Article(id=1148708269171991442, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, issueId=1148708266185646989, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2025.02.010, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1734624000000, receivedDateStr=2024-12-20, revisedDate=1744214400000, revisedDateStr=2025-04-10, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1751802993338, onlineDateStr=2025-07-06, pubDate=1750348800000, pubDateStr=2025-06-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1750867200000, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-06-26, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1751802993337, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774072746839, updator=sys-migrate, issue=Issue{id=1148708266185646989, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, year='2025', volume='4', issue='2', pageStart='115', pageEnd='173', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=1, createTime=1751802992624, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774072738679, updator=sys-migrate, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1157715879057342599, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, issueId=1148708266185646989, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1157715879061536904, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, issueId=1148708266185646989, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=地面运载工程专刊, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=130, endPage=143, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149664174374043810, articleId=1148708269171991442, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, language=EN, title=Transformation and Development of Multi-vehicle Cooperative Operation and Transportation Technology Using Self-propelled Modular Transporters, columnId=1149656489310208610, journalTitle=Science and Technology Foresight, columnName=Review and Commentary, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The extreme transportation capacity of thousand-ton or ten-thousand-ton-level sites reflects a country’s comprehensive scientific, technological, and national defense strength. The multi-vehicle collaborative transportation technology of self-propelled modular transporters (SPMT) is a key tool for completing large-scale engineering extreme transportation tasks. Currently, SPMTs face technical bottlenecks such as reliance on manual operation, low control accuracy, and poor collaborative efficiency, which hinder the efficiency and precision of major engineering transportation projects. This paper summarizes the development history, characteristics, current status, existing problems, and technical challenges of multi-vehicle collaborative transportation technology for SPMTs, based on both domestic and international progress. It proposes the following development suggestions: ① Develop a new generation of ten-thousand-ton-level extreme transportation capabilities through organized scientific research paradigms, positioning it as a national heavy-duty transportation tool. ② Overcome the challenges of distributed electric drive transportation technology and promote the green and intelligent transformation of SPMTs. ③ Build a virtual-real integrated testing system to break through the theoretical and core technological verification of swarm control. ④ Strengthen the top-level design of technological innovation to create a deep integration ecosystem involving government, industry, academia, and applications.

, correspAuthors=Rongjie YU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
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千吨/万吨级场地极限运输能力体现了国家的综合科技和国防实力。自行式模块运输车(Self-propelled Modular Transporter, SPMT)多车协同作业运输技术是完成重大工程极限运输任务的重要手段。当前SPMT面临依赖人工作业、控制精度低、协同效率差等技术瓶颈,阻碍了重大工程作业运输效率及精度。文章基于国内外SPMT多车协同作业运输技术的发展历程及特点,总结了其发展现状、现存问题和技术挑战,并提出如下发展建议:通过有组织科研范式,打造新一代万吨级极限运输大国重器;攻克分布式电驱动运载技术,推动SPMT向绿色化智能化转型;构建虚实融合测试体系,突破集群控制理论和核心技术验证;加强科技创新顶层设计,打造政产学研用深度融合创新生态。

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贺宜,研究员,博士研究生导师。国家优秀青年科学基金获得者。主要从事重载车辆运行安全控制研究。电子信箱:

余荣杰,同济大学交通学院教授,博士研究生导师。主要从事驾驶行为建模、道路交通安全风险预警与防控、自动驾驶汽车测评等研究。电子信箱:

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贺宜,研究员,博士研究生导师。国家优秀青年科学基金获得者。主要从事重载车辆运行安全控制研究。电子信箱:

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贺宜,研究员,博士研究生导师。国家优秀青年科学基金获得者。主要从事重载车辆运行安全控制研究。电子信箱:

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余荣杰,同济大学交通学院教授,博士研究生导师。主要从事驾驶行为建模、道路交通安全风险预警与防控、自动驾驶汽车测评等研究。电子信箱:

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余荣杰,同济大学交通学院教授,博士研究生导师。主要从事驾驶行为建模、道路交通安全风险预警与防控、自动驾驶汽车测评等研究。电子信箱:

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To serve the national strategy of building China’s strength in transportation, the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) has added the discipline of transportation and vehicle engineering, which has been independently operated since 2020. After nearly four years of discipline construction, a funding system covering transportation modes (systems) such as roads, railways, waterways, aviation, aerospace, pipeline transportation, operational transportation, and comprehensive and new transportation has been established. The connotation and extension of each secondary code and its subordinate research directions in the new application code system, as well as future research hotspots, have been sorted and demonstrated, forming an optimization plan for the application code architecture based on the classification of transportation modes. This article provides a systematic explanation of the disciplinary framework. Focusing on the reform of the NSFC, this article further strengthens the “demand-driven and problem-oriented” approach, accelerates the implementation of achievements, and elaborates on key measures to promote the transformation of scientific research paradigms and carry out organized scientific research in the transportation and vehicle engineering discipline.

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With the rapid growth of China’s economy and the expansion of its national defense efforts, there has been a substantial increase in the demand for transporting oversized freights. However, oversized equipment and engineering components often face the challenge of being “easy to manufacture but difficult to transport”, and this has led to transportation efficiency and safety becoming key issues hindering their development. The advancement of road transportation technology for oversized freights is pivotal for fostering innovation and development within the construction and manufacturing industries. This paper outlines the inherent characteristics associated with the road transportation of oversized freights and analyzes the prevailing issues. By examining the current state and future trends in the field of oversized cargo road transportation technology, this article provides insights into decision support technology for oversized cargo road transportation, safety assurance technology for oversized cargo road transportation, and design and control technology for heavy-duty vehicles. Furthermore, it offers development recommendations in four key areas: Improving traffic network planning and design, enhancing the oversized cargo road transportation system, addressing core technologies for heavy-duty vehicles, and refining services in the field of oversized cargo road transportation.

