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Advanced structural ceramics possess excellent properties such as high-temperature resistance and play an irreplaceable and important role in national defence and economic development. Brittleness is the main bottleneck restricting the development of ceramic materials. The emergence of plastic ceramics brings new hope for overcoming the brittleness of ceramics, which has important scientific significance and application value. In recent years, Chinese scholars have made breakthrough progress in the field of plastic ceramics, sparking a worldwide upsurge in the study of plastic ceramics. China should seize this chance, develop a timely layout, and promote the basic and applied research of plastic ceramics, so as to take a leading position in global science and technology competition of this field and provide strong support for meeting major needs such as aircraft engines.

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先进结构陶瓷具有耐高温等优异性能，在国防和国民经济建设中发挥着不可替代的重要作用。脆性是制约陶瓷材料发展的主要瓶颈，塑性陶瓷的出现为克服陶瓷脆性带来新的希望，具有重要的科学意义和应用价值。近年来，中国学者率先在塑性陶瓷研究中取得突破，在世界范围内掀起塑性陶瓷研究热潮。中国应充分抓住先发优势，及时布局，大力推进塑性陶瓷基础与应用研究，在该领域的全球科技竞争中占据领先地位，为满足航空发动机等重大需求提供有力支撑。

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陈克新，研究员、博士研究生导师。甬江实验室先进结构陶瓷创新中心主任。中国硅酸盐学会副秘书长。主要从事先进结构陶瓷材料的微观结构调控及应用性能优化研究，包括室温塑性陶瓷的制备与塑性机制研究、高品质陶瓷精细粉体的可控合成等。入选国家百千万人才工程，被授予“有突出贡献中青年专家”荣誉称号，享受国务院政府特殊津贴。获云南省自然科学奖、深圳市技术发明奖等奖项。出版专著5部，发表论文200多篇，授权发明专利30余件。电子信箱：。

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陈克新，研究员、博士研究生导师。甬江实验室先进结构陶瓷创新中心主任。中国硅酸盐学会副秘书长。主要从事先进结构陶瓷材料的微观结构调控及应用性能优化研究，包括室温塑性陶瓷的制备与塑性机制研究、高品质陶瓷精细粉体的可控合成等。入选国家百千万人才工程，被授予“有突出贡献中青年专家”荣誉称号，享受国务院政府特殊津贴。获云南省自然科学奖、深圳市技术发明奖等奖项。出版专著5部，发表论文200多篇，授权发明专利30余件。电子信箱：。

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陈克新，研究员、博士研究生导师。甬江实验室先进结构陶瓷创新中心主任。中国硅酸盐学会副秘书长。主要从事先进结构陶瓷材料的微观结构调控及应用性能优化研究，包括室温塑性陶瓷的制备与塑性机制研究、高品质陶瓷精细粉体的可控合成等。入选国家百千万人才工程，被授予“有突出贡献中青年专家”荣誉称号，享受国务院政府特殊津贴。获云南省自然科学奖、深圳市技术发明奖等奖项。出版专著5部，发表论文200多篇，授权发明专利30余件。电子信箱：。

