Article(id=1148708267259392700, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, issueId=1148708265585865399, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2025.01.015, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1734883200000, receivedDateStr=2024-12-23, revisedDate=1740672000000, revisedDateStr=2025-02-28, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1751802992882, onlineDateStr=2025-07-06, pubDate=1742400000000, pubDateStr=2025-03-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1743004800000, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-03-27, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1751802992882, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1774072692079, updator=sys-migrate, issue=Issue{id=1148708265585865399, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, year='2025', volume='4', issue='1', pageStart='100', pageEnd='167', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=1, createTime=1751802992481, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1776075019034, updator=13041195026, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1250512523708023313, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, issueId=1148708265585865399, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1250512523708023314, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, issueId=1148708265585865399, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=新材料前沿:技术创新与未来展望专刊, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=147, endPage=159, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149664177888870578, articleId=1148708267259392700, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, language=EN, title=Frontier Advances and Trends of Functional Polymer Hydrogels, columnId=1149656489310208610, journalTitle=Science and Technology Foresight, columnName=Review and Commentary, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Polymer hydrogels are a class of materials composed of hydrophilic networks and water, with excellent soft and wet properties. With the development of intelligent materials research, functional polymer hydrogels with light, temperature, and electrical responsiveness have made breakthrough progress. They provide innovative solutions for precision medicine (such as smart drug delivery and tissue engineering), intelligent agriculture (such as water molecule regulation and pollutant adsorption), and the development of interactive pad devices. However, their practical application is still limited by key challenges such as insufficient mechanical strength and low functional integration. However, current hydrogels still face challenges such as poor mechanical properties and single function. This paper reviewed the latest research results of functional hydrogels and discussed the direction of their optimization and multifunctionality, which is expected to provide innovative technological solutions for the fields of precision medicine, environmental protection, and smart materials in the future and promote the rapid development of the related fields.

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高分子水凝胶是由亲水三维网络和水分子构成的功能材料,具有独特的“软、湿”特性。随着智能材料研究的发展,具有光、温度、电响应特性的功能高分子水凝胶取得突破性进展,为精准医疗(如智能药物递送、组织工程)、智能农业(如水分调控、污染物吸附)和交互式电子器件开发提供了创新解决方案,但其实际应用仍面临机械强度不足、功能集成度低等关键挑战。文章综述了功能水凝胶的最新研究成果,并探讨了其优化和多功能化的方向,未来有望为精准医疗、环境保护和智能材料等领域提供创新的技术解决方案,推动相关领域的快速发展。

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孙雨,博士研究生。主要从事功能与智能高分子水凝胶的性能调控及其在防伪领域应用研究。电子信箱:

陈涛,研究员,博士研究生导师。英国皇家化学会会士。主要从事仿生智能高分子材料研究。主持国家重点研发计划、国家自然科学基金、中国科学院前沿重点研发计划等项目。发表论文250余篇。电子信箱:

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孙雨,博士研究生。主要从事功能与智能高分子水凝胶的性能调控及其在防伪领域应用研究。电子信箱:

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孙雨,博士研究生。主要从事功能与智能高分子水凝胶的性能调控及其在防伪领域应用研究。电子信箱:

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陈涛,研究员,博士研究生导师。英国皇家化学会会士。主要从事仿生智能高分子材料研究。主持国家重点研发计划、国家自然科学基金、中国科学院前沿重点研发计划等项目。发表论文250余篇。电子信箱:

"}, bioImg=egKn3D7jfp90GzS1zerCVg==, bioContent=

陈涛,研究员,博士研究生导师。英国皇家化学会会士。主要从事仿生智能高分子材料研究。主持国家重点研发计划、国家自然科学基金、中国科学院前沿重点研发计划等项目。发表论文250余篇。电子信箱:

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We propose a damageless reinforcement strategy for hydrogels using strain-induced crystallization. For slide-ring gels in which polyethylene glycol chains are highly oriented and mutually exposed under large deformation, crystallinity forms and melts with elongation and retraction, resulting both in almost 100% rapid recovery of extension energy and excellent toughness of 6.6 to 22 megajoules per square meter, which is one order of magnitude larger than the toughness of covalently cross-linked homogeneous gels of polyethylene glycol.Copyright © 2021 The Authors, some rights reserved; exclusive licensee American Association for the Advancement of Science. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.), Reference(id=1242114214433718448, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708267259392700, doi=10.1038/s41563-023-01648-4, pmid=37604908, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=22, issue=10, pageStart=1253, pageEnd=1260, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[5], rfOrder=4, authorNames=Bao B K, Zeng Q M, Li K, journalName=Nature Materials, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Bao B K, Zeng Q M, Li K, et al. Rapid fabrication of physically robust hydrogels[J]. Nature Materials, 2023, 22(10): 1253-1260., articleTitle=Rapid fabrication of physically robust hydrogels, refAbstract=Hydrogel materials show promise for diverse applications, particular as biocompatible materials due to their high water content. Despite advances in hydrogel technology in recent years, their application is often severely limited by inadequate mechanical properties and time-consuming fabrication processes. Here we report a rapid hydrogel preparation strategy that achieves the simultaneous photo-crosslinking and establishment of biomimetic soft-hard material interface microstructures. These biomimetic interfacial-bonding nanocomposite hydrogels are prepared within seconds and feature clearly separated phases but have a strongly bonded interface. Due to effective interphase load transfer, biomimetic interfacial-bonding nanocomposite gels achieve an ultrahigh toughness (138 MJ m) and exceptional tensile strength (15.31 MPa) while maintaining a structural stability that rivals or surpasses that of commonly used elastomer (non-hydrated) materials. Biomimetic interfacial-bonding nanocomposite gels can be fabricated into arbitrarily complex structures via three-dimensional printing with micrometre-level precision. Overall, this work presents a generalizable preparation strategy for hydrogel materials and acrylic elastomers that will foster potential advances in soft materials.© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited.), Reference(id=1242114214509215921, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708267259392700, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=7, issue=null, pageStart=475, pageEnd=486, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[6], rfOrder=5, authorNames=Won D, Kim H, Kim J, journalName=Nature Electronics, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Won D, Kim H, Kim J, et al. Laser-induced wet stability and adhesion of pure conducting polymer hydrogels[J]. Nature Electronics, 2024, 7: 475-486., articleTitle=Laser-induced wet stability and adhesion of pure conducting polymer hydrogels, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114214572130482, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708267259392700, doi=10.1126/science.abn8699, pmid=35951702, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=377, issue=6607, pageStart=751, pageEnd=755, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[7], rfOrder=6, authorNames=Ma Z W, Bourquard C, Gao Q M, journalName=Science, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Ma Z W, Bourquard C, Gao Q M, et al. Controlled tough bioadhesion mediated by ultrasound[J]. Science, 2022, 377(6607): 751-755., articleTitle=Controlled tough bioadhesion mediated by ultrasound, refAbstract=Tough bioadhesion has important implications in engineering and medicine but remains challenging to form and control. We report an ultrasound (US)-mediated strategy to achieve tough bioadhesion with controllability and fatigue resistance. Without chemical reaction, the US can amplify the adhesion energy and interfacial fatigue threshold between hydrogels and porcine skin by up to 100 and 10 times. Combined experiments and theoretical modeling suggest that the key mechanism is US-induced cavitation, which propels and immobilizes anchoring primers into tissues with mitigated barrier effects. Our strategy achieves spatial patterning of tough bioadhesion, on-demand detachment, and transdermal drug delivery. This work expands the material repertoire for tough bioadhesion and enables bioadhesive technologies with high-level controllability.), Reference(id=1242114214635045043, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708267259392700, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=575, issue=7781, pageStart=169, pageEnd=174, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[8], rfOrder=7, authorNames=Yuk H, Varela C E, Nabzdyk C S, journalName=Nature, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Yuk H, Varela C E, Nabzdyk C S, et al. Dry double-sided tape for adhesion of wet tissues and devices[J]. Nature, 2019, 575(7781): 169-174., articleTitle=Dry double-sided tape for adhesion of wet tissues and devices, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114214697959604, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708267259392700, doi=10.1126/science.abo2542, pmid=35901155, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=377, issue=6605, pageStart=517, pageEnd=523, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[9], rfOrder=8, authorNames=Wang C H, Chen X Y, Wang L, journalName=Science, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Wang C H, Chen X Y, Wang L, et al. Bioadhesive ultrasound for long-term continuous imaging of diverse organs[J]. Science, 2022, 377(6605): 517-523., articleTitle=Bioadhesive ultrasound for long-term continuous imaging of diverse organs, refAbstract=Continuous imaging of internal organs over days could provide crucial information about health and diseases and enable insights into developmental biology. We report a bioadhesive ultrasound (BAUS) device that consists of a thin and rigid ultrasound probe robustly adhered to the skin via a couplant made of a soft, tough, antidehydrating, and bioadhesive hydrogel-elastomer hybrid. The BAUS device provides 48 hours of continuous imaging of diverse internal organs, including blood vessels, muscle, heart, gastrointestinal tract, diaphragm, and lung. The BAUS device could enable diagnostic and monitoring tools for various diseases.), Reference(id=1242114214760874165, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708267259392700, doi=10.1038/nmat2915, pmid=21151166, pmcid=null, year=2011, volume=10, issue=2, pageStart=149, pageEnd=156, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[10], rfOrder=9, authorNames=Li P, Poon Y F, Li W F, journalName=Nature Materials, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Li P, Poon Y F, Li W F, et al. A polycationic antimicrobial and biocompatible hydrogel with microbe membrane suctioning ability[J]. Nature Materials, 2011, 10(2): 149-156., articleTitle=A polycationic antimicrobial and biocompatible hydrogel with microbe membrane suctioning ability, refAbstract=Despite advanced sterilization and aseptic techniques, infections associated with medical implants have not been eradicated. Most present coatings cannot simultaneously fulfil the requirements of antibacterial and antifungal activity as well as biocompatibility and reusability. Here, we report an antimicrobial hydrogel based on dimethyldecylammonium chitosan (with high quaternization)-graft-poly(ethylene glycol) methacrylate (DMDC-Q-g-EM) and poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate, which has excellent antimicrobial efficacy against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Fusarium solani. The proposed mechanism of the antimicrobial activity of the polycationic hydrogel is by attraction of sections of anionic microbial membrane into the internal nanopores of the hydrogel, like an 'anion sponge', leading to microbial membrane disruption and then microbe death. We have also demonstrated a thin uniform adherent coating of the hydrogel by simple ultraviolet immobilization. An animal study shows that DMDC-Q-g-EM hydrogel coating is biocompatible with rabbit conjunctiva and has no toxicity to the epithelial cells or the underlying stroma.), Reference(id=1242114214823788726, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708267259392700, doi=10.1039/c8cs00128f, pmid=29697128, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=47, issue=18, pageStart=6917, pageEnd=6929, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[11], rfOrder=10, authorNames=Hu B H, Owh C, Chee P L, journalName=Chemical Society Reviews, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Hu B H, Owh C, Chee P L, et al. Supramolecular hydrogels for antimicrobial therapy[J]. Chemical Society Reviews, 2018, 47(18): 6917-6929., articleTitle=Supramolecular hydrogels for antimicrobial therapy, refAbstract=The emergence of drug-resistant microbes has become a threat to global health, and microbial infections severely limit the use of healthcare materials. To achieve efficient antimicrobial therapy, supramolecular hydrogels demonstrate unprecedented advantages in medical applications due to the tunable and reversible nature of their supramolecular interactions and the capability of hydrogels to incorporate various therapeutic agents. Herein, antimicrobial hydrogels are categorized according to their inherent antimicrobial properties or based on their roles in encapsulating antimicrobial materials. Moreover, strategies to further enhance the antimicrobial efficacy of hydrogels are highlighted, such as the incorporation of antifouling agents or the enabling of response towards physiological cues. We envision that supramolecular hydrogels, in combination with modern medical technology and devices, will contribute to the development of efficient and safe systems for antimicrobial therapy.), Reference(id=1242114214886703287, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708267259392700, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=618, issue=7966, pageStart=740, pageEnd=747, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[12], rfOrder=11, authorNames=Fu L L, Li L, Bian Q Y, journalName=Nature, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Fu L L, Li L, Bian Q Y, et al. Cartilage-like protein hydrogels engineered via entanglement[J]. Nature, 2023, 618(7966): 740-747., articleTitle=Cartilage-like protein hydrogels engineered via entanglement, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114214945423544, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708267259392700, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=623, issue=7985, pageStart=58, pageEnd=65, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[13], rfOrder=12, authorNames=Jin S B, Choi H, Seong D, journalName=Nature, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Jin S B, Choi H, Seong D, et al. Injectable tissue prosthesis for instantaneous closed-loop rehabilitation[J]. Nature, 2023, 623(7985): 58-65., articleTitle=Injectable tissue prosthesis for instantaneous closed-loop rehabilitation, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114215016726713, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708267259392700, doi=10.1038/s41563-023-01558-5, pmid=37217701, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=22, issue=6, pageStart=777, pageEnd=785, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[14], rfOrder=13, authorNames=Günay K A, Chang T L, Skillin N P, journalName=Nature Materials, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Günay K A, Chang T L, Skillin N P, et al. Photo-expansion microscopy enables super-resolution imaging of cells embedded in 3D hydrogels[J]. Nature Materials, 2023, 22(6): 777-785., articleTitle=Photo-expansion microscopy enables super-resolution imaging of cells embedded in 3D hydrogels, refAbstract=Hydrogels are extensively used as tunable, biomimetic three-dimensional cell culture matrices, but optically deep, high-resolution images are often difficult to obtain, limiting nanoscale quantification of cell-matrix interactions and outside-in signalling. Here we present photopolymerized hydrogels for expansion microscopy that enable optical clearance and tunable ×4.6-6.7 homogeneous expansion of not only monolayer cell cultures and tissue sections, but cells embedded within hydrogels. The photopolymerized hydrogels for expansion microscopy formulation relies on a rapid photoinitiated thiol/acrylate mixed-mode polymerization that is not inhibited by oxygen and decouples monomer diffusion from polymerization, which is particularly beneficial when expanding cells embedded within hydrogels. Using this technology, we visualize human mesenchymal stem cells and their interactions with nascently deposited proteins at <120 nm resolution when cultured in proteolytically degradable synthetic polyethylene glycol hydrogels. Results support the notion that focal adhesion maturation requires cellular fibronectin deposition; nuclear deformation precedes cellular spreading; and human mesenchymal stem cells display cell-surface metalloproteinases for matrix remodelling.© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited.), Reference(id=1242114215088029882, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708267259392700, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=6, issue=53, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[15], rfOrder=14, authorNames=Zhao Y S, Lo C Y, Ruan L C, journalName=Science Robotics, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhao Y S, Lo C Y, Ruan L C, et al. Somatosensory actuator based on stretchable conductive photothermally responsive hydrogel[J]. Science Robotics, 2021, 6(53): eabd5483, doi: 10.1126/scirobotics.abd5483., articleTitle=Somatosensory actuator based on stretchable conductive photothermally responsive hydrogel, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114215167721659, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708267259392700, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=31, issue=26, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[16], rfOrder=15, authorNames=Li L, Scheiger J M, Levkin P A, journalName=Advanced Materials, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Li L, Scheiger J M, Levkin P A. Design and applications of photoresponsive hydrogels[J]. Advanced Materials, 2019, 31(26): e1807333, doi: 10.1002/adma.201807333., articleTitle=Design and applications of photoresponsive hydrogels, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114215230636220, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708267259392700, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=36, issue=14, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[17], rfOrder=16, authorNames=Wu P, Xu C, Zou X H, journalName=Advanced Materials, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Wu P, Xu C, Zou X H, et al. Capacitive-coupling-responsive hydrogel scaffolds offering wireless in situ electrical stimulation promotes nerve regeneration[J]. Advanced Materials, 2024, 36(14): e2310483, doi: 10.1002/adma.202310483., articleTitle=Capacitive-coupling-responsive hydrogel scaffolds offering wireless in situ electrical stimulation promotes nerve regeneration, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114215293550781, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708267259392700, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=60, issue=7, pageStart=3640, pageEnd=3646, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[18], rfOrder=17, authorNames=Le X X, Shang H, Yan H Z, journalName=Angewandte Chemie, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Le X X, Shang H, Yan H Z, et al. A urease-containing fluorescent hydrogel for transient information storage[J]. Angewandte Chemie, 2021, 60(7): 3640-3646., articleTitle=A urease-containing fluorescent hydrogel for transient information storage, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114215369048254, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708267259392700, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=32, issue=11, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[19], rfOrder=18, authorNames=Li Z, Liu P C, Ji X F, journalName=Advanced Materials, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Li Z, Liu P C, Ji X F, et al. Bioinspired simultaneous changes in fluorescence color, brightness, and shape of hydrogels enabled by AIEgens[J]. Advanced Materials, 2020, 32(11): e1906493, doi: 10.1002/adma.201906493., articleTitle=Bioinspired simultaneous changes in fluorescence color, brightness, and shape of hydrogels enabled by AIEgens, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114215431962815, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708267259392700, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=29, issue=44, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[20], rfOrder=19, authorNames=Park J, Pramanick S, Park D, journalName=Advanced Materials, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Park J, Pramanick S, Park D, et al. Therapeutic-gas-responsive hydrogel[J]. Advanced Materials, 2017, 29(44): 1702859, doi: 10.1002/adma.201702859., articleTitle=Therapeutic-gas-responsive hydrogel, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114215494877376, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708267259392700, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=4, issue=11, pageStart=2458, pageEnd=2474, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[21], rfOrder=20, authorNames=Zhou Y, Wang S C, Peng J Q, journalName=Joule, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhou Y, Wang S C, Peng J Q, et al. Liquid thermo-responsive smart window derived from hydrogel[J]. Joule, 2020, 4(11): 2458-2474., articleTitle=Liquid thermo-responsive smart window derived from hydrogel, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114215566180545, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708267259392700, doi=10.1038/s41563-024-01811-5, pmid=38413810, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=23, issue=9, pageStart=1292, pageEnd=1299, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[22], rfOrder=21, authorNames=Liu G W, Pickett M J, Kuosmanen J L P, journalName=Nature Materials, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Liu G W, Pickett M J, Kuosmanen J L P, et al. Drinkable in situ-forming tough hydrogels for gastrointestinal therapeutics[J]. Nature Materials, 2024, 23(9): 1292-1299., articleTitle=Drinkable in situ-forming tough hydrogels for gastrointestinal therapeutics, refAbstract=Pills are a cornerstone of medicine but can be challenging to swallow. While liquid formulations are easier to ingest, they lack the capacity to localize therapeutics with excipients nor act as controlled release devices. Here we describe drug formulations based on liquid in situ-forming tough (LIFT) hydrogels that bridge the advantages of solid and liquid dosage forms. LIFT hydrogels form directly in the stomach through sequential ingestion of a crosslinker solution of calcium and dithiol crosslinkers, followed by a drug-containing polymer solution of alginate and four-arm poly(ethylene glycol)-maleimide. We show that LIFT hydrogels robustly form in the stomachs of live rats and pigs, and are mechanically tough, biocompatible and safely cleared after 24 h. LIFT hydrogels deliver a total drug dose comparable to unencapsulated drug in a controlled manner, and protect encapsulated therapeutic enzymes and bacteria from gastric acid-mediated deactivation. Overall, LIFT hydrogels may expand access to advanced therapeutics for patients with difficulty swallowing.© 2024. The Author(s).), Reference(id=1242114215629095106, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708267259392700, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=631, issue=8021, pageStart=544, pageEnd=548, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[23], rfOrder=22, authorNames=Bianco S, Hasan M, Ahmad A, journalName=Nature, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Bianco S, Hasan M, Ahmad A, et al. Mechanical release of homogenous proteins from supramolecular gels[J]. Nature, 2024, 631(8021): 544-548., articleTitle=Mechanical release of homogenous proteins from supramolecular gels, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114215692009667, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708267259392700, doi=10.1038/s41563-023-01472-w, pmid=36941391, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=22, issue=7, pageStart=818, pageEnd=831, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[24], rfOrder=23, authorNames=Zhong R B, Talebian S, Mendes B B, journalName=Nature Materials, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhong R B, Talebian S, Mendes B B, et al. Hydrogels for RNA delivery[J]. Nature Materials, 2023, 22(7): 818-831., articleTitle=Hydrogels for RNA delivery, refAbstract=RNA-based therapeutics have shown tremendous promise in disease intervention at the genetic level, and some have been approved for clinical use, including the recent COVID-19 messenger RNA vaccines. The clinical success of RNA therapy is largely dependent on the use of chemical modification, ligand conjugation or non-viral nanoparticles to improve RNA stability and facilitate intracellular delivery. Unlike molecular-level or nanoscale approaches, macroscopic hydrogels are soft, water-swollen three-dimensional structures that possess remarkable features such as biodegradability, tunable physiochemical properties and injectability, and recently they have attracted enormous attention for use in RNA therapy. Specifically, hydrogels can be engineered to exert precise spatiotemporal control over the release of RNA therapeutics, potentially minimizing systemic toxicity and enhancing in vivo efficacy. This Review provides a comprehensive overview of hydrogel loading of RNAs and hydrogel design for controlled release, highlights their biomedical applications and offers our perspectives on the opportunities and challenges in this exciting field of RNA delivery.© 2023. Springer Nature Limited.), Reference(id=1242114215759118532, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708267259392700, doi=10.1038/s41563-022-01429-5, pmid=36550372, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=22, issue=1, pageStart=128, pageEnd=134, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[25], rfOrder=24, authorNames=Gantenbein S, Colucci E, Käch J, journalName=Nature Materials, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Gantenbein S, Colucci E, Käch J, et al. Three-dimensional printing of mycelium hydrogels into living complex materials[J]. Nature Materials, 2023, 22(1): 128-134., articleTitle=Three-dimensional printing of mycelium hydrogels into living complex materials, refAbstract=Biological living materials, such as animal bones and plant stems, are able to self-heal, regenerate, adapt and make decisions under environmental pressures. Despite recent successful efforts to imbue synthetic materials with some of these remarkable functionalities, many emerging properties of complex adaptive systems found in biology remain unexplored in engineered living materials. Here, we describe a three-dimensional printing approach that harnesses the emerging properties of fungal mycelia to create living complex materials that self-repair, regenerate and adapt to the environment while fulfilling an engineering function. Hydrogels loaded with the fungus Ganoderma lucidum are three-dimensionally printed into lattice architectures to enable mycelial growth in a balanced exploration and exploitation pattern that simultaneously promotes colonization of the gel and bridging of air gaps. To illustrate the potential of such mycelium-based living complex materials, we three-dimensionally print a robotic skin that is mechanically robust, self-cleaning and able to autonomously regenerate after damage.© 2022. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited.), Reference(id=1242114215817838789, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708267259392700, doi=10.1038/s41563-023-01611-3, pmid=37500957, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=22, issue=8, pageStart=1039, pageEnd=1046, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[26], rfOrder=25, authorNames=Choi S, Lee K Y, Kim S L, journalName=Nature Materials, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Choi S, Lee K Y, Kim S L, et al. Fibre-infused gel scaffolds guide cardiomyocyte alignment in 3D-printed ventricles[J]. Nature Materials, 2023, 22(8): 1039-1046., articleTitle=Fibre-infused gel scaffolds guide cardiomyocyte alignment in 3D-printed ventricles, refAbstract=Hydrogels are attractive materials for tissue engineering, but efforts to date have shown limited ability to produce the microstructural features necessary to promote cellular self-organization into hierarchical three-dimensional (3D) organ models. Here we develop a hydrogel ink containing prefabricated gelatin fibres to print 3D organ-level scaffolds that recapitulate the intra- and intercellular organization of the heart. The addition of prefabricated gelatin fibres to hydrogels enables the tailoring of the ink rheology, allowing for a controlled sol-gel transition to achieve precise printing of free-standing 3D structures without additional supporting materials. Shear-induced alignment of fibres during ink extrusion provides microscale geometric cues that promote the self-organization of cultured human cardiomyocytes into anisotropic muscular tissues in vitro. The resulting 3D-printed ventricle in vitro model exhibited biomimetic anisotropic electrophysiological and contractile properties.© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited.), Reference(id=1242114215889141958, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708267259392700, doi=10.1126/science.aav9750, pmid=31048486, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=364, issue=6439, pageStart=458, pageEnd=464, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[27], rfOrder=26, authorNames=Grigoryan B, Paulsen S J, Corbett D C, journalName=Science, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Grigoryan B, Paulsen S J, Corbett D C, et al. Multivascular networks and functional intravascular topologies within biocompatible hydrogels[J]. Science, 2019, 364(6439): 458-464., articleTitle=Multivascular networks and functional intravascular topologies within biocompatible hydrogels, refAbstract=Solid organs transport fluids through distinct vascular networks that are biophysically and biochemically entangled, creating complex three-dimensional (3D) transport regimes that have remained difficult to produce and study. We establish intravascular and multivascular design freedoms with photopolymerizable hydrogels by using food dye additives as biocompatible yet potent photoabsorbers for projection stereolithography. We demonstrate monolithic transparent hydrogels, produced in minutes, comprising efficient intravascular 3D fluid mixers and functional bicuspid valves. We further elaborate entangled vascular networks from space-filling mathematical topologies and explore the oxygenation and flow of human red blood cells during tidal ventilation and distension of a proximate airway. In addition, we deploy structured biodegradable hydrogel carriers in a rodent model of chronic liver injury to highlight the potential translational utility of this materials innovation.Copyright © 2019 The Authors, some rights reserved; exclusive licensee American Association for the Advancement of Science. No claim to original U.S. Government Works.), Reference(id=1242114215956250823, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708267259392700, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=36, issue=25, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[28], rfOrder=27, authorNames=Xiao W Y, Wan X Z, Shi L X, journalName=Advanced Materials, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Xiao W Y, Wan X Z, Shi L X, et al. A viscous-biofluid self-pumping organohydrogel dressing to accelerate diabetic wound healing[J]. Advanced Materials, 2024, 36(25): e2401539, doi: 10.1002/adma.202401539., articleTitle=A viscous-biofluid self-pumping organohydrogel dressing to accelerate diabetic wound healing, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114216014971080, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708267259392700, doi=10.1038/s41570-021-00323-z, pmid=37117664, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=5, issue=11, pageStart=773, pageEnd=791, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[29], rfOrder=28, authorNames=Guo B L, Dong R N, Liang Y P, journalName=Nature Reviews Chemistry, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Guo B L, Dong R N, Liang Y P, et al. Haemostatic materials for wound healing applications[J]. Nature Reviews Chemistry, 2021, 5(11): 773-791., articleTitle=Haemostatic materials for wound healing applications, refAbstract=Wounds are one of the most common health issues, and the cost of wound care and healing has continued to increase over the past decade. The first step in wound healing is haemostasis, and the development of haemostatic materials that aid wound healing has accelerated in the past 5 years. Numerous haemostatic materials have been fabricated, composed of different active components (including natural polymers, synthetic polymers, silicon-based materials and metal-containing materials) and in various forms (including sponges, hydrogels, nanofibres and particles). In this Review, we provide an overview of haemostatic materials in wound healing, focusing on their chemical design and operation. We describe the physiological process of haemostasis to elucidate the principles that underpin the design of haemostatic wound dressings. We also highlight the advantages and limitations of the different active components and forms of haemostatic materials. The main challenges and future directions in the development of haemostatic materials for wound healing are proposed.