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Focusing on two-dimensional atomic crystal heterostructures and devices, this paper first provids a brief analysis of the emerging applications of nanotechnology and quantum technology of various countries in this field. It then systematically introduces the major experimental results and scientific progress in this field, analyzes the challenges faced by current two-dimensional atomic crystal quantum devices, and offers recommendations for the development of materials and circuits for future quantum computing and quantum precision measurement. Finally, the paper draws conclusions and predicted the future trend of current quantum devices based on two-dimensional atomic crystal heterostructures, providing a reference for subsequent research on quantum devices based on two-dimensional atomic crystal heterostructures.

, correspAuthors=Xiaoxi LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
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概述了全球在二维原子晶体异质结材料和器件领域,纳米电子技术和量子技术的应用探索。系统介绍了该领域近期的主要实验成果和科学进展,分析当前二维原子晶体量子器件面临的挑战,对未来的量子计算用材料或电路支撑及量子精密测量的发展提出建议。最后展望了二维原子晶体异质结量子器件的发展趋势,以期为后续研究提供参考。

, correspAuthors=李小茜, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
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李小茜,山西大学光电研究所特聘副教授,辽宁材料实验室兼聘研究员。主要从事新型二维纳米人工复合体系研究。在Science、Nature Communications等期刊发表多篇论文。电子信箱:

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李小茜,山西大学光电研究所特聘副教授,辽宁材料实验室兼聘研究员。主要从事新型二维纳米人工复合体系研究。在Science、Nature Communications等期刊发表多篇论文。电子信箱:

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李小茜,山西大学光电研究所特聘副教授,辽宁材料实验室兼聘研究员。主要从事新型二维纳米人工复合体系研究。在Science、Nature Communications等期刊发表多篇论文。电子信箱:

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Two-dimensional materials from high-throughput computational exfoliation of experimentally known compounds[J]. Nature Nanotechnology, 2018, 13(3): 246-252., articleTitle=Two-dimensional materials from high-throughput computational exfoliation of experimentally known compounds, refAbstract=Two-dimensional (2D) materials have emerged as promising candidates for next-generation electronic and optoelectronic applications. Yet, only a few dozen 2D materials have been successfully synthesized or exfoliated. Here, we search for 2D materials that can be easily exfoliated from their parent compounds. Starting from 108,423 unique, experimentally known 3D compounds, we identify a subset of 5,619 compounds that appear layered according to robust geometric and bonding criteria. High-throughput calculations using van der Waals density functional theory, validated against experimental structural data and calculated random phase approximation binding energies, further allowed the identification of 1,825 compounds that are either easily or potentially exfoliable. In particular, the subset of 1,036 easily exfoliable cases provides novel structural prototypes and simple ternary compounds as well as a large portfolio of materials to search from for optimal properties. For a subset of 258 compounds, we explore vibrational, electronic, magnetic and topological properties, identifying 56 ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic systems, including half-metals and half-semiconductors.), Reference(id=1242114261711913242, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708269444621203, doi=10.1126/science.1102896, pmid=15499015, pmcid=null, year=2004, volume=306, issue=5696, pageStart=666, pageEnd=669, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[2], rfOrder=1, authorNames=Novoselov K S, Geim A K, Morozov S V, journalName=Science, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Novoselov K S, Geim A K, Morozov S V, et al. Electric field effect in atomically thin carbon films[J]. 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The films are found to be a two-dimensional semimetal with a tiny overlap between valence and conductance bands, and they exhibit a strong ambipolar electric field effect such that electrons and holes in concentrations up to 10(13) per square centimeter and with room-temperature mobilities of approximately 10,000 square centimeters per volt-second can be induced by applying gate voltage.), Reference(id=1242114261779022107, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708269444621203, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2010, volume=5, issue=10, pageStart=699, pageEnd=700, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[3], rfOrder=2, authorNames=Weitz R T, Yacoby A, journalName=Nature Nanotechnology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Weitz R T, Yacoby A. Graphene rests easy[J]. Nature Nanotechnology, 2010, 5(10): 699-700., articleTitle=Graphene rests easy, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114261846130972, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708269444621203, doi=10.1038/nnano.2010.172, pmid=20729834, pmcid=null, year=2010, volume=5, issue=10, pageStart=722, pageEnd=726, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[4], rfOrder=3, authorNames=Dean C R, Young A F, Meric I, journalName=Nature Nanotechnology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Dean C R, Young A F, Meric I, et al. Boron nitride substrates for high-quality graphene electronics[J]. Nature Nanotechnology, 2010, 5(10): 722-726., articleTitle=Boron nitride substrates for high-quality graphene electronics, refAbstract=Graphene devices on standard SiO(2) substrates are highly disordered, exhibiting characteristics that are far inferior to the expected intrinsic properties of graphene. Although suspending the graphene above the substrate leads to a substantial improvement in device quality, this geometry imposes severe limitations on device architecture and functionality. There is a growing need, therefore, to identify dielectrics that allow a substrate-supported geometry while retaining the quality achieved with a suspended sample. Hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) is an appealing substrate, because it has an atomically smooth surface that is relatively free of dangling bonds and charge traps. It also has a lattice constant similar to that of graphite, and has large optical phonon modes and a large electrical bandgap. Here we report the fabrication and characterization of high-quality exfoliated mono- and bilayer graphene devices on single-crystal h-BN substrates, by using a mechanical transfer process. Graphene devices on h-BN substrates have mobilities and carrier inhomogeneities that are almost an order of magnitude better than devices on SiO(2). These devices also show reduced roughness, intrinsic doping and chemical reactivity. The ability to assemble crystalline layered materials in a controlled way permits the fabrication of graphene devices on other promising dielectrics and allows for the realization of more complex graphene heterostructures.), Reference(id=1242114261909045533, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708269444621203, doi=10.1038/nnano.2010.279, pmid=21278752, pmcid=null, year=2011, volume=6, issue=3, pageStart=147, pageEnd=150, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[5], rfOrder=4, authorNames=Radisavljevic B, Radenovic A, Brivio J, journalName=Nature Nanotechnology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Radisavljevic B, Radenovic A, Brivio J, et al. Single-layer MoS2 transistors[J]. Nature Nanotechnology, 2011, 6(3): 147-150., articleTitle=Single-layer MoS2 transistors, refAbstract=Two-dimensional materials are attractive for use in next-generation nanoelectronic devices because, compared to one-dimensional materials, it is relatively easy to fabricate complex structures from them. The most widely studied two-dimensional material is graphene, both because of its rich physics and its high mobility. However, pristine graphene does not have a bandgap, a property that is essential for many applications, including transistors. Engineering a graphene bandgap increases fabrication complexity and either reduces mobilities to the level of strained silicon films or requires high voltages. Although single layers of MoS(2) have a large intrinsic bandgap of 1.8 eV (ref. 16), previously reported mobilities in the 0.5-3 cm(2) V(-1) s(-1) range are too low for practical devices. Here, we use a halfnium oxide gate dielectric to demonstrate a room-temperature single-layer MoS(2) mobility of at least 200 cm(2) V(-1) s(-1), similar to that of graphene nanoribbons, and demonstrate transistors with room-temperature current on/off ratios of 1 × 10(8) and ultralow standby power dissipation. Because monolayer MoS(2) has a direct bandgap, it can be used to construct interband tunnel FETs, which offer lower power consumption than classical transistors. Monolayer MoS(2) could also complement graphene in applications that require thin transparent semiconductors, such as optoelectronics and energy harvesting.), Reference(id=1242114261992931614, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708269444621203, doi=10.1038/nnano.2016.42, pmid=27018659, pmcid=null, year=2016, volume=11, issue=7, pageStart=593, pageEnd=597, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[6], rfOrder=5, authorNames=Li L K, Yang F Y, Ye G J, journalName=Nature Nanotechnology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Li L K, Yang F Y, Ye G J, et al. Quantum Hall effect in black phosphorus two-dimensional electron system[J]. Nature Nanotechnology, 2016, 11(7): 593-597., articleTitle=Quantum Hall effect in black phosphorus two-dimensional electron system, refAbstract=The development of new, high-quality functional materials has been at the forefront of condensed-matter research. The recent advent of two-dimensional black phosphorus has greatly enriched the materials base of two-dimensional electron systems (2DESs). Here, we report the observation of the integer quantum Hall effect in a high-quality black phosphorus 2DES. The high quality is achieved by embedding the black phosphorus 2DES in a van der Waals heterostructure close to a graphite back gate; the graphite gate screens the impurity potential in the 2DES and brings the carrier Hall mobility up to 6,000 cm(2) V(-1) s(-1). The exceptional mobility enabled us to observe the quantum Hall effect and to gain important information on the energetics of the spin-split Landau levels in black phosphorus. Our results set the stage for further study on quantum transport and device application in the ultrahigh mobility regime.), Reference(id=1242114262055846175, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708269444621203, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=30, issue=2, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[7], rfOrder=6, authorNames=Ares P, Palacios J J, Abellán G, journalName=Advanced Materials, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Ares P, Palacios J J, Abellán G, et al. Recent progress on antimonene: A new bidimensional material[J]. Advanced Materials, 2018, 30(2): 1703771, doi: org/10.1002/adma.201703771., articleTitle=Recent progress on antimonene: A new bidimensional material, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114262118760736, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708269444621203, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=363, issue=6428, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[8], rfOrder=7, authorNames=Gong C, Zhang X, journalName=Science, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Gong C, Zhang X. Two-dimensional magnetic crystals and emergent heterostructure devices[J]. Science, 2019, 363(6428): eaav4450, doi: 10.1126/science.aav4450., articleTitle=Two-dimensional magnetic crystals and emergent heterostructure devices, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114262190063905, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708269444621203, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=33, issue=13, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[9], rfOrder=8, authorNames=Qi L, Ruan S C, Zeng Y J, journalName=Advanced Materials, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Qi L, Ruan S C, Zeng Y J. Review on recent developments in 2D ferroelectrics: Theories and applications[J]. Advanced Materials, 2021, 33(13): e2005098, doi: 10.1002/adma.202005098., articleTitle=Review on recent developments in 2D ferroelectrics: Theories and applications, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114262248784162, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708269444621203, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=29, issue=9, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[10], rfOrder=9, authorNames=Dong B J, Yang T, Han Z, journalName=Chinese Physics B, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Dong B J, Yang T, Han Z. Flattening is flattering: The revolutionizing 2D electronic systems[J]. Chinese Physics B, 2020, 29(9): 97307, doi: 10.1088/1674-1056/aba605., articleTitle=Flattening is flattering: The revolutionizing 2D electronic systems, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114262311698723, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708269444621203, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2012, volume=8, issue=null, pageStart=382, pageEnd=386, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[11], rfOrder=10, authorNames=Yankowitz M, Xue J M, Cormode D, journalName=Nature Physics, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Yankowitz M, Xue J M, Cormode D, et al. Emergence of superlattice Dirac points in graphene on hexagonal boron nitride[J]. Nature Physics, 2012, 8: 382-386., articleTitle=Emergence of superlattice Dirac points in graphene on hexagonal boron nitride, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114262374613284, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708269444621203, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2013, volume=497, issue=7451, pageStart=594, pageEnd=597, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[12], rfOrder=11, authorNames=Ponomarenko L A, Gorbachev R V, Yu G L, journalName=Nature, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Ponomarenko L A, Gorbachev R V, Yu G L, et al. Cloning of Dirac fermions in graphene superlattices[J]. Nature, 2013, 497(7451): 594-597., articleTitle=Cloning of Dirac fermions in graphene superlattices, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114262437527845, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708269444621203, doi=10.1073/pnas.1108174108, pmid=21730173, pmcid=null, year=2011, volume=108, issue=30, pageStart=12233, pageEnd=12237, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[13], rfOrder=12, authorNames=Bistritzer R, MacDonald A H, journalName=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Bistritzer R, MacDonald A H. Moire bands in twisted double-layer graphene[J]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2011, 108(30): 12233-12237., articleTitle=Moire bands in twisted double-layer graphene, refAbstract=A moiré pattern is formed when two copies of a periodic pattern are overlaid with a relative twist. We address the electronic structure of a twisted two-layer graphene system, showing that in its continuum Dirac model the moiré pattern periodicity leads to moiré Bloch bands. The two layers become more strongly coupled and the Dirac velocity crosses zero several times as the twist angle is reduced. For a discrete set of magic angles the velocity vanishes, the lowest moiré band flattens, and the Dirac-point density-of-states and the counterflow conductivity are strongly enhanced.), Reference(id=1242114262496248102, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708269444621203, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2016, volume=117, issue=11, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[14], rfOrder=13, authorNames=Cao