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The article begins by the definition of the conceptual essence of multimodal/reconfigurable ground transport platforms, which is followed by elaboration on their application scenarios and significance. Subsequently, it analyzes the background and demands for such platforms and traces their developmental trajectory from both international and domestic perspectives, thereby identifying the opportunities and technical challenges they face. To seize the current flourishing opportunities and address the existing technical challenges, the discussion is conducted across four aspects: configuration design, environmental perception, motion planning, and control algorithms of multimodal/reconfigurable ground transport platforms. Finally, the article proposes forward-looking recommendations from the perspectives of standardized design systems, intelligent control systems, and testing and verification systems.

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阐述了多模态/可重构地面运载平台的概念内涵,以及多模态/可重构地面运载平台的应用场景与意义。对多模态/可重构地面运载平台的背景需求进行分析,并从国外与国内两个维度对多模态/可重构地面运载平台的发展脉络开展梳理,进而提出多模态/可重构地面运载平台所面临的发展机遇与技术挑战。为抓住当前蓬勃发展的机遇与应对切实存在的技术挑战,从多模态/可重构地面运载平台的构型设计、环境感知、运动规划、控制算法4个方面开展讨论,从标准化设计体系、智能控制体系、测试验证体系方面提出发展建议。

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刘辉,北京理工大学特聘教授,博士研究生导师。北京理工大学智能无人系统技术国家级重点实验室副主任,教育部“多模态智能机器人及系统”集成攻关大平台副主任,北京理工大学机械与车辆学院车辆工程系主任。入选国家高层次领军人才。中国汽车工程学会越野车技术分会副主任委员,中国兵工学会坦克装甲车辆专业委员会副主任委员,武警部队通用车辆装备技术应用专家咨询小组成员,中国机械工程学会机械设计分会委员等。主要从事车辆动力学与控制、混合动力车辆电传动、多模态特种车辆理论与技术等研究。主持国家自然科学基金重点项目、国防重大背景预研项目、国防科工局基础产品创新计划、国防科技创新特区重点项目等科研项目。获国家技术发明奖一等奖1项、国防科学技术进步奖一等奖3项。发表论文140余篇,授权发明专利30余件。电子信箱:

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刘辉,北京理工大学特聘教授,博士研究生导师。北京理工大学智能无人系统技术国家级重点实验室副主任,教育部“多模态智能机器人及系统”集成攻关大平台副主任,北京理工大学机械与车辆学院车辆工程系主任。入选国家高层次领军人才。中国汽车工程学会越野车技术分会副主任委员,中国兵工学会坦克装甲车辆专业委员会副主任委员,武警部队通用车辆装备技术应用专家咨询小组成员,中国机械工程学会机械设计分会委员等。主要从事车辆动力学与控制、混合动力车辆电传动、多模态特种车辆理论与技术等研究。主持国家自然科学基金重点项目、国防重大背景预研项目、国防科工局基础产品创新计划、国防科技创新特区重点项目等科研项目。获国家技术发明奖一等奖1项、国防科学技术进步奖一等奖3项。发表论文140余篇,授权发明专利30余件。电子信箱:

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刘辉,北京理工大学特聘教授,博士研究生导师。北京理工大学智能无人系统技术国家级重点实验室副主任,教育部“多模态智能机器人及系统”集成攻关大平台副主任,北京理工大学机械与车辆学院车辆工程系主任。入选国家高层次领军人才。中国汽车工程学会越野车技术分会副主任委员,中国兵工学会坦克装甲车辆专业委员会副主任委员,武警部队通用车辆装备技术应用专家咨询小组成员,中国机械工程学会机械设计分会委员等。主要从事车辆动力学与控制、混合动力车辆电传动、多模态特种车辆理论与技术等研究。主持国家自然科学基金重点项目、国防重大背景预研项目、国防科工局基础产品创新计划、国防科技创新特区重点项目等科研项目。获国家技术发明奖一等奖1项、国防科学技术进步奖一等奖3项。发表论文140余篇,授权发明专利30余件。电子信箱:

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China North Artificial Intelligence & Innovation Research Institute, Beijing 100071, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242114389059376042, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708269947941614, companyId=1242114389042598824, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.中兵智能创新研究院,北京 100071)])])], keywords=[Keyword(id=1242114390367998921, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708269947941614, language=EN, orderNo=1, keyword=multimodal/reconfigurable ground transport platforms), Keyword(id=1242114390430913482, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708269947941614, language=EN, orderNo=2, keyword=mechanism design), Keyword(id=1242114390502216651, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708269947941614, language=EN, orderNo=3, keyword=trajectory planning), Keyword(id=1242114390573519820, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708269947941614, language=EN, orderNo=4, keyword=intelligent control), Keyword(id=1242114390632240077, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708269947941614, language=CN, orderNo=1, keyword=多模态/可重构运载平台), Keyword(id=1242114390686766030, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708269947941614, language=CN, orderNo=2, keyword=机构设计), Keyword(id=1242114390749680591, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708269947941614, language=CN, orderNo=3, keyword=轨迹规划), Keyword(id=1242114390816789456, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708269947941614, language=CN, orderNo=4, keyword=智能控制)], refs=[Reference(id=1242114391852782555, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708269947941614, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=18, issue=1, pageStart=151, pageEnd=168, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=0, authorNames=Švásta A, Furch J, journalName=Advances in Military Technology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Švásta A, Furch J. Evaluation of existing unmanned ground vehicles construction and basic preconditions for their design[J]. Advances in Military Technology, 2023, 18(1): 151-168., articleTitle=Evaluation of existing unmanned ground vehicles construction and basic preconditions for their design, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114391932474332, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708269947941614, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=29, issue=11, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[2], rfOrder=1, authorNames=Gadekar A, Kataria K, Aher J, journalName=Asia-Pacific Journal of Science and Technology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Gadekar A, Kataria K, Aher J, et al. Recent developments in modular unmanned ground vehicles: A review[J]. 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Security Dialogue, 2020, 51(2/3): 174-193., articleTitle=Making safe: The dirty history of a bomb disposal robot, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114392062497758, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708269947941614, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=45, issue=3, pageStart=86, pageEnd=94, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[4], rfOrder=3, authorNames=关泰红, 辛连勇, 赵磊, journalName=医疗卫生装备, refType=null, unstructuredReference=关泰红, 辛连勇, 赵磊, . 轮式移动机器人在卫勤保障中的应用综述[J]. 医疗卫生装备, 2024, 45(3): 86-94., articleTitle=轮式移动机器人在卫勤保障中的应用综述, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114392129606623, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708269947941614, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=45, issue=3, pageStart=86, pageEnd=94, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[4], rfOrder=4, authorNames=Guan T H, Xin L Y, Zhao L, journalName=Chinese Medical Equipment Journal, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Guan T H, Xin L Y, Zhao L, et al. 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(in Chinese), articleTitle=A review of the application of wheeled mobile robots in health support, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114392205104096, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708269947941614, doi=10.13976/j.cnki.xk.2022.1064, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=51, issue=1, pageStart=12, pageEnd=22, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[5], rfOrder=5, authorNames=张磊, 王延杰, 唐刚强, journalName=信息与控制, refType=null, unstructuredReference=张磊, 王延杰, 唐刚强, . 基于变胞机构的移动机器人构型设计研究综述[J]. 信息与控制, 2022, 51(1): 12-22., articleTitle=基于变胞机构的移动机器人构型设计研究综述, refAbstract=基于传统机构设计的移动机器人,由于机构运动关系相对固定、配置形式单一,难以在复杂地形中快速通行。变胞机构是一种全新的机构组合形式,在瞬时能使某些构件发生合并和分离,使机构有效构件数或自由度数发生变化,具有较强的环境适应性。变胞机构设计的移动机器人可以将速度、灵活性和稳定性集于一体,实现移动机器人在复杂环境中的快速移动。本文针对变胞机构及其移动机器人的构型设计、运动原理、驱动方式及空间配置进行了综述,归纳了现有基于变胞机构的移动机器人所面临的关键问题和技术进展,并对变胞机器人的未来发展方向进行了展望,为变胞移动机器人的发展提供参考。), Reference(id=1242114392259630049, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708269947941614, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=51, issue=1, pageStart=12, pageEnd=22, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[5], rfOrder=6, authorNames=Zhang L, Wang Y J, Tang G Q, journalName=Information & Control, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhang L, Wang Y J, Tang G Q, et al. A review on the configuration design of mobile robots based on metamorphic mechanisms[J]. Information & Control, 2022, 51(1): 12-22. (in Chinese), articleTitle=A review on the configuration design of mobile robots based on metamorphic mechanisms, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114392335127522, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708269947941614, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=null, issue=8, pageStart=350, pageEnd=354, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[6], rfOrder=7, authorNames=邹树梁, 周龙, 张德, journalName=机械设计与制造, refType=null, unstructuredReference=邹树梁, 周龙, 张德. 