© 2021. Springer Nature Limited.), Reference(id=1242114216086274249, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708267259392700, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=35, issue=36, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[30], rfOrder=29, authorNames=Yang Z X, An Y, He Y L, journalName=Advanced Materials, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Yang Z X, An Y, He Y L, et al. A programmable actuator as synthetic earthworm[J]. Advanced Materials, 2023, 35(36): e2303805, doi: 10.1002/adma.202303805., articleTitle=A programmable actuator as synthetic earthworm, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114216144994506, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708267259392700, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=204, issue=null, pageStart=104736, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[31], rfOrder=30, authorNames=Saha A, Sekharan S, Manna U, journalName=Soil and Tillage Research, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Saha A, Sekharan S, Manna U. Superabsorbent hydrogel (SAH) as a soil amendment for drought management: A review[J]. 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Science, 2024, 386(6725): 1024-1030., articleTitle=Microscale droplet assembly enables biocompatible multifunctional modular iontronics, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114216329543885, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708267259392700, doi=10.1126/science.abj9912, pmid=35511972, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=376, issue=6593, pageStart=624, pageEnd=629, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[34], rfOrder=33, authorNames=Park B, Shin J H, Ok J, journalName=Science, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Park B, Shin J H, Ok J, et al. Cuticular pad-inspired selective frequency damper for nearly dynamic noise-free bioelectronics[J]. Science, 2022, 376(6593): 624-629., articleTitle=Cuticular pad-inspired selective frequency damper for nearly dynamic noise-free bioelectronics, refAbstract=Bioelectronics needs to continuously monitor mechanical and electrophysiological signals for patients. However, the signals always include artifacts by patients' unexpected movement (such as walking and respiration under approximately 30 hertz). The current method to remove them is a signal process that uses a bandpass filter, which may cause signal loss. We present an unconventional bandpass filter material-viscoelastic gelatin-chitosan hydrogel damper, inspired by the viscoelastic cuticular pad in a spider-to remove dynamic mechanical noise artifacts selectively. The hydrogel exhibits frequency-dependent phase transition that results in a rubbery state that damps low-frequency noise and a glassy state that transmits the desired high-frequency signals. It serves as an adaptable passfilter that enables the acquisition of high-quality signals from patients while minimizing signal process for advanced bioelectronics.), Reference(id=1242114216392458446, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708267259392700, doi=10.1126/science.aaw1974, pmid=35482868, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=376, issue=6592, pageStart=502, pageEnd=507, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[35], rfOrder=34, authorNames=Dobashi Y, Yao D, Petel Y, journalName=Science, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Dobashi Y, Yao D, Petel Y, et al. Piezoionic mechanoreceptors: Force-induced current generation in hydrogels[J]. Science, 2022, 376(6592): 502-507., articleTitle=Piezoionic mechanoreceptors: Force-induced current generation in hydrogels, refAbstract=The human somatosensory network relies on ionic currents to sense, transmit, and process tactile information. We investigate hydrogels that similarly transduce pressure into ionic currents, forming a piezoionic skin. As in rapid- and slow-adapting mechanoreceptors, piezoionic currents can vary widely in duration, from milliseconds to hundreds of seconds. These currents are shown to elicit direct neuromodulation and muscle excitation, suggesting a path toward bionic sensory interfaces. The signal magnitude and duration depend on cationic and anionic mobility differences. Patterned hydrogel films with gradients of fixed charge provide voltage offsets akin to cell potentials. The combined effects enable the creation of self-powered and ultrasoft piezoionic mechanoreceptors that generate a charge density four to six orders of magnitude higher than those of triboelectric and piezoelectric devices.), Reference(id=1242114216446984399, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708267259392700, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=630, issue=8015, pageStart=84, pageEnd=90, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[36], rfOrder=35, authorNames=Tang H C, Yang Y Y, Liu Z, journalName=Nature, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Tang H C, Yang Y Y, Liu Z, et al. Injectable ultrasonic sensor for wireless monitoring of intracranial signals[J]. Nature, 2024, 630(8015): 84-90., articleTitle=Injectable ultrasonic sensor for wireless monitoring of intracranial signals, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114216509898960, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708267259392700, doi=10.1126/science.abm7862, pmid=35420951, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=376, issue=6590, pageStart=301, pageEnd=307, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[37], rfOrder=36, authorNames=Na H, Kang Y W, Park C S, journalName=Science, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Na H, Kang Y W, Park C S, et al. Hydrogel-based strong and fast actuators by electroosmotic turgor pressure[J]. Science, 2022, 376(6590): 301-307., articleTitle=Hydrogel-based strong and fast actuators by electroosmotic turgor pressure, refAbstract=Hydrogels are promising as materials for soft actuators because of qualities such as softness, transparency, and responsiveness to stimuli. However, weak and slow actuations remain challenging as a result of low modulus and osmosis-driven slow water diffusion, respectively. We used turgor pressure and electroosmosis to realize a strong and fast hydrogel-based actuator. A turgor actuator fabricated with a gel confined by a selectively permeable membrane can retain a high osmotic pressure that drives gel swelling; thus, our actuator exerts large stress [0.73 megapascals (MPa) in 96 minutes (min)] with a 1.16 cubic centimeters of hydrogel. With the accelerated water transport caused by electroosmosis, the gel swells rapidly, enhancing the actuation speed (0.79 MPa in 9 min). Our strategies enable a soft hydrogel to break a brick and construct underwater structures within a few minutes.), Reference(id=1242114216568619217, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708267259392700, doi=10.1038/s41557-020-0444-1, pmid=32221498, pmcid=null, year=2020, volume=12, issue=4, pageStart=363, pageEnd=371, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[38], rfOrder=37, authorNames=Downs F G, Lunn D J, Booth M J, journalName=Nature Chemistry, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Downs F G, Lunn D J, Booth M J, et al. Multi-responsive hydrogel structures from patterned droplet networks[J]. Nature Chemistry, 2020, 12(4): 363-371., articleTitle=Multi-responsive hydrogel structures from patterned droplet networks, refAbstract=Responsive hydrogels that undergo controlled shape changes in response to a range of stimuli are of interest for microscale soft robotic and biomedical devices. However, these applications require fabrication methods capable of preparing complex, heterogeneous materials. Here we report a new approach for making patterned, multi-material and multi-responsive hydrogels, on a micrometre to millimetre scale. Nanolitre aqueous pre-gel droplets were connected through lipid bilayers in predetermined architectures and photopolymerized to yield continuous hydrogel structures. By using this droplet network technology to pattern domains containing temperature-responsive or non-responsive hydrogels, structures that undergo reversible curling were produced. Through patterning of gold nanoparticle-containing domains into the hydrogels, light-activated shape change was achieved, while domains bearing magnetic particles allowed movement of the structures in a magnetic field. To highlight our technique, we generated a multi-responsive hydrogel that, at one temperature, could be moved through a constriction under a magnetic field and, at a second temperature, could grip and transport a cargo.), Reference(id=1242114216644116690, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708267259392700, doi=10.1038/s41563-024-01955-4, pmid=39043929, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=23, issue=10, pageStart=1428, pageEnd=1435, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[39], rfOrder=38, authorNames=Wang X, Pan C F, Xia N, journalName=Nature Materials, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Wang X, Pan C F, Xia N, et al. Fracture-driven power amplification in a hydrogel launcher[J]. Nature Materials, 2024, 23(10): 1428-1435., articleTitle=Fracture-driven power amplification in a hydrogel launcher, refAbstract=Robotic tasks that require robust propulsion abilities such as jumping, ejecting or catapulting require power-amplification strategies where kinetic energy is generated from pre-stored energy. Here we report an engineered accumulated strain energy-fracture power-amplification method that is inspired by the pressurized fluidic squirting mechanism of Ecballium elaterium (squirting cucumber plants). We realize a light-driven hydrogel launcher that harnesses fast liquid vapourization triggered by the photothermal response of an embedded graphene suspension. This vapourization leads to appreciable elastic energy storage within the surrounding hydrogel network, followed by rapid elastic energy release within 0.3 ms. These soft hydrogel robots achieve controlled launching at high velocity with a predictable trajectory. The accumulated strain energy-fracture method was used to create an artificial squirting cucumber that disperses artificial seeds over metres, which can further achieve smart seeding through an integrated radio-frequency identification chip. This power-amplification strategy provides a basis for propulsive motion to advance the capabilities of miniaturized soft robotic systems.© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature Limited.), Reference(id=1242114216707031251, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708267259392700, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=7, issue=null, pageStart=537, pageEnd=547, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[40], rfOrder=39, authorNames=Tan J, Kang B, Kim K, journalName=Nature Energy, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Tan J, Kang B, Kim K, et al. Hydrogel protection strategy to stabilize water-splitting photoelectrodes[J]. Nature Energy, 2022, 7: 537-547., articleTitle=Hydrogel protection strategy to stabilize water-splitting photoelectrodes, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1242114216769945812, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708267259392700, doi=10.1038/s41563-023-01649-3, pmid=37604911, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=22, issue=10, pageStart=1243, pageEnd=1252, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[41], rfOrder=40, authorNames=Zhang M C, Pal A, Zheng Z Q, journalName=Nature Materials, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Zhang M C, Pal A, Zheng Z Q, et al. Hydrogel muscles powering reconfigurable micro-metastructures with wide-spectrum programmability[J]. Nature Materials, 2023, 22(10): 1243-1252., articleTitle=Hydrogel muscles powering reconfigurable micro-metastructures with wide-spectrum programmability, refAbstract=Stimuli-responsive geometric transformations endow metamaterials with dynamic properties and functionalities. However, using existing transformation mechanisms to program a single geometry to transform into diverse final configurations remains challenging, imposing crucial design restrictions on achieving versatile functionalities. Here, we present a programmable strategy for wide-spectrum reconfigurable micro-metastructures using linearly responsive transparent hydrogels as artificial muscles. Actuated by the hydrogel, the transformation of micro-metastructures arises from the collaborative buckling of their building blocks. Rationally designing the three-dimensional printing parameters and geometry features of the metastructures enables their locally isotropic or anisotropic deformation, allowing controllable wide-spectrum pattern transformation with programmable chirality and optical anisotropy. This reconfiguration mechanism can be applied to various materials with a wide range of mechanical properties. Our strategy enables a thermally reconfigurable printed metalattice with pixel-by-pixel mapping of different printing powers and angles for displaying or hiding complex information, providing opportunities for encryption, miniature robotics, photonics and phononics applications.© 2023. The Author(s).)], funds=[Fund(id=1242114213963956394, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708267259392700, awardId=2022YFB3204301, language=CN, fundingSource=国家重点研发计划(2022YFB3204301), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1242114214022676651, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708267259392700, awardId=22322508, language=CN, fundingSource=国家优秀青年科学基金(22322508), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1242114211795501187, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708267259392700, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242114211803889796, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708267259392700, companyId=1242114211795501187, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1242114211812278405, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708267259392700, companyId=1242114211795501187, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=中国科学院宁波材料技术与工程研究所,宁波 315201)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1242114213322227874, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708267259392700, language=EN, label=Fig. 1, caption=Performance study and application areas of functional polymer hydrogels, figureFileSmall=NcsuwOVEbJtuAYk9kNDfSA==, figureFileBig=3xa6Dx4Lm1IKTXeN2Qssng==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242114213389336739, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708267259392700, language=CN, label=图1, caption=功能高分子水凝胶的性能研究及应用领域, figureFileSmall=NcsuwOVEbJtuAYk9kNDfSA==, figureFileBig=3xa6Dx4Lm1IKTXeN2Qssng==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242114213561303204, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708267259392700, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=Performance study of functional polymer hydrogels, figureFileSmall=4B118aIv+01hvwdcpZJyrQ==, figureFileBig=LrAYEyANz6qmoDRUl4tdDw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242114213620023461, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708267259392700, language=CN, label=图2, caption=功能高分子水凝胶的性能研究