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Technical analysis of expressway overpass demolition and construction based on SPMT[J]. Transpo World, 2023(24): 170-173. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Technical analysis of expressway overpass demolition and construction based on SPMT, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114511788901140, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708269171991442, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=9, issue=1, pageStart=1865, pageEnd=1889, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[19], rfOrder=26, authorNames=Wu C Z, Cai Z G, He Y, journalName=IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Vehicles, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Wu C Z, Cai Z G, He Y, et al. A review of vehicle group intelligence in a connected environment[J]. IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Vehicles, 2024, 9(1): 1865-1889., articleTitle=A review of vehicle group intelligence in a connected environment, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114511856010005, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708269171991442, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2016, volume=null, issue=1, pageStart=16, pageEnd=17, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[20], rfOrder=27, authorNames=雨日, journalName=今日工程机械, refType=null, unstructuredReference=雨日. 工程机械军团齐上阵助力北京三元桥“换骨”通车[J]. 今日工程机械, 2016(1): 16-17., articleTitle=工程机械军团齐上阵助力北京三元桥“换骨”通车, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114511914730262, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708269171991442, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2016, volume=null, issue=1, pageStart=16, pageEnd=17, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[20], rfOrder=28, authorNames=Yu R, journalName=Construction Machinery Today, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Yu R. Construction machinery corps went into battle to help Beijing Sanyuan Bridge “change bones” open to traffic[J]. Construction Machinery Today, 2016(1): 16-17. (in Chinese), articleTitle=Construction machinery corps went into battle to help Beijing Sanyuan Bridge “change bones” open to traffic, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1242114509863715577, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708269171991442, awardId=52322217, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(52322217), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1242114501307335312, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708269171991442, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242114501315723921, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708269171991442, companyId=1242114501307335312, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1. 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figureFileBig=2OalVsb9sIncUYKacpDuig==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242114507082892005, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708269171991442, language=EN, label=Fig. 14, caption=Transportation of HZM bridge section, figureFileSmall=DiU4iKRq2aJACQ1uwbYmZw==, figureFileBig=2C/ulcN9ewxqG9Fa8zfTGQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242114507150000870, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708269171991442, language=CN, label=图14, caption=港珠澳大桥节段运输, figureFileSmall=DiU4iKRq2aJACQ1uwbYmZw==, figureFileBig=2C/ulcN9ewxqG9Fa8zfTGQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242114507208721127, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708269171991442, language=EN, label=Fig. 15, caption=Transportation of chemical tanker, figureFileSmall=NZN0dMpr2MjrlbO1fKvbcg==, figureFileBig=X2fkb8MBIsSVqhAttHvtDw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242114507284218600, tenantId=1146029695717560320, 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Parameter comparison for SPMTs at different stages

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
发展阶段 单轴载重/t 载重峰值/t
(运输公司)
控制模式 控制精度 两模块组合
时长/min
角度/(°) 距离/m
人工遥控驾驶 10~20 人工遥控 ±30 ±0.5 30~40
单车智能控制 20~40 15 000
(Demag)
电子液压控制 ±5 ±0.1 10~15
多车协同控制 40~80 23 000
(Scheuerle)
智能控制 ±1 ±0.05 2~5
), ArticleFig(id=1242114509591085814, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708269171991442, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同发展阶段SPMT的技术参数对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
发展阶段 单轴载重/t 载重峰值/t
(运输公司)
控制模式 控制精度 两模块组合
时长/min
角度/(°) 距离/m
人工遥控驾驶 10~20 人工遥控 ±30 ±0.5 30~40
单车智能控制 20~40 15 000
(Demag)
电子液压控制 ±5 ±0.1 10~15
多车协同控制 40~80 23 000
(Scheuerle)
智能控制 ±1 ±0.05 2~5
), ArticleFig(id=1242114509654000375, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708269171991442, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Parameter comparison for SPMT from different countries

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
产品 WSZYZB3
湖北三江航天万山
特种车辆有限公司
MSPE 70T
科梅托股份公司
(Cometto S.p.A.)
PKEZ
舍尔勒车辆制造有限公司
(Scheuerle Fahrzeugfabrik GmbH)
PST/SL-E 45
高尔多霍夫股份公司(Goldhofer Aktiengesellschaft)
最大轴载/t 60 70 60 45
最大重量/t 360 420 360 270
平台宽度/mm 2 430 2 430 2 430 3 000
平台高度/mm 1 500±350 1 500±350 1 500±350 1 300±300
满载速度/(km‧h-1) 0~5 0~5 0~5 0~5
纵向爬坡能力(坡度)/% 6 6 6 6
横向爬坡能力(坡度)/% 4 4 4 4
单轴线驱动力/kN 160 160 160 120
), ArticleFig(id=1242114509716914936, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708269171991442, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

国内外SPMT性能参数对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
产品 WSZYZB3
湖北三江航天万山
特种车辆有限公司
MSPE 70T
科梅托股份公司
(Cometto S.p.A.)
PKEZ
舍尔勒车辆制造有限公司
(Scheuerle Fahrzeugfabrik GmbH)
PST/SL-E 45
高尔多霍夫股份公司(Goldhofer Aktiengesellschaft)
最大轴载/t 60 70 60 45
最大重量/t 360 420 360 270
平台宽度/mm 2 430 2 430 2 430 3 000
平台高度/mm 1 500±350 1 500±350 1 500±350 1 300±300
满载速度/(km‧h-1) 0~5 0~5 0~5 0~5
纵向爬坡能力(坡度)/% 6 6 6 6
横向爬坡能力(坡度)/% 4 4 4 4
单轴线驱动力/kN 160 160 160 120
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自行式模块运输车多车协同作业运输技术变革与发展
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贺宜 1 , 吴超仲 1 , 余荣杰 2, 3, , 王力波 4 , 黄晋 5 , 孙晓强 6
前瞻科技 | 综述与述评 2025,4(2): 130-143
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前瞻科技 | 综述与述评 2025, 4(2): 130-143
自行式模块运输车多车协同作业运输技术变革与发展
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贺宜1 , 吴超仲1, 余荣杰2, 3, , 王力波4, 黄晋5, 孙晓强6
作者信息
  • 1.武汉理工大学智能交通系统研究中心,武汉 430063
  • 2.国家自然科学基金委员会工程与材料科学部,北京 100085
  • 3.同济大学交通运输工程学院,上海 200092
  • 4.湖北三江航天万山特种车辆有限公司,武汉 430035
  • 5.清华大学车辆与运载学院,北京 100084
  • 6.江苏大学汽车工程研究院,镇江 212013
  • 贺宜,研究员,博士研究生导师。国家优秀青年科学基金获得者。主要从事重载车辆运行安全控制研究。电子信箱:

    余荣杰,同济大学交通学院教授,博士研究生导师。主要从事驾驶行为建模、道路交通安全风险预警与防控、自动驾驶汽车测评等研究。电子信箱:

通信作者:

Transformation and Development of Multi-vehicle Cooperative Operation and Transportation Technology Using Self-propelled Modular Transporters
Yi HE1 , Chaozhong WU1, Rongjie YU2, 3, , Libo WANG4, Jin HUANG5, Xiaoqiang SUN6
Affiliations
  • 1. Intelligent Transportation System Research Center, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430063, China
  • 2. Department of Engineering and Materials Science, National Natural Science Foundation of China, Beijing 100085, China
  • 3. School of Transportation, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
  • 4. Hubei Sanjiang Space Wanshan Special Vehicle Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430035, China
  • 5. School of Vehicle and Mobility, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
  • 6. Automotive Engineering Research Institute, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
出版时间: 2025-06-20 doi: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2025.02.010
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千吨/万吨级场地极限运输能力体现了国家的综合科技和国防实力。自行式模块运输车(Self-propelled Modular Transporter, SPMT)多车协同作业运输技术是完成重大工程极限运输任务的重要手段。当前SPMT面临依赖人工作业、控制精度低、协同效率差等技术瓶颈,阻碍了重大工程作业运输效率及精度。文章基于国内外SPMT多车协同作业运输技术的发展历程及特点,总结了其发展现状、现存问题和技术挑战,并提出如下发展建议:通过有组织科研范式,打造新一代万吨级极限运输大国重器;攻克分布式电驱动运载技术,推动SPMT向绿色化智能化转型;构建虚实融合测试体系,突破集群控制理论和核心技术验证;加强科技创新顶层设计,打造政产学研用深度融合创新生态。

重载车辆  /  重载/超大件运输  /  多车系统  /  协同控制  /  政策建议

The extreme transportation capacity of thousand-ton or ten-thousand-ton-level sites reflects a country’s comprehensive scientific, technological, and national defense strength. The multi-vehicle collaborative transportation technology of self-propelled modular transporters (SPMT) is a key tool for completing large-scale engineering extreme transportation tasks. Currently, SPMTs face technical bottlenecks such as reliance on manual operation, low control accuracy, and poor collaborative efficiency, which hinder the efficiency and precision of major engineering transportation projects. This paper summarizes the development history, characteristics, current status, existing problems, and technical challenges of multi-vehicle collaborative transportation technology for SPMTs, based on both domestic and international progress. It proposes the following development suggestions: ① Develop a new generation of ten-thousand-ton-level extreme transportation capabilities through organized scientific research paradigms, positioning it as a national heavy-duty transportation tool. ② Overcome the challenges of distributed electric drive transportation technology and promote the green and intelligent transformation of SPMTs. ③ Build a virtual-real integrated testing system to break through the theoretical and core technological verification of swarm control. ④ Strengthen the top-level design of technological innovation to create a deep integration ecosystem involving government, industry, academia, and applications.

