Article(id=1148708270002467570, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, issueId=1148708265585865399, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2025.01.012, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1734883200000, receivedDateStr=2024-12-23, revisedDate=1739376000000, revisedDateStr=2025-02-13, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1751802993535, onlineDateStr=2025-07-06, pubDate=1742400000000, pubDateStr=2025-03-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1743004800000, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-03-27, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1751802993535, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774072674099, updator=sys-migrate, issue=Issue{id=1148708265585865399, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, year='2025', volume='4', issue='1', pageStart='100', pageEnd='167', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=1, createTime=1751802992481, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1776075019034, updator=13041195026, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1250512523708023313, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, issueId=1148708265585865399, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1250512523708023314, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, issueId=1148708265585865399, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=新材料前沿:技术创新与未来展望专刊, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=118, endPage=127, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149664178824196654, articleId=1148708270002467570, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, language=EN, title=Research Progress on Surface and Interface Behavior of Materials in Extreme and Complex Service Environments, columnId=1149656489310208610, journalTitle=Science and Technology Foresight, columnName=Review and Commentary, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

With the continuous development of major engineering projects and high-tech equipment, the service environments for materials have become increasingly extreme and complex, showing harsh conditions such as high temperature, high pressure, severe corrosion, and radiation, as well as multi-factor coupled complexities. These conditions significantly affect the surface and interface behavior of materials, leading to degradation of service performance or even failure. In response to the service requirements of extreme and complex environments, surface and interface engineering has become a key technological means to improve the stability, reliability, and longevity of materials. This review summarized the recent research progress on the surface and interface behavior of materials in extreme and complex service environments. It discussed the material damage and failure mechanisms in high temperature, corrosive, and irradiative conditions, as well as surface coating technologies, interface modification methods, and multi-scale simulations and predictions. Based on the current research status and challenges, future research directions were proposed, including in-situ dynamic visualization of multi-factor coupled damage, artificial intelligence-assisted surface and interface studies, surface multi-functionalization and intelligent design, and green and sustainable surface and interface engineering. This article aims to provide a theoretical foundation and support for the in-depth study and practical application of materials in extreme and complex service environments and provide a scientific basis for policy making and industrial application.

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随着重大工程和高技术装备的不断发展,材料服役环境趋于极端化和复杂化,包括高温、高压、强腐蚀、辐射等极端条件和多因素耦合复杂条件,材料的表面与界面行为受到显著影响,进而导致其服役性能下降甚至失效。针对极端复杂环境下的服役需求,表面与界面工程成为提升材料稳定性、可靠性与寿命的关键技术手段。文章综述了近年来极端复杂环境服役材料的表面与界面研究进展,讨论了高温、腐蚀、辐照等极端环境中的材料损伤失效机制、表面涂层技术、界面改性方法及多尺度模拟与预测等方面的研究。结合当前研究现状与挑战,提出了未来发展方向,包括原位动态可视化的多因素耦合损伤研究、人工智能辅助的表面与界面研究、表面多功能化和智能化、绿色可持续表面与界面工程。文章旨在为极端复杂服役环境材料的深入研究与实际应用提供理论基础和支撑,并为政策制定和产业化应用提供科学依据。

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常可可,研究员,博士研究生导师。海洋关键材料全国重点实验室副主任。国家优秀青年科学基金获得者。主要从事苛刻环境服役材料表面与界面理论设计研究。电子信箱:

王立平,研究员,博士研究生导师。中国科学院宁波材料技术与工程研究所所长。国家杰出青年科学基金获得者。主要从事特殊和极端环境材料多因素损伤、表面多途径延寿设计的理论与工程应用研究。获国家技术发明奖二等奖、浙江省科技进步奖一等奖、科学探索奖、全国创新争先奖、中国青年科技奖和中国青年五四奖章。入选国家百千万人才工程,被授予“有突出贡献中青年专家”荣誉称号,享受国务院政府特殊津贴。电子信箱:

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常可可,研究员,博士研究生导师。海洋关键材料全国重点实验室副主任。国家优秀青年科学基金获得者。主要从事苛刻环境服役材料表面与界面理论设计研究。电子信箱:

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常可可,研究员,博士研究生导师。海洋关键材料全国重点实验室副主任。国家优秀青年科学基金获得者。主要从事苛刻环境服役材料表面与界面理论设计研究。电子信箱:

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王立平,研究员,博士研究生导师。中国科学院宁波材料技术与工程研究所所长。国家杰出青年科学基金获得者。主要从事特殊和极端环境材料多因素损伤、表面多途径延寿设计的理论与工程应用研究。获国家技术发明奖二等奖、浙江省科技进步奖一等奖、科学探索奖、全国创新争先奖、中国青年科技奖和中国青年五四奖章。入选国家百千万人才工程,被授予“有突出贡献中青年专家”荣誉称号,享受国务院政府特殊津贴。电子信箱:

"}, bioImg=51iX3DuK41iGzX8ySteOCw==, bioContent=

王立平,研究员,博士研究生导师。中国科学院宁波材料技术与工程研究所所长。国家杰出青年科学基金获得者。主要从事特殊和极端环境材料多因素损伤、表面多途径延寿设计的理论与工程应用研究。获国家技术发明奖二等奖、浙江省科技进步奖一等奖、科学探索奖、全国创新争先奖、中国青年科技奖和中国青年五四奖章。入选国家百千万人才工程,被授予“有突出贡献中青年专家”荣誉称号,享受国务院政府特殊津贴。电子信箱:

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Materials for extreme environments[J]. Nature Reviews Materials, 2023, 8(2): 81-88., articleTitle=Materials for extreme environments, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114114252768053, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708270002467570, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=33, issue=12, pageStart=1388, pageEnd=1417, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[2], rfOrder=1, authorNames=常可可, 陈雷雷, 周若男, journalName=中国机械工程, refType=null, unstructuredReference=常可可, 陈雷雷, 周若男, . 极端环境表面工程及其共性科学问题研究进展[J]. 中国机械工程, 2022, 33(12): 1388-1417., articleTitle=极端环境表面工程及其共性科学问题研究进展, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114114311488311, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708270002467570, doi=10.3969/j.issn.1004-132X.2022.12.001, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=33, issue=12, pageStart=1388, pageEnd=1417, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[2], rfOrder=2, authorNames=Chang K K, Chen L L, Zhou R N, journalName=China Mechanical Engineering, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Chang K K, Chen L L, Zhou R N, et al. 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The researches of relevant methods and basic scientific problems were important supports for structural optimization and material designs of highsafety and highreliability mechanical engineering equipment in extreme environments. 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Journal of Nuclear Materials, 2019, 521: 167-244., articleTitle=Irradiation creep and growth of zirconium alloys: A critical review, refAbstract=The fuel channels and fuel assemblies of all conventional nuclear reactors that generate power from the fission of uranium by thermal neutrons are made from zirconium alloys because of their low thermal neutron absorption cross-section. The dimensional stability, and the ability to predict dimensional changes, of components made from zirconium alloys is important to designers and operators of such reactors because deformation has a consequence for the operability or life of the reactor core. The dimensional changes in zirconium alloys due to neutron irradiation has been the subject of intense study since the inception of the thermal nuclear power reactor. During irradiation zirconium alloys behave differently from most other engineering alloys in that they resist swelling. They do exhibit anisotropic dimensional changes in the absence of an applied stress that depend on the microstructure; this process is called irradiation growth. Like any other material they also exhibit a dimensional response to an applied stress; this process is called irradiation creep. In this review the evolution in measurement methodologies (either from controlled experiments in materials test reactors or gauging of power reactor components) is described together with the results gleaned from such measurements. As measurements have improved and the amount of experimental and operational data has increased, the theoretical basis for modelling creep and growth has also evolved. The history of the evolution in understanding and the ability to predict dimensional changes in zirconium alloys over the past 60-70 years is described and discussed. 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ACS Nano, 2022, 16(10): 16724-16735., articleTitle=Ultrahigh mechanical strength and robust room-temperature self-healing properties of a polyurethane-graphene oxide network resulting from multiple dynamic bonds, refAbstract=Addressing the conflict between achieving high mechanical properties and room-temperature self-healing ability is extremely significant to achieving a breakthrough in the application of self-healing materials. Therefore, inspired by natural spider silk and nacre, a room-temperature self-healing supramolecular material with ultrahigh strength and toughness is developed by synergistically incorporating flexible disulfide bonds and dynamic sextuple hydrogen bonds (H-bonds) into polyurethanes (PUs). Simultaneously, abundant H-bonds are introduced at the interface between graphene oxide nanosheets with dynamic multiple H-bonds and the PU matrix to afford strong interfacial interactions. The resulting urea-containing PU material with an inverse artificial nacre structure has a record mechanical strength (78.3 MPa) and toughness (505.7 MJ m), superior tensile properties (1273.2% elongation at break), and rapid room-temperature self-healing abilities (88.6% at 25 °C for 24 h), forming the strongest room-temperature self-healing elastomer reported to date and thus upending the previous understanding of traditional self-healing materials. In addition, this bionic PU-graphene oxide network endows the fabricated flexible intelligent robot with functional repair and shape memory capabilities, thus providing prospects for the fabrication of flexible functional devices.), Reference(id=1242114117549491029, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708270002467570, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=416, issue=null, pageStart=127137, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[30], rfOrder=31, authorNames=Wang C, Li J J, Wang T, journalName=Surface and Coatings Technology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Wang C, Li J J, Wang T, et al. Microstructure and properties of pure titanium coating on Ti-6Al-4V alloy by laser cladding[J]. 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极端复杂环境服役材料表面与界面研究进展
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常可可 , 蒲吉斌 , 王立平
前瞻科技 | 综述与述评 2025,4(1): 118-127
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前瞻科技 | 综述与述评 2025, 4(1): 118-127
极端复杂环境服役材料表面与界面研究进展
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常可可 , 蒲吉斌, 王立平
作者信息
  • 中国科学院宁波材料技术与工程研究所,海洋关键材料全国重点实验室,宁波 315201
  • 常可可,研究员,博士研究生导师。海洋关键材料全国重点实验室副主任。国家优秀青年科学基金获得者。主要从事苛刻环境服役材料表面与界面理论设计研究。电子信箱:

    王立平,研究员,博士研究生导师。中国科学院宁波材料技术与工程研究所所长。国家杰出青年科学基金获得者。主要从事特殊和极端环境材料多因素损伤、表面多途径延寿设计的理论与工程应用研究。获国家技术发明奖二等奖、浙江省科技进步奖一等奖、科学探索奖、全国创新争先奖、中国青年科技奖和中国青年五四奖章。入选国家百千万人才工程,被授予“有突出贡献中青年专家”荣誉称号,享受国务院政府特殊津贴。电子信箱:

通信作者:

Research Progress on Surface and Interface Behavior of Materials in Extreme and Complex Service Environments
Keke CHANG , Jibin PU, Liping WANG
Affiliations
  • State Key Laboratory of Advanced Marine Materials, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology & Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
出版时间: 2025-03-20 doi: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2025.01.012
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随着重大工程和高技术装备的不断发展,材料服役环境趋于极端化和复杂化,包括高温、高压、强腐蚀、辐射等极端条件和多因素耦合复杂条件,材料的表面与界面行为受到显著影响,进而导致其服役性能下降甚至失效。针对极端复杂环境下的服役需求,表面与界面工程成为提升材料稳定性、可靠性与寿命的关键技术手段。文章综述了近年来极端复杂环境服役材料的表面与界面研究进展,讨论了高温、腐蚀、辐照等极端环境中的材料损伤失效机制、表面涂层技术、界面改性方法及多尺度模拟与预测等方面的研究。结合当前研究现状与挑战,提出了未来发展方向,包括原位动态可视化的多因素耦合损伤研究、人工智能辅助的表面与界面研究、表面多功能化和智能化、绿色可持续表面与界面工程。文章旨在为极端复杂服役环境材料的深入研究与实际应用提供理论基础和支撑,并为政策制定和产业化应用提供科学依据。

极端环境  /  表面与界面  /  损伤与失效  /  涂层  /  智能化材料

With the continuous development of major engineering projects and high-tech equipment, the service environments for materials have become increasingly extreme and complex, showing harsh conditions such as high temperature, high pressure, severe corrosion, and radiation, as well as multi-factor coupled complexities. These conditions significantly affect the surface and interface behavior of materials, leading to degradation of service performance or even failure. In response to the service requirements of extreme and complex environments, surface and interface engineering has become a key technological means to improve the stability, reliability, and longevity of materials. This review summarized the recent research progress on the surface and interface behavior of materials in extreme and complex service environments. It discussed the material damage and failure mechanisms in high temperature, corrosive, and irradiative conditions, as well as surface coating technologies, interface modification methods, and multi-scale simulations and predictions. Based on the current research status and challenges, future research directions were proposed, including in-situ dynamic visualization of multi-factor coupled damage, artificial intelligence-assisted surface and interface studies, surface multi-functionalization and intelligent design, and green and sustainable surface and interface engineering. This article aims to provide a theoretical foundation and support for the in-depth study and practical application of materials in extreme and complex service environments and provide a scientific basis for policy making and industrial application.