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Journal of the European Ceramic Society, 2016, 36(11): 2781-2793., articleTitle=Unexpected plasticity of potassium niobate during compression between room temperature and 900 ℃, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114126214923186, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708271067820823, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=107, issue=11, pageStart=7054, pageEnd=7061, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[4], rfOrder=3, authorNames=Fang X F, Zhang J W, Frisch A, journalName=Journal of the American Ceramic Society, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Fang X F, Zhang J W, Frisch A, et al. Room-temperature bulk plasticity and tunable dislocation densities in KTaO3[J]. Journal of the American Ceramic Society, 2024, 107(11): 7054-7061., articleTitle=Room-temperature bulk plasticity and tunable dislocation densities in KTaO3, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114126294614966, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708271067820823, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=10, issue=16, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[5], rfOrder=4, authorNames=Shen C, Li J, Niu T J, journalName=Science Advances, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Shen C, Li J, Niu T J, et al. Achieving room temperature plasticity in brittle ceramics through elevated temperature preloading[J]. Science Advances, 2024, 10(16): eadj4079, doi: 10.1126/sciadv.adj4079., articleTitle=Achieving room temperature plasticity in brittle ceramics through elevated temperature preloading, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114126357529530, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708271067820823, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2025, volume=82, issue=null, pageStart=81, pageEnd=91, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[6], rfOrder=5, authorNames=Fang X F, Lu W J, Zhang J W, journalName=Materials Today, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Fang X F, Lu W J, Zhang J W, et al. Harvesting room-temperature plasticity in ceramics by mechanically seeded dislocations[J]. 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Nature, 1997, 389(6646): 49-52., articleTitle=A ductile ceramic eutectic composite with high strength at 1 873 K, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114126567244738, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708271067820823, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2001, volume=413, issue=6853, pageStart=288, pageEnd=291, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[9], rfOrder=8, authorNames=Kim B N, Hiraga K, Morita K, journalName=Nature, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Kim B N, Hiraga K, Morita K, et al. A high-strain-rate superplastic ceramic[J]. Nature, 2001, 413(6853): 288-291., articleTitle=A high-strain-rate superplastic ceramic, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114126638547908, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708271067820823, doi=10.1126/science.abq7490, pmid=36302007, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=378, issue=6618, pageStart=371, pageEnd=376, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[10], rfOrder=9, authorNames=Zhang J, Liu G H, Cui W, journalName=Science, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhang J, Liu G H, Cui W, et al. Plastic deformation in silicon nitride ceramics via bond switching at coherent interfaces[J]. Science, 2022, 378(6618): 371-376., articleTitle=Plastic deformation in silicon nitride ceramics via bond switching at coherent interfaces, refAbstract=Covalently bonded ceramics exhibit preeminent properties-including hardness, strength, chemical inertness, and resistance against heat and corrosion-yet their wider application is challenging because of their room-temperature brittleness. In contrast to the atoms in metals that can slide along slip planes to accommodate strains, the atoms in covalently bonded ceramics require bond breaking because of the strong and directional characteristics of covalent bonds. This eventually leads to catastrophic failure on loading. We present an approach for designing deformable covalently bonded silicon nitride (SiN) ceramics that feature a dual-phase structure with coherent interfaces. Successive bond switching is realized at the coherent interfaces, which facilitates a stress-induced phase transformation and, eventually, generates plastic deformability.), Reference(id=1242114126722433990, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708271067820823, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=68, issue=2/3, pageStart=140, pageEnd=141, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[11], rfOrder=10, authorNames=薛其坤, journalName=科学通报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=薛其坤. 陶瓷也能像金属一样塑性变形?[J]. 科学通报, 2023, 68(2/3):140-141., articleTitle=陶瓷也能像金属一样塑性变形, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114126806320074, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708271067820823, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=68, issue=2/3, pageStart=140, pageEnd=141, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[11], rfOrder=11, authorNames=Xue Q K, journalName=Chinese Science Bulletin, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Xue Q K. Can ceramics plastically deform like metals?[J]. Chinese Science Bulletin, 2023, 68(2/3):140-141. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Can ceramics plastically deform like metals, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114126877623244, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708271067820823, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=15, issue=1, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[12], rfOrder=12, authorNames=Tang Y, Wang H K, Ouyang X P, journalName=Nature Communications, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Tang Y, Wang H K, Ouyang X P, et al. Overcoming strength-ductility tradeoff with high pressure thermal treatment[J]. Nature Communications, 2024, 15(1): 3932, doi: 10.1038/s41467-024-48435-6., articleTitle=Overcoming strength-ductility tradeoff with high pressure thermal treatment, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114126953120718, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708271067820823, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=626, issue=8000, pageStart=779, pageEnd=784, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[13], rfOrder=13, authorNames=Wu Y J, Zhang Y, Wang X Y, journalName=Nature, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Wu Y J, Zhang Y, Wang X Y, et al. Twisted-layer boron nitride ceramic with high deformability and strength[J]. Nature, 2024, 626(8000): 779-784., articleTitle=Twisted-layer boron nitride ceramic with high deformability and strength, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114127016035282, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708271067820823, doi=10.1126/science.adp0559, pmid=39052815, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=385, issue=6707, pageStart=422, pageEnd=427, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[14], rfOrder=14, authorNames=Dong L R, Zhang J, Li Y Z, journalName=Science, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Dong L R, Zhang J, Li Y Z, et al. Borrowed dislocations for ductility in ceramics[J]. Science, 2024, 385(6707): 422-427., articleTitle=Borrowed dislocations for ductility in ceramics, refAbstract=The inherent brittleness of ceramics, primarily due to restricted atomic motions from rigid ionic or covalent bonded structures, is a persistent challenge. This characteristic hinders dislocation nucleation in ceramics, thereby impeding the enhancement of plasticity through a dislocation-engineering strategy commonly used in metals. Finding a strategy that continuously generates dislocations within ceramics may enhance plasticity. Here, we propose a "borrowing-dislocations" strategy that uses a tailored interfacial structure with well-ordered bonds. Such an approach enables ceramics to have greatly improved tensile ductility by mobilizing a considerable number of dislocations in ceramic borrowed from metal through the interface, thereby overcoming the challenge associated with direct dislocation nucleation within ceramics. This strategy provides a way to enhance tensile ductility in ceramics.), Reference(id=1242114127099921364, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708271067820823, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=15, issue=1, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[15], rfOrder=15, authorNames=Aoki Y, Masuda H, Tochigi E, journalName=Nature Communications, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Aoki Y, Masuda H, Tochigi