heavy-duty vehicles  /  heavy/oversized cargo transportation  /  multi-vehicle systems  /  collaborative control  /  policy recommendations
贺宜, 吴超仲, 余荣杰, 王力波, 黄晋, 孙晓强. 自行式模块运输车多车协同作业运输技术变革与发展. 前瞻科技, 2025 , 4 (2) : 130 -143 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2025.02.010
Yi HE, Chaozhong WU, Rongjie YU, Libo WANG, Jin HUANG, Xiaoqiang SUN. Transformation and Development of Multi-vehicle Cooperative Operation and Transportation Technology Using Self-propelled Modular Transporters[J]. Science and Technology Foresight, 2025 , 4 (2) : 130 -143 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2025.02.010
物资运输是人类社会经济发展的重要活动,重载/超大件货物的作业运输能力体现了国家的综合科技和国防实力。1896年,德国戴姆勒-奔驰集团股份公司研发了第一台载货1.5 t的四轮运输货车,但其承载能力有限,无法运输重载货物。第一次世界大战爆发后,各国投入大量人力物力资源发展重载车辆,用于战略物资运输。随着超大、超重的“巨型”货物运输需求在建筑、能源、军工等领域的日益增长,重大工程装备快速建造和国防武器装备运输部署都对车辆承载能力和机动性能提出了更高要求[1-3]。例如,世界最大加氢反应器化工罐体超3 000 t(图1);四代核电支撑环直径超30 m(图2);大型风机叶片长度超100 m(图3)。这些特种设备的高效运输对工程顺利实施具有重大战略意义。
传统多轴重载车辆在运输和承载能力方面存在动力性能弱、可靠性和安全性较差等问题[4-5]。例如,无动力平板运输车由于不携带动力源,其承载能力和控制能力受限,难以实现复杂环境下重载/超大件货物作业运输。自行式模块运输车(Self-propelled Modular Transporter, SPMT)具有底盘可升降、模块可拼接和分布式驱动等特点,以及高承载能力、高机动性和高自由度作业等功能,可实现货物的水平和垂直运输,应用范围广泛,是各国争先研发的“国之重器”[6-7]图4图5分别为协同运输超千吨的港珠澳大桥区段整体混浇梁和风电升压站导管架。
多车协同作业运输技术能够实现车辆之间的信息交互和协同控制,从而提升货物承载能力,保障运输安全性和稳定性,提升重载/超大件货物的运输效能,也可为国防重大武器装备的战略转移提供核心载体[8-9]。作为模块化可拼接的运载工具,SPMT主要应用于海洋港口、装备制造、石油化工、桥梁建造等场地运输领域[7,10-11],虽然应用范围广泛,但由于设计制造工艺和遥控驾驶开环控制造成的误差累积等原因,普遍存在协同控制精度低,需要人为操作完成货物作业运输,导致作业运输效率和精度低[12]。现有的SPMT多车协同作业运输技术受限于控制精度和协同水平,面临路径规划差、车辆控制难和运输效率低等维度的技术瓶颈。随着人工智能、大数据和自动控制等高新技术的突飞猛进,面向重载/超大件货物的多车协同作业运输技术正处于技术变革性时刻,不仅为超大件设备的运输提供了全新解决方案,也为提升工程建造效率提供了新的技术手段[13-14]
鉴于SPMT多车协同作业运输技术对工程建设、国防军工等方面的重要作用。文章聚焦SPMT协同运输技术的变革与发展,厘清中国与世界多车协同控制和运输技术存在的差距和不足,并梳理目前的技术挑战和未来的研究展望。
贸易全球化深度发展的时代背景下,场地多车协同运输技术得到了广泛关注和快速发展。SPMT是搭建多车协同运输系统并完成重载/超大件货物运输的有效途径[10,15]。基于SPMT的多车协同运输技术的发展历程可以总结为3个阶段:遥控协同阶段、自动控制阶段和智能控制阶段。各发展阶段之间的关键技术参数对比如表1所示。
1)人工遥控驾驶阶段(20世纪中后期)
在两次世界大战期间,考虑重大战略装备的运输需求,世界各国争相研制挂车和平板车,为战后民用重载车辆的发展奠定了基础。SPMT运输技术的探索始于20世纪70年代,以欧洲和美国最具代表性。初期,学界和产业界致力于改进传统机车来设计适宜的底盘结构并完成货物运输,该车型可以被认为是SPMT的雏形。世界首辆SPMT运载器是由荷兰玛姆特(Mammoet)公司和德国索埃勒(Scheuerle)公司在1984年联合开发并投入使用,其开发的车型结构一直沿用至今(图6)。首批SPMT的车宽为2.43 m,车长包括5.6 m(四轴)和8.4 m(六轴)两种结构,其核心创新是模块化拼接技术,使SPMT可以根据不同运输需求进行组合。1992年,美国航空航天局利用多SPMT硬拼接系统运输“奋进号”航天飞机(图7),标志着SPMT在高精度大件运输领域的应用迈出了重要一步。此阶段的SPMT采用手柄遥控或人工驾驶完成协同运输任务,严重依赖操作员的经验,精度不足且效率低下。如表1所示,遥控协同阶段的单轴载重为10~20 t,角度控制误差为±30º,距离控制误差为±0.5 m,显然无法满足协同运输的高精度要求。
美国、欧洲、日本等相继投入大量人力、物力开展多车协同研究与试验,包括自动驾驶技术、车间通信技术等[12,16],为SPMT多车协同作业运输技术的快速发展奠定重要基础。例如,日本于1991年启动了ASV(Advanced Safety Vehicle)项目。该项目开发了多车避碰系统和车间通信系统,提升了多车协同控制的智能化和自动化水平。基于这些技术,Kube等[17]早在1996年便设计了线性分布式协同控制算法,实现了同构移动机器人的协同搬运。这些研究推动SPMT多车协同运输技术迈入自动控制阶段。
2)单车智能控制阶段(21世纪初)