Y, Luo J Y, Fatemi V, journalName=Physical Review Letters, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Cao Y, Luo J Y, Fatemi V, et al. Superlattice-induced insulating states and valley-protected orbits in twisted bilayer graphene[J]. Physical Review Letters, 2016, 117(11): 116804, doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.117.116804., articleTitle=Superlattice-induced insulating states and valley-protected orbits in twisted bilayer graphene, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114262546579751, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708269444621203, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=556, issue=7699, pageStart=43, pageEnd=50, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[15], rfOrder=14, authorNames=Cao Y, Fatemi V, Fang S A, journalName=Nature, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Cao Y, Fatemi V, Fang S A, et al. Unconventional superconductivity in magic-angle graphene superlattices[J]. Nature, 2018, 556(7699): 43-50., articleTitle=Unconventional superconductivity in magic-angle graphene superlattices, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114262613688616, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708269444621203, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2025, volume=637, issue=8047, pageStart=839, pageEnd=845, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[16], rfOrder=15, authorNames=Guo Y J, Pack J, Swann J, journalName=Nature, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Guo Y J, Pack J, Swann J, et al. Superconductivity in 5.0° twisted bilayer WSe2[J]. Nature, 2025, 637(8047): 839-845., articleTitle=Superconductivity in 5.0° twisted bilayer WSe2, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114262680797481, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708269444621203, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=550, issue=7675, pageStart=229, pageEnd=233, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[17], rfOrder=16, authorNames=Kang K, Lee K H, Han Y M, journalName=Nature, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Kang K, Lee K H, Han Y M, et al. Layer-by-layer assembly of two-dimensional materials into wafer-scale heterostructures[J]. Nature, 2017, 550(7675): 229-233., articleTitle=Layer-by-layer assembly of two-dimensional materials into wafer-scale heterostructures, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114262743712042, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708269444621203, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=591, issue=7850, pageStart=385, pageEnd=390, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[18], rfOrder=17, authorNames=Zhao B, Wan Z, Liu Y, journalName=Nature, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhao B, Wan Z, Liu Y, et al. High-order superlattices by rolling up van der Waals heterostructures[J]. Nature, 2021, 591(7850): 385-390., articleTitle=High-order superlattices by rolling up van der Waals heterostructures, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114262806626603, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708269444621203, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=632, issue=8026, pageStart=782, pageEnd=787, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[19], rfOrder=18, authorNames=Liu C, Wang X Z, Shen C, journalName=Nature, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Liu C, Wang X Z, Shen C, et al. A hot-emitter transistor based on stimulated emission of heated carriers[J]. Nature, 2024, 632(8026): 782-787., articleTitle=A hot-emitter transistor based on stimulated emission of heated carriers, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114262877929772, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708269444621203, doi=10.1038/s41565-021-00963-8, pmid=34475559, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=16, issue=11, pageStart=1201, pageEnd=1207, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[20], rfOrder=19, authorNames=Li T T, Guo W, Ma L, journalName=Nature Nanotechnology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Li T T, Guo W, Ma L, et al. Epitaxial growth of wafer-scale molybdenum disulfide semiconductor single crystals on sapphire[J]. Nature Nanotechnology, 2021, 16(11): 1201-1207., articleTitle=Epitaxial growth of wafer-scale molybdenum disulfide semiconductor single crystals on sapphire, refAbstract=Two-dimensional (2D) semiconductors, in particular transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDCs), have attracted great interest in extending Moore's law beyond silicon. However, despite extensive efforts, the growth of wafer-scale TMDC single crystals on scalable and industry-compatible substrates has not been well demonstrated. Here we demonstrate the epitaxial growth of 2 inch (~50 mm) monolayer molybdenum disulfide (MoS) single crystals on a C-plane sapphire. We designed the miscut orientation towards the A axis (C/A) of sapphire, which is perpendicular to the standard substrates. Although the change of miscut orientation does not affect the epitaxial relationship, the resulting step edges break the degeneracy of nucleation energy for the antiparallel MoS domains and lead to more than a 99% unidirectional alignment. A set of microscopies, spectroscopies and electrical measurements consistently showed that the MoS is single crystalline and has an excellent wafer-scale uniformity. We fabricated field-effect transistors and obtained a mobility of 102.6 cm V s and a saturation current of 450 μA μm, which are among the highest for monolayer MoS. A statistical analysis of 160 field-effect transistors over a centimetre scale showed a >94% device yield and a 15% variation in mobility. We further demonstrated the single-crystalline MoSe on C/A sapphire. Our method offers a general and scalable route to produce TMDC single crystals towards future electronics.© 2021. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited.), Reference(id=1242114262940844333, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708269444621203, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=613, issue=7943, pageStart=274, pageEnd=279, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[21], rfOrder=20, authorNames=Li W S, Gong X S, Yu Z H, journalName=Nature, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Li W S, Gong X S, Yu Z H, et al. Approaching the quantum limit in two-dimensional semiconductor contacts[J]. Nature, 2023, 613(7943): 274-279., articleTitle=Approaching the quantum limit in two-dimensional semiconductor contacts, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114263012147502, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708269444621203, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=557, issue=7707, pageStart=696, pageEnd=700, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[22], rfOrder=21, authorNames=Liu Y, Guo J, Zhu E B, journalName=Nature, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Liu Y, Guo J, Zhu E B, et al. Approaching the Schottky-Mott limit in van der Waals metal-semiconductor junctions[J]. Nature, 2018, 557(7707): 696-700., articleTitle=Approaching the Schottky-Mott limit in van der Waals metal-semiconductor junctions, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114263070867759, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708269444621203, doi=10.1126/science.aaw3780, pmid=31346139, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=365, issue=6453, pageStart=605, pageEnd=608, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[23], rfOrder=22, authorNames=Sharpe A L, Fox E J, Barnard A W, journalName=Science, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Sharpe A L, Fox E J, Barnard A W, et al. Emergent ferromagnetism near three-quarters filling in twisted bilayer graphene[J]. Science, 2019, 365(6453): 605-608., articleTitle=Emergent ferromagnetism near three-quarters filling in twisted bilayer graphene, refAbstract=When two sheets of graphene are stacked at a small twist angle, the resulting flat superlattice minibands are expected to strongly enhance electron-electron interactions. Here, we present evidence that near three-quarters ([Formula: see text]) filling of the conduction miniband, these enhanced interactions drive the twisted bilayer graphene into a ferromagnetic state. In a narrow density range around an apparent insulating state at [Formula: see text], we observe emergent ferromagnetic hysteresis, with a giant anomalous Hall (AH) effect as large as 10.4 kilohms and indications of chiral edge states. Notably, the magnetization of the sample can be reversed by applying a small direct current. Although the AH resistance is not quantized, and dissipation is present, our measurements suggest that the system may be an incipient Chern insulator.Copyright © 2019 The Authors, some rights reserved; exclusive licensee American Association for the Advancement of Science. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.), Reference(id=1242114264538874160, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708269444621203, doi=10.1126/science.aay5533, pmid=31857492, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=367, issue=6480, pageStart=900, pageEnd=903, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[24], rfOrder=23, authorNames=Serlin M, Tschirhart C L, Polshyn H, journalName=Science, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Serlin M, Tschirhart C L, Polshyn H, et al. Intrinsic quantized anomalous Hall effect in a moiré heterostructure[J]. Science, 2020, 367(6480): 900-903., articleTitle=Intrinsic quantized anomalous Hall effect in a moiré heterostructure, refAbstract=The quantum anomalous Hall (QAH) effect combines topology and magnetism to produce precisely quantized Hall resistance at zero magnetic field. We report the observation of a QAH effect in twisted bilayer graphene aligned to hexagonal boron nitride. The effect is driven by intrinsic strong interactions, which polarize the electrons into a single spin- and valley-resolved moiré miniband with Chern number = 1. In contrast to magnetically doped systems, the measured transport energy gap is larger than the Curie temperature for magnetic ordering, and quantization to within 0.1% of the von Klitzing constant persists to temperatures of several kelvin at zero magnetic field. Electrical currents as small as 1 nanoampere controllably switch the magnetic order between states of opposite polarization, forming an electrically rewritable magnetic memory.Copyright © 2020 The Authors, some rights reserved; exclusive licensee American Association for the Advancement of Science. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.), Reference(id=1242114264610177329, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708269444621203, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=13, issue=1, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[25], rfOrder=24, authorNames=Niu R R, Li Z X, Han X Y, journalName=Nature Communications, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Niu R R, Li Z X, Han X Y, et al. Giant ferroelectric polarization in a bilayer graphene heterostructure[J]. Nature Communications, 2022, 13(1): 6241, doi: 10.1038/s41467-022-34104-z., articleTitle=Giant ferroelectric polarization in a bilayer graphene heterostructure, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114264668897586, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708269444621203, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=600, issue=7890, pageStart=641, pageEnd=646, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[26], rfOrder=25, authorNames=Li T X, Jiang S W, Shen B W, journalName=Nature, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Li T X, Jiang S W, Shen B W, et al. Quantum anomalous Hall effect from intertwined moiré bands[J]. Nature, 2021, 600(7890): 641-646., articleTitle=Quantum anomalous Hall effect from intertwined moiré bands, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114264727617843, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708269444621203, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=132, issue=3, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[27], rfOrder=26, authorNames=Wang C, Zhang X W, Liu X, journalName=Physical Review Letters, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Wang C, Zhang X W, Liu X, et al. Fractional Chern insulator in twisted bilayer MoTe2[J]. Physical Review Letters, 2024, 132(3): 036501, doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.132.036501., articleTitle=Fractional Chern insulator in twisted bilayer MoTe2, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114264807309620, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708269444621203, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[28], rfOrder=27, authorNames=Lu Z G, Han T H, Yao Y X, journalName=arXiv preprint: 2309.17436, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Lu Z G, Han T H, Yao Y X, et al. Fractional quantum anomalous Hall effect in a graphene moire superlattice[DB/OL]. arXiv preprint: 2309.17436, 2023., articleTitle=Fractional quantum anomalous Hall effect in a graphene moire superlattice, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114264874418485, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708269444621203, doi=10.1038/s41578-019-0136-x, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=4, issue=null, pageStart=669, pageEnd=684, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[29], rfOrder=28, authorNames=Liu X L, Hersam M C, journalName=Nature Reviews Materials, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Liu X L, Hersam M C. 2D materials for quantum information science[J]. Nature Reviews Materials, 2019, 4: 669-684., articleTitle=2D materials for quantum information science, refAbstract=The transformation of digital computers from bulky machines to portable systems has been enabled