extreme environment  /  surface and interface  /  damage and failure  /  coating  /  intelligent material
常可可, 蒲吉斌, 王立平. 极端复杂环境服役材料表面与界面研究进展. 前瞻科技, 2025 , 4 (1) : 118 -127 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2025.01.012
Keke CHANG, Jibin PU, Liping WANG. Research Progress on Surface and Interface Behavior of Materials in Extreme and Complex Service Environments[J]. Science and Technology Foresight, 2025 , 4 (1) : 118 -127 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2025.01.012
随着现代工程技术的高速发展,材料的应用场景已逐步从传统的常规工况扩展到极端复杂的服役环境中,如航天器、高温燃气轮机、深海装备、核能设施等高技术领域(图1[1])。在这些领域中,材料所面临的环境不仅包括高温、高压、强腐蚀、辐照等单一因素,还常常包含多因素耦合作用,如热-力耦合、化学-应力耦合、辐射-热-力耦合等[1-2]。表面作为材料与外部环境直接接触的区域,界面作为材料内部不同相或层次之间的过渡区域,二者在极端复杂环境中对材料整体性能起着重要作用,但也是最易受到损伤的关键部分。表面氧化、腐蚀、裂纹萌生与扩展、界面失效,往往是导致材料性能退化乃至整体失效的主要原因[3]
面对极端复杂环境对材料的严苛要求,表面与界面工程成为提升材料稳定性、可靠性和寿命的关键技术之一。材料的表面与界面不仅决定了其在极端环境中的耐久性,还在提升材料综合性能、降低维护成本、延长使用寿命等方面发挥着重要作用。因此,对极端复杂环境服役材料表面与界面的研究,不仅具有重要的科学意义,而且在国家重大工程和高技术装备的战略部署中占据重要地位。
近年来,随着原位试验技术、表面涂层技术和多尺度模拟手段的快速发展,材料在极端复杂环境下的表面与界面行为得到了更为深入的研究[4-6]。原位试验技术的发展使得研究者能够实时观测表面与界面的演化过程,揭示材料在极端服役环境下的微观机制[4]。同时,表面涂层技术的进步为材料在复杂工况下的稳定服役提供了有效的防护手段,可以显著改善材料的耐磨性、抗腐蚀性和抗氧化性能,延长服役寿命[5]。此外,多尺度模拟技术为表面与界面的行为研究提供了重要的理论支持,帮助研究者深入理解界面反应、材料扩散等过程[6]。通过结合试验与模拟手段,研究者逐步建立了从原子分子尺度到微纳尺度、再到宏观尺度的多尺度模型,用于解析材料表面与界面的损伤与失效机制[7-9]
综上所述,表面与界面工程的研究不仅是材料科学发展的核心和前沿,也是支撑重大工程和高技术装备实现高效稳定运行的关键技术基础。深入研究材料表面与界面的成分、结构和服役行为,将为提升极端复杂环境下材料的稳定性和安全性提供理论基础和支撑。因此,文章系统总结极端复杂环境服役材料表面与界面的损伤失效机制、关键技术进展及模拟预测方法,讨论当前研究面临的挑战与未来发展方向,旨在为该领域的深入研究与实际应用提供理论指导和政策建议。
在极端复杂环境中,材料表面与界面的行为决定了其整体服役性能与损伤失效模式。由于高温、腐蚀、辐照等多因素耦合环境的共同作用,材料的表面与界面发生复杂的结构演变,包括氧化、相变、裂纹萌生与扩展等,这些现象通常跨越不同的时空尺度。通过系统研究表面与界面的多因素耦合损伤机制和多尺度行为,能够更全面地揭示材料的损伤失效机制。
不同于常规环境单一因素引起的材料损伤失效,在极端复杂环境下,材料表面与界面的损伤失效往往由多种因素共同作用引起,表现出明显的多因素耦合特征。高温耦合环境中的氧化、腐蚀耦合环境下的化学反应或电化学过程、辐照耦合环境下的晶格损伤及力学失效,使得材料表面与界面的行为极为复杂。