进入21世纪,传感器、自动控制和无线通信等技术飞速发展,相关的科研项目为其提供了必要的控制架构和技术协议[18-19]。代表性项目有美国交通运输部在2009年启动的智能驾驶(Intelligent Drive, ID)项目和在2011年启动的车联网研究(Connected Vehicle Research, CVR)项目,旨在推动交通运输领域的自动化进程。该项目也是美国长期以来聚焦自动控制的重要举措。通过这些项目开发的先进自动驾驶技术、车间通信协议和协同决策机制,为多车协同系统完成货物运输提供了重要技术基础。这个时期的SPMT逐渐从手柄遥控或人工驾驶转变为初级的基于电子液压控制的自动车辆。依托控制机制的转型和制造技术的进步,SPMT的技术参数得到了显著提升,其单轴载重增加至20~40 t,转角和距离控制精度分别低至±5º和±0.1 m的高精度。同时,多个运载器的组合时长压缩至10~15 min,显著提升了运载效率。
运载技术的进步,推动了重载/超大件货物SPMT运输的应用推广。世界各国涌现众多应用案例。2004年,意大利泛安科纳造船厂利用SPMT协同运输加富尔号航母长达70 m的船艏,并顺利完成船身合拢(图8)。之后,俄罗斯Lukoil石油公司利用SPMT协同运输技术完成了万吨级石油钻井的装船任务(图9)。荷兰玛姆特公司在2007年利用SPMT运输驱逐舰和核潜艇等超大型货物。2009年,德国Demag公司的SPMT在挪威成功运输了重达15 000 t的石油平台,创下当时的世界纪录。此次运输使用了540轴线的SPMT,配备了2 160个车轮,充分展示了自动控制阶段SPMT承载能力的巨大进步。然而,此时的SPMT协同运输技术需要安全员实时跟踪,在运输系统非稳态时干预接管,且无法适应复杂的运输环境和高标准的运输需求。但是,这些积淀为SPMT多车协同运输技术迈入智能控制阶段提供了核心技术基础。
3)多车协同控制阶段(2010年至今)
随着人工智能和控制技术的迅速发展,加速了无人运输模式的开发和测试,推动了SPMT协同运输技术进入智能阶段。在这一阶段,SPMT多车协同运输系统的智能化等级提升,实现了有安全员监管工况下的自主协同运输。为了配合系统控制技术的进步,动力单元的电动化、单车控制的智能化和多车系统的网联化逐步走进大众视野。这些新型的SPMT运载技术为多车协同控制的发展提供了重要助力。欧洲和北美地区对于协同运输系统的开发最具代表性,其采用基于通信和协同控制技术的智能交通系统,实现了多车协同运输和智能调度。在该阶段,SPMT由电子液压控制转化为智能控制,单轴载重提升至40~80 t,转角控制精度和距离控制精度分别降至±1º和±0.05 m。这些技术参数的改善显著推动了SPMT的产业推广。
美国航空航天局和宾夕法尼亚州立大学在2014年合作开展了Swarmie研究项目,该项目为每个运动终端配备视频采集模块、无线通信模块和全球定位模块,赋予运动终端分布式控制和协同运输的复杂功能。Swarmie的关键技术在于开发群体智能协议和机器人技术开展自主探索。其中,群体智能协议可以为协同运输技术提供控制机制,推动SPMT多车协同系统的任务分配、路径规划、协同工作和信息共享,并根据外部环境的变化及时调整协同策略。欧盟Martha项目从不同角度探讨了多车协同技术及其对运输效率的影响,为重载/超大件货物的协同运输提供重要技术支撑。美国Barnhart公司开发了运输车辆的协同调度和自动控制系统,完成了基于SPMT的多车协同配送。2023年,荷兰玛姆特公司完成的一项SPMT 运输任务,通过使用了748轴线的SPMT和30台动力单元,成功将20 300 t的浮式生产储卸油装置(Floating Production Storage and Offloading, FPSO)从半潜船转移到拆解厂。通过采用单一专业操作员控制所有SPMT的方式,实现多车协同控制。2024年5月,德国舍弗勒集团旗下法焦利(Fagioli)公司整合了索埃勒生产的880轴线SPMT,在美国得克萨斯州完成了重达23 000 t的海上风力涡轮机安装船的运输任务。该运输同时刷新了单负载最大轴线数量、轴线搬运最重负载、驳船转移最重负载3项SPMT的世界运输纪录。
SPMT技术的发展经历了从人工遥控驾驶到单车智能控制再到多车协同控制的演进。各个阶段的技术突破,如模块化拼接、协同控制技术等,为SPMT多车协同运输的发展奠定了坚实的技术基础,并不断推动该领域向更高智能化水平迈进。
多车协同作业运输技术已成为世界各国的前沿热点研究方向。欧美等发达国家通过长达数十年的技术积累,将现代控制技术融入协同控制系统,实现了SPMT的多车自动导航、精准定位、协同控制和远程监测。在智能化的时代背景下,多车协同运输技术有望在全球范围内开展更广泛、更深入、更全面的探索和应用,其发展趋势可以总结为电动化、智能化和网联化。
1)电动化
传统SPMT采用燃油作为动力源,污染环境且噪声大。分布式电驱动技术近年来在SPMT中的应用逐步得到关注。电池容量、快速充电技术和电系统管理技术是电驱动底盘的核心研究内容,为协同运输系统提供更长的续航里程、更快的充电效率、更优的能量管理。荷兰玛姆特公司保留前置动力模块(Power Pack Unit, PPU)和液压系统设计,将动力单元的能源由化学能更换为电能,于2022年设计了世界首台电驱动SPMT,并将其应用于超大型化工设备的运输(图10)。舍尔勒车辆制造有限公司(Scheuerle Fahrzeugfabrik GmbH)、莫雷洛·乔瓦尼有限公司(Morello Giovanni S.r.l.)等对SPMT进行改装,用电池代替柴油为SPMT提供动力,并将动力单元中置,开发出轻型SPMT,承载能力高于传统SPMT,主要用于小型重载运输任务(图11)。
2)智能化
智能化的控制技术可以提升SPMT协同运输系统的自主性、灵活性和安全性。通过引入先进的传感元件、车间通信技术和数据处理算法,SPMT运输系统可以实现多种功能,包括运输状态的实时监测、运输路径的智能规划、运输负载的优化分配、运输环境的智能决策。例如,基于历史数据和实时环境信息,搭建学习算法实时优化协同运输系统中各SPMT的运行路径,根据不同的运输工况设计自适应控制系统,实现动力学参数和行驶策略的自动调整。随着人工智能和大数据的发展,智能化的SPMT协同运输技术将为高效安全和可持续的交通运输系统发挥关键作用。