E, et al. Overcoming the intrinsic brittleness of high-strength Al2O3-GdAlO3 ceramics through refined eutectic microstructure[J]. Nature Communications, 2024, 15(1): 8700, doi: 10.1038/s41467-024-53026-6., articleTitle=Overcoming the intrinsic brittleness of high-strength Al2O3-GdAlO3 ceramics through refined eutectic microstructure, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114127188001750, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708271067820823, doi=10.1038/s41563-018-0047-z, pmid=29632407, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=17, issue=5, pageStart=421, pageEnd=426, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[16], rfOrder=16, authorNames=Shi X, Chen H Y, Hao F, journalName=Nature Materials, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Shi X, Chen H Y, Hao F, et al. Room-temperature ductile inorganic semiconductor[J]. Nature Materials, 2018, 17(5): 421-426., articleTitle=Room-temperature ductile inorganic semiconductor, refAbstract=Ductility is common in metals and metal-based alloys, but is rarely observed in inorganic semiconductors and ceramic insulators. In particular, room-temperature ductile inorganic semiconductors were not known until now. Here, we report an inorganic alpha-Ag2S semiconductor that exhibits extraordinary metal-like ductility with high plastic deformation strains at room temperature. Analysis of the chemical bonding reveals systems of planes with relatively weak atomic interactions in the crystal structure. In combination with irregularly distributed silver-silver and sulfur-silver bonds due to the silver diffusion, they suppress the cleavage of the material, and thus result in unprecedented ductility. This work opens up the possibility of searching for ductile inorganic semiconductors/ceramics for flexible electronic devices.), Reference(id=1242114127250916313, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708271067820823, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=369, issue=6503, pageStart=542, pageEnd=545, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[17], rfOrder=17, authorNames=Wei T R, Jin M, Wang Y C, journalName=Science, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Wei T R, Jin M, Wang Y C, et al. Exceptional plasticity in the bulk single-crystalline van der Waals semiconductor InSe[J]. Science, 2020, 369(6503): 542-545., articleTitle=Exceptional plasticity in the bulk single-crystalline van der Waals semiconductor InSe, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114127330608091, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708271067820823, doi=10.1126/science.abq0682, pmid=35981042, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=377, issue=6608, pageStart=854, pageEnd=858, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[18], rfOrder=18, authorNames=Yang Q Y, Yang S Q, Qiu P F, journalName=Science, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Yang Q Y, Yang S Q, Qiu P F, et al. Flexible thermoelectrics based on ductile semiconductors[J]. Science, 2022, 377(6608): 854-858., articleTitle=Flexible thermoelectrics based on ductile semiconductors, refAbstract=Flexible thermoelectrics provide a different solution for developing portable and sustainable flexible power supplies. The discovery of silver sulfide-based ductile semiconductors has driven a shift in the potential for flexible thermoelectrics, but the lack of good p-type ductile thermoelectric materials has restricted the reality of fabricating conventional cross-plane π-shaped flexible devices. We report a series of high-performance p-type ductile thermoelectric materials based on the composition-performance phase diagram in AgCu(Se,S,Te) pseudoternary solid solutions, with high figure-of-merit values (0.45 at 300 kelvin and 0.68 at 340 kelvin) compared with other flexible thermoelectric materials. We further demonstrate thin and flexible π-shaped devices with a maximum normalized power density that reaches 30 μW cm K. This output is promising for the use of flexible thermoelectrics in wearable electronics.), Reference(id=1242114127397716958, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708271067820823, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=8, issue=3, pageStart=622, pageEnd=634, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[19], rfOrder=19, authorNames=Qiu P F, Deng T T, Chen L D, journalName=Joule, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Qiu P F, Deng T T, Chen L D, et al. Plastic inorganic thermoelectric materials[J]. Joule, 2024, 8(3): 622-634., articleTitle=Plastic inorganic thermoelectric materials, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114127481603041, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708271067820823, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=386, issue=6726, pageStart=1112, pageEnd=1117, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[20], rfOrder=20, authorNames=Deng T T, Gao Z Q, Li Z, journalName=Science, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Deng T T, Gao Z Q, Li Z, et al. Room-temperature exceptional plasticity in defective Bi2Te3-based bulk thermoelectric crystals[J]. Science, 2024, 386(6726): 1112-1117., articleTitle=Room-temperature exceptional plasticity in defective Bi2Te3-based bulk thermoelectric crystals, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114127557100515, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708271067820823, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=631, issue=8022, pageStart=777, pageEnd=782, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[21], rfOrder=21, authorNames=Zhao P, Xue W H, Zhang Y, journalName=Nature, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhao P, Xue W H, Zhang Y, et al. Plasticity in single-crystalline Mg3Bi2 thermoelectric material[J]. Nature, 2024, 631(8022): 777-782., articleTitle=Plasticity in single-crystalline Mg3Bi2 thermoelectric material, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1242114124361040804, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708271067820823, awardId=52425204, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(52425204), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1242114124428149669, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708271067820823, awardId=YESS20230148, language=CN, fundingSource=中国科协青年人才托举工程(YESS20230148), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1242114121949315943, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708271067820823, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242114121957704552, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708271067820823, companyId=1242114121949315943, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1. National Key Laboratory of New Metal Materials, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242114121961898857, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708271067820823, companyId=1242114121949315943, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.北京科技大学新金属材料全国重点实验室，北京 100083)]), AuthorCompany(id=1242114122016424810, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708271067820823, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242114122024813419, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708271067820823, companyId=1242114122016424810, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2. Advanced Ceramics and Structures Center, Yongjiang Laboratory, Ningbo 315201, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242114122033202028, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708271067820823, companyId=1242114122016424810, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.甬江实验室先进结构陶瓷创新中心，宁波 315201)]), AuthorCompany(id=1242114122117088109, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708271067820823, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242114122125476718, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708271067820823, companyId=1242114122117088109, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3. State Key Laboratory of New Ceramic Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242114122150642543, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708271067820823, companyId=1242114122117088109, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.清华大学材料学院，新型陶瓷材料全国重点实验室，北京 100084)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1242114123681563542, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708271067820823, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Microstructure and compressive properties of plastic silicon nitride ceramics at room temperature, figureFileSmall=CYAYygMPk71/9jt8AKchJg==, figureFileBig=T8jG1MTuCLWOm+KRHxnHGw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242114123744478104, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708271067820823, language=CN, label=图1, caption=塑性氮化硅陶瓷的显微结构与室温压缩性能