在高温环境热-力耦合工况下,例如在火箭发动机和燃气轮机中,金属合金表面容易形成氧化膜,如Ni基高温合金表面会生成一层连续致密的Al2O3层,能够提供一定的保护作用。然而,在高温和交变温作用下,Al2O3氧化膜容易发生破裂,导致氧扩散加速、内部氧化严重,最终引发保护层剥落与界面失效[10]。此外,高温环境导致晶界处的原子扩散加速,析出相的形核与长大也会加速材料的退化过程[11]
在腐蚀环境电化学-应力耦合工况下,关键部件和材料暴露于含盐水环境中,易发生点蚀和晶间腐蚀。腐蚀介质通过晶界或缺陷路径渗透至材料内部,导致局部失效。电化学腐蚀与应力、高温的共同作用,会进一步引发应力腐蚀开裂。在海洋环境下,钛合金表现出优异的耐腐蚀性,但在循环加载下的热腐蚀行为,发现热腐蚀显著降低了合金的耐疲劳性能,尤其是由表面腐蚀坑加速了裂纹扩展[12]
在辐照环境热-力耦合工况下,如在核反应堆和航天器应用中,高能辐射使得材料的晶格中形成空位、位错环等缺陷[13]。这些缺陷聚集在晶界或界面处,会诱发局部相变或微裂纹的形成,温度升高、摩擦力等耦合因素会加剧原子扩散、界面迁移与表面损伤,使材料性能进一步退化。
综上,在多因素耦合环境下,材料表面与界面的损伤失效行为较为复杂,具有高度的非线性、非稳态特征,对材料表面与界面行为的研究提出了更高的要求。
材料表面与界面的损伤失效行为具有明显的多尺度特征,从原子分子尺度的原子扩散与结合,到微纳尺度的晶界行为与应力分布,再到宏观尺度的裂纹扩展与服役性能。通过多尺度分析,可以全面揭示表面与界面的演变机制。
在原子分子尺度上,表面与界面的行为主要表现为原子与分子的扩散、结合与重构。近年来,研究者利用透射电子显微镜(Transmission Electron Microscope, TEM)和同步辐射X射线等先进表征技术,实现了对界面原子结构及其动态演变过程的实时观测[14]。同时,基于密度泛函理论(Density Functional Theory, DFT)和分子动力学(Molecular Dynamics, MD)模拟,研究者可以深入揭示界面处的电子结构、结合能及原子扩散行为[15]
在微纳尺度上,表面与界面行为主要涉及新相生成、相变动力学、晶界析出相、应力集中等复杂现象。表面作为材料与环境交互的关键区域,在高温环境下表面反应与界面行为往往协同影响材料的整体服役性能。表面氧化层的形成不仅为基体提供了一定的保护作用,还可能改变界面处的应力分布,从而影响晶界的稳定性[9]。晶界作为应力集中区域,是裂纹萌生与扩展的主要位置[16]。在高温条件下,晶界处的原子迁移加速,导致析出相的形成与长大,会影响界面的稳定性[17]。然而,析出相在晶界处的不均匀分布,则易引发局部应力集中,降低材料的疲劳寿命。
在宏观尺度上,表面涂层的耐久性与裂纹扩展行为是评估材料服役性能的重要指标。例如,涂层在高温条件下表现出优异的耐氧化性能,但涂层在高温与交变载荷作用下易发生剥落与开裂,通过高温热循环试验,可以模拟实际服役环境,评价涂层的稳定性与抗裂纹扩展能力[18]。同时,通过有限元法(Finite Element Method, FEM)与试验结合,可以预测涂层在不同载荷与温度条件下的失效行为,为涂层设计提供理论指导[6]
在极端复杂环境中,材料的表面与界面行为往往受到力、温度、化学/电化学等多因素耦合影响。这种多因素协同效应加速了材料表面与界面的失效过程,导致材料服役寿命缩短。因此,建立有效的多因素耦合模拟与预测方法,成为揭示表面与界面行为及优化设计的重要途径。
1)热-力耦合模拟。在高温和力学的共同作用下,尤其是在燃气轮机、火箭发动机等高温部件中,热膨胀和应力集中常常加速裂纹的萌生与扩展。热-力耦合模拟,尤其是基于FEM的模拟,是研究这种协同效应的主要手段之一。通过建立温度场与应力场的耦合模型,可以对材料表面裂纹扩展过程进行动态预测[19]。相图计算技术(Computer Caclculation of Phase Diagram, CALPHAD)与相场法作为模拟相图相变及裂纹演化的方法,能够模拟热-力耦合条件下的微观结构演变过程,揭示氧化膜破裂与裂纹扩展之间的内在联系[8,20]