3)网联化
网联化技术是未来多车协同运输系统的重要发展方向,推动了重载/超大件货物运输产业的变革。该技术通过集成高精度定位及车载控制单元,实现了多车协同系统的在线远程监控、智能协同指挥与实时状态诊断,提高了运输系统的安全性和效率。网联化作为无人运输系统的关键辅助模块,可以根据运输需求实时调整任务分配和车辆调度,优化运输可靠性。网联化与供应链管理的整合,有望实现重载/超大件货物从生产到交付的全链条服务,推动SPMT多车协同运输系统的产业推广。
重载车辆作为货物运输的基本承载单元,需要根据货物的特点和线路的通过性,合理构建协同运输系统,常见的车辆单元包含两种:无动力平板拖车(图12)和有动力SPMT(图13)。无动力平板拖车是一种被动式移动车辆,车轴置于车辆重心后方,并配备可将水平力和垂直力传递至牵引车的连接装置。该车辆未搭载动力系统,依赖外部牵引力完成移动。由于没有独立动力源,重量轻,具有更强的模块化特征和可定制性,可以根据运输需求拼接为不同规模的平板列车。有动力SPMT是一种自主驱动式的模块化车辆单元,具备独立的动力模块和先进的操控系统,可以自主完成移动和转向,无需外部牵引。多车协同完成重载/超大件货物的运输,需要两类车辆单元的默契配合,根据货物特征将二者灵活组合,满足不同的运输需求。
两种模块化车辆单元均具有高度可调节的底盘系统,能够适应不同的运输环境和货物特征。底盘升降技术对运输单元跨越不同地形和障碍物,维持运输系统的整体稳定至关重要。该技术通过检测障碍物的高度和属性,控制底盘的协同升降,实现货物质心仅在水平方向移动,避免纵向颠簸带来的安全风险。两种车辆单元也均具有多轮协同转向功能,但二者的实现方式存在差异。无动力平板拖车的多轮转向通过传统的人工转向机制完成协同,受到转向半径和操作精度的限制。有动力SPMT搭载多轮协同转向算法,利用各个模块的独立转向,完成运输系统的转向操作。该特点使得车辆模块可以灵活操纵,提高了机动性,降低了对转向半径和运输空间的限制。
近年来,中国在SPMT多车协同作业运输技术上取得了重要突破,特别是在SPMT核心技术的自主研发上实现了从无到有的跨越,初步解决了技术封锁问题,国产SPMT单轴载重可达60 t,并以SPMT为基础的多车系统协同作业完成了诸多重载/超大件货物的运输任务。港珠澳大桥建设工程中,利用100轴线SPMT的软组装,实现了3 200 t单体钢制节段的协同运输(图14)。湖北三江航天万山特种车辆有限公司与武汉理工大学联合研发的228轴线SPMT完成了8 800 t化工船的运输任务,刷新了当时国产SPMT最大载重纪录(图15)。之后,通过搭建SPMT与轨道车协同系统的控制算法,完成了1.2万t海底沉管隧道钢壳的运输任务,再度刷新国产SPMT的运载纪录(图16)。
多车协同运输可以用于大型桥梁和建筑物的整体顶升和平移,且可以显著缩短工期,减少对交通和环境的影响。例如,北京昌平区环岛桥梁改造和三元桥的整体换梁工程[20]图17),采用北京百善重工有限公司研制的千吨级SPMT协同系统实现桥梁的整体顶升和搬运。图18展示了某晚清古建筑平移搬运,该工程采用3辆SPMT组成的协同运输系统。运输过程采用三点支撑模式,实现了多SPMT的整体调平、同步升降和协同转向,极大加快了工程进度。2024年4月,中联海广瀛工程物流有限公司与10余家战略伙伴协同调遣了5种不同品牌的SPMT运输车,合计722轴线,并完成了重达21 487 t的“港航平5号”风电安装平台的整体滚装,车货总重25 000 t,超越现有的运载重量,刷新了中国重载/超大件货物运输单体20 000 t级的最高滚装纪录。2024年11月,湖北三江航天万山特种车辆有限公司完成了长征十二号运载火箭从总装技术区到发射区的水平转运任务(图19)。运输过程中,三辆SPMT位于起竖系统下方并构成“品”字运输队形,实现运载火箭的高效转运。
然而,目前国内SPMT协同运输系统主要依赖人工控制,技术水平局限于基于遥控的多车同步运载技术。与国际先进水平相比,中国在多车协同的高精度控制、运输作业效率和环境适应性等方面存在显著差距,尚未形成系统优势。特别是在复杂环境中,传统的经验驱动方法已难以满足现代化载运需求。通过优化运载底盘的三维控制技术和角模块协同方案,国内SPMT已适应更复杂的运输环境,但高精度和无人控制能力有待提升,特别是在多车协同系统的稳定控制层面,还存在较大差距。
国产SPMT经过多年发展,不断攻克“卡脖子”技术难题,已经掌握具有独立知识产权的设计与制造技术,能够完成重载/超大件货物的运输任务,显著提升工期进度。国内外SPMT(以单体六轴线为例)产品的性能参数对比如表2所示,国产SPMT的单车性能指标已基本达到国际先进水平。但受制于国外技术的长期封锁,中国在该领域起步较晚,现有的多车协同运输作业主要依靠人工远程遥控,尝试开发的智能协同控制系统处于场地实验阶段,未实现大规模的产业应用,协同作业的精度、效率、实时性和安全性有待提升。与发达国家智能化、自动化的多车协同运输模式相比,中国的多车运输系统在多车协同控制技术和车货稳定性估计技术等方面面临挑战。
1)面向场地运载作业的耦合动力学建模问题亟待突破
动力学建模研究已经逐渐深入,形成了从动力学分析到模型测试的建模体系。然而,面向场地极限负载工况,轿车或卡车等传统车型的动力学模型显然不再适用。现有研究存在如下问题尚未解决:集群运载系统的高机动性要求转向机构具有全方位自由度,现有研究未深入探索多角模块机构的耦合闭环协同调节;耦合运载系统的动力学特征呈现高机动高自由度,现有研究未揭示集群SPMT的可拓展动力学构型设计;运载系统涵盖多刚体运载单元,现有研究未明晰面向自动驾驶的多模态运动学控制机理。
2)极限负载下SPMT协同感知和稳定性估计研究不足
