、译著1部。发表论文600余篇,授权发明专利40余件。电子信箱:

"}, bioImg=OvZDwgWCOQxonBiY4cCOeQ==, bioContent=

薛冬峰,教授,博士研究生导师。国家杰出青年科学基金获得者。国家新材料产业发展专家咨询委员会委员,英国皇家化学会会士,主要从事无机材料多尺度多自由度研究、新型材料的设计与探索、晶体生长机理和方法。获湖南省自然科学奖一等奖、山东省科技进步奖一等奖、中国颗粒学会自然科学奖一等奖、中国化工学会基础研究一等奖等奖项,入选教育部“新世纪优秀人才支持计划”。出版专著4部、译著1部。发表论文600余篇,授权发明专利40余件。电子信箱:

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In nanophotonics, it remains challenging to generate, manipulate, and measure such a quantum state with the performance required for a wide range of scalable quantum information systems. Here, we report the development of a lithium niobate-based nanophotonic platform to demonstrate the generation and all-optical measurement of squeezed states on the same chip. The generated squeezed states span more than 25 terahertz of bandwidth supporting just a few optical cycles. The measured 4.9 decibels of squeezing surpass the requirements for a wide range of quantum information systems, demonstrating a practical path toward scalable ultrafast quantum nanophotonics.), Reference(id=1242114320897741504, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708271147508649, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2015, volume=87, issue=2, pageStart=637, pageEnd=701, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[21], rfOrder=22, authorNames=Ludlow A D, Boyd M M, Ye J, journalName=Reviews of Modern Physics, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Ludlow A D, Boyd M M, Ye J, et al. Optical atomic clocks[J]. Reviews of Modern Physics, 2015, 87(2): 637-701., articleTitle=Optical atomic clocks, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114320969044673, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708271147508649, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=15, issue=null, pageStart=3921, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[22], rfOrder=23, authorNames=Cheng R, Yu M J, Shams-Ansari A, journalName=Nature Communications, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Cheng R, Yu M J, Shams-Ansari A, et al. Frequency comb generation via synchronous pumped χ(3) resonator on thin-film lithium niobate[J]. Nature Communications, 2024, 15: 3921, doi: 10.1038/s41467-24-48222-3., articleTitle=Frequency comb generation via synchronous pumped χ(3) resonator on thin-film lithium niobate, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114321036153538, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708271147508649, doi=10.15541/jim20223000, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=38, issue=3, pageStart=225, pageEnd=227, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[23], rfOrder=24, authorNames=薛冬峰, 苏良碧, 徐军, journalName=无机材料学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=薛冬峰, 苏良碧, 徐军. 凝结时空精华, 铸就序构材料, 力促大尺寸功能晶体新发展[J]. 无机材料学报, 2023, 38(3): 225-227., articleTitle=凝结时空精华, 铸就序构材料, 力促大尺寸功能晶体新发展, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114321090679491, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708271147508649, doi=10.15541/jim20223000, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=38, issue=3, pageStart=225, pageEnd=227, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[23], rfOrder=25, authorNames=Xue D F, Su L B, Xu J, journalName=Journal of Inorganic Materials, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Xue D F, Su L B, Xu J. Developing large-size functional crystals through condensing essence of time-space and modulating order of materials[J]. Journal of Inorganic Materials, 2023, 38(3): 225-227. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Developing large-size functional crystals through condensing essence of time-space and modulating order of materials, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1242114319287128744, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708271147508649, awardId=2220105010, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金重点国际(地区)合作与交流项目(2220105010), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1242114314459484774, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708271147508649, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242114314463679079, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708271147508649, companyId=1242114314459484774, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1. Shenzhen Institute for Advanced Study, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Shenzhen 518110, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242114314472067688, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708271147508649, companyId=1242114314459484774, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.电子科技大学(深圳)高等研究院,深圳 518110)]), AuthorCompany(id=1242114314534982249, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708271147508649, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242114314543370858, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708271147508649, companyId=1242114314534982249, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2. Institute of Novel Semiconductors, State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242114314547565163, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708271147508649, companyId=1242114314534982249, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.山东大学新一代半导体材料研究院,晶体材料全国重点实验室,济南 250100)]), AuthorCompany(id=1242114314627256940, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708271147508649, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242114314631451245, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708271147508649, companyId=1242114314627256940, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3. School of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242114314639839854, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708271147508649, companyId=1242114314627256940, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.山东大学物理学院,晶体材料全国重点实验室,济南 250100)]), AuthorCompany(id=1242114314706948719, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708271147508649, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242114314715337328, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708271147508649, companyId=1242114314706948719, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4. 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Important technological events lithium field