关节履带式核应急机器人越障性能研究[J]. 机械设计与制造, 2024(8): 350-354., articleTitle=关节履带式核应急机器人越障性能研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114392398042083, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708269947941614, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=null, issue=8, pageStart=350, pageEnd=354, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[6], rfOrder=8, authorNames=Zou S L, Zhou L, Zhang D, journalName=Machinery Design & Manufacture, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zou S L, Zhou L, Zhang D. Research on obstacle crossing performance of joint crawler nuclear emergency robot[J]. Machinery Design & Manufacture, 2024(8): 350-354. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Research on obstacle crossing performance of joint crawler nuclear emergency robot, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114392460956644, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708269947941614, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2016, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[7], rfOrder=9, authorNames=郭发勇, journalName=仿人双足机器人多地形步态规划和稳定控制方法研究, refType=null, unstructuredReference=郭发勇. 仿人双足机器人多地形步态规划和稳定控制方法研究[D]. 合肥: 中国科学技术大学, 2016., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114392515482597, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708269947941614, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2016, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[7], rfOrder=10, authorNames=Guo F Y, journalName=Research on multi-terrain gait planning and stability control method of humanoid biped robot, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Guo F Y. Research on multi-terrain gait planning and stability control method of humanoid biped robot[D]. Hefei: University of Science and Technology of China, 2016. (in Chinese), articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114392570008550, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708269947941614, doi=10.3901/JME.2023.09.051, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=59, issue=9, pageStart=51, pageEnd=62, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[8], rfOrder=11, authorNames=高靖松, 金弘哲, 朱延河, journalName=机械工程学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=高靖松, 金弘哲, 朱延河, . 基于非线性弹簧模型的轮腿自平衡机器人跳跃算法研究[J]. 机械工程学报, 2023, 59(9): 51-62., articleTitle=基于非线性弹簧模型的轮腿自平衡机器人跳跃算法研究, refAbstract=轮腿式自平衡机器人兼具轮式的高速高效性和足式的地面适应性,在面对非结构化地形时可以进行跳跃越障。按照腿部自由度可将其分为单自由度式和二自由度式,其中单自由度式轮腿自平衡机器人结构更简单、质量更轻、控制难度更低。但在跳跃轨迹规划问题上,一方面单自由度腿部结构对髋关节出力需求更高,采用双质量块线性弹簧模型轨迹规划方法能够达到的最大越障高度有限;另一方面机器人在高度调整过程中整体质心会产生x向位移,对跳跃的准确性与稳定性造成影响。针对单自由度式轮腿自平衡机器人跳跃问题展开研究,首先提出了基于腾空动力学模型的轮部控制算法,使机身俯仰姿态在跳跃过程中始终可控,进而保证了跳跃的稳定性。之后提出了基于双质量块非线性弹簧模型的跳跃轨迹规划方法,相比基于线性弹簧模型的规划方法具有轨迹规划更加灵活,对髋关节出力要求更低等优点;然后进一步利用轮部在腾空过程中对机身俯仰角的控制效果,设计了一种机器人原地跳远方法,使机器人可以在更短的起跳时间和起跳距离下达到相同的跳跃距离;最后建立了单自由度式轮腿自平衡机器人三维简化模型及其运动学、单腿静力学以及腾空动力学模型,并通过Simulink-Adams联合仿真验证了轨迹规划与跟踪算法的可行性。), Reference(id=1242114392641311719, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708269947941614, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=59, issue=9, pageStart=51, pageEnd=62, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[8], rfOrder=12, authorNames=Gao J S, Jin H Z, Zhu Y H, journalName=Journal of Mechanical Engineering, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Gao J S, Jin H Z, Zhu Y H, et al. Research on jumping algorithm of wheel-legged self-balancing robot based on nonlinear spring model[J]. Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 2023, 59(9): 51-62. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Research on jumping algorithm of wheel-legged self-balancing robot based on nonlinear spring model, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114392700031976, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708269947941614, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=37, issue=1, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[9], rfOrder=13, authorNames=Zhao F Q, Wu Y F, Yang X, journalName=Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhao F Q, Wu Y F, Yang X, et al. Multimode design and analysis of an integrated leg-arm quadruped robot with deployable characteristics[J]. Chinese Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 2024, 37(1), doi: 10.1186/s10033-024-01040-6., articleTitle=Multimode design and analysis of an integrated leg-arm quadruped robot with deployable characteristics, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114392775529449, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708269947941614, doi=10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2023.03.010, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=2, issue=3, pageStart=106, pageEnd=117, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[10], rfOrder=14, authorNames=贺宜, 余荣杰, journalName=前瞻科技, refType=null, unstructuredReference=贺宜, 余荣杰. 大件货物道路运输技术现状与展望[J]. 前瞻科技, 2023, 2(3): 106-117., articleTitle=大件货物道路运输技术现状与展望, refAbstract=随着中国经济社会和国防事业的飞速发展,大件货物运输需求呈井喷式增加。超大型装备和工程构件往往面临“易造难运”的囧境,运输效率和运输安全性已成为阻碍其发展的关键问题。大件货物道路运输技术的进步和发展,将带来建筑业、制造业等关联行业的创新和发展。文章明晰了大件货物道路运输的本质内涵;剖析当前大件货物道路运输过程中存在的问题;通过大件货物道路运输技术的现状和发展趋势分析,展望了大件货物道路运输决策支持技术、大件货物道路运输安全保障技术和重载车辆设计与控制技术;在完善交通路网规划设计、健全大件货物道路运输体系、攻克重载车辆核心技术和完善大件货物道路运输服务方面提出了发展建议。), Reference(id=1242114392842638314, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708269947941614, doi=10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2023.03.010, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=2, issue=3, pageStart=106, pageEnd=117, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[10], rfOrder=15, authorNames=He Y, Yu R J, journalName=Science and Technology Foresight, refType=null, unstructuredReference=He Y, Yu R J. Current state and prospect of road transportation technology for oversized freights[J]. Science and Technology Foresight, 2023, 2(3): 106-117. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Current state and prospect of road transportation technology for oversized freights, refAbstract=

With the rapid growth of China’s economy and the expansion of its national defense efforts, there has been a substantial increase in the demand for transporting oversized freights. However, oversized equipment and engineering components often face the challenge of being “easy to manufacture but difficult to transport”, and this has led to transportation efficiency and safety becoming key issues hindering their development. The advancement of road transportation technology for oversized freights is pivotal for fostering innovation and development within the construction and manufacturing industries. This paper outlines the inherent characteristics associated with the road transportation of oversized freights and analyzes the prevailing issues. By examining the current state and future trends in the field of oversized cargo road transportation technology, this article provides insights into decision support technology for oversized cargo road transportation, safety assurance technology for oversized cargo road transportation, and design and control technology for heavy-duty vehicles. Furthermore, it offers development recommendations in four key areas: Improving traffic network planning and design, enhancing the oversized cargo road transportation system, addressing core technologies for heavy-duty vehicles, and refining services in the field of oversized cargo road transportation.