现有的车辆位姿估计、协同感知和稳定性估计技术已经有了一定的发展,但在重载/超大件极限负载场地作业场景下,SPMT运载平台的对接、组合编队和多车协同作业等关键场景仍然需要人工经验参与。一方面,传统道路V2X协同感知技术在复杂场地难以适用;另一方面,单一或组合重构的SPMT车体过大,运输载荷大,使得传感器视野受限和平台运输偏移侧倾,最终导致多车作业的协同稳定性受到影响[12]。特别是SPMT多传感器受作业振动发生偏移,组合重构后的平台传感器分布发生变化;极限负载状态下,组合对接的SPMT载荷分布不均,多SPMT的协同稳定性失衡。图20图21分别展示了SPMT协同运输中由于车辆失稳导致车货侧翻的典型场景。因此,如何解决SPMT长时间作业造成传感器相对位置偏移和误差累积问题;如何在通信受限或中断下,仍能完成有条件的多SPMT相对位姿估计;如何在超大件船舶运输制造过程中,亟待解决保持多平台作业协同稳定性。
3)极限运输系统群体决策理论方法研究有待深入
现有研究聚焦传统车型开展单车决策及汇流区域的多车协同决策。然而,面向场地运载,传统研究受到SPMT、运输环境和构型设计等诸多约束。重大工程建造场地作业运输需要针对货物特性确定最佳的协同运输队形及行驶轨迹,必要时需要重构运输平台。传统的研究存在如下问题尚未解决:① 重大工程建造过程需要根据运载构件确定最佳的运输队形,现有研究未深入探索极限负载下群体协同运输的最佳队形决策;② 货物载荷姿态的异质性反馈了运输队形的特殊性,现有研究未明晰面向货物异质性的群体协同运输队形生成;③ SPMT的协同运输轨迹具有复杂的车货耦合特性,现有研究未探索极限载荷下货-车轨迹不同路的路径最优决策。
4)面向三维超大空间的高精度自动对接作业控制尚未解决
面向三维超大空间的高精度自动对接作业控制是实现重大工程高精度自动对接的核心环节,涉及坐标匹配、多车协同控制、位姿稳定性主动控制等关键技术。首先,各平台的相对位置和运动状态需要实时调整以确保数据的准确性,尤其是在分段件运输的坐标变换过程中。这要求精确的动态测量技术,以及多层级坐标映射关系的建立,才能确保所有作业对象在同一坐标系下进行精确计算和空间定位。现有的底盘域综合控制主要从车辆的纵向、横向和垂向动力学出发,对纵向力、横向力和垂向力3种力中的两种进行协同控制研究,大部分研究集中在横纵向的协同控制,以提高车辆的行驶/制动性能和操纵稳定性能。这些策略往往将垂直力的分布与纵向力、横向力分开,并且没有考虑纵向力、横向力和垂向力的耦合特性,这会导致操纵稳定性与身体姿态等不同性能要求之间的冲突。同时,故障容错机制往往依赖于冗余控制单元和静态优化模型,难以在多平台、多自由度的环境下实现快速、高效的故障隔离和资源重新分配。如何通过主动容错控制策略提高系统的鲁棒性,使得即便某个平台出现问题,整体系统仍能正常运行,并达到高精度的对接目标,是一个关键的技术难题。
经过数十年的发展,中国SPMT的设计与制造技术突飞猛进,同时也面临很多技术瓶颈需要突破。随着无人驾驶、群体协同控制、高精度传感器和高性能处理器等技术的发展,攻克SPMT协同运输关键技术,解决技术瓶颈问题势在必行。
1)可扩展可变自由度自行式模块运输车动力学机理
场地运载不同于开放道路场景,其作业过程中负载结构多样、重量不一,导致系统动力学呈现强非线性与高自由度交叉耦合,给自行式模块运输车构型设计带来了巨大挑战。极限负载下的自行式模块运输车在平面上存在横纵扩展拼接、在高程上存在垂向悬架可调,在空间结构上存在全驱全向运动等特性,传统面向固定自由度的运载动力学建模不可扩展,无法满足极限载荷下场地运输构型的可重构设计。亟待突破面向重大工程建造和运输作业过程的极限运载车辆可扩展构型设计,利用自行式模块运输车强弱耦合拼接属性及驱制转悬角模块协调机制解算自由度可变的动力学参数,支持可重构自行式模块运输车动力学架构的自适应调整,拓展面向极限负载和可扩展运载构型的可变自由度动力学理论方法。
2)可变载荷激励下SPMT行驶稳定性估计方法
自行式模块运输车作业过程中不确定性载荷易导致激励时变和动力学非线性等特性,造成极限负载下的载荷易变且承载力分布不均,自行式模块运输车位姿估计和作业稳定性面临挑战。传统单车稳定性估计方法缺乏对横纵耦合自行式模块运输车协同作业及可变极限载荷激励的考虑,而且运载车辆-运输货物的耦合位姿映射、状态参数关联严重影响运载系统稳定性,因此,估计可变载荷激励下多自行式模块运输车协同行驶稳定性是关键。亟待研究多SPMT位姿协同感知和非线性耦合动力学响应特性,估计自行式模块运输车的相对位姿参数,依托运载车辆-运输货物的耦合特性,提高可变激励下运载车辆的状态关联性和稳定性参数的可辨识性,突破传统稳定性估计的局限,提出作业过程中多运载车辆可变载荷激励下稳定性估计理论方法。
3)复杂作业任务耦合下群体协同决策控制理论
重大工程建造和运输作业具有任务复杂、多车协同作业难、运载车辆-运输实体轨迹分离等多任务复杂约束特点,给极限负载下的复杂作业任务带来了巨大挑战。受负载动态偏移与车货轨迹耦合的影响,传统面向开放道路场景的群体决策控制无法满足极限负载下运载车辆的群体协同决策控制需求。因此,复杂作业任务耦合下群体运载车辆的协同决策控制是关键。需研究根据货物轨迹解算下层运载器的轨迹规则,确定轮胎运动属性,搭建货-车轨迹不同路的路径协同规划机制,实现三维空间约束下的群体路径规划,提升集群系统在横纵耦合环境下的车货一体的轨迹规划机制。
4)高精度定位与自主导航技术
高精度定位与导航是无人驾驶SPMT完成运输任务的关键。针对重载/超大件协同运输复杂场景,需要具备高精度、高鲁棒性的定位与导航能力,确保在不同环境下的安全稳定运行。全球导航卫星系统(Global Navigation Satellite System, GNSS)可提供SPMT与货物的高精度全局位置信息。在港口、核电站、大型桥梁运输等多变复杂运输场景下,为了确保安全高效的运输过程,还可结合多线激光雷达与惯性导航技术,实现SPMT运输系统在复杂场景的高精度定位与导航。通过引入基于视觉和惯性导航的定位地图重建技术,可进一步提升对运输环境的探测能力。通过激光雷达点云数据的高精度三维重建,结合预先构建的高精度地图进行匹配优化,可在运输前提前生成路径规划,并在实际运输过程中进行自适应调整,确保行驶的平稳性和安全性。此外,利用地图更新算法,可动态更新地图信息,提高对突发环境变化的适应能力,从而提升SPMT协同运输系统在复杂场景的行驶安全性和运输效率。
重大工程建设对于大型船舶、桥梁、运载火箭、海底隧道沉管、大型装备分段件等场地作业运输需求迫切,传统多SPMT作业运输严重依赖人工经验协同,作业效率低、精度控制难,无法满足精准调控作业运输需求。针对多SPMT高承载、高机动和高精度协同作业运输等需求,亟需突破SPMT自主协同作业关键理论和技术,支撑复杂任务下SPMT作业运输能力和作业运输效率有效提升,为加快提升中国重大工程装备建设进度提供坚实理论和技术支撑。