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年份 重要事件
2017年 哈佛大学研究人员发表文章《Now entering, Lithium Niobate Valley》,提出仿照“硅谷”模式建设新一代“铌酸锂谷”
2021年 国家重点研发计划启动实施“信息光子技术”重点专项,提出薄膜铌酸锂光子集成关键工艺及集成技术开发
2021年 国家“十四五”规划相关要求:强调产学研结合,建设开放共享的纳米级薄膜铌酸锂光电子加工工艺平台;建设薄膜铌酸锂光器件工艺产线,研制薄膜铌酸锂电光调制解调器等器件;开发薄膜铌酸锂光电子芯片的耦合封装技术
2022年 哈佛大学科学家研制出首个集成在铌酸锂芯片上的激光器
2022年 欧洲启动ELENA项目(European Electro-optic and Nonlinear PIC platform based on Lithium Niobate),计划打造首个绝缘体上薄膜铌酸锂的全欧洲供应链光子集成电路(Photonic Integrated Circuit, PIC)平台
2022年 日本实施“社会5.0”战略,推动先进材料研发,支持铌酸锂薄膜在通信和传感器中的应用
2023年 济南晶正电子科技有限公司(简称济南晶正)推出了8英寸(1英寸=2.54 cm)光学级铌酸锂薄膜,也是业内首家将8英寸X轴铌酸锂晶体制成铌酸锂薄膜的企业
2024年 《广东省加快推动光芯片产业创新发展行动方案(2024—2030年)》,加大对高速光通信芯片、薄膜铌酸锂材料等方向的研发投入力度,解决产业链供应链的“卡点”“堵点”问题
2024年 苏州成立铌酸锂产业创新联盟,正在努力打造铌酸锂产业高地,有形成“铌酸锂谷”的趋势
), ArticleFig(id=1242114318561514143, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708271147508649, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

铌酸锂领域的重要科技事件

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
年份 重要事件
2017年 哈佛大学研究人员发表文章《Now entering, Lithium Niobate Valley》,提出仿照“硅谷”模式建设新一代“铌酸锂谷”
2021年 国家重点研发计划启动实施“信息光子技术”重点专项,提出薄膜铌酸锂光子集成关键工艺及集成技术开发
2021年 国家“十四五”规划相关要求:强调产学研结合,建设开放共享的纳米级薄膜铌酸锂光电子加工工艺平台;建设薄膜铌酸锂光器件工艺产线,研制薄膜铌酸锂电光调制解调器等器件;开发薄膜铌酸锂光电子芯片的耦合封装技术
2022年 哈佛大学科学家研制出首个集成在铌酸锂芯片上的激光器
2022年 欧洲启动ELENA项目(European Electro-optic and Nonlinear PIC platform based on Lithium Niobate),计划打造首个绝缘体上薄膜铌酸锂的全欧洲供应链光子集成电路(Photonic Integrated Circuit, PIC)平台
2022年 日本实施“社会5.0”战略,推动先进材料研发,支持铌酸锂薄膜在通信和传感器中的应用
2023年 济南晶正电子科技有限公司(简称济南晶正)推出了8英寸(1英寸=2.54 cm)光学级铌酸锂薄膜,也是业内首家将8英寸X轴铌酸锂晶体制成铌酸锂薄膜的企业
2024年 《广东省加快推动光芯片产业创新发展行动方案(2024—2030年)》,加大对高速光通信芯片、薄膜铌酸锂材料等方向的研发投入力度,解决产业链供应链的“卡点”“堵点”问题
2024年 苏州成立铌酸锂产业创新联盟,正在努力打造铌酸锂产业高地,有形成“铌酸锂谷”的趋势
), ArticleFig(id=1242114318637011616, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708271147508649, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Manufacturing companies of lithium niobate crystals and single-crystal thin films

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类别 企业 产品
铌酸锂晶体 山寿陶瓷 8英寸,声学级、光学级
日本住友金属工业株式会社 6英寸,声学级、光学级
日本Oxide公司 3~6英寸,声学级、光学级
美国G&H公司 3~5英寸,光学级
德国Korth Kristalle公司 3英寸,光学级
天通股份 4~8英寸,声学级
德清华莹 4~8英寸,声学级
铌酸锂单晶薄膜 济南晶正 4~8英寸,声学级、光学级,厚度300~900 nm
日本碍子株式会社 3~6英寸,声学级
法国Soitec SA公司 6英寸,声学级
上海新硅聚合半导体有限公司 4~6英寸
), ArticleFig(id=1242114318699926177, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708271147508649, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