by new materials and advanced processing technologies that allow ultrahigh integration of solid-state electronic switching devices. As this conventional scaling pathway has approached atomic-scale dimensions, the constituent nanomaterials (such as SiO2 gate dielectrics, poly-Si floating gates and Co-Cr-Pt ferromagnetic alloys) increasingly possess properties that are dominated by quantum physics. In parallel, quantum information science has emerged as an alternative to conventional transistor technology, promising new paradigms in computation, communication and sensing. The convergence between quantum materials properties and prototype quantum devices is especially apparent in the field of 2D materials, which offer a broad range of materials properties, high flexibility in fabrication pathways and the ability to form artificial states of quantum matter. In this Review, we discuss the quantum properties and potential of 2D materials as solid-state platforms for quantum-dot qubits, single-photon emitters, superconducting qubits and topological quantum computing elements. By focusing on the interplay between quantum physics and materials science, we identify key opportunities and challenges for the use of 2D materials in the field of quantum information science.), Reference(id=1242114264949915958, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708269444621203, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=13, issue=null, pageStart=031037, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[30], rfOrder=29, authorNames=Xu F, Sun Z, Jia T T, journalName=Physical Review X, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Xu F, Sun Z, Jia T T, et al. Observation of integer and fractional quantum anomalous Hall effects in twisted bilayer MoTe2[J]. Physical Review X, 2023, 13: 031037, doi: 10.1103/PhysRevX.13.031037., articleTitle=Observation of integer and fractional quantum anomalous Hall effects in twisted bilayer MoTe2, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114265008636215, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708269444621203, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=631, issue=8020, pageStart=300, pageEnd=306, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[31], rfOrder=30, authorNames=Li C S, Xu F, Li B H, journalName=Nature, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Li C S, Xu F, Li B H, et al. Tunable superconductivity in electron- and hole-doped Bernal bilayer graphene[J]. Nature, 2024, 631(8020): 300-306., articleTitle=Tunable superconductivity in electron- and hole-doped Bernal bilayer graphene, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114265075745080, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708269444621203, doi=10.1126/science.adj8272, pmid=38662836, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=384, issue=6694, pageStart=414, pageEnd=419, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[32], rfOrder=31, authorNames=Sha Y T, Zheng J, Liu K, journalName=Science, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Sha Y T, Zheng J, Liu K, et al. Observation of a Chern insulator in crystalline ABCA-tetralayer graphene with spin-orbit coupling[J]. Science, 2024, 384(6694): 414-419., articleTitle=Observation of a Chern insulator in crystalline ABCA-tetralayer graphene with spin-orbit coupling, refAbstract=Degeneracies in multilayer graphene, including spin, valley, and layer degrees of freedom, can be lifted by Coulomb interactions, resulting in rich broken-symmetry states. Here, we report a ferromagnetic state in charge-neutral ABCA-tetralayer graphene driven by proximity-induced spin-orbit coupling from adjacent tungsten diselenide. The ferromagnetic state is identified as a Chern insulator with a Chern number of 4; its maximum Hall resistance reaches 78% quantization at zero magnetic field and is fully quantized at either 0.4 or -1.5 tesla. Three distinct broken-symmetry insulating states, layer-antiferromagnet, Chern insulator, and layer-polarized insulator, along with their transitions, can be continuously tuned by the vertical displacement field. In this system, the magnetic order of the Chern insulator can be switched by three knobs, including magnetic field, electrical doping, and vertical displacement field.), Reference(id=1242114265138659641, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708269444621203, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=15, issue=1, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[33], rfOrder=32, authorNames=Zhou W Q, Ding J, Hua J N, journalName=Nature Communications, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhou W Q, Ding J, Hua J N, et al. Layer-polarized ferromagnetism in rhombohedral multilayer graphene[J]. Nature Communications, 2024, 15(1): 2597, doi: 10.1038/s41467-024-46913-5., articleTitle=Layer-polarized ferromagnetism in rhombohedral multilayer graphene, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114265205768506, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708269444621203, doi=10.1126/science.adq2977, pmid=39480948, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=386, issue=6721, pageStart=526, pageEnd=531, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[34], rfOrder=33, authorNames=Huang S Y, Yu B Y, Ma Y X, journalName=Science, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Huang S Y, Yu B Y, Ma Y X, et al. Bright dipolar excitons in twisted black phosphorus homostructures[J]. Science, 2024, 386(6721): 526-531., articleTitle=Bright dipolar excitons in twisted black phosphorus homostructures, refAbstract=Bright dipolar excitons, which contain electrical dipoles and have high oscillator strength, are an ideal platform for studying correlated quantum phenomena. They usually rely on carrier tunneling between two quantum wells or two layers to hybridize with nondipolar excitons to gain oscillator strength. In this work, we uncovered a new type of bright infrared dipolar exciton by stacking 90°-twisted black phosphorus (BP) structures. These excitons, inherent to the reconstructed band structure, exhibit high oscillator strength. Most importantly, they inherit the linear polarization from BP, which allows light polarization to be used to select the dipole direction. Moreover, the dipole moment and resonance energy can be widely tuned by the thickness of the BP. Our results demonstrate a useful platform for exploring tunable correlated dipolar excitons.), Reference(id=1242114265281265979, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708269444621203, doi=10.1038/s41565-024-01698-y, pmid=38965346, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=19, issue=7, pageStart=962, pageEnd=969, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[35], rfOrder=34, authorNames=Chen M Y, Xie Y Q, Cheng B, journalName=Nature Nanotechnology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Chen M Y, Xie Y Q, Cheng B, et al. Selective and quasi-continuous switching of ferroelectric Chern insulator devices for neuromorphic computing[J]. Nature Nanotechnology, 2024, 19(7): 962-969., articleTitle=Selective and quasi-continuous switching of ferroelectric Chern insulator devices for neuromorphic computing, refAbstract=Quantum materials exhibit dissipationless topological edge state transport with quantized Hall conductance, offering notable potential for fault-tolerant computing technologies. However, the development of topological edge state-based computing devices remains a challenge. Here we report the selective and quasi-continuous ferroelectric switching of topological Chern insulator devices, showcasing a proof-of-concept demonstration in noise-immune neuromorphic computing. We fabricate this ferroelectric Chern insulator device by encapsulating magic-angle twisted bilayer graphene with doubly aligned h-BN layers and observe the coexistence of the interfacial ferroelectricity and the topological Chern insulating states. The observed ferroelectricity exhibits an anisotropic dependence on the in-plane magnetic field. By tuning the amplitude of the gate voltage pulses, we achieve ferroelectric switching between any pair of Chern insulating states in the presence of a finite magnetic field, resulting in 1,280 ferroelectric states with distinguishable Hall resistance levels on a single device. Furthermore, we demonstrate deterministic switching between two arbitrary levels among the record-high number of ferroelectric states. This unique switching capability enables the implementation of a convolutional neural network resistant to external noise, utilizing the quantized Hall conductance levels of the Chern insulator device as weights. Our study provides a promising avenue towards the development of topological quantum neuromorphic computing, where functionality and performance can be drastically enhanced by topological quantum materials.© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited.), Reference(id=1242114265348374844, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708269444621203, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=15, issue=1, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[36], rfOrder=35, authorNames=Ding J, Xiang H X, Zhou W Q, journalName=Nature Communications, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Ding J, Xiang H X, Zhou W Q, et al. Engineering band structures of two-dimensional materials with remote moiré ferroelectricity[J]. Nature Communications, 2024, 15(1): 9087, doi: 10.1038/s41467-024-53440-w., articleTitle=Engineering band structures of two-dimensional materials with remote moiré ferroelectricity, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114265411289405, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708269444621203, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=131, issue=25, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[37], rfOrder=36, authorNames=Wu F F, Xu Q L, Wang Q Q, journalName=Physical Review Letters, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Wu F F, Xu Q L, Wang Q Q, et al. Giant correlated gap and possible room-temperature correlated states in twisted bilayer MoS2[J]. Physical Review Letters, 2023, 131(25): 256201, doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.131.256201., articleTitle=Giant correlated gap and possible room-temperature correlated states in twisted bilayer MoS2, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114265470009662, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708269444621203, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=1, issue=null, pageStart=130, pageEnd=136, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[38], rfOrder=37, authorNames=Wang M, Cai S H, Pan C, journalName=Nature Electronics, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Wang M, Cai S H, Pan C, et al. Robust memristors based on layered two-dimensional materials[J]. Nature Electronics, 2018, 1: 130-136., articleTitle=Robust memristors based on layered two-dimensional materials, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114265537118527, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708269444621203, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=6, issue=4, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[39], rfOrder=38, authorNames=Tang W H, Zhang X K, Yu H H, journalName=Small Methods, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Tang W H, Zhang X K, Yu H H, et al. A van der waals ferroelectric tunnel junction for ultrahigh-temperature operation memory[J]. Small Methods, 2022, 6(4): e2101583, doi: 10.1002/smtd.202101583., articleTitle=A van der waals ferroelectric tunnel junction for ultrahigh-temperature operation memory, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114265612616000, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708269444621203, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=19, issue=null, pageStart=372, pageEnd=378, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[40], rfOrder=39, authorNames=Tao R, Li L, Xie H Y, journalName=Nature Physics, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Tao R, Li L, Xie H Y, et al. Josephson-Coulomb drag effect between graphene and a LaAlO3/SrTiO3 superconductor[J]. Nature Physics, 2023, 19: 372-378., articleTitle=Josephson-Coulomb drag effect between graphene and a LaAlO3/SrTiO3 superconductor, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114265683919169, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708269444621203, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=19, issue=10, pageStart=1452, pageEnd=1459, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[41], rfOrder=40, authorNames=Wang J Y, Huang J W, Kaplan D, journalName=Nature Nanotechnology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Wang J Y, Huang J W, Kaplan D, et al. Even-integer quantum Hall effect in an oxide caused by a hidden Rashba effect[J]. Nature Nanotechnology, 2024, 19(10): 1452-1459., articleTitle=Even-integer quantum Hall effect in an oxide caused by a hidden Rashba effect, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114265742639426, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708269444621203, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=7, issue=null, pageStart=1117, pageEnd=1125, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[42], rfOrder=41, authorNames=Zhao S W, Huang J Q, Crépel V, journalName=Nature Electronics, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhao S W, Huang J Q, Crépel V, et al. Fractional quantum Hall phases in high-mobility n-type molybdenum disulfide transistors[J]. Nature Electronics, 2024, 7: 1117-1125., articleTitle=Fractional quantum Hall phases in high-mobility n-type molybdenum disulfide transistors, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114265813942595, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708269444621203, doi=10.1126/science.adh1506, pmid=37384701, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=380, issue=6652, pageStart=1367, pageEnd=1372, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[43], rfOrder=42, authorNames=Hu