ε为应变；0、18%、21%、32%为共格界面在全部界面中所占比例。

, figureFileSmall=CYAYygMPk71/9jt8AKchJg==, figureFileBig=T8jG1MTuCLWOm+KRHxnHGw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242114123912250268, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708271067820823, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Microstructure and compressive properties of plastic boron nitride ceramics at room temperature, figureFileSmall=sumeIUwvUrRgUSr80C5gnA==, figureFileBig=lfFrXoeCcDWdosH17WhIAw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242114123979359135, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708271067820823, language=CN, label=图2, caption=塑性氮化硼陶瓷的显微结构和室温压缩性能, figureFileSmall=sumeIUwvUrRgUSr80C5gnA==, figureFileBig=lfFrXoeCcDWdosH17WhIAw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242114124050662304, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708271067820823, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Microstructure and tensile properties of dislocation-borrowed lanthanum oxide ceramics at room temperature, figureFileSmall=RHAjE44qm7DXZkWa9aGh1Q==, figureFileBig=TQRhKsmZidLRKAWUXawAAg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242114124130354081, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708271067820823, language=CN, label=图3, caption=借位错氧化镧陶瓷的显微结构和室温拉伸性能, figureFileSmall=RHAjE44qm7DXZkWa9aGh1Q==, figureFileBig=TQRhKsmZidLRKAWUXawAAg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242114124193268642, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708271067820823, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Inorganic thermoelectric materials with plasticity, figureFileSmall=9Qniz4CoPIgtX8SzTq8/MA==, figureFileBig=O05EHplkaxls/VQM+N5OLg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242114124251988899, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708271067820823, language=CN, label=图4, caption=塑性无机热电材料

YSZ：Yttria-stabilized Zirconia，氧化钇稳定氧化锆；14.19%、39.4%为塑性应变。

, figureFileSmall=9Qniz4CoPIgtX8SzTq8/MA==, figureFileBig=O05EHplkaxls/VQM+N5OLg==, tableContent=null)], attaches=null, journal=Journal(id=1129340393107079197, delFlag=0, nameCn=前瞻科技, nameEn=Science and Technology Foresight, nameHistory1=null, nameHistory2=null, issn=2097-0781, eissn=, cn=10-1786/N, coden=null, periodic=2, language=CN, oaType=null, ccby=null, superviseOffice=null, ownerOffice=null, pubOffice=null, editorOffice=null, officeType=null, aims=null, clcCode=null, officeProv=null, officeCity=null, officeAddr=null, officeZip=null, officeEmail=null, officePhone=null, editDirector=null, officeDirector=null, officeDirectorPhone=null, officeStaffNum=null, officeEmpNum=null, coverPicUrl=ti95jJIJzXaf02YNe1UF2A==, journalPrice=null, startedYear=null, abbrevIsoEn=Sci Technol Fore, journalRemark=null, publicationField=null, createdTime=null, updatedTime=1757931223825, createdBy=null, updatedBy=15831073675, firstLetterCn=S, firstLetterEn=S, subjectCode=Natural Sciences, 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陈克新 1, 2, † , 刘光华 3 , 张杰 2 , 葛一瑶 1
前瞻科技 | 综述与述评 2025,4(1): 139-146
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前瞻科技 | 综述与述评 2025, 4(1): 139-146
塑性陶瓷研究进展及发展建议
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陈克新1, 2, † , 刘光华3, 张杰2, 葛一瑶1
作者信息
  • 1.北京科技大学新金属材料全国重点实验室，北京 100083
  • 2.甬江实验室先进结构陶瓷创新中心，宁波 315201
  • 3.清华大学材料学院，新型陶瓷材料全国重点实验室，北京 100084

    • 陈克新，研究员、博士研究生导师。甬江实验室先进结构陶瓷创新中心主任。中国硅酸盐学会副秘书长。主要从事先进结构陶瓷材料的微观结构调控及应用性能优化研究，包括室温塑性陶瓷的制备与塑性机制研究、高品质陶瓷精细粉体的可控合成等。入选国家百千万人才工程，被授予“有突出贡献中青年专家”荣誉称号，享受国务院政府特殊津贴。获云南省自然科学奖、深圳市技术发明奖等奖项。出版专著5部，发表论文200多篇，授权发明专利30余件。电子信箱：。

通信作者:

†
Research Progress and Development Suggestions on Plastic Ceramics
Kexin CHEN1, 2, † , Guanghua LIU3, Jie ZHANG2, Yiyao GE1
Affiliations
  • 1. National Key Laboratory of New Metal Materials, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
  • 2. Advanced Ceramics and Structures Center, Yongjiang Laboratory, Ningbo 315201, China
  • 3. State Key Laboratory of New Ceramic Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
出版时间: 2025-03-20 doi: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2025.01.014
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摘要
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先进结构陶瓷具有耐高温等优异性能，在国防和国民经济建设中发挥着不可替代的重要作用。脆性是制约陶瓷材料发展的主要瓶颈，塑性陶瓷的出现为克服陶瓷脆性带来新的希望，具有重要的科学意义和应用价值。近年来，中国学者率先在塑性陶瓷研究中取得突破，在世界范围内掀起塑性陶瓷研究热潮。中国应充分抓住先发优势，及时布局，大力推进塑性陶瓷基础与应用研究，在该领域的全球科技竞争中占据领先地位，为满足航空发动机等重大需求提供有力支撑。