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Current Opinion in Chemical Engineering, 2024, 43, doi: 10.1016/j.coche.2023.100994., articleTitle=Computational toolkits for model-based design and optimization, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114396739145742, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708269947941614, doi=10.3901/JME.2020.13.165, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=56, issue=13, pageStart=165, pageEnd=178, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[35], rfOrder=52, authorNames=李运华, 范茹军, 杨丽曼, journalName=机械工程学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=李运华, 范茹军, 杨丽曼, . 智能化挖掘机的研究现状与发展趋势[J]. 机械工程学报, 2020, 56(13): 165-178., articleTitle=智能化挖掘机的研究现状与发展趋势, refAbstract=智能化挖掘机是传统挖掘机与人工智能、自动控制和信息物理网络等技术深度融合的产物。相对于传统挖掘机,其拥有更高的功率利用率及作业精度,集远程作业、环境感知、智能诊断为一体,在抗震救灾、太空及水下作业等领域都有广阔的应用前景。然而挖掘机液压系统具有强非线性、流量耦合、时变等特点,而工作装置又存在动力学耦合和负载不确定性,结构简单、参数依赖度低、高精度的智能控制算法将提高挖掘机自主作业精度;由于视觉传感器易受光照、气象条件影响,研究多传感器融合及其智能算法将提升挖掘机的环境感知能力;液压系统故障模式隐藏性高,受机载设备硬件限制,探索非冗余小规模深度学习网络和压缩感知技术是实现在线智能故障诊断的关键。从轨迹控制、环境感知、远程控制与智能故障诊断四个方面,综述了挖掘机智能化的国内外研究现状;指出了智能化挖掘机发展存在的问题与发展趋势;最后根据现有研究成果得出了五点结论。), Reference(id=1242114396810448911, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708269947941614, doi=10.3901/JME.2020.13.165, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=56, issue=13, pageStart=165, pageEnd=178, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[35], rfOrder=53, authorNames=Li Y H, Fan R J, Yang L M, journalName=Journal of Mechanical Engineering, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Li Y H, Fan R J, Yang L M, et al. Research status and development trend of intelligent excavators[J]. Journal of Mechanical Engineering, 2020, 56(13): 165-178. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Research status and development trend of intelligent excavators, refAbstract=The intelligent excavator is the transformation and upgrading of the traditional excavator by using artificial intelligence, automatic control and cyber-physical technology, which has higher energy efficiency and operation precision. Because of the remote operation, environment perception and fault diagnosis, it has wide potential application in earthquake relief, space and underwater operations. However, the excavator hydraulic system has the characteristics of powerful nonlinearity time-varying, and strong fluid coupling, while the working device has dynamic coupling and load uncertainty. Therefore, the intelligent control algorithm with simple structure, low parameter dependence and high precision is the basis of the autonomous excavation. The visual sensor is easily affected by illumination and meteorological conditions. Thus the Multi-sensor fusion intelligent algorithm will enhance the environmental sensing ability of the excavator. The fault mechanisms of the hydraulic system is highly complex and diverse. Because of the limit of the hardware, the non-redundant small-scale deep learning network and compressed-sensing technology is the key to realizing online fault diagnosis. The inland and overseas research status of intelligent excavators in trajectory control, environment perception, remote control and fault diagnosis are reviewed. Meanwhile, the existing key problems and development trend of the research on intelligent excavators are pointed out. At last, five conclusions about the current research status are drawn.), Reference(id=1242114396877557776, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708269947941614, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=41, issue=4, pageStart=1, pageEnd=13, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[36], rfOrder=54, authorNames=任鸿儒, 刘庆海, 周琪, journalName=广东工业大学学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=任鸿儒, 刘庆海, 周琪, . 无人自主系统分布式协同控制研究综述[J]. 