Q Y, Zhan Z, Cui H Y, journalName=Science, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Hu Q Y, Zhan Z, Cui H Y, et al. Observation of rydberg moiré excitons[J]. Science, 2023, 380(6652): 1367-1372., articleTitle=Observation of rydberg moiré excitons, refAbstract=Rydberg excitons, the solid-state counterparts of Rydberg atoms, have sparked considerable interest with regard to the harnessing of their quantum application potentials, but realizing their spatial confinement and manipulation poses a major challenge. Lately, the rise of two-dimensional moiré superlattices with highly tunable periodic potentials provides a possible pathway. Here, we experimentally demonstrate this capability through the spectroscopic evidence of Rydberg moiré excitons (X), which are moiré-trapped Rydberg excitons in monolayer semiconductor tungsten diselenide adjacent to twisted bilayer graphene. In the strong coupling regime, the X manifest as multiple energy splittings, pronounced red shift, and narrowed linewidth in the reflectance spectra, highlighting their charge-transfer character wherein electron-hole separation is enforced by strongly asymmetric interlayer Coulomb interactions. Our findings establish the excitonic Rydberg states as candidates for exploitation in quantum technologies.), Reference(id=1242114265893634372, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708269444621203, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=609, issue=7927, pageStart=479, pageEnd=484, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[44], rfOrder=43, authorNames=Li Q, Cheng B, Chen M Y, journalName=Nature, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Li Q, Cheng B, Chen M Y, et al. Tunable quantum criticalities in an isospin extended Hubbard model simulator[J]. Nature, 2022, 609(7927): 479-484., articleTitle=Tunable quantum criticalities in an isospin extended Hubbard model simulator, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114265952354629, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708269444621203, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=19, issue=null, pageStart=87, pageEnd=91, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[45], rfOrder=44, authorNames=Healey A J, Scholten S C, Yang T, journalName=Nature Physics, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Healey A J, Scholten S C, Yang T, et al. Quantum microscopy with van der Waals heterostructures[J]. Nature Physics, 2023, 19: 87-91., articleTitle=Quantum microscopy with van der Waals heterostructures, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114266032046406, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708269444621203, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=632, issue=8027, pageStart=1038, pageEnd=1044, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[46], rfOrder=45, authorNames=Tang H N, Wang Y T, Ni X Q, journalName=Nature, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Tang H N, Wang Y T, Ni X Q, et al. On-chip multi-degree-of-freedom control of two-dimensional materials[J]. Nature, 2024, 632(8027): 1038-1044., articleTitle=On-chip multi-degree-of-freedom control of two-dimensional materials, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114266082378055, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708269444621203, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=11, issue=1, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[47], rfOrder=46, authorNames=Zhang T Y, Wang H W, Xia X X, journalName=Light, Science & Applications, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhang T Y, Wang H W, Xia X X, et al. A monolithically sculpted van der Waals nano-opto-electro-mechanical coupler[J]. Light, Science & Applications, 2022, 11(1): 48, doi: 10.1038/s41377-022-00734-7., articleTitle=A monolithically sculpted van der Waals nano-opto-electro-mechanical coupler, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114266162069832, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708269444621203, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=3, issue=10, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[48], rfOrder=47, authorNames=Zhang Z Z, Song X X, Luo G, journalName=Science Advances, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhang Z Z, Song X X, Luo G, et al. Electrotunable artificial molecules based on van der Waals heterostructures[J]. Science Advances, 2017, 3(10): e1701699, doi: 10.1126/sciadv.1701699., articleTitle=Electrotunable artificial molecules based on van der Waals heterostructures, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114266216595785, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708269444621203, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=17, issue=11, pageStart=1153, pageEnd=1158, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[49], rfOrder=48, authorNames=Butseraen G, Ranadive A, Aparicio N, journalName=Nature Nanotechnology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Butseraen G, Ranadive A, Aparicio N, et al. A gate-tunable graphene Josephson parametric amplifier[J]. Nature Nanotechnology, 2022, 17(11): 1153-1158., articleTitle=A gate-tunable graphene Josephson parametric amplifier, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114266287898954, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708269444621203, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=17, issue=11, pageStart=1147, pageEnd=1152, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[50], rfOrder=49, authorNames=Sarkar J, Salunkhe K V, Mandal S, journalName=Nature Nanotechnology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Sarkar J, Salunkhe K V, Mandal S, et al. Quantum-noise-limited microwave amplification using a graphene Josephson junction[J]. Nature Nanotechnology, 2022, 17(11): 1147-1152., articleTitle=Quantum-noise-limited microwave amplification using a graphene Josephson junction, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114266346619211, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708269444621203, doi=10.1038/s41565-018-0329-2, pmid=30598526, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=14, issue=2, pageStart=120, pageEnd=125, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[51], rfOrder=50, authorNames=Wang J I, Rodan-Legrain D, Bretheau L, journalName=Nature Nanotechnology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Wang J I, Rodan-Legrain D, Bretheau L, et al. Coherent control of a hybrid superconducting circuit made with graphene-based van der Waals heterostructures[J]. Nature Nanotechnology, 2019, 14(2): 120-125., articleTitle=Coherent control of a hybrid superconducting circuit made with graphene-based van der Waals heterostructures, refAbstract=Quantum coherence and control is foundational to the science and engineering of quantum systems. In van der Waals materials, the collective coherent behaviour of carriers has been probed successfully by transport measurements. However, temporal coherence and control, as exemplified by manipulating a single quantum degree of freedom, remains to be verified. Here we demonstrate such coherence and control of a superconducting circuit incorporating graphene-based Josephson junctions. Furthermore, we show that this device can be operated as a voltage-tunable transmon qubit, whose spectrum reflects the electronic properties of massless Dirac fermions travelling ballistically. In addition to the potential for advancing extensible quantum computing technology, our results represent a new approach to studying van der Waals materials using microwave photons in coherent quantum circuits.), Reference(id=1242114266405339468, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708269444621203, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=17, issue=12, pageStart=1272, pageEnd=1279, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[52], rfOrder=51, authorNames=Wang Y N, Gao X, Yang K N, journalName=Nature Nanotechnology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Wang Y N, Gao X, Yang K N, et al. Quantum Hall phase in graphene engineered by interfacial charge coupling[J]. Nature Nanotechnology, 2022, 17(12): 1272-1279., articleTitle=Quantum Hall phase in graphene engineered by interfacial charge coupling, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114266476642637, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708269444621203, doi=null, pmid=37689704, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=14, issue=null, pageStart=5550, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[53], rfOrder=52, authorNames=Lu X, Zhang S H, Wang Y N, journalName=Nature Communications, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Lu X, Zhang S H, Wang Y N, et al. Synergistic correlated states and nontrivial topology in coupled graphene-insulator heterostructures[J]. Nature Communications, 2023, 14: 5550, doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-41293-8., articleTitle=Synergistic correlated states and nontrivial topology in coupled graphene-insulator heterostructures, refAbstract=Graphene has aroused great attention due to the intriguing properties associated with its low-energy Dirac Hamiltonian. When graphene is coupled with a correlated insulating substrate, electronic states that cannot be revealed in either individual layer may emerge in a synergistic manner. Here, we theoretically study the correlated and topological states in Coulomb-coupled and gate-tunable graphene-insulator heterostructures. By electrostatically aligning the electronic bands, charge carriers transferred between graphene and the insulator can yield a long-wavelength electronic crystal at the interface, exerting a superlattice Coulomb potential on graphene and generating topologically nontrivial subbands. This coupling can further boost electron-electron interaction effects in graphene, leading to a spontaneous bandgap formation at the Dirac point and interaction-enhanced Fermi velocity. Reciprocally, the electronic crystal at the interface is substantially stabilized with the help of cooperative interlayer Coulomb coupling. We propose a number of substrate candidates for graphene to experimentally demonstrate these effects.© 2023. Springer Nature Limited.)], funds=[Fund(id=1242114261376368918, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708269444621203, awardId=12450003, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(12450003), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1242114261439283479, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708269444621203, awardId=62375160, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(62375160), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1242114261502198040, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708269444621203, awardId=92265203, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(92265203), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1242114257278533863, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708269444621203, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242114257286922472, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708269444621203, companyId=1242114257278533863, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1. State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics Technologies and Devices, Institute of Optoelectronics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242114257295311081, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708269444621203, companyId=1242114257278533863, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1.山西大学光电研究所,光量子技术与器件全国重点实验室,太原 030006)]), AuthorCompany(id=1242114257366614250, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708269444621203, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242114257375002859, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708269444621203, companyId=1242114257366614250, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2. Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242114257383391468, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708269444621203, companyId=1242114257366614250, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2.山西大学极端光学协同创新中心,太原 030006)]), AuthorCompany(id=1242114257450500333, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708269444621203, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242114257454694638, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708269444621203, companyId=1242114257450500333, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3. Liaoning Academy of Materials, Shenyang 110167, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242114257463083247, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708269444621203, companyId=1242114257450500333, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3.辽宁材料实验室,沈阳 110167)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1242114260130660614, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708269444621203, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Method for direct transfer of metal electrodes onto two-dimensional electronic devices, figureFileSmall=fjJzVQwg+8KdV1M+N8hiOw==, figureFileBig=mtHg1+za8gf6z5GCKtyQ/w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242114260201963783, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708269444621203, language=CN, label=图1, caption=直接转移金属电极接触二维电子器件的方法, figureFileSmall=fjJzVQwg+8KdV1M+N8hiOw==, figureFileBig=mtHg1+za8gf6z5GCKtyQ/w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242114260382318856, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708269444621203, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Concept of applying quantized conducting edge states in quantum information processing, figureFileSmall=I5nwSlWXQdIG5Zj9neOfow==, figureFileBig=GUAnfGnE6kKRZd9mrKgAsw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242114260436844809, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708269444621203, language=CN, label=图2, caption=量子化导电边界态在量子信息处理应用设想