塑性陶瓷  /  室温塑性  /  氮化硅  /  航空发动机

Advanced structural ceramics possess excellent properties such as high-temperature resistance and play an irreplaceable and important role in national defence and economic development. Brittleness is the main bottleneck restricting the development of ceramic materials. The emergence of plastic ceramics brings new hope for overcoming the brittleness of ceramics, which has important scientific significance and application value. In recent years, Chinese scholars have made breakthrough progress in the field of plastic ceramics, sparking a worldwide upsurge in the study of plastic ceramics. China should seize this chance, develop a timely layout, and promote the basic and applied research of plastic ceramics, so as to take a leading position in global science and technology competition of this field and provide strong support for meeting major needs such as aircraft engines.

plastic ceramics  /  plasticity at room temperature  /  silicon nitride  /  aero engines
陈克新, 刘光华, 张杰, 葛一瑶. 塑性陶瓷研究进展及发展建议. 前瞻科技, 2025 , 4 (1) : 139 -146 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2025.01.014
Kexin CHEN, Guanghua LIU, Jie ZHANG, Yiyao GE. Research Progress and Development Suggestions on Plastic Ceramics[J]. Science and Technology Foresight, 2025 , 4 (1) : 139 -146 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2025.01.014
正文
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先进结构陶瓷材料因具有耐高温、耐腐蚀、高强度、低密度等优异性能，在航空航天、能源化工、先进制造等重要领域有着广阔的应用前景。以航空发动机为例，目前叶片等热端部件主要采用镍基高温合金制造，如能将其替换为氮化硅等耐高温结构陶瓷，则可显著减轻重量、提高工作温度，从而有效提升推重比和燃油效率。然而，由于本征脆性导致的可靠性问题，严重限制了结构陶瓷的进一步发展。如何克服陶瓷脆性，是长期困扰全球材料学家的经典难题。
为解决陶瓷脆性问题，过去几十年中，国内外广大学者围绕陶瓷增韧开展了深入研究，在相变增韧、纤维增韧、层状结构增韧等方面都取得了显著进展。这些增韧方法，有助于增大裂纹扩展阻力或延长裂纹扩展路径，从而提高韧性，但并未改变陶瓷脆性本质。相比之下，如果能发现陶瓷变形新机制或通过结构设计新策略，使陶瓷像金属一样具备塑性，则有望从根本上克服陶瓷脆性，大幅度提高其可靠性及加工性能，从而极大拓展陶瓷材料的应用领域。
因此，塑性陶瓷研究具有十分重要的科学意义和应用价值，在满足航空发动机等国家重大需求方面不可或缺。塑性陶瓷的出现与应用，将为陶瓷材料的发展开辟新天地，并为一系列重要领域的技术革命提供强大推动力。
1 国内外研究进展
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关于陶瓷塑性的研究，可追溯至100多年前人们对岩盐晶体塑性的探索。20世纪50—60年代，美国加州大学伯克利分校Gorum等[1]对MgO单晶的室温塑性进行了研究。2001年以来，人们相继在SrTiO3、KNbO3、KTaO3等钙钛矿单晶中观察到室温宏观塑性[2⇓-4]。2024年，美国普渡大学Shen等[5]报道了一种通过高温预加载引入大量缺陷来提高陶瓷材料塑性变形能力的方法。经过高温预加载处理，TiO2和α-Al2O3单晶均在室温下表现出明显塑性，其中TiO2单晶的应变可达10%。德国达姆施塔特工业大学Fang等[6]报道了通过“种位错”实现SrTiO3单晶室温塑性的方法。研究者在室温下对SrTiO3单晶表面进行机械研磨以预制高密度位错，这些位错在外力加载过程中可从表面扩展至晶体内部，并产生有效的增殖和滑移，最终使SrTiO3单晶表现出超过30%的室温压缩塑性应变。但需指出的是，上述研究均是针对单晶材料，其结果不能直接推广到多晶陶瓷。