CD:Hydroxypropyl-a-cyclodextrin,羟丙基-a-环糊精;PEG:Polyethylene Glycol,聚乙二醇;AD:Amantadine,金刚烷胺;CB[7]:Cucurbit[7]uril,葫芦[7]脲;PPV:Poly(phenylene vinylene) Derivative,聚苯基乙烯衍生物;LIPSA:Laser-induced Phase Separation and Adhesion,激光诱导的相分离和粘附;PSS:Poly(styrene sulfonate),聚(苯乙烯磺酸);PEDOT:Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene),聚(3,4-亚乙二氧基噻吩)。

, figureFileSmall=4B118aIv+01hvwdcpZJyrQ==, figureFileBig=LrAYEyANz6qmoDRUl4tdDw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242114213678743718, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708267259392700, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Smart responsiveness of functional polymer hydrogels, figureFileSmall=UyIxWQjHZMNVgUeNPVmReg==, figureFileBig=nlUzcIB9On+C+MyOBwtMCg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242114213737463975, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708267259392700, language=CN, label=图3, caption=功能高分子水凝胶的智能响应性

NIR:Near Infrared,近红外光;Vis:Visible,可见光;UV:Ultraviolet,紫外光。

, figureFileSmall=UyIxWQjHZMNVgUeNPVmReg==, figureFileBig=nlUzcIB9On+C+MyOBwtMCg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242114213787795624, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708267259392700, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=Main applications of functional polymer hydrogels, figureFileSmall=R2BTCeUbFFxzSoghFN63aA==, figureFileBig=nzvrU8h+Jjyy5LtTKcdSaQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1242114213842321577, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146032081894723586, articleId=1148708267259392700, language=CN, label=图4, caption=功能高分子水凝胶的主要应用

IT-IC:Injectable Tissue-Interfacing Prostheses Composed of Conductive,由导电材料组成的可注射的组织界面修复体;VML:Volumetric Muscle Loss,肌肉体积损失;WRAP:Water-Responsive Shape-Adaptive Polymer,水响应形状适应性聚合物;PAAM:Polyacrylamide,聚丙烯酰胺。

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功能高分子水凝胶前沿进展与未来趋势
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孙雨 , 乐晓霞 , 路伟 , 陈涛
前瞻科技 | 综述与述评 2025,4(1): 147-159
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前瞻科技 | 综述与述评 2025, 4(1): 147-159
功能高分子水凝胶前沿进展与未来趋势
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孙雨 , 乐晓霞, 路伟, 陈涛
作者信息
  • 中国科学院宁波材料技术与工程研究所,宁波 315201
  • 孙雨,博士研究生。主要从事功能与智能高分子水凝胶的性能调控及其在防伪领域应用研究。电子信箱:

    陈涛,研究员,博士研究生导师。英国皇家化学会会士。主要从事仿生智能高分子材料研究。主持国家重点研发计划、国家自然科学基金、中国科学院前沿重点研发计划等项目。发表论文250余篇。电子信箱:

通信作者:

Frontier Advances and Trends of Functional Polymer Hydrogels
Yu SUN , Xiaoxia LE, Wei LU, Tao CHEN
Affiliations
  • Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
出版时间: 2025-03-20 doi: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2025.01.015
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高分子水凝胶是由亲水三维网络和水分子构成的功能材料,具有独特的“软、湿”特性。随着智能材料研究的发展,具有光、温度、电响应特性的功能高分子水凝胶取得突破性进展,为精准医疗(如智能药物递送、组织工程)、智能农业(如水分调控、污染物吸附)和交互式电子器件开发提供了创新解决方案,但其实际应用仍面临机械强度不足、功能集成度低等关键挑战。文章综述了功能水凝胶的最新研究成果,并探讨了其优化和多功能化的方向,未来有望为精准医疗、环境保护和智能材料等领域提供创新的技术解决方案,推动相关领域的快速发展。

功能高分子水凝胶  /  生物医疗  /  环境保护  /  智能材料

Polymer hydrogels are a class of materials composed of hydrophilic networks and water, with excellent soft and wet properties. With the development of intelligent materials research, functional polymer hydrogels with light, temperature, and electrical responsiveness have made breakthrough progress. They provide innovative solutions for precision medicine (such as smart drug delivery and tissue engineering), intelligent agriculture (such as water molecule regulation and pollutant adsorption), and the development of interactive pad devices. However, their practical application is still limited by key challenges such as insufficient mechanical strength and low functional integration. However, current hydrogels still face challenges such as poor mechanical properties and single function. This paper reviewed the latest research results of functional hydrogels and discussed the direction of their optimization and multifunctionality, which is expected to provide innovative technological solutions for the fields of precision medicine, environmental protection, and smart materials in the future and promote the rapid development of the related fields.