广东工业大学学报, 2024, 41(4): 1-13., articleTitle=无人自主系统分布式协同控制研究综述, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114396940472337, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708269947941614, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=41, issue=4, pageStart=1, pageEnd=13, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[36], rfOrder=55, authorNames=Ren H R, Liu Q H, Zhou Q, journalName=Journal of Guangdong University of Technology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Ren H R, Liu Q H, Zhou Q, et al. A review of distributed cooperative control research on unmanned autonomous systems[J]. Journal of Guangdong University of Technology, 2024, 41(4): 1-13. (in Chinese), articleTitle=A review of distributed cooperative control research on unmanned autonomous systems, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114397003386898, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708269947941614, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=7, issue=5, pageStart=419, pageEnd=427, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[37], rfOrder=56, authorNames=贾阳, 孙泽洲, 郑旸, journalName=深空探测学报(中英文), refType=null, unstructuredReference=贾阳, 孙泽洲, 郑旸, . 星球车技术发展综述[J]. 深空探测学报(中英文), 2020, 7(5): 419-427., articleTitle=星球车技术发展综述, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114397070495763, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708269947941614, doi=10.15982/j.issn.2096-9287.2020.20200031, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=7, issue=5, pageStart=419, pageEnd=427, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[37], rfOrder=57, authorNames=Jia Y, Sun Z Z, Zheng Y, journalName=Journal of Deep Space Exploration, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Jia Y, Sun Z Z, Zheng Y, et al. Overview on development of planetary rover technology[J]. Journal of Deep Space Exploration, 2020, 7(5): 419-427. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Overview on development of planetary rover technology, refAbstract=Patrol detection is an important form of deep space exploration. The planetary rover,which can move on the surface of solid-state planet and complete the tasks of exploration,sampling and transit,has many functions,such as expanding the scope of fine detection on planet surface,overcoming the impact of landing accuracy,reducing the workload of astronauts and so on. The technical development of lunar rover,Mars rover and others are reviewed focusing on the development of locomotion technology,navigation control technology,autonomous and intelligent technology,thermal control technology,ground test verification technology,remote operation technology,and the development trend of rover technology is analyzed.)], funds=[Fund(id=1242114391680816090, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708269947941614, awardId=52130512, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(52130512), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1242114388908381090, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708269947941614, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242114388912575395, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708269947941614, companyId=1242114388908381090, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1. 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多模态/可重构地面运载平台技术进展及发展建议
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刘辉 1, , 皮大伟 2 , 秦也辰 1 , 崔星 3 , 汪洋 3 , 谭森起 3
前瞻科技 | 综述与述评 2025,4(2): 115-129
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前瞻科技 | 综述与述评 2025, 4(2): 115-129
多模态/可重构地面运载平台技术进展及发展建议
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刘辉1, , 皮大伟2, 秦也辰1, 崔星3, 汪洋3, 谭森起3
作者信息
  • 1.北京理工大学智能无人系统技术国家级重点实验室,北京 100081
  • 2.南京理工大学机械工程学院,南京 210094
  • 3.中兵智能创新研究院,北京 100071
  • 刘辉,北京理工大学特聘教授,博士研究生导师。北京理工大学智能无人系统技术国家级重点实验室副主任,教育部“多模态智能机器人及系统”集成攻关大平台副主任,北京理工大学机械与车辆学院车辆工程系主任。入选国家高层次领军人才。中国汽车工程学会越野车技术分会副主任委员,中国兵工学会坦克装甲车辆专业委员会副主任委员,武警部队通用车辆装备技术应用专家咨询小组成员,中国机械工程学会机械设计分会委员等。主要从事车辆动力学与控制、混合动力车辆电传动、多模态特种车辆理论与技术等研究。主持国家自然科学基金重点项目、国防重大背景预研项目、国防科工局基础产品创新计划、国防科技创新特区重点项目等科研项目。获国家技术发明奖一等奖1项、国防科学技术进步奖一等奖3项。发表论文140余篇,授权发明专利30余件。电子信箱:

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Technological Advances and Development Recommendations for Multimodal/Reconfigurable Ground Transport Platforms