铌酸锂晶体、单晶薄膜制备相关企业

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类别 企业 产品
铌酸锂晶体 山寿陶瓷 8英寸,声学级、光学级
日本住友金属工业株式会社 6英寸,声学级、光学级
日本Oxide公司 3~6英寸,声学级、光学级
美国G&H公司 3~5英寸,光学级
德国Korth Kristalle公司 3英寸,光学级
天通股份 4~8英寸,声学级
德清华莹 4~8英寸,声学级
铌酸锂单晶薄膜 济南晶正 4~8英寸,声学级、光学级,厚度300~900 nm
日本碍子株式会社 3~6英寸,声学级
法国Soitec SA公司 6英寸,声学级
上海新硅聚合半导体有限公司 4~6英寸
), ArticleFig(id=1242114318821560994, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708271147508649, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Main application fields of lithium niobate crystal and single-crystal thin film

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
应用领域 典型器件 细分方向
光通信领域 高速电光调制器 长距骨干网相干通信和超高速数据中心,相控阵雷达等
光滤波器 波分复用技术、长途光纤通信、城域网等
光学传感领域 电场传感器 高压电力设备的电场监测、电子设备的电磁场检测,以及生物医学领域的细胞电场研究等
光学陀螺仪 航空航天、导航、机器人等
量子通信领域 量子纠缠源 量子通信中的关键技术,能够实现信息的安全传输和量子计算等应用
量子密钥分发 调制器、探测器等,保障量子密钥的安全分发和传输,为信息的加密通信提供更高的安全性
激光技术领域 频率转换 激光显示、激光医疗、激光加工
光参量振荡器 光谱分析、激光雷达、环境监测
声学领域 声表面波器件 无线通信、雷达、电子对抗等
声纳、医学检测 长距离探测,精细探测
声学计算芯片 声学集成电路应用
光计算领域 光学开关 应用于光计算系统中,可提高计算速度和效率
光学逻辑门 构建光学计算机的基础元件,能够对光信号进行逻辑运算
), ArticleFig(id=1242114318888669859, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708271147508649, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

铌酸锂晶体及单晶薄膜的主要应用领域

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
应用领域 典型器件 细分方向
光通信领域 高速电光调制器 长距骨干网相干通信和超高速数据中心,相控阵雷达等
光滤波器 波分复用技术、长途光纤通信、城域网等
光学传感领域 电场传感器 高压电力设备的电场监测、电子设备的电磁场检测,以及生物医学领域的细胞电场研究等
光学陀螺仪 航空航天、导航、机器人等
量子通信领域 量子纠缠源 量子通信中的关键技术,能够实现信息的安全传输和量子计算等应用
量子密钥分发 调制器、探测器等,保障量子密钥的安全分发和传输,为信息的加密通信提供更高的安全性
激光技术领域 频率转换 激光显示、激光医疗、激光加工
光参量振荡器 光谱分析、激光雷达、环境监测
声学领域 声表面波器件 无线通信、雷达、电子对抗等
声纳、医学检测 长距离探测,精细探测
声学计算芯片 声学集成电路应用
光计算领域 光学开关 应用于光计算系统中,可提高计算速度和效率
光学逻辑门 构建光学计算机的基础元件,能够对光信号进行逻辑运算
), ArticleFig(id=1242114318951584420, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708271147508649, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Performance comparison of substrate materials for optical modules

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
性能 LiNbO3
晶体
InP SiPh LiNbO3单晶薄膜
光损耗/dB ⋅⋅⋅⋅ ⋅⋅ ⋅⋅⋅⋅ 优秀
最大带宽/GHz ⋅⋅ ⋅⋅⋅ ⋅⋅⋅ ⋅⋅⋅⋅ 优秀
半波电压/V ⋅⋅ ⋅⋅⋅ ⋅⋅ ⋅⋅⋅⋅ 优秀
消光比/dB ⋅⋅⋅⋅ ⋅⋅⋅ ⋅⋅ ⋅⋅⋅⋅ 优秀
芯片长度/mm ⋅⋅⋅⋅ ⋅⋅⋅⋅ ⋅⋅⋅ 中等
线性关系 ⋅⋅⋅⋅ ⋅⋅ ⋅⋅⋅⋅ 优秀
集成度 ⋅⋅⋅⋅ ⋅⋅⋅ ⋅⋅⋅ 中等
价格 ⋅⋅⋅ ⋅⋅⋅⋅ ⋅⋅⋅ 中等
), ArticleFig(id=1242114319014498981, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708271147508649, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

光模块用基体材料性能对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
性能 LiNbO3
晶体
InP SiPh LiNbO3单晶薄膜
光损耗/dB ⋅⋅⋅⋅ ⋅⋅ ⋅⋅⋅⋅ 优秀
最大带宽/GHz ⋅⋅ ⋅⋅⋅ ⋅⋅⋅ ⋅⋅⋅⋅ 优秀
半波电压/V ⋅⋅ ⋅⋅⋅ ⋅⋅ ⋅⋅⋅⋅ 优秀
消光比/dB ⋅⋅⋅⋅ ⋅⋅⋅ ⋅⋅ ⋅⋅⋅⋅ 优秀
芯片长度/mm ⋅⋅⋅⋅ ⋅⋅⋅⋅ ⋅⋅⋅ 中等
线性关系 ⋅⋅⋅⋅ ⋅⋅ ⋅⋅⋅⋅ 优秀
集成度 ⋅⋅⋅⋅ ⋅⋅⋅ ⋅⋅⋅ 中等
价格 ⋅⋅⋅ ⋅⋅⋅⋅ ⋅⋅⋅ 中等
), ArticleFig(id=1242114319077413542, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708271147508649, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Outlook of lithium niobate photonics and its applications