functional polymer hydrogel  /  biomedicine  /  environmental protection  /  smart material
孙雨, 乐晓霞, 路伟, 陈涛. 功能高分子水凝胶前沿进展与未来趋势. 前瞻科技, 2025 , 4 (1) : 147 -159 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2025.01.015
Yu SUN, Xiaoxia LE, Wei LU, Tao CHEN. Frontier Advances and Trends of Functional Polymer Hydrogels[J]. Science and Technology Foresight, 2025 , 4 (1) : 147 -159 . DOI: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2025.01.015
水凝胶是由物理或化学交联方式形成的三维亲水网络和分散介质水组成的一类新兴高分子材料。这类材料具有与生物组织非常相似的“软、湿”特性。水凝胶种类丰富,既包括植物中的果胶、海藻酸盐,动物体内的透明质酸、明胶等天然水凝胶,也包括聚乙烯醇(Polyvinyl Alcohol, PVA)、聚丙烯酰胺(Polyacrylamide, PAAm)等一系列人工合成的水凝胶。因此,水凝胶在化学、材料学、生物学等多个学科都具有非常重要的地位,被广泛应用于生物医药、环境保护、柔性电子等领域。“水凝胶”最早在1894年的科学文献中用于描述无机盐的胶体凝胶[1]。直到1960年,Wichterle等[2]首次报道了以聚甲基丙烯酸羟乙酯为基础的水凝胶,并成功将其应用于软性隐形眼镜的制造,这一突破标志着现代水凝胶的开端[2]。随着材料科学、纳米技术和生物技术的飞速发展,传统水凝胶由于较差的机械性能和单一的功能,无法满足日益多样化和智能化的应用需求。应运而生的功能高分子水凝胶能够对外界环境的改变作出响应,并以此为基础,实现某种特定功能(图1)。与传统水凝胶相比,功能高分子水凝胶不仅保持了原有的吸水性和柔软性,还具备了更加复杂的物理化学特性,能够根据环境变化调节其形态、释放负载物质或进行化学反应,从而拓展了其在各个领域的应用潜力。
近年来,功能高分子水凝胶的研究取得了显著进展,特别是光响应、温度响应、电响应等特性的智能水凝胶的涌现,推动了精准治疗、智能农业、人机交互等新兴领域的迅速发展。在生物医学领域,功能高分子水凝胶作为智能药物递送系统,能够根据外部环境精确控制药物的释放,实现靶向治疗和精准医疗的目标,既提高了治疗效果,又减少了副作用。此外,功能高分子水凝胶优异的生物相容性和可降解性,使其应用于组织工程、伤口愈合和人工器官等领域。在环境保护方面,功能高分子水凝胶展现出了强大的污染物吸附能力,能够有效去除水中的有害物质,包括重金属和有机污染物。通过调整水凝胶的结构和组成,使其能够更好地适应环境变化,从而提高污染物的吸附和净化效率,为水资源保护和环境治理提供了可持续的解决方案。在农业领域,功能高分子水凝胶的温度和湿度响应特性使其在灌溉系统中具有重要应用,通过精准控制土壤湿度,它能够有效减少水资源浪费,并显著提高作物的产量和质量。此外,功能高分子水凝胶在传感器、驱动器等智能材料领域的应用前景同样不容忽视。总而言之,可以根据具体的应用需求,通过定制和优化水凝胶的性能,开发出更加高效、可持续的技术解决方案,可为现代社会应对日益严峻的资源短缺、环境污染和生活质量问题提供全新的技术路径。
水凝胶已经被广泛应用于可穿戴设备、传感器、软机器人等领域,然而,其力学性能,尤其是机械强度和韧性,仍面临显著挑战。为了提升水凝胶的力学性能,研究者通过引入牺牲结构(如牺牲键、纳米颗粒、结晶结构等),利用它们在大变形过程中耗散能量来减少破裂的风险,以增强水凝胶的韧性。例如,Li等[3]提出的双网络水凝胶结构,由一个高度交联的聚电解质网络(作为牺牲网络)和一个交联度较低的中性聚合物网络(提供柔韧性)组成。这种设计使水凝胶在经历大变形时,能够显著提高韧性,同时保持较高的强度。此外,师法自然,开发具有自修复和各向异性特性的水凝胶,通过响应外部力学刺激,实现材料的自我生长和强化。例如,Ito等[4]提出的基于应变诱导结晶化的水凝胶,采用滑动环结构(图2(a)),可以在大形变下通过结晶结构的形成与破坏实现自我修复,恢复率达到100%,展现出卓越的韧性。这种水凝胶还表现出强大的抗疲劳性,即使经历多次循环加载后,依然能保持良好的机械性能。然而,尽管某些水凝胶具备自修复能力,但修复过程通常较为缓慢,且随着能量消耗,恢复时间可能延长,从而影响其抗疲劳性和长期稳定性。
另外,水凝胶的加工性能与机械性能之间也存在矛盾。光固化等快速制备水凝胶的方式,通常会导致机械强度的降低,难以满足高精度和高强度应用的需求。为了解决这一问题,Zhu等[5]通过模拟生物界面黏附的纳米复合水凝胶,提出了一种快速制备物理强韧水凝胶的策略,实现了在几秒内制备出具有超高韧性和优异拉伸强度的水凝胶。该策略利用光触发的瞬态自由基与持久自由基耦合反应,通过共价键合颗粒和基质之间的界面,既保证了快速制备,又确保了水凝胶的高机械性能。
尽管水凝胶在力学性能方面已有显著进展,尤其是在韧性、抗疲劳性和强度提升方面,但仍面临韧性与强度的权衡及长期稳定性等挑战。未来研究将集中在发展新型水凝胶材料、优化制备工艺和改进结构设计,以进一步提升其力学性能并促进其在生物医学等领域的广泛应用。
水凝胶的黏附性能主要源于其独特的三维网络结构,以及多种黏附机制的协同作用,如机械嵌锁、湿黏附、扩散等。传统的水凝胶黏附往往是均匀的,通常缺乏对黏附过程的空间和时间控制,因而难以实现局部黏附或按需脱离。Ko等[6]通过激光诱导的相分离和黏附,实现了高性能导电水凝胶与多种聚合物基底的强黏附(图2(b))。尽管导电水凝胶在湿环境下的黏附性能得到了提升,但在实际应用中,如何在湿环境中保持长期的稳定性仍然是一个挑战。特别地,水凝胶与基底之间的界面水会严重削弱黏附力,如何增强水凝胶与基底之间的连接,减少界面水的渗透,进而提高湿黏附性能也是需要着重考虑的。Li等[7]提出了一种新型的超声波介导的水凝胶黏附策略,即通过超声波诱导的空化效应,将锚定剂推进并固定在组织中,从而在水凝胶与猪皮之间实现了高达100倍的黏附增强。这一研究表明水凝胶在湿润环境中的黏附能力可以通过优化其组成和结构来显著提高。然而,水凝胶制备过程中使用的交联剂和添加剂可能对生物体产生毒性,这类材料在生物黏附中的应用还面临生物安全性的问题。因此,开发生物可降解且无毒的水凝胶材料成为一个重要的研究方向。Yuk等[8]结合了天然的生物材料和交联聚丙烯酸的特性,提出了一种新型的干式双面胶材料。这种凝胶的黏附机制分为两个阶段:①通过去除组织表面界面的水分,实现快速临时交联;②与组织表面的氨基发生进一步共价交联,从而显著增强黏附强度和稳定性。这种双阶段交联机制,为水凝胶在生物医学领域的应用开辟了新的前景。超声通过空化效应增强了水凝胶的黏附性能,这一发现为开发新型生物黏附材料和提高生物医学设备与组织之间的黏附强度提供了新的方法。Zhao等[9]报道了一种生物黏附超声(Bioadhesive Ultrasound, BAUS)设备,该设备通过一种柔软、坚韧、抗脱水和生物黏附的水凝胶-弹性体混合物牢固地黏附在皮肤上,实现了对多种内脏器官的48 h连续成像。BAUS设备提供了一种非侵入性的长期监测工具,对于各种疾病的诊断和监测具有潜在价值。
研究表明,通过调整水凝胶的化学结构和物理性质,可以赋予其优异的抗菌能力。例如,季铵化改性壳聚糖与聚(乙二醇)二丙烯酸酯组合得到的水凝胶[10],通过吸引微生物膜中的阴离子部分进入水凝胶的纳米孔隙,使微生物膜破裂,对多种细菌均表现出了卓越的抗菌效果。Chen等[11]利用抗菌和带正电的两亲分子作为胶凝剂,成功开发出具有固有抗菌性的超分子水凝胶(图2(c))。此外,通过分子自组装技术,抗菌肽或药物可以转化为具有抗菌性能的水凝胶构建块。当然,也可以直接将抗生素或抗菌金属纳米粒子包裹到水凝胶网络中,开发新型的刺激响应型水凝胶(如pH响应性、温度响应性等),调控水凝胶的物理化学性质(如孔隙大小和电荷密度),实现对抗菌剂的精准释放。进一步结合抗污等其他特性,将扩展抗菌水凝胶的应用范围,提高其在复杂环境中的适应能力。
尽管水凝胶在抗菌领域展示了广阔的应用前景,但其实际应用仍面临多方面的挑战。首先,水凝胶的生物相容性和安全性问题亟待解决,在提高抗菌性能的同时,必须确保水凝胶对宿主细胞和组织不会产生毒性影响。其次,特别是在植入式应用中,如何确保水凝胶在复杂的生物环境中保持结构和功能的稳定性也至关重要。最后,将实验室研究成果转化为临床应用时,除需要克服制造成本、规模化生产等障碍外,还需通过监管审批等流程。
水凝胶作为一种生物相容性极高的软材料,在生物医学领域,尤其是组织工程和药物递送系统中展现了巨大的应用潜力。近年来,水凝胶的设计和应用正不断扩展,以满足特定的生物学需求和临床应用。当前的研究主要集中在提升水凝胶与生物组织的相互作用、模拟天然细胞外基质及开发刺激响应性材料等方面。例如,Li等[12]通过链纠缠技术增强了蛋白质基水凝胶的力学性能,使其具备了模拟软骨的高刚度、高韧性和快速恢复的特性,这为软骨修复和再生提供了新的生物材料方案。一方面,研究人员正在努力开发能够在生物体内稳定存在并按需降解的水凝胶,以避免潜在的异物反应;另一方面,规避免疫反应、实现炎症控制也是医用水凝胶所需要考虑的。Shin等[13]通过苯硼酸介导的多重交联,开发了一种可注射的组织假体。这种水凝胶能够在神经肌肉系统中实现即时的双向电导,并成功应用于大鼠肌肉损伤的早期康复,为减少炎症反应和提高生物相容性提供了新的思路。此外,水凝胶的技术创新也在不断推动其临床转化(图2(d))。Anseth等[14]开发了一种光聚合水凝胶,用于显微镜技术中的细胞成像,能够通过光学清除和均匀扩张,提高组织和细胞切片的成像分辨率。这项技术不仅为单层细胞培养和组织切片的高分辨率成像提供了新途径,也推动了水凝胶在生物医学领域中作为支撑材料的多功能应用。