Hui LIU1, , Dawei PI2, Yechen QIN1, Xing CUI3, Yang WANG3, Senqi TAN3
Affiliations
  • 1. National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Unmanned System Technology, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
  • 2. School of Mechanical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science & Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
  • 3. China North Artificial Intelligence & Innovation Research Institute, Beijing 100071, China
出版时间: 2025-06-20 doi: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2025.02.009
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阐述了多模态/可重构地面运载平台的概念内涵,以及多模态/可重构地面运载平台的应用场景与意义。对多模态/可重构地面运载平台的背景需求进行分析,并从国外与国内两个维度对多模态/可重构地面运载平台的发展脉络开展梳理,进而提出多模态/可重构地面运载平台所面临的发展机遇与技术挑战。为抓住当前蓬勃发展的机遇与应对切实存在的技术挑战,从多模态/可重构地面运载平台的构型设计、环境感知、运动规划、控制算法4个方面开展讨论,从标准化设计体系、智能控制体系、测试验证体系方面提出发展建议。

多模态/可重构运载平台  /  机构设计  /  轨迹规划  /  智能控制

The article begins by the definition of the conceptual essence of multimodal/reconfigurable ground transport platforms, which is followed by elaboration on their application scenarios and significance. Subsequently, it analyzes the background and demands for such platforms and traces their developmental trajectory from both international and domestic perspectives, thereby identifying the opportunities and technical challenges they face. To seize the current flourishing opportunities and address the existing technical challenges, the discussion is conducted across four aspects: configuration design, environmental perception, motion planning, and control algorithms of multimodal/reconfigurable ground transport platforms. Finally, the article proposes forward-looking recommendations from the perspectives of standardized design systems, intelligent control systems, and testing and verification systems.

multimodal/reconfigurable ground transport platforms  /  mechanism design  /  trajectory planning  /  intelligent control
刘辉, 皮大伟, 秦也辰, 崔星, 汪洋, 谭森起. 多模态/可重构地面运载平台技术进展及发展建议. 前瞻科技, 2025 , 4 (2) : 115 -129 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2025.02.009
Hui LIU, Dawei PI, Yechen QIN, Xing CUI, Yang WANG, Senqi TAN. Technological Advances and Development Recommendations for Multimodal/Reconfigurable Ground Transport Platforms[J]. Science and Technology Foresight, 2025 , 4 (2) : 115 -129 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2025.02.009
中国幅员辽阔、地形地势综合多样,随着生产、生活等社会发展需求的不断释放和新时期战争形态的演变,多模态/可重构地面运载平台在灾后搜救、城市反恐、特种作战等领域具有重要应用价值,如图1所示,发展多模态/可重构地面运载平台事关国家安全与国计民生。多模态/可重构地面运载平台不仅可以为搜索和救援提供高效、灵活的解决方案,也可为军事和勘探等特定行业提供关键支撑。多模态地面运载平台主要是指能够以多种形式或模式进行移动的高度适应性的地面运载工具,通常是指利用多种驱动系统和机构实现不同场景下的差异化机动方式和性能的地面平台,其所使用的驱动系统包括轮式、履带式、腿足式等特殊机构。多模态地面运载平台可以根据不同地形、环境和任务需求,通过模态之间的组合或变换进行灵活机动,以优化其机动性能和效率。可重构地面运载平台则指的是在道路环境下,通过单一模块的轮式模态平台进行组合拼接,形成具有多模块和多轮的平台。这种平台的可重构性允许用户根据任务需求调整平台的大小和形态,可以从单一小型车辆转变为更大型的车辆群,以适应更大范围或不同功能的任务需求。多模态/可重构地面运载平台能够适应不同的任务需求和环境条件,增强平台的操作灵活性和适应性,提高平台的机动性能和效率,拓展了地面平台运输和应用的领域,能够面对更多样化的挑战。
多模态/可重构地面运载平台具有巨大应用潜力,但城市废墟、地下空间、山区丛林等非结构复杂环境对其感知、规划及运动控制能力提出了更高要求。当前,地面运载平台存在智能化水平较低及单一行动模态功能相对简单等不足,难以满足复杂环境下遂行多样化特种任务的应用需求。轮/腿/履等多种行动模态的多模态智能地面运载平台将成为未来地面运载平台的重要发展趋势之一,而复杂环境感知、多模高效决策及多作动协同动态控制等方面理论的匮乏是制约多模态智能无人地面运载平台发展的主要瓶颈。发展具有灵活机动快、多模协同稳、感知决策智能特点的多模态/可重构智能地面运载平台具有显著的理论与应用价值。
多模态/可重构地面运载平台凭借良好的机动性与适应性正从单一功能的运载工具升级为任务遂行的智能载体,在特种作战、勘探搜救、大件运输等军民领域中扮演重要角色,各国积极开展相关技术研究。
1)军用领域中的应用
战场环境中的山地、丘陵、沙漠等多种地貌和弹坑、掩体等障碍物形成复杂的作战地形,极大限制了传统军用地面运载平台的机动性,作战效能大打折扣,严重影响战术部署。因此,多模态/可重构运载平台凭借其高机动性和适应性成为军用领域的研究热点。国外相关研究起步较早。美国2007年装备的“角斗士”侦查无人车[1],拥有轮式/履带式两种驱动模态,同时可自适应调整轴距和悬挂高度。以色列2008年服役的“守护者”边境巡逻车[2],搭配纵向伸缩杠杆,离地间隙可达38 cm,通过性能良好。英国2016年生产的“Ironclad”地面平台[3],上装模块可更换,载具间可拼接重构,承担侦查、打击和运输等任务。德国2020年升级的“任务大师XT”[4],8×8底盘可搭配不同任务模块。国内相关研究起步较晚,但发展迅速。陆军炮兵防空兵学院2017年研发的“无畏者二号”山地运输平台,采用轮式和三角履带的复合模态,适用于松软、泥泞路面,可攀爬越障。山河智能装备股份有限公司在2020年解放军登陆作战演习中派出的“龙马二号”高机动无人越野平台,承担战场辎重勤务输送任务,凭借8轮驱动和4摇臂式悬架,可翻越1 200 mm高度的障碍物和跨越2 000 mm长度的壕沟。中国兵器装备集团有限公司在2024年展出的可侦查、打击、协同作战的“机器狼”,采用四足腿模态,机动性极强。综上,军用地面运载平台逐步具备了侦察巡逻、支援运输、火力打击等不同功能,呈现出从单模态向多模态、从固定构型向可重构构型方向发展的特点。
2)民用领域中的应用