2)腐蚀-应力耦合效应与预测。在腐蚀环境中,应力与化学反应的协同作用往往导致应力腐蚀开裂和腐蚀疲劳,在深海装备中尤为常见。腐蚀介质通过晶界、微裂纹等路径渗透至材料内部,在应力作用下形成裂纹并逐步扩展。MD模拟作为研究微观尺度应力腐蚀的重要手段,能够揭示腐蚀介质与界面反应的动态过程[21]。通过试验数据与腐蚀疲劳模型相结合,可以实现腐蚀疲劳寿命的预测。例如,在钛合金的腐蚀-疲劳研究中,结合应力场、化学反应与裂纹扩展的耦合模拟,为优化材料的抗疲劳性能提供了理论依据[22]
3)辐照-热-力耦合模拟。在核能设施和航天器应用中,材料表面与界面需要承受高能辐射、温度变化与力学载荷的共同作用,导致辐照损伤与力学失效的协同加速。核反应堆中的锆合金在辐照条件下,会形成大量空位、位错环等辐射缺陷,这些缺陷在温度升高和机械载荷作用下逐渐聚集,最终形成微裂纹并扩展[23]。蒙特卡罗(Monte Carlo, MC)方法与MD模拟是研究辐照损伤的主要手段。MC方法可以模拟高能粒子辐射下的缺陷形成过程,而MD模拟则可以追踪缺陷在微观尺度的演化行为[24]。此外,结合热应力与力学场耦合,可以预测辐照条件下材料的宏观性能变化。例如,研究发现氦气泡在高温辐照环境中聚集于晶界,降低了晶界强度,导致材料的脆化[25]
4)人工智能辅助的多因素耦合预测。随着高性能计算与机器学习技术的快速发展,人工智能(Artificial Intelligence, AI)模拟逐渐成为多因素耦合模拟的重要方向。传统的数值模拟方法往往需要大量计算资源,且在多因素耦合条件下难以完全揭示材料的复杂行为。而基于机器学习的数据驱动模型,通过对大量试验数据与模拟结果的训练,可以实现快速、准确的性能预测与优化设计[26]。例如,研究者利用神经网络算法开发了基于合金成分、温度和氧化环境等输入变量的高温氧化预测模型。试验结果表明,AI模型能够有效预测镍合金的抗氧化性能[27]。这种数据驱动的预测方法,不仅可以加速材料的设计与优化,还能够为多因素耦合的材料行为提供理论支持。
极端复杂环境对材料表面与界面的稳定性提出了严苛要求,而表面与界面工程技术的创新发展正朝着多功能一体化的方向推进。通过结合抗氧化、耐磨损、抗腐蚀和抗辐射等多种功能的协同优化,表面涂层技术、表面改性方法与界面优化策略成为提升材料服役性能的重要手段。中国在表面与界面工程领域的研究已有显著进展,但与国际先进水平相比仍存在一定技术差距,尤其在高端应用和创新性涂层设计方面需要进一步追赶。
表面涂层技术是保护材料表面免受极端环境侵害的核心方法,能够有效提升材料的耐磨性、抗腐蚀性和抗氧化性能。通过物理气相沉积(Physical Vapor Deposition, PVD)和化学气相沉积(Chemical Vapor Deposition, CVD)技术,可以为材料表面提供高致密性、高均匀性的保护涂层,显著提高耐磨性和抗氧化性。近年来,表面多功能一体化逐渐成为研究热点,利用纳米复合涂层和多层结构,协同优化抗辐照、耐磨损等多重功能[28],在真空环境中宏观尺度接触界面上实现长期稳态低摩擦;通过自对准阳离子化石墨烯氧化物纳米片增强环氧涂层的抗腐蚀性能,可以显著提高涂层的物理屏障效应[29]
在这个方向上,中国已取得一定突破,PVD和CVD技术应用广泛于航天、制造、能源等领域,但在高端纳米结构设计和多功能一体化涂层的创新方面,还需进一步赶超国际先进水平。
表面改性与纳米结构设计是提升材料性能的另一重要途径。激光表面改性技术通过高能量激光束快速加热材料表面,使其发生熔化与快速凝固,形成致密的表面结构,显著提高材料的耐磨性与抗疲劳性能[30]。等离子体表面处理技术则通过高能等离子体轰击材料表面,引入活性元素或改变表面微观结构,从而提高表面性能[31]。近年来,表面纳米结构的设计,尤其是纳米晶粒的形成,已成为增强材料耐磨性和耐腐蚀性的有效手段。
中国在激光表面改性与等离子体技术的应用方面已取得了一定成效,但与发达国家相比,需要进一步提升多功能、定制化表面结构的系统设计能力和产业化经验。
界面优化是提升材料性能的关键策略,尤其在金属-陶瓷复合材料、涂层与基体界面中,界面的结合强度与稳定性对整体性能起到决定性作用。在金属-陶瓷复合材料中,异质界面的设计与优化尤为重要,通过引入微量合金元素、析出相或中间过渡层,可以改善界面结合强度,减少热应力引起的界面失效[32]。在多功能复合材料中,界面设计还可实现高温抗氧化性能、力学性能等多重性能的协同优化。此外,在极端复杂环境中服役的材料界面,通过发生相变反应,可以实现自组装结构,引起界面强化,从而显著延长材料的使用寿命[33]