SC:Superconductivity,超导;TSC:Topological Superconductivity,拓扑超导;σ为编织算子;B为磁场。

, figureFileSmall=I5nwSlWXQdIG5Zj9neOfow==, figureFileBig=GUAnfGnE6kKRZd9mrKgAsw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242114260495565066, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708269444621203, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Fractional quantization of quantum anomalous Hall effect in twisted molybdenum ditelluride systems, figureFileSmall=X4B8zArh/cq5dG/V4DsZ2Q==, figureFileBig=AsrC9OaKcFwwolsv+2wz9w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242114260554285323, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708269444621203, language=CN, label=图3, caption=转角碲化钼体系中的分数量子化的量子反常霍尔效应

T为温度;D为垂直电位移场;v为摩尔填充因子;ρxx为霍尔电阻。

, figureFileSmall=X4B8zArh/cq5dG/V4DsZ2Q==, figureFileBig=AsrC9OaKcFwwolsv+2wz9w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242114260621394188, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708269444621203, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Integer quantum Hall effect in few-layer black phosphorus/boron nitride heterostructure devices, figureFileSmall=zUruCVCx0+TJjAUmmE4qQg==, figureFileBig=2k0jV+CNpmd/Lh27uYmxYg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242114260688503053, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708269444621203, language=CN, label=图4, caption=少层黑磷/氮化硼异质结器件中的整数量子霍尔效应

RxxRxy分别为横向电阻和霍尔电阻;nH为面载流子浓度。

, figureFileSmall=zUruCVCx0+TJjAUmmE4qQg==, figureFileBig=2k0jV+CNpmd/Lh27uYmxYg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242114260751417614, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708269444621203, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Rydberg moiré excitons in monolayer tungsten selenide, figureFileSmall=hE6m2U8dpaDdNCn8boATJw==, figureFileBig=OcaOBISPEfXQ0fCSfL31wQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242114260822720783, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708269444621203, language=CN, label=图5, caption=单层硒化钨中的里德堡莫尔激子

n为载流子浓度;ns,为满填充载流子浓度;|Eshift|为能量位移幅度;nAAnAB/BA分别为AA (AB/BA)位置的载流子浓度。

, figureFileSmall=hE6m2U8dpaDdNCn8boATJw==, figureFileBig=OcaOBISPEfXQ0fCSfL31wQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242114260889829648, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708269444621203, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=Application of two-dimensional atomic crystal heterostructures as quantum sensor, figureFileSmall=cK07ARuzlEzBymA4svgqCA==, figureFileBig=W5lHmbNfmxW6GhSa2BANAA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242114260961132817, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708269444621203, language=CN, label=图6, caption=二维原子晶体异质结作为量子传感器应用示例

PL:Photoluminescence,光致发光;MW:Microwave,微波;MEMS:微机电系统Microelectromechanical System;SU-8:Styrene-based Ultraviolet Curable Epox,一种光刻胶。

, figureFileSmall=cK07ARuzlEzBymA4svgqCA==, figureFileBig=W5lHmbNfmxW6GhSa2BANAA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242114261040824594, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708269444621203, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=Semiconductor quantum dots of two-dimensional atomic crystal of molybdenum disulfide, figureFileSmall=xTboFxgh8VkPCqkhaAYRow==, figureFileBig=W2Exk8h3BOUC+M8C54sUXg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242114261107933459, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708269444621203, language=CN, label=图7, caption=硫化钼二维原子晶体半导体量子点

VLBVRBVDM分别为不同区域位置的底栅电压;VSDISD分别为源漏电压和源漏电流;f为分数峰劈裂,f=2δS/δPδS为测量得到的顶点间的对焦劈裂;δP为顶点对之间的距离;D、S分别为源极和漏极。

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二维原子晶体异质结量子器件研究进展及发展建议
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李小茜 1, 2, 3, , 韩拯 1, 2, 3
前瞻科技 | 综述与述评 2025,4(1): 36-48
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前瞻科技 | 综述与述评 2025, 4(1): 36-48
二维原子晶体异质结量子器件研究进展及发展建议
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李小茜1, 2, 3, , 韩拯1, 2, 3
作者信息
  • 1.山西大学光电研究所,光量子技术与器件全国重点实验室,太原 030006
  • 2.山西大学极端光学协同创新中心,太原 030006
  • 3.辽宁材料实验室,沈阳 110167
  • 李小茜,山西大学光电研究所特聘副教授,辽宁材料实验室兼聘研究员。主要从事新型二维纳米人工复合体系研究。在Science、Nature Communications等期刊发表多篇论文。电子信箱:

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Research Progress and Development Recommendations on Quantum Devices Based on Two-Dimensional Atomic Crystal Heterostructures
Xiaoxi LI1, 2, 3, , Zheng Vitto HAN1, 2, 3
Affiliations
  • 1. State Key Laboratory of Quantum Optics Technologies and Devices, Institute of Optoelectronics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
  • 2. Collaborative Innovation Center of Extreme Optics, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
  • 3. Liaoning Academy of Materials, Shenyang 110167, China
出版时间: 2025-03-20 doi: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2025.01.004
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概述了全球在二维原子晶体异质结材料和器件领域,纳米电子技术和量子技术的应用探索。系统介绍了该领域近期的主要实验成果和科学进展,分析当前二维原子晶体量子器件面临的挑战,对未来的量子计算用材料或电路支撑及量子精密测量的发展提出建议。最后展望了二维原子晶体异质结量子器件的发展趋势,以期为后续研究提供参考。

二维原子晶体  /  二维异质结  /  微纳电子学  /  量子器件

Focusing on two-dimensional atomic crystal heterostructures and devices, this paper first provids a brief analysis of the emerging applications of nanotechnology and quantum technology of various countries in this field. It then systematically introduces the major experimental results and scientific progress in this field, analyzes the challenges faced by current two-dimensional atomic crystal quantum devices, and offers recommendations for the development of materials and circuits for future quantum computing and quantum precision measurement. Finally, the paper draws conclusions and predicted the future trend of current quantum devices based on two-dimensional atomic crystal heterostructures, providing a reference for subsequent research on quantum devices based on two-dimensional atomic crystal heterostructures.