智能响应性水凝胶因其在物理和化学刺激下可逆变化的独特性质(图3),近年来成为材料科学研究的热点之一,广泛应用于药物释放、生物传感、环境监测等领域。物理刺激响应水凝胶通过响应外部温度[15]、光[16]、电场[17]、磁场等物理因素发生可逆的形态或性质变化。温度响应水凝胶是最经典的研究方向,特别是基于聚(N-异丙基丙烯酰胺)等热敏性高分子材料的水凝胶。当温度低于某一特定临界值时,水凝胶保持良好的水合状态;而超过该温度时,水凝胶发生收缩并失去水分。这一性质使得温度响应水凝胶在药物控释、传感器和人工肌肉等领域得到广泛应用。光响应水凝胶通过引入光敏材料,使其在特定光照条件下发生结构变化,如紫外光或可见光照射下,交联点断裂或重新连接,导致水凝胶体积、形态或溶胀行为变化,广泛应用于光控药物释放、光电传感和自修复材料等领域。此外,电场和磁场响应水凝胶通过嵌入带电或磁性纳米粒子,在外加电磁场作用下改变形态和力学性能,在软机器人、智能传感器和智能药物释放系统中显示出应用潜力。化学刺激响应水凝胶则能够对外界化学物质(如pH值[18]、离子浓度[19]、气体[20]等)变化作出响应。pH响应水凝胶通过引入酸碱反应性功能基团(如氨基、羧基等),在酸性环境下膨胀,在碱性环境下收缩,这一特性使其在药物释放、创伤敷料等生物医用领域得到应用。离子响应水凝胶能够对特定离子(如钙离子、钠离子、镁离子等)浓度变化作出响应,在环境监测和传感器方面具有潜力。气体响应水凝胶则对特定气体(如二氧化碳、氨气等)变化作出响应,通过气体的吸附或化学反应改变体积或形态。以二氧化碳为例,它可以改变水凝胶中的酸碱平衡,促使其膨胀或收缩。这些气体响应水凝胶广泛应用于环境监测、传感器等领域。
尽管智能水凝胶在响应物理和化学刺激方面已取得显著进展,但其应用仍面临诸多挑战。首先,响应速度和可调性问题依然制约其广泛应用。许多水凝胶响应速度较慢,无法满足高精度和高速度应用的需求。因此,提高响应速度的同时保持可调性是未来研究的重点。其次,当前大多数水凝胶仅能响应单一的刺激,而实际应用中常常需要水凝胶能够同时响应多种刺激。因此,设计能够独立且可控地响应多重刺激的水凝胶是未来的重要研究方向。此外,生物相容性和环境友好性也亟需关注,尤其在生物医药领域,确保水凝胶在体内或环境中的安全降解,同时保持智能响应性和稳定性,是未来面临的关键问题。
1)药物释放
水凝胶的独特性质,如生物相容性、可调的物理化学特性、注射性,使其成为理想的药物载体,并展现了在RNA、蛋白质及疫苗递送中的潜力。例如,Traverso等[22]开发的液体原位形成坚韧水凝胶,可通过口服给药在胃中形成固体,保护药物免受胃酸破坏,并控制药物释放(图4(a)[22])。Adams等[23]通过设计一种水凝胶,能够稳定蛋白质并在高温下释放纯净蛋白,避免蛋白质聚集。而Shi等[24]总结了水凝胶在RNA纳米载体递送中的应用,表明水凝胶能有效保护RNA,改善药代动力学并促进内质网逃逸。
尽管水凝胶在药物递送中具有巨大潜力,但仍面临一些挑战。首先,需要精确控制RNA释放速率和持续时间,优化水凝胶的物理化学特性。其次,水凝胶的生物相容性和降解性需充分验证,确保降解产物安全且与治疗周期匹配。此外,递送系统的靶向性和细胞特异性亟待提高,可能需要新型表面修饰技术。水凝胶的规模化生产与临床转化也是关键,如何在保证一致性和质量的同时降低成本是挑战之一。对于需要冷链管理的药物,开发常温下稳定的水凝胶系统将有助于扩大药物的全球可及性。最后,水凝胶的免疫反应和长期安全性仍需进一步评估,以避免过度免疫反应或长期毒性。
2)组织工程
依赖于独特的物理化学特性,如良好的生物相容性、可调的机械性能和可降解性,功能水凝胶成为构建三维生物组织模型的理想材料。功能水凝胶能够模拟细胞外基质的生物化学和生物物理特性,为细胞生长和分化提供支持,在组织工程、器官模型构建及药物发现等多个领域均有重要应用。近年来,随着3D打印技术的不断发展,使得水凝胶构建具有精确几何形状和内部结构的复杂生物组织成为可能。Studart等[25]的利用水凝胶负载真菌菌丝体,通过三维打印技术制造出自修复、再生并适应环境的活性复合材料。这些材料不仅具备自我修复能力,还具有良好的机械强度,适用于制造机器人皮肤等应用。此外,Parker等[26]开发了一种含有预制明胶纤维的水凝胶墨水,用于打印具有心脏组织内外细胞结构的3D器官级支架,促进人类心肌细胞自我组织形成各向异性肌肉组织(图4(b)[26])。这些研究展示了水凝胶在组织工程中的多样化应用。水凝胶在构建器官模型方面也具有显著优势,能够提供必要的微结构特征,促进细胞自我组织形成层次化的3D器官模型。例如,Miller等[27]通过控制组织形态来驱动肠道类器官的确定性模式形成,利用光模式化水凝胶的力学和微制造技术,实现了对肠道干细胞自我组织过程的外部调控。这些研究不仅展示了水凝胶在模拟和理解器官发育过程中的潜力,也为疾病模型的构建提供了新的思路。然而,水凝胶的力学性能需要进一步优化,以更好地模拟真实组织的力学特性。进一步地,水凝胶的多功能集成,结合多种细胞类型和生物活性分子,以构建更复杂的组织模型,也是未来研究的重要方向。最后,水凝胶的生物降解性、生物相容性、实现临床应用的关键等也是需要考虑的。
3)伤口敷料
功能水凝胶因其出色的生物相容性、柔韧性和透气性,在伤口护理领域也受到了极大的关注。它们能够为伤口提供湿润的愈合环境,控制感染并促进伤口愈合,同时还能在某些[13]情况下实现药物的释放(图4(c)[13])。研究显示,水凝胶能够模拟皮肤生物特性,为伤口提供必要的水分和氧气,促进上皮细胞再生。例如,Wang等[28]开发了一种自泵式有机水凝胶敷料(Self-pumping Organohydrogel Dressing, SPD),这种敷料具有对齐的水合水凝胶通道,能够有效排出黏稠液体并加速伤口愈合。SPD的不对称润湿性及对齐的水合水凝胶通道使其能够单向且高效地将黏稠液体从伤口排出,防止过度水合和炎症刺激。此外,该研究还表明,SPD能显著下调炎症反应约70.8%,增强真皮重塑约14.3%,与商业敷料(3M Tegaderm水胶体薄膜敷料)相比,缩短了约1/3的伤口闭合时间。这一发现为处理黏稠生物液体和加速伤口愈合提供了有效的策略。Li等[29]研究了止血材料在伤口愈合中的应用,重点关注材料的化学设计和促进止血及伤口愈合的过程。他们总结了不同止血成分,分析了过去10年在化学修饰这些成分方面的进展,并展望了未来趋势。同时,还介绍了止血材料的不同形式及其优缺点。例如,他们提到了一种基于聚乙烯醇的纳米纤维海绵,通过电纺技术制备,这种海绵具有改善血液凝固和伤口愈合的能力。此外,还有研究者开发了一种超疏水的止血纳米纤维复合材料,这种材料在促进纤维蛋白形成的同时,也易于移除,减少了对伤口的二次损伤。这些研究为开发新型止血和伤口愈合材料提供了新的思路和方法。然而,不同类型的伤口对敷料的需求不同,开发能够根据具体伤口类型进行个性化调制的水凝胶,是未来研究的重要方向。
功能水凝胶在环境领域展现了巨大的应用潜力,尤其是在水处理、土壤改良和污染物吸附方面。通过在水凝胶的网络结构中引入特定的功能基团,可以实现对重金属离子的选择性吸附,极大提高水处理效率。例如,壳聚糖基水凝胶在去除铅离子时,能够达到95%以上的去除率,且通过酸碱调节可实现重复使用,从而降低处理成本。此外,水凝胶作为“保水剂”可有效减少水分蒸发,提供干旱期间的水分支持,提高作物的抗旱能力,并通过缓慢释放养分提升肥料的利用率,在土壤改良和农业节水方面的应用也尤为重要(图4(d)[30])。研究表明,将水凝胶与土壤混合后,能够显著减少灌溉频率和用水量,从而提升作物产量[31]。此外,水凝胶还能与其他功能材料复合,选择性地吸附并净化有机污染物。例如,将纳米二氧化钛与水凝胶复合后,通过光催化作用实现染料的降解,表现出较高的降解效率和再生能力。然而,某些合成水凝胶难以降解,可能导致环境污染,特别是在水体和土壤中。因此,开发可生物降解的水凝胶,使用天然高分子和低毒交联剂,并进行环境毒理学评价是关键。在实际应用中存在选择性差和结构不稳定的问题,影响再生和重复使用能力,可以通过引入功能基团或纳米材料,提高吸附容量和机械稳定性。还需优化其环境适应性,确保在不同环境下稳定工作。最后,大规模应用效果需通过现场试验和生命周期分析评估,确保经济和成本效益,为推广提供数据支持。
1)电子设备
在生物电子接口方面,水凝胶的柔软性和生物相容性使其成为制造可穿戴设备和植入式设备的理想材料。例如,Chen等[32]开发的水响应超收缩聚合物薄膜,能够快速适应不同尺寸的组织,用于神经刺激和电生理信号记录(图4(e)[32])。此外,水凝胶也被用于开发新型能量存储和转换设备,如Bayley等[33]研制的微型软质离子电源,能够存储能量并在需求时产生能量输出,用于调制神经网络活动。在传感器领域,水凝胶的高灵敏度和可调性使其成为制造各种传感器的理想材料,Kim等[34]受蜘蛛切割垫启发开发的选择性频率阻尼器,有效降低了生物电子设备中的动态机械噪声。Madden等[35]展示的水凝胶如何通过压力梯度产生离子电流,为模拟人类触觉提供了新途径。在生物电子监测方面,Zang等[36]介绍了一种可注射的、生物可吸收的超声传感器,用于无线监测颅内信号。这种传感器由包含生物可降解和刺激响应性水凝胶以及周期性排列的空气柱组成,能够感应颅内环境变化并无线传输数据。该技术在动物实验中显示出与常规有线临床基准相当的多参数感应性能,为颅内压、温度、pH值和流速的监测提供了一种新的解决方案。具体来说,提高机械稳定性和耐久性、优化电导率和响应速度、确保生物相容性和生物降解性、适应不同环境条件、实现大规模生产和成本效益,以及与现有电子设备、材料的集成和兼容性,都是当前研究中需要解决的关键问题。对于植入式设备,水凝胶的长期稳定性和可逆性也是必须考虑的因素。
2)驱动器
对外部刺激的高效响应能力使得功能水凝胶在软体驱动器领域展现出巨大的应用潜力。例如,Sun等[37]开发的水凝胶驱动器,可以通过渗透压和电渗透效应,成功实现快速且强大的驱动效果(图4(f)[37])。这类驱动器能够在短时间内产生高达0.73 MPa的应力,足以破坏砖块并构建水下结构。此外,Bayley等[38]利用液滴网络技术制造了多材料响应水凝胶,使其能够在不同温度和光照条件下实现可控形状变化,为复杂驱动器的设计提供了新的解决方案。这些研究表明,水凝胶在多环境、多场景下具备显著的适应性和应用前景。Zhang等[39]通过模仿喷射黄瓜种子分散机制,开发出光驱动水凝胶发射器,展示了水凝胶在生物仿生与能量放大方面的潜力。驱动速率和驱动力是驱动器设计时需要考虑的两个关键因素。由于水分扩散速率的限制,水凝胶的响应速度相对较慢,如何加速水的运输过程成为核心问题。另外,水凝胶的软湿特性注定这类材料的驱动能力通常有限,因此需要从水凝胶机械强度的提升、内应力的瞬间释放等方面入手。