长期以来，人们对多晶陶瓷塑性的研究主要集中在高温塑性。1987年，德国萨尔大学Karch等[7]发现，减小陶瓷晶粒尺寸至纳米尺度，可有效促进晶界扩散，显著提高多晶陶瓷在高温下的蠕变速率，从而获得塑性。1997年，日本宇部兴产株式会社Waku等[8]采用定向凝固方法制备了由Al2O3和GdAlO3单晶互相穿插形成的Al2O3/GdAlO3共晶陶瓷，该陶瓷在1 600 oC可基于位错机制发生明显的塑性变形，屈服强度接近700 MPa。2001年，日本国立材料研究所Kim等[9]报道了具有亚微米晶粒尺寸的ZrO2/MgAl2O4/Al2O3复相陶瓷可在1 650 oC发生超塑性变形，在0.4 s-1应变速率下的延伸率高达1 050%，研究认为这种超塑性源于对晶粒长大的有效抑制和ZrO2中位错诱导的塑性。与高温条件下相比，在室温下多晶陶瓷中晶界滑移和位错运动的难度大大增加，因此很难发生塑性变形。由于难度太大，多晶陶瓷室温塑性研究长期未有实质性突破。
可喜的是，近年来中国学者率先在多晶陶瓷室温塑性研究中取得重要进展。2022年，北京科技大学、甬江实验室陈克新研究员带领团队首先在氮化硅（Si3N4）陶瓷室温塑性研究中取得突破，提出了通过相变滑移实现氮化硅陶瓷塑性变形的新机制[10]。研究团队通过在氮化硅陶瓷中设计α/β双相共格界面，利用应力诱导相变过程中的“共价键断裂-旋转-再键合”的键切换机制，实现了类似金属中位错运动产生的原子面滑移效果，使得氮化硅陶瓷表现出前所未有的高达20%的室温压缩塑性形变（图1[10]），同时压缩强度提高至原来的2.3倍，达到11 GPa，比超高强度钢还高出近5倍。这一研究结果，为解决共价键陶瓷室温塑性这一久未攻克的世界难题开辟了新途径；而在氮化硅陶瓷中成功实现了强度和塑性的同步大幅提升，也为打破材料中经典的强度与塑性倒置关系提供了新思路。
相关研究结果，以《Plastic deformation in silicon nitride ceramics via bond switching at coherent interfaces》为题发表于Science，立即在国际上引起广泛关注。Science、Nature、Nature Materials均将其选为“研究亮点”；美国陶瓷学会、英国皇家化学会、MIT Technology Review等著名学术机构和媒体也纷纷报道。美国SCIENMAG网站发表的专家评论文章指出：“新的室温塑性机制的发现，使我们能够将可变形陶瓷的梦想握于掌中。”美国Phys.org网站评论指出：“如果塑性陶瓷能够获得并实现量产和商业化应用，将可能迎来一个新的‘石器时代’。”中国《科学通报》刊发了由薛其坤院士撰写的“亮点述评”文章[11]，认为该工作“会给人们带来全新的认知，也将为解决陶瓷脆性问题开辟一条全新的思路，在陶瓷材料发展历史上具有里程碑意义。”高华健院士团队在研究论文中引用了该工作，并指出“开发能使强度和塑性同时显著提升的结构极具挑战性”[12]。此外，该工作因其重要的科学意义和广阔的应用前景，入选2022年度“全球建材十大科技新闻”。
2024年，燕山大学田永君院士团队与国内外学者合作，采用功能基元序构的设计策略，通过调控从高能亚稳态到低能亚稳态的结构转变，成功制备出具有室温塑性的氮化硼（BN）陶瓷[13]。研究团队利用洋葱结构BN在热压和放电等离子烧结过程中的相变，制备出一种层状基元转角序构的BN陶瓷，其中的BN纳米片呈三维互锁结构，每个纳米片由相对转动不同角度的平行薄片为结构基元堆叠而成（图2[13]）。这种BN陶瓷块材表现出显著的室温变形能力，单轴压缩条件下断裂应变高达14%（塑性应变约8%），比传统陶瓷块材高出一个数量级，同时强度达到普通BN陶瓷的6~10倍。研究认为，这种强塑性的协同提升，一方面源于转角序构的引入，使材料本征变形能力提升2个数量级；另一方面源于三维互锁的显微组织结构，阻断了扭折、分层、涟漪、位错等的传播，将变形局限在单个纳米片内部。两方面因素共同作用，凸显了本征变形能力的贡献而削弱了晶界的负面作用。
相关研究结果，以《Twisted-layer boron nitride ceramic with high deformability and stength》为题发表于Nature。研究团队应邀在Nature上发表研究简报，介绍了该研究及背后的故事，简报中还发表了美国阿尔弗雷德大学吴义权教授对该工作的点评：“看到这种陶瓷的大规模生产和加工成为可能，我感到非常兴奋。此外，用石墨进行的试验表明，这种改善陶瓷性能的方法不仅限于氮化硼，而且有可能应用于其他层状材料。”
众所周知，在拉应力作用下陶瓷的断裂行为对缺陷更加敏感，因此与压缩塑性相比，在陶瓷中实现拉伸塑性的难度更大。2024年，北京科技大学、甬江实验室陈克新研究团队，联合北京工业大学王金淑和香港大学黄明欣团队，在陶瓷拉伸塑性研究中取得重要突破[14]。针对陶瓷中位错形成能高、产生位错困难的问题，研究团队创新性地提出了“借位错”策略，无需陶瓷自身发生位错形核，而是通过在陶瓷与金属之间构建的有序结合界面，持续将金属中的位错“借”入陶瓷，利用借来的位错在陶瓷中的连续滑移，使陶瓷像金属一样具备塑性。基于这一策略，通过向金属钼（Mo）借位错，使氧化镧（La2O3）陶瓷在室温下表现出近40%的拉伸变形量（图3[14]），拉伸强度2.3 GPa。此项研究结果，颠覆了陶瓷在室温下没有拉伸塑性的传统认知，再次将塑性陶瓷研究向前推进了一大步。