two-dimensional atomic crystal  /  two-dimensional heterostructure  /  micro- and nano-electronics  /  quantum device
李小茜, 韩拯. 二维原子晶体异质结量子器件研究进展及发展建议. 前瞻科技, 2025 , 4 (1) : 36 -48 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2025.01.004
Xiaoxi LI, Zheng Vitto HAN. Research Progress and Development Recommendations on Quantum Devices Based on Two-Dimensional Atomic Crystal Heterostructures[J]. Science and Technology Foresight, 2025 , 4 (1) : 36 -48 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2025.01.004
在原子层次材料体系中,二维原子晶体的研究近年来尤受关注。以单层原子为基元,自下而上构建新材料、新结构与新器件,是研究新奇物理效应与发展新型量子技术的重要研究方向之一。
二维原子晶体材料开放洁净的界面、丰富的材料基础(已知有5 000余种二维原子晶体[1]),已成为目前最小的“乐高”积木。人们将不同材料的原子层逐层堆叠,通过控制层数、层叠顺序、层间旋转角度等自由度,可以自下而上构建自然界中从未有过的纳米异质结超材料。这些看似简单的纳米结构,却常常展现出新奇的物理特性,是传统材料无法比拟的优秀物理性能研究平台。
现今,二维原子晶体异质结已发展成为一门新兴学科,其变幻无穷的结构组合,简洁高效的量子效应调控,极大丰富和拓展了人类对物质科学的认知。开展此方面研究,将牵引未来先进量子探测、量子模拟、新概念纳电子学器件等前瞻技术的发展和潜在应用,深刻改变低维材料科学的研究范式,并有望在不久的将来产生更加影响深远的颠覆性技术。
20年前,石墨烯(以及后来更多二维原子晶体材料)单原子层通过透明胶带剥离方法横空出世,自此拉开了二维原子晶体的研究新篇章[2]。相比传统外延异质结量子阱二维电子系统,二维原子晶体材料简单易获取;其表面开放而稳定、界面耦合形式多样且无需外延晶格匹配。
美国科学家在尝试为石墨烯寻找更平整的衬底并借此获得更高载流子迁移率时,率先发展了一种将湿法转移的少层石墨烯放置于少层六方氮化硼的方法[3]。后来,美国科学家进一步将这种方法优化成为透明聚合物辅助的干式垂直堆叠,获得了超高质量的石墨烯/氮化硼异质结,载流子迁移率可达百万cm2/(V·s-1)以上[4]。随后,美国和瑞士科学家几乎同时期成功制备了具有本征带隙的二维半导体:硫化钼原子层晶体管[5]
这种几个原子层厚、微米级别横向尺寸的晶体管,具备传统半导体没有的能谷等量子特性,在光电物理方面大放异彩。世界各国迅速拉开激烈竞争的序幕,中国科学家与美国科学家进一步分离出了黑磷二维原子晶体半导体[6]。随后,锑烯、硒烯等半导体二维原子晶体,Fe3GeTe2等磁性二维材料,CuInP2S6等铁电二维材料,重掺杂MoS2、NbSe2等伊辛二维超导体等二维原子晶体功能材料[7-9]得到广泛关注。
随着研究的不断深入,人们发现二维原子晶体垂直堆叠在获得新型多层异质结的同时,可以产生更多丰富的物理现象[10]。例如,美国科学家发现当六方氮化硼与石墨烯对齐时,由于两者轻微的晶格失配(约为1.8%)界面处会形成最大约14 nm周期的莫尔超晶格[11]。这些超晶格产生的周期势能够有效重构石墨烯能带结构,在高掺杂处构成新的迷你狄拉克点,在磁场下显示出理论预测的“Hofstadter蝴蝶”分形能谱[12]
很快,美国研究组迅速找到了一种实现平带物理的新方法,当两片石墨烯以一个特定转角堆叠在一起时,存在一系列角度的奇点(例如1.1°,又称魔角(Magic Angle)),可以让该体系中狄拉克点附近的非相互作用费米速度降为0,并形成能量宽度只有几十meV的超平能带(Flat Band)[13]。电子在这条平带里几乎没有色散,有效质量得到极大增强,因而产生前所未见的平带超导或平带绝缘体等关联效应[14-15]。至此,基于二维原子晶体垂直旋转异质结的全新学科已经发展成熟,称为转角电子学。
近年来,通过精准设计和调控二维材料之间的界面耦合效应,极大地提升并扩展了量子器件的性能和功能,致使二维原子晶体异质结量子器件在诸多前沿领域崭露头角,包括但不限于拓扑电子学、低功耗量子计算、精密量子测量等。中国在二维原子晶体异质结量子器件方面也产生了大量代表世界先进水平的基础研究成果。目前,以北京、上海、湖南、合肥、南京、太原、沈阳等地区的高校与研究所为主要中心,在二维原子晶体异质结的生长制备、逻辑电子器件、量子精密测量与量子信息等领域取得了突出实效,演示了极端条件下的若干前沿应用,并为未来量子信息技术打下了基础。
自二维原子晶体异质结发展以来,如何获取高品质的量子器件便是科学家们追求的目标。高品质的量子器件不仅要求材料具有优异的电子、光学和力学性能,还需要确保其界面质量、晶格匹配及材料层间的有效耦合。二维原子晶体异质结量子器件的制备可通过以下两种方法获取:①人工垂直堆叠。通过精密的转移工艺(如干法/湿法转移等)将二维原子晶体逐层转移实现原子级的精确对接,以形成高质量的异质结构。②自下而上化学生长。通过化学气相沉积(Chemical Vapor Deposition, CVD)或液相沉积等技术在基底上构筑异质结,具有较好的可扩展性与生产效率。
近年来,二维原子晶体异质结的制备工艺已经取得了诸多进展。美国科学家采用干式转移法制备了最多9层的转角WSe2异质结量子器件,实现了最高临界温度为426 mK的超导电性[16]。美国科学家采用程序化真空堆叠工艺制备了具有极高空间均匀性和原始界面的晶圆级半导体异质结[17]。湖南大学通过卷曲范德华异质结构制备了高质量的高阶超晶格[18]。中国科学院金属研究所利用锗与石墨烯复合器件,实现了亚阈值摆幅超越玻尔兹曼极限的热发射晶体管[19]。复旦大学、中国科学院物理研究所研究组采用化学气相沉积的硫化钼等二维半导体实现了一系列逻辑电路[20-21]
此外,值得提出的是,在垂直堆叠二维异质结量子器件制备方面,以湖南大学为代表的研究人员发展了转移电极的方法[22]。如图1[22]所示,采用聚二甲基硅氧烷(Polydimethylsiloxane, PMDS)辅助将金属电极转移至位于聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(Polymethyl Methacrylate, PMMA)上的MoS2片材表面。相比传统镀膜工艺,该实验中的直接金属转移技术能够实现更好的欧姆接触。这些生长及工艺制备技术进展,为基于二维原子晶体的量子器件研究,提供了坚实的材料基础。
转角电子学的快速发展为二维原子晶体异质结量子器件的研究提供了前所未有的实验平台。通过巧妙设计不同材料的堆叠角度,异质结的电子性质得以精准有效调控。在平带区域中,关联量子效应的出现使得物性调控成为可能,如果进一步打破C2z对称性,这些由不到1 nm厚的二维材料层叠而成的人工结构中还会展现出拓扑非平庸的能带特性,催生出新型量子态,如轨道磁性[23]、量子反常霍尔态[24]、滑移铁电[25]等。
近年来,MoSe2/WSe2转角[26]、MoTe2转角[27]、5层菱方石墨烯与氮化硼对齐[28]等体系纷纷展示出整数甚至分数量子化的反常量子霍尔效应,向未来拓扑量子计算的可能实现迈进了一大步。要知道,量子反常霍尔效应借助拓扑性质,不需要外磁场即可获得量子化的导电边界态,有望与超导材料结合实现非阿贝尔统计的量子计算(图2[29])。这一物态过去只能在非常少的磁性掺杂拓扑绝缘体材料中被观测到(中国物理学家薛其坤团队实现了量子反常霍尔效应的首次实验观测)。
中国转角电子学研究与美国起步时间相比,早期的石墨烯魔角平带和拓扑电子态略滞后一些。但近年来涌现了一批领先的基础研究成果。例如,上海交通大学研究人员率先在转角碲化钼体系中实现了理论预测的分数量子化的量子反常霍尔效应(零磁场下的分数陈绝缘体,如图3[30]所示)。值得注意的是,转角碲化钼体系中的整数量子反常霍尔态也具备比传统磁性掺杂拓扑绝缘体更高的温度。这一发现有望推动拓扑量子计算的发展。上海交通大学研究人员还发现了硒化钨近邻异质结中AB-堆叠石墨烯的超导行为[31]和ABC-堆叠的陈绝缘体[32]。西湖大学研究人员在7层ABC-堆叠的菱方石墨烯中观测到上下表层平带脱耦合现象,以及垂直电场极化诱发的铁磁性[33]。复旦大学研究人员在黑鳞转角体系中发现层间极化亮激子[34]
转角电子学体系中,滑移铁电也是近年来的研究热点,有实验认为该型铁电有可能存在电子关联效应。北京大学研究人员分别在双层石墨烯异质结器件中发现巨大铁电极化效应[25]。南京大学和南京理工大学研究人员在转角双层石墨烯与氮化硼双重对齐的异质结体系中观测到陈绝缘体与铁电极化共存效应,并借此实现了基于量子效应的神经元计算原型器件[35]。西湖大学研究人员设计转角WSe2的莫尔铁电周期势,并用来调控石墨烯能带[36]
此外,中国科学院物理研究所、松山湖材料实验室的研究人员发现60°附近转角硫化钼可以展现出高至室温的关联绝缘态,为室温下的未来平带量子光电器件研究创造了可能[37]
二维原子晶体异质结电子器件在极端条件,如高温、极低温、强磁场、强辐照等条件下具有极大的应用潜力。
二维原子晶体具有优异的热稳定性和低热膨胀系数,使其异质结在高温环境下能够维持优良的结构稳定性。例如,南京大学研究人员演示的Graphene/MoS2-xOx/Graphene异质结忆阻器可在340 ℃高温下工作[38]。北京科技大学团队报道了使用少层α-In2Se3构建了在室温和高温(高达470 K)下均具有出色和可靠性能的范德华铁电隧道结存储器[39]