多模态/可重构地面运载平台在民用领域多用于救援勘测、物资运输等方面,代替人在恶劣、危险环境或难以到达的区域执行任务。在救援勘测方面,国内外研发了大量相关地面运载平台。2011年日本福岛核电站救援中派出I-Robot公司的“PackBot”救援平台和千叶工业大学研制的“Quince”救援平台[5],凭借轮式/履带式模态可越过瓦砾等障碍物,担任辐射测量和障碍物清理等任务。2015年韩国科学技术院为救援设计了轮式结构人形地面平台“DRC-Hubo”[6],其拥有33个电机,可完成爬楼梯、越障等动作。2018年中国兵器工业集团北方车辆研究所研制了“巨蜥救灾平台”[7],通过摆动4个摆动履带提升越障能力,可攀爬0.3 m台阶,跨越0.5 m沟壑。2021年哈尔滨工业大学展出的地面平台“WLR-4P”,其采用双轮腿构型,可完成跳跃、上下楼梯、越障等动作,平台总重达45 kg,能够跃上40 cm的高台[8]。2024年北京航空航天大学研发的具有折展特性的腿臂集成四足平台,利用腿臂链和可重构关节实现模式切换与可重构配置,可在有毒、高温、高压等环境中执行特种任务[9]。多模态/可重构地面运载平台在军民领域中的应用如图2所示。
在大件运输方面,超大型装备构件往往“易造难运”,其“不可解体”属性等对地面运载平台的载重、尺寸等有不同的要求[10]。公路挂车适用于长途运输,自行走模块化运输车适用于港口、码头等短距离运输。其中挂车通常进行简单拼接重构实现纵向延伸,如鹅颈、平板、凹台式和桥梁式挂车等,自行走模块化运输车可根据需求重构轴数。综上,多模态/可重构地面运载平台凭借独特的模态转换与越障能力在民用领域中发挥了重要作用。
1)多模态构型
不同驱动模态各有专长,通过多种模态切换与协同显著提升了复杂环境中的适应性。轮式模态构型具备高速移动和高能效比的特点,适用于平坦结构化道路;腿式模态构型具备良好的越障能力和地形适应性,能够在陡峭、非结构化道路中自如穿梭;履带式模态构型以其强大的牵引力和稳定性,在松软、湿滑或崎岖的道路上表现出色。在全球范围内,多模态构型地面运载平台备受关注。日本Matsumoto等[11]研制的两轮腿机器平台,路面平坦时由足端的轮子驱动;路面起伏时轮子锁死,由两条腿驱动。2016年德国机器人创新中心研发了轮腿式地面平台SherpaTT[12],单腿有6个自由度,包含腿的转动、提升、俯仰以及轮的转动、偏航、翻转。2017年波士顿动力公司展示了人形双轮足地面平台“Handle”[13-14],可高速跨越障碍物,最高可达121 cm。苏黎世联邦理工大学计算机器人实验室(ETH)在2018年设计的轮腿结构机器人“Skaterbots”[15],通过切换轮腿模态来保持极强平衡性能。同校的Klemm等[16]在2019年设计了小型双轮腿切换平台“Ascento”,具备在崎岖环境中持续跳跃和越障的能力。ETH于2019年展出的“ANYmal”轮腿机器人[17],腿/轮切换使平台能够在光滑平面上迅速移动及跨越障碍物。2021年Swiss-mile公司将ANYmal升级为“Swiss-mile”[18]。Swiss-mile最高时速可达22 km/h,可完成上下楼梯及两轮直立行走等功能。国内也在相关领域取得了显著的进展。2012年,北京航空航天大学设计了NOROS-II轮腿切换式平台[19],将车轮安装在膝关节处,小腿折叠回收后可切换为轮式模态。2013年,中国科学技术大学研制了“HyTRo-I”[20],4条腿的回收/释放完成轮腿模式切换。2018年,北方车辆研究所推出了轮步式无人平台,通过前后轮轴之间的伸缩机构,平台可以实现轮步式行走,可以通过大于30°的松软土坡等障碍。2014年,杭州宇树科技有限公司(简称宇树科技)发布的“Unitree Go2-W”轮足机器人[21],可滑行、陡坡滑降及冲破障碍物,最大攀爬高度可达70 cm,最大攀爬斜坡角度为35°;腾讯Robotics X实验室发布的“小五”轮腿平台,腿部可进行1.4~1.8 m伸缩,轮式运动速度可达3 m/s。
2)可重构构型
可重构地面运载平台通过模块化设计将多个单体通过铰接、拼接等方法实现拓扑重构,以适应不同场景和任务需求,轮距和轴距的动态变化提升了运载平台的通用性和拓展性。铰接机构支持转向、俯仰、扭转等多维度运动,提升复杂地形下的转向与越障能力。铰接式特种车辆被广泛应用在北半球高纬度国家的山地、丛林区域的森林火灾救援、复杂地区物资补给。俄罗斯研制的铰接式运输车辆“DT_30P”[22]凭借前后单元对称转向技术及独特的铰链结合点设计方法而具备较高的越野能力。瑞典赫格隆公司研制的“BV206”全地形铰接式特种车采用铰接式双车体结构[23],搭载的4个独立行动装置总成可互相替换,能够在雪地、沼泽等地形上运输人员和物资。吉林大学与中国兵器工业集团共同研发的“蟒式”全地形铰接式特种车,在两节车体连接部位设计的传动牵引装置和液压动力缸可实现两节车体相互间大角度水平向扭转和垂直向错位,适用于起伏地形。拼接等刚性连接方式多用于自行式模块运输车。意大利Cometto公司研发的“ECO”系列紧凑型自行式模块运输车与荷兰玛姆特自行式模块化运输车在纵向横向上均可实现拼接拓展,根据运载任务不同需求可选择拼接/拆分轴数。中国航天三江万山公司研发的自行式模块运输车,将多个模块车体刚性拼接,同时数据同步共享,组成可重构运载平台,具备斜行、原地转向、横行等动能,根据需求最多可组装1 152个轮子,载重50 000 t。上海海鹏特种车辆有限公司生产的自行走模块运输车可以搬运100~10 000 t货物,各模块之间具备完全互换性。近年来,为简化车辆设计和组装,同时降低成本,有学者提出一种基于车轮几何边界的模块化集成设计,为特种车辆行驶机构的设计提供了一种独特的解决方案,将悬挂、转向、制动和动力系统集成到一个角模块中,方便根据需求进行拼接重构[24-25]。加拿大滑铁卢大学Rajaie等[26]提出了一种新的紧凑集成角模块概念设计,采用双四连杆机构作为转向和弯曲机构,可改变车轮相对于车身的位置。上述多模态/可重构地面运载平台如图3所示。
1)场景变化导致功能可变化和运动可适变
任务场景的变化要求地面运载平台具备灵活的功能转换和适应性强的运动能力。地面运载平台开始研究可变构设计,通过调整轮胎或履带的大小、形状和布局,以适应不同场景下的功能需求。除了传统的运输和作业功能外,现代地面运载平台仍有侦察、通信、救援等多种功能需求,其催生了平台高度的模块化和可重构性。同时,随着环境的变化和任务的复杂性增加,地面运载平台还需要具备自适应运动能力,如自动避障、自主导航等,以确保在各种场景下都能保持高效稳定的运行。“十二五”末期以来涌现的摇臂电动轮式、铰接车体式、变形轮式可变构平台,仍处于技术探索阶段,高通过性能尚未得到有效验证。一批具有高通过功能结构的平台样机,或牺牲了快速机动性和搭载能力,或控制操作复杂、可靠性低,在比赛测试过程中的性能表现与实际应用需求有较大的差距。
2)功能差异催生新的地面运载平台模态与结构
在多样化功能需求的推动下,地面运载平台开始朝着差异化可变构的方向发展。在大件运输领域,地面运载平台需要具备强大的承载能力和稳定的行驶性能。传统的固定式运载平台往往难以满足这种需求,而可变构平台则可以通过调整车辆纵横结构,以适应不同尺寸和重量的货物。在远程运送方面,地面运载平台需要具备长距离行驶和持续作业的能力。可变构平台通过优化车辆结构和动力系统,提高了车辆的燃油经济性和续航能力。同时,通过智能化技术的应用,可变构平台还可以实现自主导航和远程监控等功能,从而提高了远程运送的可靠性和安全性。在模块化移动方面,地面运载平台需要具备高度的灵活性和可扩展性。可变构平台通过采用模块化设计,可以根据不同的任务需求快速组装和拆卸不同的功能模块。这种设计不仅提高了平台的利用率和适应性,还降低了维护和升级的成本。在发射平台方面,地面运载平台需要具备精确的定位和发射能力。可变构平台通过调整发射装置和车辆结构,可以适应不同类型的导弹和火箭的发射需求。
综上所述,多模态/可重构地面运载平台迅速发展,但距离复杂环境下的大规模应用仍有较大差距。与国外水平相比,国内起步较晚,但发展较为迅速,学科体系与科研平台日趋完善。现有国内多模态/可重构地面运载平台具备较强的越障能力,但其控制方式依然以遥控为主,自主控制技术水平尚无法有效驾驭这些平台的环境适应能力。随着技术的不断进步和应用领域的不断拓展,多模态/可重构地面运载平台将在更多领域发挥重要作用。
多模态/可重构地面运载平台在复杂环境中的应用需求日益增长,但现有技术体系在设计方法、自主行为能力及能力验证方面仍存在诸多瓶颈,如图4所示。
随着多模态/可重构地面运载平台在农业生产、应急救援、环境勘探及军事应用等复杂场景中的需求快速增长,传统设计方法已难以适应其智能化、模块化的发展方向[27-28]。未来平台的开发亟需建立创新设计体系,推动作动器、机构和整机的协同优化,以实现高效开发与动态适应。
1)作动器-机构-整机一体化设计体系变革
多模态/可重构平台要求作动器与机构具备高度适配性,支持灵活工况切换,而传统刚性设计难以满足动态需求。为此,需从整机需求出发,构建自上而下的顶层设计理论,通过模块化建模与功能分解,利用人工智能辅助生成设计方案,并结合数字孪生技术进行虚拟测试,实现作动器、机构与整机的高效协同优化。
2)多模态/可重构平台接口设计挑战
多模态平台需要在多种驱动模式间灵活切换,对物理接口的兼容性与软件接口的开放性提出了新挑战。其软件架构需支持动态配置与实时优化,从模块到整机层面确保资源调度与协同作业,以形成模块化开发的标准化范式。
3)任务需求导向下设计效率提升路径优化