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时间 领域 具体要求
5年 光通信 互补金属氧化物半导体驱动100 GHz带宽的调制器,波导损耗<0.3 dB/cm
光载无线通信技术 调制电压<1 V,带宽达500 GHz,瓦特级功率
气体、医学/生物传感 光到射频频谱转换,中红外光频梳,宽谱光频梳
6G,太赫兹传感/通信 高效微波/毫米波/太赫兹产生器,瓦特级功率
10年 激光雷达 大规模光子集成电路:>10³个组件,快速可重构激光器
人工智能加速器 大规模光子集成电路:>10⁶个组件
精确宽带光学计量 自参考光频梳
), ArticleFig(id=1242114319148716711, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708271147508649, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

铌酸锂光子学及其未来应用展望

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
时间 领域 具体要求
5年 光通信 互补金属氧化物半导体驱动100 GHz带宽的调制器,波导损耗<0.3 dB/cm
光载无线通信技术 调制电压<1 V,带宽达500 GHz,瓦特级功率
气体、医学/生物传感 光到射频频谱转换,中红外光频梳,宽谱光频梳
6G,太赫兹传感/通信 高效微波/毫米波/太赫兹产生器,瓦特级功率
10年 激光雷达 大规模光子集成电路:>10³个组件,快速可重构激光器
人工智能加速器 大规模光子集成电路:>10⁶个组件
精确宽带光学计量 自参考光频梳
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铌酸锂晶体、单晶薄膜及其在光芯片产业的未来布局
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陈昆峰 1, 2 , 唐供宾 2 , 胡卉 3 , 乔伟 4 , 王亚男 1 , 薛冬峰 1,
前瞻科技 | 综述与述评 2025,4(1): 49-57
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前瞻科技 | 综述与述评 2025, 4(1): 49-57
铌酸锂晶体、单晶薄膜及其在光芯片产业的未来布局
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陈昆峰1, 2 , 唐供宾2, 胡卉3, 乔伟4, 王亚男1, 薛冬峰1,
作者信息
  • 1.电子科技大学(深圳)高等研究院,深圳 518110
  • 2.山东大学新一代半导体材料研究院,晶体材料全国重点实验室,济南 250100
  • 3.山东大学物理学院,晶体材料全国重点实验室,济南 250100
  • 4.宁夏珂派司电子科技有限公司,银川 753000
  • 陈昆峰,教授,博士研究生导师。山东大学齐鲁青年学者、济南市高层次人才等。中国稀土学会稀土晶体专业委员会副主任委员、中国化工学会无机酸碱盐专业委员会委员。主要从事多尺度晶体材料智能制备技术及应用研究。入选全球前2%顶尖科学家榜单“终身科学影响力排行榜”。获山东省科学技术进步奖一等奖、中国颗粒学会自然科学奖一等奖等。发表论文100余篇,授权发明专利7件。电子信箱:

    薛冬峰,教授,博士研究生导师。国家杰出青年科学基金获得者。国家新材料产业发展专家咨询委员会委员,英国皇家化学会会士,主要从事无机材料多尺度多自由度研究、新型材料的设计与探索、晶体生长机理和方法。获湖南省自然科学奖一等奖、山东省科技进步奖一等奖、中国颗粒学会自然科学奖一等奖、中国化工学会基础研究一等奖等奖项,入选教育部“新世纪优秀人才支持计划”。出版专著4部、译著1部。发表论文600余篇,授权发明专利40余件。电子信箱:

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Lithium Niobate Crystals, Single-crystal Thin Films, and Their Applications in Photonic Chips and Quantum Optical Devices
Kunfeng CHEN1, 2 , Gongbin TANG2, Hui HU3, Wei QIAO4, Ya’nan WANG1, Dongfeng XUE1,
Affiliations
  • 1. Shenzhen Institute for Advanced Study, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Shenzhen 518110, China
  • 2. Institute of Novel Semiconductors, State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
  • 3. School of Physics, State Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
  • 4. Ningxia Copes Electronics Technology Co., Ltd., Yinchuan 753000, China
出版时间: 2025-03-20 doi: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2025.01.005
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随着5G/6G通信技术、大数据、人工智能等应用领域的快速发展,新一代光子芯片的需要日益增长。铌酸锂晶体凭借优异的电光、非线性光学和压电特性,成为光子芯片的核心材料,被称为光子时代的“光学硅”材料。近年来,铌酸锂单晶薄膜制备和器件加工技术取得突破,展现出尺寸更小、集成度更高、超快电光效应、宽带宽、低功耗等优势,在高速电光调制器、集成光学、量子光学等领域应用前景广阔。文章介绍了光学级铌酸锂晶体、单晶薄膜制备技术的国内外研发进展和相关政策,以及其在光芯片、集成光学平台、量子光学器件等领域的最新应用。分析了铌酸锂晶体-薄膜-器件产业链的发展趋势及挑战,并针对未来布局提出建议。目前,中国在铌酸锂单晶薄膜、铌酸锂基光电器件领域与国际先进水平处于并跑阶段,但在高品质铌酸锂晶体材料产业化方面仍有较大差距。通过优化产业布局和加强基础研发,中国有望形成从材料制备到器件设计、制造和应用的完整的铌酸锂产业集群。

铌酸锂单晶  /  薄膜铌酸锂  /  光芯片  /  集成光子学

With the rapid development of application fields such as 5G/6G communication technologies, big data, and artificial intelligence, there is an increasingly urgent demand for new-generation photonic chips. Lithium niobate crystals, due to their excellent electro-optic, nonlinear optical, and piezoelectric properties, have become the core material of the new-generation integrated photonic chips and are known as the “optical silicon”. With the breakthroughs in the preparation and device processing technologies of lithium niobate single-crystal thin films, the single-crystal thin films have demonstrated unique advantages in their applications in high-speed electro-optic modulators, integrated optics, and quantum optics, including smaller size, higher integration, ultrafast electro-optic effect, wide bandwidth, and low power consumption. This paper introduced the research and development progress in the preparation technologies of optical-grade lithium niobate crystals and single-crystal thin films in China and abroad, as well as relevant science and technology policies and their latest applications in fields such as photonic chips, integrated optical platforms, and quantum optical devices. It analyzed the development trends and challenges of the industrial chain of lithium niobate crystals, thin films, and devices and put forward suggestions for the development and future layout of the lithium niobate industry. In China, the research on lithium niobate single-crystal thin films and advanced devices is almost on a par with the international advanced level. However, there is still a large gap in the industrialization of high-quality lithium niobate crystal materials compared with other countries. By optimizing the industrial layout and strengthening basic research and development, China will form a lithium niobate industry cluster covering material preparation, device design, manufacturing, and application in the future.