中国在金属-陶瓷复合材料的界面设计与应用方面已有较大进展,但与世界领先水平相比仍有一定差距,特别是在界面改性与复合材料的多功能设计和精细化调控方面。
面对极端复杂服役环境的严峻挑战,材料表面与界面的研究在不断取得进展的同时,也暴露出诸多瓶颈与不足。未来的研究应在理论创新、试验技术突破及智能化设计等方面同步推进,通过学科交叉融合,探明环境作用机制、材料表面与界面损伤演化规律,发展表面与界面结构-性能调控新理论、新方法,构建更加高效的材料设计与应用体系。针对极端复杂环境应用需求,从5个关键方向探讨材料表面与界面研究的未来发展趋势与挑战(图2)。
极端复杂环境中,材料的表面与界面行为往往受到多因素耦合作用的影响,包括力学、热学、化学、电磁场等的协同作用。这些耦合作用使得材料的损伤行为呈现出典型的非稳态和非线性特征。现有表征技术在实时观测这些复杂行为方面仍存在局限,特别是在高温、高压、辐照等极端条件下的原位动态研究。未来,需要发展高分辨率、原位动态可视化技术。例如,基于同步辐射的四维显微成像、TEM结合原位环境模拟装置、超快光谱技术等。这些技术将有助于捕捉表面与界面在多因素耦合条件下的动态演化过程,从微观到宏观揭示损伤机制及其演变规律,为构建多因素耦合理论模型提供重要支持。
当前,原位动态观测技术在极端环境中的应用仍面临技术突破的瓶颈,需要更高的空间时间分辨率和更强的耐受极端环境能力。
随着大数据技术和AI的快速发展,通过整合试验数据和模拟结果,AI可以用于快速预测表面与界面的关键性能,包括抗裂纹扩展能力、耐腐蚀性能、抗辐照能力等。同时,AI可以加速新型涂层材料与界面结构的设计优化。例如,通过构建基于神经网络的性能预测模型,研究者能够在短时间内探索多因素耦合条件下材料行为的优化路径。未来,需要进一步发展智能化、多目标优化算法,结合试验与模拟数据,构建从性能预测到工艺设计的闭环优化体系,高效开发新型表面与界面材料。
尽管AI在预测材料行为方面有着巨大的潜力,但在处理极端环境下的复杂性与不确定性时,仍面临模型适用性、数据准确性等方面的挑战。
极端复杂环境对材料的服役性能提出了多样化的需求,单一功能的表面工程技术已难以满足实际应用的要求。未来表面工程的研究将更加注重多功能一体化设计,通过合理的结构与成分调控,实现表面的多重防护功能。例如,同时具备抗氧化、耐磨损、抗腐蚀及抗辐射性能。通过多层结构设计,一方面,提升涂层与基体的力学匹配性,延长其服役寿命;另一方面,兼具隔热、吸波、导电等功能特性。表面结构与功能一体化的实现依赖于材料微观结构的精准调控、多层设计的优化及先进制造技术的发展,为材料在航空航天、深海探测等领域的应用提供重要支持。
实现多功能涂层和表面一体化设计的关键在于如何精确调控材料的微观结构和设计梯度功能,同时在实际应用中确保其长期稳定性和可操作性。
未来的表面工程技术将更加注重智能化发展,通过引入传感与响应功能,使材料表面具备自预警、自愈合和自适应能力。在自预警方面,智能表面可以集成传感器或敏感材料,实时监测表面损伤(如裂纹萌生、腐蚀扩展)并发出预警信号,通过在涂层中嵌入光学或电学传感器,可以实现对裂纹扩展的实时监测。在自愈合方面,涂层中引入微胶囊或自修复材料,当表面损伤发生时,修复剂释放或发生反应而填补裂纹。在自适应方面,智能表面可以根据外界环境(如温度、压力、化学成分)的变化,动态调整其功能特性,满足多变工况的需求。
表面智能化的发展将显著提升材料的使用安全性与服役寿命。但是,智能化材料的自愈合性能和适应性设计仍面临高成本、响应速度、长期稳定性等技术难题,特别是在极端环境下的可靠性和自愈周期性仍需要深入研究。
在全球可持续发展的背景下,表面与界面工程研究也需要更加注重绿色化与可持续性。一方面,逐步减少表面处理和界面改性过程中高污染、高能耗工艺的使用,开发环境友好的表面处理和界面改性技术;另一方面,通过优化材料成分与结构设计,提升材料的再制造性能,以减少材料、能源和资源的消耗。同时,开发可降解或无毒的涂层材料,减少服役过程中对环境的二次污染,也是未来材料表面与界面的重要研究方向。绿色可持续表面与界面工程的发展,不仅符合全球环保趋势,也将为高性能表面与界面材料在更多领域的应用创造条件。