3)光学器件
功能水凝胶在光学器件领域广阔的应用前景得益于其高透明度和可调的折射率。例如,Moon等[40]通过在光电极表面涂覆一层聚丙烯酰水凝胶,成功提高了光电化学水分解设备的稳定性和性能。水凝胶保护层不仅增强了设备的结构稳定性,还通过微气道有效确保了气泡逸出,从而实现了机械稳定保护。这一研究表明,水凝胶可以作为光学器件的保护层,提高其在恶劣环境下的耐用性和稳定性。Sitti等[41]利用线性响应的透明水凝胶作为人工肌肉,通过控制三维打印参数和几何特征,实现了微尺度可重构的光学各向异性结构。这种基于水凝胶的可编程策略为光电传感器提供了宽光谱的可重构性,可以从单一几何结构转变为多种配置,极大地增强了光电传感器的动态响应能力(图4(g)[41])。此外,水凝胶的光学特性可以通过改变其化学组成和物理结构来调节。Zhao等[9]开发了一种生物黏附超声水凝胶,实现了对多种内脏器官的连续成像。这种水凝胶的光学特性使其能够有效地传输声波,同时隔离超声探头免受皮肤变形的影响,为可调光学特性应用提供了新的思路。然而,如何对水凝胶的光学性能(如折射率和透光率)进行更精细的调控以满足特定光学器件的需求是一个挑战;需要开发新的制造技术和集成策略,使水凝胶与现有光学技术实现有效集成。
4)水凝胶涂料
功能高分子水凝胶涂层凭借其高含水量、生物相容性和可调节的机械性能,在多个领域展现出重要的应用价值,包括药物控释、润滑、抗生物污染和导电等方面(图4(h)[40])。在药物控释方面,水凝胶涂层能够实现药物的定点释放和速率控制,提升治疗效果并降低副作用;在润滑应用中,水凝胶涂层被用于医疗导管等器械,显著降低与生物组织的摩擦,减少患者的不适;在抗生物污染领域,水凝胶涂层通过表面形成高度水化层,阻止海洋生物附着,延长船舶和海洋结构的使用寿命;此外,导电性水凝胶涂层可应用于神经电极,改善电接口的生物兼容性和导电性能。大规模生产的工艺优化、复杂环境下的长期稳定性、涂层机械性能的提升以及统一测试标准的建立,这些都是未来需要进一步研究优化的。
水凝胶常见的交联方式包括化学交联和物理交联,前者通过共价键提升水凝胶的力学强度和稳定性,但在环境变化下的可调性较差;后者则通过非共价相互作用具有较好的动态性,但力学性能差。因此,如何设计出兼具优异性能和可调节响应性的水凝胶成为研究的重点。未来,还需要考虑如何设计同时响应多种环境因素(温度、pH值、电场、磁场、光照等)的多功能水凝胶,以满足更复杂的实际应用需求。此外,随着环境问题的加剧,绿色化和可持续发展成为材料科学的重要趋势。开发基于天然高分子(壳聚糖、明胶和羟基丙基甲基纤维素等)的可降解、无毒绿色水凝胶,减少对石油基资源的依赖,降低环境污染。同时,优化水凝胶的生产过程,减少废弃物的产生,提高材料的资源利用效率。
尽管水凝胶在基础研究中取得了显著进展,但在大规模产业化应用中仍面临多重挑战。首先,水凝胶的生产涉及高纯度原料、复杂交联反应和严格工艺控制,导致生产成本较高。为实现产业化,需简化生产工艺、提高效率并保持高性能。同时,技术转化是产业化的关键环节,实验室水凝胶常面临生产不稳定、原料不一致和质量控制难等问题,因此必须加强生产工艺研究并制定标准化流程。其次,虽然水凝胶具有优异性能,但在工业化应用中仍面临力学性能和长期稳定性等问题,如在极端环境下可能出现结构破坏。研究人员需开发多层复合结构水凝胶,以提升其稳定性、耐温性和耐湿性。同时,生产一致性差也是技术瓶颈,需优化反应器设计和发展自动化、连续化生产技术。最后,推动水凝胶商业化应用需要跨学科合作和产业链协同。其成功应用不仅依赖于材料科学,还涉及生物学、化学工程等多个领域。例如,在药物释放系统中,水凝胶可与药物科学结合;在农业领域,可提高水资源利用效率并减少化肥农药使用。此外,产业化还需稳定的供应链和政策支持,市场需求也将推动其发展。
中国在水凝胶领域的发展已取得显著成就,与国际先进水平相比,在多个方面实现了领跑。中国水凝胶市场规模增长迅速,2023年已达到一定规模,在全球市场占据一定比例,预计将来市场规模将进一步扩大,全球占比也不断提升。在生产工艺和设备制造方面,中国展现出明显优势,能够高效满足大规模生产需求,为产业的快速发展提供了坚实基础。例如,中国企业自主研发的HMG8631凝胶芯材料已广泛应用于医疗器械、化妆品、日用品及凝胶贴剂药品等多个领域,形成了系统性的自主知识产权。
在技术创新方面,中国在智能响应型水凝胶、高性能水凝胶材料及绿色合成工艺等方面取得了重大突破。例如,已经在功能聚合物绿色制备方面取得了重大突破,开发出水相溶胶-凝胶合成及成型加工技术。此外,开发出一系列环保、高效的合成方法,降低了生产成本,减少了环境污染,为水凝胶产业的可持续发展提供了有力支撑。
相比其他国家,中国政府高度重视水凝胶产业的发展,出台了一系列政策予以支持,为行业发展提供了良好的政策环境。这些政策包括对水凝胶研发的财政补贴、税收优惠等,有力推动了行业的进步。
在产业链协同方面,中国水凝胶产业链上下游企业之间的协同合作不断加强,形成了较为完整的产业链条。例如,一些企业通过产学研合作,加速了水凝胶技术的转化和应用。国外水凝胶产业链较为成熟,企业之间的合作紧密,形成了良好的产业生态。例如,美国的一些大型企业通过并购和战略合作,进一步巩固了其在全球水凝胶市场的领先地位。
在标准体系建设方面,中国水凝胶行业的标准体系正在不断完善,相关部门和行业协会积极推动统一的质量标准和检测方法的制定,以提高市场产品质量的稳定性和可靠性。国外在水凝胶标准体系建设方面相对成熟,拥有较为完善的标准体系和检测方法,为产品质量的控制和市场的规范提供了有力支撑。
总体而言,中国在水凝胶领域的发展已取得显著成就,与国际先进水平相比,在市场规模、技术创新、政策支持等方面已实现领跑。未来,随着中国水凝胶产业的持续发展,有望在更多领域实现突破,进一步提升中国在全球水凝胶市场的竞争力。
在水凝胶产业的发展进程中,为推动其持续向好且能有效应对现存问题,政府需着重加强基础研究与技术创新方面的支持。一方面,加大资金投入力度,聚焦水凝胶基础研究及前沿技术探索,鼓励高校、科研机构和企业之间开展紧密的产学研合作,通过建立联合实验室或技术创新联盟等形式,汇聚各方优势,携手攻克关键的技术难题,为产业发展筑牢根基。另一方面,鉴于企业是创新的重要主体,应出台相应激励政策,对研发投入占比较高的企业给予税收优惠或财政补贴,以此激发企业的创新热情,使其更有动力投入到技术研发与创新活动中。
针对水凝胶产业链协同发展有待提升的现状,政府应积极发挥引导作用。推动产业链上下游企业加强合作交流,搭建产业联盟或协同创新平台,让企业之间能够实现信息的互通共享、技术的相互交流及资源的优化配置,避免因缺乏协同造成的资源浪费与效率低下。同时,鼓励企业通过兼并重组等方式整合产业链资源,实现规模化与集约化发展,进一步提高产业的集中度和整体竞争力,使整个产业链在协同合作中迈向更高水平。
水凝胶行业的标准体系建设与质量监管也是不容忽视的关键环节。当前应加快制定并完善涵盖水凝胶产品各方面特性的标准体系,明确清晰的产品质量标准及科学合理的检测方法,为市场提供明确的规范指引。同时,强化对市场中水凝胶产品质量的监管力度,严厉打击制售假冒伪劣产品的违法行为,切实维护市场秩序,保障消费者权益和正规企业的利益。此外,还应积极鼓励企业参与国际标准的制定工作,借助这一契机提升中国水凝胶产品在国际舞台上的认可度与影响力,助力产业开拓更广阔的国际市场。
人才作为产业发展的核心动力,对于水凝胶产业来说同样至关重要。因此,应支持高校和职业院校开设与水凝胶紧密相关的专业课程,从教育源头培养一批既具备创新思维又拥有实践能力的专业人才队伍,为产业发展不断输送新鲜血液。与此同时,制定具有吸引力的优惠政策,吸引海外高端人才及优秀的团队来国内创业发展,借助他们的先进理念、技术与经验,为水凝胶产业的发展提供坚实的人才保障,推动产业在人才的助力下实现质的飞跃。
市场推广与应用示范也是推动水凝胶产业发展的重要手段。企业应参与国内外各类水凝胶产品展会及技术交流活动,搭建起企业与用户之间顺畅的沟通桥梁,拓宽企业的市场渠道,促进水凝胶产品的市场推广与应用拓展。并且,可以在医疗、环保、农业等水凝胶应用潜力巨大的领域开展应用示范项目,通过实际应用案例展示水凝胶产品的优势与价值,提高用户对这类产品的认知度和接受度,从而进一步打开市场大门,促进水凝胶产业在市场需求的拉动下蓬勃发展。
功能水凝胶在多个领域具有广泛应用潜力,未来的研究方向集中在其多功能化和可持续发展。通过优化设计、改进生产工艺、降低成本和提高生产效率,有望实现大规模产业化。然而,要克服现有的技术瓶颈,如力学性能、稳定性及生产一致性问题,仍需大量的创新与突破。在未来,跨学科合作、产业链协同及政策支持将推动水凝胶技术的创新和高分子商业化应用。在医学、环保、农业等领域,功能高分子水凝胶将为解决实际问题提供创新性解决方案,并在可持续发展中发挥重要作用。
  • 国家重点研发计划(2022YFB3204301)
  • 国家优秀青年科学基金(22322508)
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doi: 10.3981/j.issn.2097-0781.2025.01.015
  • 接收时间:2024-12-23
  • 出版时间:2025-03-20
  • 发布时间:2025-03-27
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  • 收稿日期:2024-12-23
  • 修回日期:2025-02-28
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国家重点研发计划(2022YFB3204301)
国家优秀青年科学基金(22322508)
作者信息
    中国科学院宁波材料技术与工程研究所,宁波 315201

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表12种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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