任务场景的多样性对系统设计效率提出更高要求,传统设计模式已无法满足快速响应需求。未来,需通过引入人工智能与优化算法,建立任务需求驱动的设计系统。例如,利用强化学习优化设计方案,使平台能够自适应不同任务需求,同时建立共享知识库和仿真环境,以支撑设计快速迭代。
综上所述,多模态/可重构平台的设计方法创新已成为驱动未来平台体系变革的关键动力。通过构建顶层设计理论、优化软硬件协同接口、强化任务驱动设计效率,地面运载平台将在复杂任务场景中焕发更强大的技术活力,为军事与民用领域注入新动能。
多模态/可重构地面运载平台的自主行为能力是其实现智能化应用的关键。然而,当前平台在自主选择、感知与决策方面仍面临诸多挑战,难以全面满足复杂任务需求[29]
1)自主行为方式选择的关键技术难点
多模态平台具备多种模态和重构状态,不同状态对应不同任务需求和环境特性。如何精准选择最优行为方式是实现自主化的核心难题。目前,多采用固定规则或预设模型,难以动态适应环境变化。为此,需借助强化学习、自监督学习等技术,结合平台模态与环境特性,研究自主进化方法,实现行为方式的动态调整与优化,提升任务适应性和执行效率。此外,具身智能研究强调智能体通过与物理环境的交互学习策略,使平台具备更强的适应性。未来,可借鉴具身智能的学习机制,通过端侧自适应优化,使平台能自主探索并形成最优行为模式。
2)感知系统配置与算法适配性挑战
多模态平台在不同形式下需执行多样化任务,如高精度导航、障碍跨越和环境探索等。传统感知硬件和算法往往聚焦于特定任务场景,难以满足多模态切换的需求。针对这一问题,需要构建可动态配置的多模态感知硬件体系,并开发通用感知算法框架,实现硬件与算法的协同优化,以满足不同任务模式下对数据采集与处理的多样化需求。具身智能的发展使多模态感知能力得到了显著提升。基于跨模态融合的感知方法,使机器人能够在未知环境中更高效地构建环境模型,从而增强对周围环境的理解。未来,可借助这一思路,构建具有自主适应能力的感知框架,使多模态平台在不同环境下都能高效整合多源数据,形成精准的环境认知,提高自主任务执行能力。
3)自主决策与高机动性优化难题
复杂动态环境下,多模态平台需要快速决策以实现高机动性[30]。例如,在崎岖地形中,需综合考虑路径规划、能耗和障碍分布,优化模态切换与行为选择。然而,现有决策算法难以兼顾多模态行为的复杂性和实时性,限制了平台的决策效率和效果。未来应开发自主优化决策系统,结合强化学习、多目标优化算法和实时数据融合技术,建立任务、环境与平台行为的全局最优决策机制。同时,利用数字孪生技术构建高仿真环境,加速决策系统的优化迭代。
多模态/可重构地面运载平台的自主行为能力是其智能化水平提升的核心指标。通过强化行为选择能力、优化感知体系及解决复杂环境下的最优决策问题,并结合具身智能的学习、自适应决策与跨模态感知技术,未来平台将在多样化场景中展现更广阔的技术潜力和应用价值。
多模态/可重构地面运载平台的研发和应用离不开全面的性能验证体系。然而,现有的验证手段、标准与设施主要针对传统地面平台设计,在应对多模态/可重构平台的复杂需求时表现出明显不足,能力验证存在显著空白[31]
1)现有测试体系与平台的适配性不足
当前地面平台的部件与整机测试设备多为特定平台设计,难以适应多模态/可重构平台的多样化性能。例如,传统动力系统测试设备无法覆盖多模态平台不同模态下的动力特性。传动系统测试也无法兼容可重构机构的动态调整需求。因此需开发适应多模态特性的通用测试硬件,通过模块化设计支持多模态性能验证,实现模态间快速切换与高效测试。
2)缺乏针对可变模态和构型的评估规范
现有国家和行业标准主要针对传统平台,未能覆盖多模态/可重构平台的核心特性。例如,传统标准中的动力系统评估仅限单一运行模式,而多模态平台需要结合模态切换过程的稳定性、效率等指标进行评价。可重构平台在动态构型调整中的可靠性和耐久性评估也缺乏明确依据。因此,需制定专项评估标准,覆盖从元件到系统的多层次评价,形成规范化的质量判定体系,以促进技术推广和应用。
3)多模态平台测试场景构建的瓶颈与对策
传统地面平台测试场地多模拟单一运行环境,难以满足多模态平台在复杂多样场景下的性能验证需求。例如,履带模式需评估复杂地形攀爬能力,轮式模式需测试高速稳定性,这对测试场地的灵活性提出更高要求。未来需构建集沙地、雪地、森林等多场景融合的综合测试场地,同时通过虚拟仿真与数字孪生技术补充现实测试的局限,提供全维度性能验证支持。
多模态/可重构地面运载平台的能力验证空白制约了其研发和推广的进程。通过开发适配多模态特性的测试硬件,完善针对可变模态和构型的平台评估标准,以及建设多场景综合测试场地和虚拟验证平台,将为该领域技术发展提供可靠的能力验证支撑。
多模态/可重构地面运载平台在军事和民用领域均展现出巨大的发展潜力。伴随任务场景的多样化和复杂性需求的提升,这类平台正迎来前所未有的发展机遇,为未来的机动能力变革奠定了基础。
1)军用特种平台的多模态适应性发展
在复杂局势和城市防暴等任务场景中,军用特种平台需要具备极强的机动适应性和快速响应能力。传统装备因单一模态限制,在复杂地形中常面临困境,而多模态/可重构平台通过模态切换可满足多样化环境需求。例如,履带模式适合沙漠、泥泞地带等恶劣地形,而轮式模式则能提供城市道路中的高速机动能力[32]。此外,可重构平台能灵活调整结构,应对狭窄空间和障碍密集的极端任务场景,从而显著提升作战平台的任务执行能力。
2)民用领域多模态/可重构运载平台应用前景
在民用领域,多模态平台在大件运输和灾后救援等任务中优势明显。传统运输装备在山区、废墟等复杂地形中易受限,而多模态平台可通过切换模态(如履带、腿式)大幅提升通行能力和稳定性。同时,可重构功能支持根据任务需求动态调整结构或运输模式。例如,从高速公路运输切换到复杂地形运送,实现任务无缝对接。这种灵活性不仅能满足重大工程建设需求,还可在自然灾害救援中提供高效可靠的解决方案。
3)复杂地形机动可达性提升的战略意义
复杂地形的机动可达性长期以来是传统地面装备的短板,而多模态技术为非铺装路面的适应性问题提供了突破方向。通过模态切换,平台可根据任务需求在泥沼、沙漠和山区等不同地形中实现高效机动,弥补单一模态的不足。机动可达性作为任务执行的基础,直接关系到军事行动的胜负和民用救援的成效。未来,随着地面装备向无人化与智能化方向发展,多模态/可重构技术将成为地面装备领域的重要创新突破。
多模态/可重构地面运载平台的发展前景集中在3个方面:适应复杂环境需求、扩展民用任务场景及提升复杂地形机动能力。伴随技术进步与任务需求升级,这类平台将在军事和民用领域释放更大潜能,推动地面装备迈向更加智能化与高效化的未来。
1)多模态行动机构融合设计方法
多模态行动机构融合设计方法是指以有效组合和优化不同运动模态之间的互联性和协作关系为目标,综合考虑多种不同的运动模态(轮/腿/履)特点,通过将不同模态集成于地面运载平台整体系统中进行平台行动机构的结构和功能设计,以实现多样化的任务执行能力与适应性。现有的轮/腿/履复合构型多为单一构型的叠加,在结构适配性及变机构机动性方面都存在明显约束,机构学上的局限性及不稳定性制约平台的性能发挥。当前多模态复合构型设计尚未形成系统性、普适性的理论方法。平台的应用需要从复合构型下的多模态耦合机制开始,掌握复杂模态运动规律演变原理,揭示高机动高通过拓扑构型设计与多模态变形机制,研究多模态复合构型的实现方案,实现平台部件-构型-功能一体化的多模态复合构型设计。
2)可重构平台连接机构与方法
连接机构与连接方法是实现模块间高效、稳定互联的基础,连接机构可采用机械锁定或磁性接口装置等机电液快速接合装置,确保能快速、可靠地完成模块间的拼接与分离,同时保持足够的结构完整性和传输效率。在连接装置基础之上,连接方法需采用智能化设计,通过使用高精度传感器和智能控制算法自动识别和对准接口,使得连接过程自动、准确。智能连接系统需实时监控连接状态,一旦检测到异常或失效,需重新进行接口对接,确保平台的持续运作。为了适应复杂地形与任务需求,模块连接技术应具备对不同模块电力、数据和控制信号的高效集成及快速重组能力。通过设计高度集成的通信总线和电源管理系统,模块间可以无缝传输数据和能源,增强整个平台的协同作业能力和效率。
1)多源异构感知数据融合与协同建模技术
为实现多模态平台在复杂地形中的精准环境认知,需建立多传感器协同感知体系。针对激光雷达、视觉、惯性单元等多源异构数据融合难题,需构建时空一致性校准机制,通过智能时序对齐与空间配准方法消除传感器间的信息偏差,确保多模态数据在统一坐标系下的有效集成。为提升复杂环境特征提取的鲁棒性,设计层次化特征解耦架构,从原始数据中分离地形几何、物理属性及动态障碍物等多维度信息,同时引入环境物理规律约束增强特征表征的工程适用性。
2)可重构平台感知连续算法
面对可重构平台动态重构导致的传感器布局变化,需要开发自适应拓扑感知框架,使感知系统能够根据实时构型自主调整数据融合权重与特征提取策略,保障不同模块组合状态下的感知连续性。为进一步增强可重构平台系统可靠性,应建立感知-控制耦合优化机制,通过闭环反馈动态修正感知误差,将环境理解精度转化为控制决策的可信度支撑。该技术体系需攻克跨模态数据关联、动态自适应校准、物理信息融合等核心问题,最终形成支撑可重构平台自主决策的高置信度环境认知能力,为复杂场景下的稳定运行提供感知基础。
1)多模态平台路径/关节轨迹优化与规划