在低温电子学方面,由于尺寸效应二维原子晶体展示出与传统材料不同的量子效应。中国研究人员演示了约50 K居里温度的二维原子晶体异质结铁磁半导体场效应晶体管,并在低温下研究了基于二维原子晶体/超导异质结的约瑟夫森库伦拖拽效应[40]。特别地,强磁场和极低温下,高迁移率二维电子气将表现出量子霍尔效应,也即一种由基本物理量普朗克常数和元电荷决定的量子化导电边界态。能够实现整数或分数量子化导电边界态的材料体系包括朗道能级图像下的量子阱二维电子气、石墨烯,以及拓扑非平庸的磁性掺杂拓扑绝缘体、转角平带拓扑二维原子晶体异质结等。中国研究人员在一系列高迁移率二维原子晶体半导体中观测到整数量子霍尔效应。例如,复旦大学研究人员在少层黑磷中观测到整数量子霍尔效应(图4[6])。北京大学、北京石墨烯研究院的科研人员在Bi2O2Se高迁移率晶体管中观测到整数量子霍尔态[41]。辽宁材料实验室研究人员在二维窗口接触的硫化钼异质结器件中观测到分数量子霍尔效应[42]
基于二维原子晶体异质结的量子精密测量传感器正在成为全球关注的焦点。中国研究人员利用小角度转角的双层石墨烯产生的莫尔周期势来局域并调控单层硒化钨中里德堡激子态(图5[43]),这一概念可用来设计新型的固态量子模拟和量子传感器件。南京大学与南京理工大学的研究人员通过设计手性堆叠的两层AB堆叠石墨烯量子模拟器,观测到钉扎在该莫尔超晶格上的一种特殊的电子晶体态——广义同位旋维格纳晶体。借助垂直电场对电子关联强度的调节,进一步实现了可调量子临界行为[44]
此外,奥地利科学家研发了基于二维原子晶体中量子点缺陷的自旋成像传感器(图6(a)[45]);美国科学家发展了纳机电系统(Nano-Electromechanical System, NEMS)片上集成的三维-二维多尺度异维结构量子系统(图6(b)[46])。山西大学研究人员利用二维原子晶体异质结可便捷地将绝缘二维功能材料(铁磁、半导体等)与导电二维材料(石墨烯等)包覆于异质结中,同时保持力学共振频率在0.1 GHz左右,实现了超快黑体辐射、磁场传感等多功能纳米光机电耦合系统[47]
半导体量子点是构成量子比特的重要材料基础,因其优异的电子离域性和可调控性,已经成为量子计算领域的核心研究对象之一。中国科学技术大学研究人员采用氮化硼封装技术,有效减少了量子点结构中的杂质、缺陷等,在硫化钼二维半导体中实现了全电学可控的双量子点结构。在极低温下,双量子点体系的点间电子隧穿可以通过电极电压单调的调控,实现了人造原子到人造分子的电学可控调制(图7[48])。此外,基于二维原子晶体异质结的量子计算方面的比特构建或辅助电路也得到世界各国持续关注。例如,法国和印度科学家几乎同时期发展了利用二维原子超导体栅极可调特性实现的超导参量放大器[49-50],可在5~6 GHz频率附近实现射频信号放大;美国在基于二维原子晶体异质结的量子比特等方面的研究[51]至今处于领先地位。
前文介绍了若干由二维原子晶体转角带来的实空间莫尔超晶格,并产生了一系列新奇量子电子态。实际上,从库伦相互作用角度构成一个关联强度可原位调控的“电荷调制超晶格”,能够脱离固态材料莫尔斑纹的限制,并进一步借此实现更加多元、丰富的物理现象。显然,电荷密度波(Charge Density Wave)或维格纳晶体(Wigner Crystal)在空间上排列成的周期格子波长可在纳米到数十纳米范围,可以成为备选。山西大学研究人员发现,单层石墨烯与CrOCl垂直复合系统中(图8[52]),的确可能存在一种界面准二维电子调制超晶格。这种长程序超周期能够进一步加强石墨烯电子自身的电子关联,使得电中性点附近的狄拉克电子费米速度大幅增大并且打开带隙。值得一提的是,在这个界面耦合相中,横向电导量子化可以在很小的磁场下发生,并且该行为可维持到液氮温度以上,具有极强的鲁棒性。例如,77 K温度下,该体系实现±2填充系数的横向电导量子化平台所需要的磁场可低至0.35 T(该磁场强度由一般永磁体提供即可),为目前最低记录[52]
显而易见,量子器件在二维原子晶体异质结中得到了蓬勃的发展,尤其是近年来制备工艺技术与测量手段的不断完善与发展。中国当前在二维原子晶体异质结量子器件领域中研究处于国际领先地位,但也仍面临诸多挑战。
(1)异质结制备方面。虽然当前已能够获得高质量的二维原子晶体异质结,在控制材料质量、尺寸和层数方面仍存在困难。例如,机械剥离法虽然可以获得高质量的单层材料,但其尺寸和层数难以控制,且标定位置严重耗时;CVD虽然可以实现大面积生长,但材料质量和均匀性仍需提高。要实现二维原子晶体异质结在实际应用中的功能化和集成化,需要高效、无损、可规模化的材料集成方法。
(2)界面质量的控制。首先,二维材料的界面质量直接影响异质结的性能。在制备过程中,界面可能受到污染或引入缺陷,导致性能下降。例如,材料转移和堆叠过程中,界面可能被污染,影响器件性能。此外,二维原子晶体的转角器件的制备,尤其是小角度转角体系,也面临诸多挑战。当前的制备方法通常伴随着操作复杂、经验性强、产率低等限制因素,且层间界面极易受自整定、应力等因素影响,发生重构,造成角度偏差。再有,对于二维半导体材料而言,电极接触问题仍是当前亟待解决的难题。
(3)精密测量与理论支撑。随着量子器件的不断深入发展,更高精度的测量与调控手段的需求日渐明显。开发更高精度的测量仪器可进一步推进量子器件中量子态的精密测量与动态调控。二维原子晶体异质结的量子行为通常为多体效应,如何设计适用于量子物理的高效算法与物理模型,精准描述系统中多体相互作用,并兼顾理论计算效率和准确性,是二维原子晶体异质结量子器件研究中的一个重要课题。
1)推动先进人工智能制造工艺研发
先进制造工艺的研发对于未来量子器件的发展至关重要,当前面临二维原子晶体异质结的制备工艺复杂、重复率差等挑战。人工智能无疑是当前大数据时代的一项超级生产工具,利用计算机视觉与机器学习,能够在硬件层面代替人工进行复杂且重复的高通量劳动,同时提高微纳加工的精确度与成功率,实现高通量制备高质量二维原子晶体异质结。
2)新材料与新结构的持续探索
目前二维原子晶体的种类与异质结的结构组合仍在不断更新当中。基于新材料的经典异质结构集成、传统材料的创新结构调控或者新材料的创新结构探索可为量子器件的设计与功能实现提供全新的物理平台。例如,在量子计算领域,将拓扑非平庸的量子化边界态(尤其是转角拓扑平带体系,目前已知的有MoTe2转角、石墨烯转角、菱方石墨烯与氮化硼对齐、AB-堆叠MoTe2/WSe2异质结等)与超导的耦合,寻找复合非阿贝尔统计的准粒子,进一步构建拓扑超导量子比特。此外,在大数据中寻找建立异质结的堆叠次序、旋转角度、材料选择与最终新奇物理特性之间的构效关系,预测新材料与新结构,也是中国二维原子晶体异质结量子器件的未来发展方向之一。
3)发展电荷调制超晶格
电荷由相互作用引起的长程序超晶格,理论上存在可调的空间周期和对称性,如果满足一定的对称破缺,将有可能给体系带来非平庸拓扑态[53]。量子超晶格如果能给置于上方的二维电子气带来更丰富和新奇的量子电子物态(如拓扑平带等),将会是一种颠覆性的材料平台。因为它不需要特定角度的转角对齐,还能连续在相互作用强度的参数空间里获得不同的量子电子态,同时可与超导、磁性等物态耦合和交互,有望在物质学科中产生有趣的非常规物理现象。
4)聚焦量子精密测量与量子传感应用
在未来二维原子晶体异质结量子器件的研究中,中国需要重点布局量子精密测量与量子传感。例如,采用量子点缺陷作为纠缠单光子源发生器、精密磁性传感器是一个重要研究方向。二维原子晶体异质结还可以用来产生太赫兹光或作为光学倍频晶体来提供可进行片上集成的光源。此外,二维原子晶体异质结在NEMS系统、扫描探针技术、量子霍尔电阻标准、极端条件下量子测量等领域,也具有广阔的应用前景。
短短20年,基于二维原子晶体异质结的量子器件研究取得了令人瞩目的进展,为量子科学与技术领域带来了革命性的发展。这些异质结通过将不同类型的二维材料精确堆叠,构建出具有独特量子特性的界面和结构,揭示了全新的物理现象和应用潜力。特别是在转角平带关联物态的发现中,魔角石墨烯等材料展现出强关联电子行为,为探索非常规超导、电荷密度波及量子反常霍尔效应等前沿领域提供了宝贵的平台。这些成果不仅深化了对凝聚态物理的基础理解,也为下一代量子材料的设计和开发提供了指导。
与此同时,二维异质结在量子精密测量和量子传感中的应用潜力正在迅速显现。借助其高灵敏度和高稳定性的特点,这些材料被用于开发极其灵敏的电场、磁场、应变及温度传感器,为探索极端环境下的物理现象和提升实验精度提供了前所未有的可能性。此外,基于二维量子点、量子缺陷等结构的器件在量子态的操控和读取方面展现出独特优势,为实现高性能的量子传感技术奠定了基础。在量子计算领域,二维原子晶体异质结亦被视为潜在的革命性材料平台。
展望未来,中国基于二维异质结的量子器件研究正处于快速发展的关键节点。通过引入更多样化的材料组合、优化界面控制技术及开发新型实验与计算方法,有望发现更多具有奇异量子现象的体系,并进一步推动其实用化进程。尤其是在实现高性能量子传感器和拓扑量子计算设备方面,该领域蕴藏着广阔的机遇和挑战。
  • 国家自然科学基金(12450003)
  • 国家自然科学基金(62375160)
  • 国家自然科学基金(92265203)
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doi: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2025.01.004
  • 接收时间:2025-01-10
  • 出版时间:2025-03-20
  • 发布时间:2025-03-27
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  • 收稿日期:2025-01-10
  • 修回日期:2025-02-18
基金
国家自然科学基金(12450003)
国家自然科学基金(62375160)
国家自然科学基金(92265203)
作者信息
    1.山西大学光电研究所,光量子技术与器件全国重点实验室,太原 030006
    2.山西大学极端光学协同创新中心,太原 030006
    3.辽宁材料实验室,沈阳 110167

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表12种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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