lithium niobate  /  thin-film lithium niobate  /  optical chip  /  integrated photonics
陈昆峰, 唐供宾, 胡卉, 乔伟, 王亚男, 薛冬峰. 铌酸锂晶体、单晶薄膜及其在光芯片产业的未来布局. 前瞻科技, 2025 , 4 (1) : 49 -57 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2025.01.005
Kunfeng CHEN, Gongbin TANG, Hui HU, Wei QIAO, Ya’nan WANG, Dongfeng XUE. Lithium Niobate Crystals, Single-crystal Thin Films, and Their Applications in Photonic Chips and Quantum Optical Devices[J]. Science and Technology Foresight, 2025 , 4 (1) : 49 -57 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2025.01.005
随着5G/6G通信技术、大数据、人工智能、光通信、集成光子学及量子光学等领域的迅速发展,对新一代光子芯片及其基础晶体材料的需求日益迫切。铌酸锂(Lithium Niobate, LN)是一种多功能晶体,具有压电、铁电、热释电、电光、声光、光弹、非线性等性质,是目前在光子学方面综合性能最好的晶体之一[1-2]。铌酸锂在未来光学器件中的作用类似于硅基材料在电子器件中的作用,因此也被称为光子时代的“光学硅”材料[3]。铌酸锂单晶薄膜(Lithium Niobate Thin Film, LNOI)是一种基于铌酸锂晶体的薄膜材料,具有优异的光电特性:①高电光系数。铌酸锂单晶薄膜具有优异的电光效应,适合高速光调制器。②低光学损耗。薄膜结构减少了光传播损耗,适用于高性能光电器件。③宽透明窗口。在可见光和近红外波段具有高透明度。④非线性光学特性。支持二次谐波产生(Secondary Harmonic Generation, SHG)等非线性光学效应。⑤与硅基集成兼容。可通过键合技术实现与硅基光电子器件的集成[4-6]。近年来,国内外部署的很多研究项目将铌酸锂晶体及单晶薄膜作为重要发展方向(表1),尤其在微波光子芯片、光波导、电光调制器、非线性光学、量子器件等领域。
铌酸锂薄膜已成为新一代多功能集成光子信息处理芯片基底的重要候选材料。基于铌酸锂晶体材料的光学调制器,2026年的市场容量预测为367亿美元。与硅光调制器和磷化铟调制器相比,薄膜铌酸锂调制器具有高带宽、低插损、低功耗、高可靠性及高消光比等优点,同时还能做到小型化,可满足相干光模块、数通光模块日渐小型化的要求。中国在晶体材料、晶体薄膜、加工手段、器件、系统都是自主可控。目前国内多家厂商已发布800 Gbps薄膜铌酸锂方案光模块,下游客户已测试相应产品,未来1.6 T光模块的应用优势将更加明显。
铌酸锂单晶的物理化学性质在很大程度上取决于[Li]/[Nb]和杂质[7]。同成分铌酸锂(Congruent Lithium Niobate, CLN)晶体缺锂,所以含有大量的Li空位(V L i )和反位Nb(Nb L i 5 +)点缺陷。近化学计量比铌酸锂(Stoichiomentric Lithium Niobate, SLN)的[Li]/[Nb]接近1∶1,虽然具有优异的性能,但制备难度大、生产成本高。铌酸锂单晶分为声学级和光学级。主要从事铌酸锂晶体生长的相关单位如表1所示,其中,主要从事光学级铌酸锂生长的是日本企业。目前,光学级铌酸锂晶片国产化率低于5%,严重依赖进口。日本株式会社山寿陶瓷(简称山寿陶瓷)8英寸铌酸锂晶体及晶片已产业化(图1(a))。国内,天通控股股份有限公司(简称天通股份)、中电科技德清华莹电子有限公司(简称德清华莹)分别于2000年、2019年制备出8英寸铌酸锂晶体及晶片,但是还没有产业化量产。在化学计量比及光学级铌酸锂方面,我国铌酸锂晶体生长企业与日本企业还存在约20年的技术差距。所以国内迫切需要在高品质的光学级铌酸锂晶体的生长理论及工艺技术方面取得突破。
国际上铌酸锂光子结构及光子芯片、器件的突破性进展主要得益于铌酸锂薄膜材料技术的发展与产业化。然而由于铌酸锂单晶脆性很大,要制备低缺陷、高品质的百纳米级薄膜(100~2 000 nm)的难度非常大。离子注入和直接键合技术将体块单晶剥离成纳米级铌酸锂单晶薄膜,使大规模铌酸锂光子集成成为可能[8-9]。目前,国际上只有少数几个公司,包括济南晶正、法国Soitec SA公司、日本碍子株式会社等公司,掌握生产铌酸锂单晶薄膜的制备技术。济南晶正采用离子束切片及直接键合核心技术,在全球率先实现产业化,形成了全球领先的铌酸锂薄膜品牌(NanoLN),支撑了国际上90%以上的铌酸锂薄膜器件基础研究与研发。2023年,济南晶正推出了8英寸光学级铌酸锂薄膜(图1(b)),也是业内首家将8英寸X轴铌酸锂晶体制成铌酸锂薄膜的企业。济南晶正系列产品的物理性能、厚度均匀性、缺陷抑制与消除等关键指标均处于国际领先水平。铌酸锂晶体、单晶薄膜制备相关企业情况见表2
相比传统的铌酸锂单晶材料,薄膜铌酸锂具有更小的尺寸、更低的成本、更高的集成度,并且可以在更广泛的温度和电场条件下稳定工作。这些优势使其在5G通信、量子计算、光纤通信和传感器等领域中具有广泛的应用前景,尤其在光电调制、光信号处理和高速数据传输中展现了巨大的潜力(表3)。