路径规划是多模态平台运动的核心。针对全局路径规划,考虑不同模态机动能力和通行能力,结合模态决策,在环境约束、平台运动学/动力学约束下生成最优路径;同时考虑规划算法的复杂度,结合基于模型和基于学习的方法,平衡规划的实时性和最优性。在全局路径指引下,考虑环境动态变化和轮-地接触力学模型,探索复杂地形约束条件下的局部轨迹规划,引入语义感知与场景理解,借助深度学习模型提升规划精度。研究车身与关节的协调运动关系,根据多模态平台逆动力学方程,在满足动态性能和物理约束的条件下,利用非线性优化对关节轨迹进行求解,确保关节轨迹满足平台关节范围、速度和加速度约束。同时,针对多模态特性,采用强化学习或自适应动态规划技术实现关节动作的优化调整。
2)可重构地面平台静态/动态重构
在静态重构中,单一模块需具备高精度定位与锁定机制,能够准确无误地对接至平台预设的多样化接口,确保功能模块的无缝切换与高效集成,保障平台在静态下的功能优化与性能提升。而在动态重构中,单一模块的机动性则体现在其协同轨迹规划与控制策略上。为了确保动态重构的成功,模块需根据平台需求与环境变化,智能规划移动轨迹,同时,协同控制系统需确保模块与平台在相对运动中的一致性,以实现功能模块在动态过程中的精准对接与重组。这一过程不仅考验模块的自主导航能力,更对控制系统的实时性与准确性提出了更高要求。
1)多模态地面平台动态增稳控制方法
多模态地面平台运行场景复杂,在平台参数和轮-地接触力模型等方面存在诸多不确定性,平台控制需要在建立多模态组合及连续/离散状态动态切换过程的混杂系统模型的基础上,通过结合感知得到的前馈环境信息、多传感器融合得到的系统反馈信息和驱动器输入条件实现,存在模型复杂度高、状态估计难度高、计算实时性差等问题。相应地,多模态地面运载平台增稳控制需要在复杂场景内,考虑不同模态行驶条件下的平台运动学和动力学约束边界,研究平台与复杂多变行驶环境的交互机制,根据不同的运动模态选择恰当的控制策略,协同控制驱动机构、执行机构以在复杂环境下行进,并对平台在行驶过程中的动态特性进行调节与控制,实现平台在不同环境和任务下的良好的操控性能和稳定性。为提高执行的精确度和适应性,借助基于学习的方法来训练控制系统,自主生成和优化攀爬跨越等动作序列。通过模拟和实际操作数据的深度学习训练,系统能够学习如何根据不同的地形特征和障碍物配置,制定出最有效的动作策略。
2)可重构地面平台模块/整车协调控制
设计合理的分布式通信和控制系统,实现模块间的信息共享和决策制定,以便各模块调整其运动模式,协调整个平台平稳通行。完成分布式通信架构的设计后,动力分配是可重构地面平台实现复杂环境下稳定行驶的关键因素。平台应能够根据地形和平台整体状态,借助精确的传感器和机器学习技术,预测和响应即将到来的地形变化,自动调整动力输出,分配至各个模块,确保有合适的动力输出克服障碍。可重构地面平台需要配备高度适应性的悬挂系统,基于力/位移传感器的输入实时调整悬挂阻尼和刚度,从而适应不同的地面条件。单一模块的控制服务于整车协调控制的目标。在具备独立转向、驱动和制动等功能的前提下,需根据车辆整体的运动状态和外部环境调整各自的行为,与其他模块协同工作,产生整车控制需要的附加横摆力矩等。
多模态/可重构地面运载平台的研发面临的主要挑战之一是设计标准化程度低,缺乏体系化的设计方法,导致不同技术路径之间难以兼容,难以满足复杂任务场景下的多样化需求[33]。因此,需要从国家层面推动多模态/可重构平台的标准化研究,构建涵盖机械结构、动力系统、传感感知、控制架构等方面的正向设计体系,以确保不同类型平台之间的互操作性和可扩展性。
在设计方法上,基于模型的设计(Model-based Design, MBD)为平台研发提供了数字化和智能化的实现路径,通过高保真建模覆盖从需求分析到功能验证的全流程[34]。通过高精度数字孪生建模,对多模态切换、动力系统运行、模块化拓展等关键性能进行仿真评估,提升设计效率,减少试验成本。特别是对于轮腿复合、轮履复合等多模态运动结构,应发展参数化建模技术,使其能够在不同任务需求下快速调整配置,提高适应性和任务覆盖范围。此外,构建以数据驱动的性能评估与优化体系,通过仿真验证和实物测试相结合的方式,形成从部件级到整机级的多层次验证框架,确保平台在复杂环境下的稳定性、可靠性和可维护性。
多模态/可重构地面运载平台的核心优势在于其环境适应性和自主决策能力,而现有技术主要依赖于预设规则或有限的地形适应策略,难以满足高度不确定环境下的作战需求[35]。因此,需重点突破多模态切换自适应控制、智能地形识别与规划、高效能量管理等关键技术,实现平台在复杂环境下的自主调整和优化。
多模态平台的运动能力依赖于轮腿复合和轮履复合等多模态驱动方式。轮腿复合结构结合轮式高速机动与足式高通过性,关键技术包括步态规划、地形自适应控制和高效驱动机构优化。当前,强化学习与深度神经网络的步态算法已显著提升其在非结构化地形中的适应能力,同时,轻量化设计和高功率密度驱动关节的优化推动其在军事侦察和灾害救援中的应用。未来,轮腿平台将进一步提升自主切换能力,并结合能量回收与智能决策技术,提高续航与环境适应性。轮履复合结构兼具轮式高速行驶与履带高通过性,研究重点在于优化轮履转换机制、提升动态切换能力,并结合柔性履带设计增强耐久性和冲击适应性。智能地形识别与自适应控制技术的发展,使平台能实时调整行驶模式,提高复杂地形下的自主作业能力。未来,轮履复合结构将向轻量化、高可靠性方向发展,并结合智能材料和自修复技术,进一步提升作战与应急响应能力。
在多平台协同方面,分布式控制架构与高效通信协议至关重要。动态任务分配与资源优化能够提升多机协同效率,而低时延、高带宽的通信保障则确保实时信息共享。借助人工智能技术的协同控制系统,多模态平台将从单机自主作业向多平台协同演进,进一步拓展任务执行能力,适应更复杂的作战场景,并为军民融合领域提供强大技术支撑[36]
多模态/可重构地面运载平台的验证体系仍处于早期阶段,缺乏系统性、可复现的测试标准和环境,导致新技术从实验室到实战应用的转化周期较长。因此,亟需建设国家级多模态/可重构地面车辆演训试验场,以形成覆盖多场景、多工况的实验验证体系,集成仿真测试与实战演练,推动技术迭代和应用落地。
参考火星车和月球车的发展经验[37],关键在于构建模拟试验环境和加速研发迭代模式。为此,需要建设多场景模拟试验环境,模拟沙漠、泥泞、岩石密集区等典型地形,以验证平台在复杂环境下的适应性。结合虚拟仿真技术,通过多体动力学、有限元分析等手段,优化机械结构、动力系统和控制算法,提高设计方案的可行性。在此基础上,推动“边研-边试-边用”机制,与部队联合进行战场环境测试,使装备在真实任务场景下暴露问题,并在反馈基础上优化设计,以缩短从研发到实战部署的周期。
试验场不仅是新技术、新产品的测试与演练基地,更是国家层面推动多模态/可重构地面车辆高质量发展的战略支点。依托试验场,可汇聚相关领域的优势资源,深化基础理论和关键技术研究,突破多模态切换动力学、模块化结构优化、复杂环境智能行为选择等核心机制,夯实平台设计的理论基础。同时,在应用层面,重点攻克复杂地形适应性系统集成、基于仿生学的智能感知与控制、综合环境建模与仿真等技术瓶颈,提升平台在实战环境中的表现。
此外,应优化科研支持体系,依托试验场设立专项基金,推动学科交叉研究与协同创新,构建从基础理论到工程应用的全链条创新模式。通过这一体系化布局,试验场将成为技术突破与装备升级的核心支撑,全面推动多模态/可重构地面运载平台的技术进步和实战应用。
多模态/可重构地面运载平台凭借其工作范围广、通过性能优、机动性能强的突出优势,得到了世界各国的广泛关注。多模态/可重构地面运载平台应用将对山地、丛林、城市内部的军、民特种任务执行带来一系列变革与挑战。与国际先进水平相比,中国在多模态/可重构地面运载平台理论基础与关键技术方面取得了一些成果,但在构型设计方法、轨迹规划与模态决策、多模态协调控制方面仍存在一定不足。应重视构建系统性的整机级别正向设计体系、突破多模态/可重构地面平台单体与协同控制关键技术、加大相应测试条件的投入力度、布局重大集成应用类研究方向,这将有助于中国多模态/可重构地面运载平台水平的快速发展。
  • 国家自然科学基金(52130512)
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2025年第4卷第2期
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doi: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2025.02.009
  • 接收时间:2024-12-28
  • 出版时间:2025-06-20
  • 发布时间:2025-06-26
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  • 收稿日期:2024-12-28
  • 修回日期:2025-03-28
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国家自然科学基金(52130512)
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    1.北京理工大学智能无人系统技术国家级重点实验室,北京 100081
    2.南京理工大学机械工程学院,南京 210094
    3.中兵智能创新研究院,北京 100071

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表12种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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