相关研究结果，以《Borrowed dislocations for ductility in ceramics》为题发表于Science，并被选为“研究亮点”。Science期刊编辑评价认为“这一研究结果是陶瓷拉伸性能方面的巨大进步，指出了改善脆性陶瓷性能的新方法。”美国化学会网站发表的专题报道中，美国布朗大学Padture教授评价该工作是一个“巧妙的想法”，并进一步指出“普通陶瓷的自由表面本质上是一个无限的位错源，但将这些位错从表面释放出来的应力阈值非常高。通过与位错形核阈值较低的金属形成外延接触，可能更易于‘借’到位错，尽管存在共格应变。”日本东京大学Aoki等[15]在其关于Al2O3-GdAlO3塑性陶瓷的研究论文中引用了该工作，并评价道：“一项最近的研究展示了与钼金属以有序界面结合的氧化镧陶瓷在室温下表现出显著的塑性。”
除了结构陶瓷的塑性研究，近年来中国学者在无机热电材料的塑性研究中也取得一系列重要进展。中国科学院上海硅酸盐研究所陈立东院士团队，自2018年以来陆续在硫化银（Ag2S）等热电材料的塑性研究中取得突破，相关成果发表于Nature Materials、Science[16⇓⇓-19]。这些热电材料普遍具有层状结构，沿层内方向具有滑移能低、解离能较高、模量低的特点，因此在晶面滑移过程中不易开裂。层间具有弥散特征的长程库伦相互作用，在相对滑动的过程中可持续断开和重建，使层间始终保持一定的相互作用力，保证了层间相对滑移时整体不解理，因而材料可在室温下发生明显的塑性变形。基于这种层状结构特征，研究团队提出了用于评价材料塑性变形能力的变形因子Ξ=Ec/Es·1/Ein。其中，Ec、Es、Ein分别为层间解理能、层间滑移能、沿层内方向的杨氏模量。
2024年，陈立东院士团队又在碲化铋（Bi2Te3）热电材料的塑性研究中取得重要突破[20]，利用温度梯度法制备的化学计量比精确调控的碲化铋单晶在室温下展现出优良的塑性变形能力（图4[16,26]）。研究发现，由于Bi和Te具有相近的原子半径和电负性，Bi2Te3材料中易形成高浓度本征缺陷。通过调制反位缺陷诱导形成高密度、多样化的微观缺陷结构，可使Bi2Te3材料从脆性转变为塑性，并将其室温热电优值提升至1.0。相关成果发表于Science。哈尔滨工业大学张倩团队与合作者在Nature期刊发表了关于铋化镁（Mg3Bi2）塑性热电材料的重要研究成果[21]，所制备的厘米级高品质Mg3Bi2单晶，在室温下可轻松实现弯折、扭曲等塑性变形，并且表现出优异的热电性能。
塑性无机热电材料的出现，为制造高效柔性热电器件奠定了基础，有助于拓展热电材料的应用范围，更好地满足多样化的应用需求。这些塑性热电材料，无论从晶体结构和化学键特征还是从力学性能上，都与典型的结构陶瓷材料存在显著区别，但其塑性机理可为结构陶瓷塑性研究提供启发和借鉴。
综上所述，关于陶瓷塑性的研究已经持续了1个多世纪，材料从早期的离子键单晶发展到现在的离子键/共价键陶瓷及范德华力结合的层状材料，塑性机制由单一的位错机制发展为相变滑移、转角序构、借位错等多种机制，原位表征和微纳力学的发展更为陶瓷塑性研究提供了强大的技术支撑。近年来，围绕陶瓷室温塑性的研究接连取得重要突破，已在世界范围内掀起了塑性陶瓷研究的热潮。但总体而言，室温塑性陶瓷研究仍处于起步阶段，在塑性机制探索、材料体系拓展、宏观样品制备等方面，都还有待进一步深入研究，以期真正实现塑性陶瓷研究与应用的全面突破。
2 未来研究方向
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塑性陶瓷因其重要的科学意义和应用前景，以及近年来取得的一系列令人振奋的突破性进展，未来必将成为材料科学领域的研究热点。围绕塑性陶瓷，未来的研究方向可能有以下方面。
1）瓷塑性新机制研究
目前虽已报道了相变滑移、转角序构、借位错等陶瓷塑性新机制和相应的结构设计策略，但多局限于孤立材料体系，机制的普适性还有待验证。此外，机制研究所依赖的试验证据主要来自显微结构表征，原子尺度以下的结构分析主要依靠计算。未来，随着透射电镜等表征技术的进步，有可能通过实验手段对化学键的断裂与重建、局部电荷分布变化等细节直接进行研究，从而使塑性机制研究更趋深入。在此基础上，也许能在更底层为不同机制找到共性根源，这对确立塑性陶瓷结构设计的普适性准则具有重要意义。
2）塑性陶瓷新材料研究
与庞大的陶瓷材料体系相比，目前已发现的塑性陶瓷种类显然太少。无论是从理论研究还是从实际应用的角度，都迫切需要寻找更多新的塑性陶瓷材料。为此，有必要发展能较为准确、高效地预测陶瓷塑性变形能力的理论和方法，实现从偶然发现、大量试错到理性化发现和设计，以提高塑性陶瓷材料开发效率。另外，塑性陶瓷要想得到广泛应用，除了塑性之外，还须具备优良的综合性能。因此，从不同结构尺度上，深入理解塑性与强度等其他力学性能，以及光、电、磁等物理性能的耦合关系，进而实现性能的全面优化，是未来重要的研究内容。
3）塑性陶瓷制备工艺研究
与传统陶瓷材料相比，塑性陶瓷的制备难度更大，面临更多挑战。尤其对于强共价键结合的非氧化物陶瓷材料，使原子面滑移启动的临界应力很大。通常情况下，应力水平尚未达到临界应力，材料已经发生断裂。因此，如何精准控制原料粉体特性以及成型与烧结的工艺参数，获得结构均匀、缺陷少、强度高且具有特定微观结构的致密块体，是塑性陶瓷制备工艺中必须解决的问题。在这方面，还需进一步探索快速烧结、高压烧结、振荡压力烧结、外场辅助烧结等新型烧结技术在塑性陶瓷制备中的应用。