铌酸锂调制器以其高速率、低功耗、高信噪比等优点,广泛应用于超高速干线光通信网、海底光通信网、城域核心网等领域。大尺寸光刻技术、超低损耗波导加工工艺和异质集成等关键技术,推动了薄膜铌酸锂调制器的发展,使其得以支持800 Gbps和1.6 T高速光模块应用。相比磷化铟、硅光和传统的铌酸锂等材料,薄膜铌酸锂具备超高带宽、低功耗、低损耗、小尺寸,以及可实现晶圆级大批量生产等突出特点(表4),成为光电调制器的理想材料。全球薄膜铌酸锂调制器市场稳步增长,预计2029年全球市场总额将达到20亿美元,年复合增长率达41.0%。
国际上,哈佛大学研究团队于2018年成功研制出100 GHz带宽的互补金属氧化物半导体(Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor, CMOS)兼容集成马赫-曾德尔干涉仪(Mach-Zehnder Interferometer, MZI)电光调制器[10],而富士通光器件有限公司在2021年推出了全球首款商用200 GBaud薄膜铌酸锂调制器。国内进展同样显著,中山大学研究团队在2019年实现了硅与铌酸锂混合集成的电光调制器[11];宁波元芯光电子科技有限公司于2021年发布了全国产薄膜铌酸锂强度调制器产品;2022年,中山大学与华为公司合作,开发出世界首例基于铌酸锂薄膜的偏振复用相干光调制器芯片[12],铌奥光电的铌酸锂薄膜相干调制器芯片支持了260 GBaud DP-QPSK(Gigabaud Dual Polarization Quadrature Phase Shift Keying)信号100 km光纤传输;2023年,珠海光库科技股份有限公司(简称光库科技)展示了超高带宽和小体积的薄膜铌酸锂强度调制器产品;成都新易盛通信技术股份有限公司(简称新易盛)将该技术应用于800 Gbps光模块,功耗仅为11.2 W。薄膜铌酸锂在远距离传输、城域网和数据中心互联网络相干应用,以及数据中心和人工智能集群的四电平脉冲幅度调制(Pulse Amplitude Modulation 4, PAM-4)应用中展现出巨大的潜力,如光库科技的130 GBaud相干驱动调制器和800 Gbps PAM-4产品,以及由美国HyperLight公司、新易盛和美国Arista网络公司联合推出的PAM-4收发器。这些产品充分展示了薄膜铌酸锂技术在提升带宽和降低功耗方面的显著优势。目前,中国在该领域与国际先进水平处于并跑阶段。
在铌酸锂集成光学平台上,实现了从频率梳到频率转换器和调制器的应用,而把激光器集成在铌酸锂芯片上是一个重大挑战。2022年,哈佛大学研究团队联合HyperLight和Freedom Photonics公司,在铌酸锂集成光学平台上实现了芯片级飞秒脉冲源和全球首个铌酸锂芯片全集成高功率激光器(图2(a)[13]。该类铌酸锂片上激光器集成了高性能、即插即用(Plug-and-play)激光器,可显著降低未来通信系统的成本、复杂性和功耗,同时可以集成到更大的光学系统中,能够广泛应用于传感、原子钟、激光雷达、量子信息、数据电信等领域。进一步开发同时具有窄线宽、高稳定性、可高速调频性能的集成激光器也是业界的重要需求。2023年,瑞士联邦理工学院和IBM公司的研究人员在铌酸锂-氮化硅异质集成光学平台上实现了低损耗、窄线宽、高调制速率、稳定的激光输出[8],约10 GHz的重复率、1 065 nm的4.8 ps光脉冲、能量超过2.6 pJ、峰值功率超过0.5 W。
美国国家标准与技术研究院研究人员[14]基于引入多段纳米光子集成薄膜铌酸锂波导,结合工程色散和啁啾准相位匹配,成功地产生了跨越紫外至可见光谱的连续频率梳频谱。香港城市大学研究团队开发的集成铌酸锂微波光子芯片,可运用光学进行超快模拟电子信号处理及运算,比传统电子处理器快1 000倍,具有67 GHz的超宽处理带宽和出色的计算精度[15]。2025年,南开大学与香港城市大学研究团队合作,基于4英寸薄膜铌酸锂平台,成功研发了全球首款集成薄膜铌酸锂光子毫米波雷达,实现了厘米级距离、速度探测分辨率及逆合成孔径雷达二维成像的突破性进展(图2(b)[16]。传统毫米波雷达通常需要多个分立部件协同工作,而通过片上集成技术,将雷达的核心功能全部集成到1块15 mm×1.5 mm×0.5 mm的芯片上,大幅减少了系统复杂度。该技术将应用在6G时代的车载雷达、机载雷达和智能家居等领域。
在铌酸锂薄膜上集成了多种功能器件,如纠缠光源、电光调制器、波导分束器等[17-18]。这种集成化的设计能够实现片上光量子态的高效产生和高速操控,使得量子芯片的功能更加丰富和强大,为量子信息的处理和传输提供了更高效的解决方案。斯坦福大学的研究人员将金刚石和铌酸锂组合在1块芯片上,金刚石的分子结构易于操纵,可容纳固定的量子比特,而铌酸锂可以改变穿过它的光的频率,实现对光的调制[19]。这种材料的组合为量子芯片的性能提升和功能拓展提供了新的思路。光的压缩量子态的生成与操控是量子增强技术的核心基础,但其制备系统通常需要额外的大型光学元件。加州理工学院的研究团队基于铌酸锂材料成功研制出集成纳米光子学平台,实现在同一光学芯片上完成压缩态的生成与测量[20]。这种在纳米光子学体系中实现亚光学周期压缩态的制备与表征技术,为发展可扩展量子信息系统提供了重要技术路径。
随着人工智能、大模型的发展,未来铌酸锂发展的增长点主要集中在高端光芯片领域(表5[1,21-22],具体包括突破高速光调制器、激光器和探测器等核心光芯片技术;推动铌酸锂薄膜在光芯片中的应用,提升器件性能;加强铌酸锂薄膜制备技术的研发,实现高质量薄膜的规模化生产;推动铌酸锂薄膜与硅基光电子器件的集成,降低成本。