1)通过有组织科研范式,打造新一代万吨级极限运输大国重器
针对大型船舶、桥梁、运载火箭、航空母舰、大型船体分段对接等装备场地多SPMT协同作业需求,设立科技创新重大专项,构建“理论-技术-装备”三位一体的协同创新范式,联合龙头企业与科研机构组建创新联合体,开启企业与科研院所“揭榜挂帅”的联合攻关模式,依托龙头企业建设示范性工程验证平台,组建多学科交叉的专家团队,重点开展运载车辆高机动构型设计技术、极限负载运输位姿协同感知与稳定性估计方法、场地受限下多SPMT运动规划与自主决策方法、三维空间高承载高精度动力学控制技术等内容研究,实现场地环境多SPMT运动精确协同与姿态精确协同,打造新一代万吨级场地极限运输大国重器,全自动化作业能力从百吨级到万吨级突破,提升场地作业运输效率和作业精度,形成从基础研究到工程验证的完整科研链条,加速技术研发与产业化进程。
2)攻克分布式电驱动运载技术,推动SPMT向绿色化智能化转型
依托燃油驱动和液压传导的传统底盘架构面临污染指数高、控制精度差、响应延迟大等诟病,无法满足极限负载工况SPMT的高精运输控制,也不符合绿色环保的发展理念。分布式电驱动运载技术是推动重载/超大件货物运输产业变革的重要法宝,该技术引入了电动机和高能电组的分布式布局,增强了底盘控制精度、系统冗余和故障自诊断水平。建议国家和企业加强对分布式电驱动关键技术的研发投入,推动核心零部件的自主创新与产业化应用,形成具有国际竞争力的示范样板,引领中国SPMT技术向绿色、高效、智能化方向迈进。
3)构建虚实融合测试体系,突破集群控制理论和核心技术验证
为提升中国SPMT集群控制理论和核心技术验证能力,建议重点研究SPMT动力学基础理论方法,构建面向复杂作业场景的虚实融合实车测试体系,深入分析可变载荷影响下场地SPMT承载能力和稳定性,探究运输作业过程风险辨识技术,研究场地SPMT作业仿真推演技术,突破自主协同作业关键理论和技术。通过开展场地SPMT机理分析、仿真推演、技术与试验验证研究,建立涵盖设计、测试、优化和应用的完整链条,建设国家级测试验证平台,鼓励企业参与测试标准的制定与验证设备的研发,同时引入市场化运营机制,确保测试体系的高效运行与成果转化,缩短技术成果的工程转化周期,完善特殊设备认证快速通道制度,对通过虚拟验证的核心技术给予先行先试政策支持,全面提升SPMT的运输效率和智能化水平,促进技术的迭代升级和应用。
4)加强科技创新顶层设计,打造政产学研用深度融合创新生态
为推动中国SPMT多车协同作业运输技术实现质的飞跃,亟需从国家层面加强顶层设计,构建“政-产-学-研-用”五维协同创新生态系统,聚焦关键技术突破,推动政府、高校、科研院所、企事业单位之间的产学研用深度融合,在集群SPMT协同决策理论、复杂运输系统耦合高精作业控制等方面进行科技创新突破,出台专项激励政策,如税收减免、技术转化补贴等,引导企业加大研发投入。同时,建立跨部门协调机制,推动高校与企业共建联合实验室,加速技术从实验室走向市场。此外,通过制定行业标准与认证体系,促进产业链上下游协同发展,确保创新生态的可持续发展,推动上下游产业链在协同创新和标准化合作,构建开放共享的产业生态系统,形成良性循环的技术创新和应用环境。
场地千吨/万吨级极限运输能力体现了国家的综合科技和国防实力。围绕需求牵引,问题导向,加强顶层设计,通过有组织科研范式,以及产学研深度融合和协同创新,推动工程领域核心知识体系全面重构与焕新,突破场地集群控制理论和核心技术验证,实现场地环境多SPMT运动精确协同与姿态精确协同,实现全自动化作业能力百吨级到万吨级突破,提升场地作业运输效率和作业精度。未来,随着SPMT运输技术与人工智能、物联网、5G通信等技术的深度融合,可依托边缘计算与数字孪生构建动态感知-实时决策-自主执行的分布式智能决策架构,通过多模态感知系统实时捕获场地环境数据与设备状态,结合强化学习动态优化多车协同路径规划与负载均衡策略,利用5G超低时延特性实现毫米级运动姿态协同控制,进一步突破复杂异构场景下超大规模运输单元的自主协同瓶颈。同时,基于区块链的运维数据互联与工业物联网平台,可形成覆盖全生命周期管理的数字化转型生态,为码头重型装备运输、航天发射场模块化构建等场景提供高可靠智慧化解决方案,为打造新一代万吨级极限运输大国重器奠定新的理论和技术基础。
  • 国家自然科学基金(52322217)
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2025年第4卷第2期
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doi: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2025.02.010
  • 接收时间:2024-12-20
  • 出版时间:2025-06-20
  • 发布时间:2025-06-26
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  • 收稿日期:2024-12-20
  • 修回日期:2025-04-10
基金
国家自然科学基金(52322217)
作者信息
    1.武汉理工大学智能交通系统研究中心,武汉 430063
    2.国家自然科学基金委员会工程与材料科学部,北京 100085
    3.同济大学交通运输工程学院,上海 200092
    4.湖北三江航天万山特种车辆有限公司,武汉 430035
    5.清华大学车辆与运载学院,北京 100084
    6.江苏大学汽车工程研究院,镇江 212013

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表12种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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