4）塑性陶瓷应用研究
面向航空发动机热端部件等重大需求，开展塑性陶瓷应用研究。突破大尺寸塑性陶瓷块材的关键制备技术，制备出具有优良高温性能的高强塑性陶瓷材料，并获得其核心的力学、热学性能数据。在材料性能满足要求的基础上，研制模拟样件，对其在模拟工况下的使用性能进行考核评价。样件通过考核后，开展部件研制工作，通过结构设计、成型制造及加工工艺的全面优化，研制出合乎规格的部件，并对其在接近真实工况下的服役可靠性进行验证。
3 发展建议
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塑性陶瓷由于其重要的科学意义和巨大的应用前景，未来必将成为全球科技竞争的热点。建议充分利用中国在该领域已形成的先发优势，从国家层面及时布局、系统部署，有效整合资源，充分发挥高校、科研院所、应用单位等各个创新主体的优势，加快推进塑性陶瓷基础与应用研究，占据国际领先地位和技术制高点，为满足航空发动机等国家重大需求提供有力支撑。具体建议如下。
1）将塑性陶瓷作为国家科技战略规划的重点之一，从国家重大科技专项，国家重点研发计划，国家自然科学基金委员会重大研究计划、重大项目等渠道，及时布局一批重要科研项目，推动塑性陶瓷从原理、材料到应用的重大创新。加强顶层设计，凝聚科研力量，促进材料、机械、航天航空等多学科融合，促进重大创新成果产出。
2）统筹资源建立协同创新体系，大力推进塑性陶瓷在若干重要领域的应用。以航空发动机等的重大需求为牵引，充分调动各方面优势力量，通过建立联合研究中心等方式，集中优势科研力量联合攻关，力争早日实现塑性陶瓷在航空发动机中的应用，助力中国航空发动机领域从跟跑、并跑到领跑的跨越，并带动塑性陶瓷在航天器防护、绿色能源、生命健康等其他重要领域的应用。
3）加大人才培养力度，强化人才储备。实施更加有效的人才政策，优化资源配置，鼓励支持科技人员不盲目追逐热点，而是甘坐冷板凳，以十年磨一剑的决心，持续深入开展塑性陶瓷研究，做出真正原创性的重要成果。依托人才项目，对高水平领军人才及其团队予以长期稳定支持，充分调动和激发科研人员的积极性和创造性，加快塑性陶瓷研究与应用的步伐。
4 结束语
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先进结构陶瓷具有耐高温、耐磨、耐腐蚀等独特性能，在国防和国民经济建设中具有不可替代的重要作用和地位。脆性是制约陶瓷材料发展的主要瓶颈，而塑性陶瓷的出现，为解决陶瓷脆性问题带来了曙光，可大幅度提高陶瓷的可靠性及加工性能。近年来，中国学者在塑性陶瓷研究中取得了一系列重要突破，研制出若干种具有室温塑性的陶瓷新材料，在世界范围内掀起了塑性陶瓷研究的热潮。可以预料，塑性陶瓷的进一步发展与应用，将极大拓展陶瓷材料的应用范围，为诸多重要领域的技术革命提供强大推动力。
因其重要的科学意义和巨大的应用前景，塑性陶瓷必将成为未来全球科技竞争的焦点。为此，中国应充分抓住已形成的先发优势，及时布局、全面部署，从机制、材料、工艺等方面大力推进塑性陶瓷基础与应用研究，加快产出一批具有国际引领性的重大科研成果，抢占全球技术制高点，为满足航空发动机等国家重大需求提供有力支撑。这对于加快实现高水平科技自立自强，助力中国航空发动机等关键领域实现从跟跑、并跑到领跑的战略目标，具有十分重要而深远的意义。
基金
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  • 国家自然科学基金(52425204)
  • 中国科协青年人才托举工程(YESS20230148)
文献
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参考文献 引证文献
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2025年第4卷第1期
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doi: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2025.01.014
  • 接收时间：2024-12-23
  • 出版时间：2025-03-20
  • 发布时间：2025-03-27
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  • 收稿日期：2024-12-23
  • 修回日期：2025-02-13
基金
国家自然科学基金(52425204)
中国科协青年人才托举工程(YESS20230148)
作者信息
    1.北京科技大学新金属材料全国重点实验室，北京 100083
    2.甬江实验室先进结构陶瓷创新中心，宁波 315201
    3.清华大学材料学院，新型陶瓷材料全国重点实验室，北京 100084

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表12种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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