尽管绿色技术在材料表面处理中的应用潜力巨大,但当前绿色涂层和改性技术的经济性和技术成熟度仍面临较大的挑战,需要政府和企业共同推动相关政策的落实与产业化进程。
1)加强原位动态观测技术的突破与应用
加大对同步辐射、TEM结合原位环境模拟装置等技术的研发投入,尤其是在极端条件下的高温、高压、辐照、腐蚀环境中的实时观测能力。同时,需进一步提升技术的分辨率和耐极端环境的能力,为多因素耦合损伤研究提供可靠的试验数据。
2)加速人工智能在表面与界面材料设计中的应用
在材料表面与界面研究中,进一步整合人工智能与大数据分析,构建从性能预测到工艺优化的闭环体系。同时,加强与产业界的合作,推动人工智能在新型涂层和功能材料设计中的应用,以提高设计效率和创新性。
3)支持多功能涂层与智能化材料的研发
加强多功能表面涂层和智能化材料的研发,并推动其在航空航天、海洋、能源等关键领域的应用。
4)推动绿色可持续表面工程技术的应用
进一步完善相关政策,鼓励采用低污染、低能耗的绿色表面处理技术,如环境友好的涂层、可降解材料等;优化材料的再制造能力,推动绿色制造技术的产业化,从而实现材料生命周期的可持续性。
5)加快产业转化
加强产学研合作,推动技术从实验室到生产线的高效转化,实现表界面基础研究的产业化应用、表界面工程技术推广及新材料的商业化落地,进一步提升我国在全球材料领域的竞争力。
极端复杂服役环境对材料的表面与界面提出了严峻挑战,同时也催生了诸多前沿研究方向。文章系统综述了该领域的研究进展,重点讨论了高温、腐蚀、辐照多因素耦合条件下的损伤失效机制、关键技术与模拟预测方法。当前,中国在该领域的研究已取得显著进展,在部分方向上实现了从“跟跑”到“并跑”甚至“领跑”的转变,但仍面临诸多挑战,包括多因素耦合下的损伤演化规律尚不清晰、界面结构与性能的精准调控有待深化、涂层服役寿命预测与优化技术仍需突破等。
未来,材料表面与界面研究应聚焦以下关键方向:材料表面与界面的研究将以原位动态可视化技术的突破为基础,结合人工智能的快速发展,探索多因素耦合环境下的表面与界面行为;通过多功能一体化与智能化表面设计,提升材料的综合性能;以绿色与可持续发展为目标,推动表面工程技术在环境友好型材料中的广泛应用。
随着科学技术的不断进步,材料表面与界面研究将为解决极端服役环境中的性能稳定性问题提供系统性解决方案,推动前沿科技领域的突破与发展。未来的研究需加强学科交叉融合、推进试验与模拟协同、深化产业化应用布局,构建更加完善的材料设计、制备与服役体系,为国家重大工程和高技术装备需求提供高水平科技支撑。
  • 国家自然科学基金(52425501)
  • 国家自然科学基金(52222507)
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2025年第4卷第1期
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doi: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2025.01.012
  • 接收时间:2024-12-23
  • 出版时间:2025-03-20
  • 发布时间:2025-03-27
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  • 收稿日期:2024-12-23
  • 修回日期:2025-02-13
基金
国家自然科学基金(52425501)
国家自然科学基金(52222507)
作者信息
    中国科学院宁波材料技术与工程研究所,海洋关键材料全国重点实验室,宁波 315201

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表12种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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