光学铌酸锂主要应用于光通信、光纤陀螺、超快激光器、有线电视等领域,最快进入成熟应用的方向可能是光通信。在光通信领域,铌酸锂调制器芯片及器件市场规模约100亿元。中国很多高品质光学级铌酸锂衬底需从日本进口。随着日本对中国半导体领域限制加大,铌酸锂衬底可能会出现在限制名单中。随着高速相干光传输技术不断从长途/干线下沉到区域/数据中心等领域,用于高速相干光通信的数字光调制器需求将持续增长,2024年全球高速相干光调制器出货量将达到200万端口。相应地,对铌酸锂衬底的需求也会大幅增加。
光学铌酸锂材料端量产的最大瓶颈是光学品质的一致性,包括晶体材料本身的组分、缺陷、微结构的一致性,以及电光学机械抛光(Chemical Mechanical Polishing, CMP)工艺加工晶片的精度等。与国外相比,主要还是更深层次的晶体生长科学技术问题研究不足。高品质光学级LN生长亟待深入研究以理解其多尺度物理化学机制。例如,高温熔体中的团簇结构、固-液界面结构、界面离子输运,以及生长过程中的动态缺陷结构和形成机制、真实晶体生长过程的仿真模拟等。“如何突破大尺寸晶体材料的制备理论和技术?”位列2021年中国科协发布的10个前沿科学问题首位,说明大尺寸晶体材料制备方面的基础科学问题已经成为制约该行业快速发展的关键[23]
铌酸锂电光器件技术挑战主要为薄膜化、刻蚀及CMP工艺,存在脊型波导表面粗糙度高、加工良率低等难题;光学应用对晶片及器件加工要求高,高精度设备基本被国外设备垄断;铌酸锂单晶薄膜化带来的缺陷变化及对结构-性能关系的影响,如集成光学平台中铌酸锂薄膜直流漂移问题。
(1)加强战略规划与政策引导,建立创新生态高地,实现集群效应。铌酸锂单晶薄膜在光电芯片、光子芯片、集成光子学器件等领域的应用前景广阔,政府建立战略规划与政策引导,构建以“铌酸锂谷”为核心生态圈、产业集聚区,鼓励培养初创公司,推动铌酸锂产业的快速发展与壮大。
(2)加强材料、器件和系统企业、科研院所的合作,形成协同创新生态。高校和科研机构提供理论研究和技术支持,企业则负责将研究成果转化为实际产品,推动铌酸锂技术的产业化应用。相关企业之间形成合作联盟,共同攻克技术难题,共享资源和市场。例如,在铌酸锂材料的生产、器件的制造及应用开发等方面,企业之间可以通过合作来提高效率、降低成本,增强市场竞争力。
(3)加强“第一性原理”,开拓颠覆性技术路径。以“第一性原理”为视角,紧抓原始技术与基础科学问题,实现铌酸锂晶体、薄膜到器件核心技术的研发,开拓颠覆性技术路径。例如,探索铌酸锂在量子技术中的应用,如量子计算、量子通信等。
(4)跨学科合作与技术融合,培养复合型人才。铌酸锂晶体、薄膜及器件研发需要物理学、化学、材料科学、电子工程、软件、人工智能等多学科的知识和技术,需要更多复合型人才。因此需要政府的人才引进政策 (如落户补贴、住房优惠)吸引更多国内外高端人才。就业市场促进人才的流动和企业的创新。
中国在铌酸锂单晶薄膜、先进器件等方面与国际先进水平处于并跑阶段,但在高品质晶体生长、器件产业、先进应用等方面还存在一些问题。例如:进一步提高铌酸锂单晶薄膜的均匀性和光学性能,实现更高品质因子和更低损耗的器件仍需进一步突破加工工艺与材料制备技术,开发更加精确的数值模拟和优化方法。未来需要推动铌酸锂薄膜光电子器件的大规模集成,降低成本,进一步拓展铌酸锂在集成光学、量子计算、生物传感等新兴领域的应用。中国在光电子产业链上具有完整的布局,有望形成具有国际竞争力的铌酸锂产业集群。
  • 国家自然科学基金重点国际(地区)合作与交流项目(2220105010)
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2025年第4卷第1期
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doi: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2025.01.005
  • 接收时间:2024-12-23
  • 出版时间:2025-03-20
  • 发布时间:2025-03-27
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  • 收稿日期:2024-12-23
  • 修回日期:2025-01-13
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国家自然科学基金重点国际(地区)合作与交流项目(2220105010)
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    1.电子科技大学(深圳)高等研究院,深圳 518110
    2.山东大学新一代半导体材料研究院,晶体材料全国重点实验室,济南 250100
    3.山东大学物理学院,晶体材料全国重点实验室,济南 250100
    4.宁夏珂派司电子科技有限公司,银川 753000

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表12种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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